
            -


                             



                                              ਤ᪨ 䠪

          
     
     
     
                      䥤:   




                          N 1
                     樯:  
               ⥬:    
                       
.
                                - 3 -

         :    
                           


                                  



                              1.

             2.     
                2.1 ꥪ⨢ ਧ   㯫
                2.2 ꥪ⨢ ਧ   㯫

             3.     

             4.  

                4.1 ᯮ⥫
                4.2 ࣠ 㯫
                4.3 ४⥫
                4.4 ᮡ

                             5.

                     6. 
.
                                - 4 -

                          1.        

      ⫨稥  㣨 樠   ᪨ ਥ権 -
᪮ ࠢ 㤠⢮  客⢥ ࠢ  
ਮ ࠢ 祫  ࠦ ࠪ᪨ ਭ ⢮
 饥 㤠⢥  ࠨ. 襭 ⮩  易-
   ⮫쪮  ᮧ ᮢ६ ⥫⢠,  ᯥ祭
 ⥫쭮 㤠⢠   ࣠,  㭨樯쭮 -
⥬  ⢥ ନ஢, , ன  ࠢ -
樨,  ᨬ ࠢ㤨,    ८ ⨣襣 
। ࠢ , 室饣 뭥  ࠭ । 
  㤠⢥  ⢥ , , , ନ-
 ᮪ ஢ ࠢ  ⢠   祫.
      ॡ ᮪ᨮ쭮 ⠢ ⮢  -
 ࠢ ࠬ⭮ 㤠⢥ 㦠  㣨 ,  -
 ਤ᪮ ⥫쭮.  ⢥   ⨦
⮩ ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 ⠥  ਮ ॢ樮 ८-
ࠧ, 樠쭮 樨 ⢠,    ᪨ 
᪨ ਥ権.    ᪠ ⭮  ࠧ -
 ࠢ,  㣮 ࠢ  饩 ᫨ ࠢ - .
        㯫 ᭮ ਧ  
 ᫮  㣮 ࠢ.   殮    㤥-
﫮 讥   㪥 㣮 ࠢ,   饣
६    ⨨    ⥫쭮 襭-
.     1902   ᪨ 祭  ..  楢
ᠫ, 祭  ⨨ 室  堮᪮ ﭨ(1). -
  祬  १  80   ..砪 ,  
⨨ ,ᬮ   ᫥  ,⭮  
 ᯮ.    ,ᠢ訩 ஡ ,।-
 ᢮,   ⫨饥  㣨 । -
(2).
        ⥬     ⬥, ᮢ६ 㯭 
ࠨ ࠪਧ ⮬ ᫠ 㯫,ᮢ蠥    -
⨨. ᮡ  ᭮    ⢠  ।⠢  ࣠
㯭,᪮     ⢠    ࣠-
,ᯫ祭   楫ࠢ  ਬ ꥤ, -
 ⢫    ⮫쪮  㣮-ࠢ,    樠-
-᪮ ⨪ 㤠⢠.
     _____________________________
     1.᪮ 㣮 ࠢ..,1902..1 .735
     2.砪 ..  ⨥:樠,ਬ᪨   ࠢ
       ஡..1986.92

                                - 5 -

     ।  ⥬ -     -
       -   ࠧ  ⮫
᫮  ࠭ ஡ , ஡ 㣮 ⢥⢥-
  ⨥  㯫.



           2.    

     2.1  19  ࠨ । ⨥  諥 ᮢ-
⭮ ⨥      ᮢ襭  㯫.  室
  ⥫쭮  ।  뤥 ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢
ਧ   㯫.
      ꥪ⨢  ஭ ⨥ ࠪਧ ᫥騬 ਧ-
:
     1) ⨥    ᮢ襭  㯫     ,..
⢥ ꥪ⮢;
     2) ᮢ⭮  ⢨  ⢨.

     2.2 ꥪ⨢  ஭   砥  諥 -
ࠪ ᮢ⭮ ⥫쭮  (ꥪ⮢),  ᮢ-
 諥 㯫.    ⮫쪮  ᮢ⭮ -
⢨,   ᮢ⭮ ᫠  ⭨.     ᮧ-
, ᮢ⭮ (ᮮ)  㣨 ⭨ ᮢ蠥 ⢥-
 ᭮ ﭨ    ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠ ᮢ襭 -
㯫  楫.


               3.     

     ⭨ 뢠  ,  ꥤ訥    ᮡ 
諥 ᮢ⭮ ᮢ襭 諥 㯫.    -
襭 㯫  ஫,  ᯮ塞 ⭨,  
த묨, ⠪  ࠧத묨.   ࠢ ࠨ - .19  -
ࠧ砥 ᫥騥   ⭨:
     - ᯮ⥫ (.3 .19  ࠨ);
     - ࣠ (.4 .19  ࠨ);
     - ४⥫ ( .5 .19  ࠨ);
     - ᮡ ( .6 .19  ࠨ);
      ᭮  ⭨    ꥪ⨢  ஫,
믮塞      ᮢ⭮ ᮢ蠥 㯫.


                                - 6 -


   4.      

     4.1  ᯮ⥫ 㣮  ( .19  ࠨ) 
, ।⢥ ᮢ饥 㯫, .. 믮饥 -
⢨ (⢨),  室騥  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢ 㯫-
.  ⥫쭮,  ⮣ ⮡  ਧ ᯮ⥫, -
⭨  믮     筮 ⢨, -
騥  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢ 㯫.
      ᫥  ᪠,   ⥫,  뢠 ꥪ⨢
஭ ࠧ ⠢ 㯫     ,  -
 ࠧ ਥ.
      ⠢ 㯫 ᠭ ⠪ ࠧ,    㪠-
뢠   ⨦ । 㯭 १.  
⮬  ⨦ ⠪ १    ।  ⠢
㯫. ,    .101  ࠨ ।ᬮ७ ⢥⢥
 稭 寧 ⥫᭮ ०. ᮡ  稭 -
 ० ⥫  㪠뢠.  室  ⮣, ᮨ-
⥫ ⠪ 㯫  稨 ꥪ⨢ ਧ  -
 ਧ ,  ஥ ਭ ⨥  ਬ  ௥-
襬  ᨫ ( ਬ, 뢠, ᨫ 㤠),  ⮫쪮
,   ।⢥ ⢨ ண 㯨 寧 ⥫-
 ०.
      㣨     ᠭ ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢ -
㯫 ⥫,  ⨢, ⤠ ।⥭ ᮢ 
㯭 ⢨    뢠   ⢨,  ⠪  㯭
᫥⢨. ஬ ⮣,  㣮 ࠢ  ⠢ -
 뢠 ᮢ襭  ,  ᪮쪨 ⢨. ਬ,
 ᨫ⢥ ࠡ   ᮨᯮ⥫  ਬ  -
ᨫ   ௥襬,    㣮 믮 ⢨,  ࠢ 
 ⢮;   ᮢ襭 ᨫ     
ਬ ᨫ    ௥襩,   㣮 - ᮢ   
.  ,  ⢨ ⠪      த묨,  
⨢,ࠧ   ᢮ ࠪ.   ⠪   ਧ
 ᮨᯮ⥫ 㤥 筮, ⮡  믮   -
筮    ⢨.
      㪥 㣮 ࠢ   ⮬,    ᯮ⥫
㯫,  ᨮ.
     ।⠢⥫ ꥪ⨢ ⥮਩  ,  ᯮ-
⥫    ,   ஥    ⮣  ﭨ    ᯮ-
⥫,.. ᮡ⢥ ⢨,  ꥪ⨢        
㯫      ਭ.   ⥮  稫

                                - 7 -

 ப  ࠭    ଠ.     ᢨ⥫
..㧭殢  .楫, 㤥 ࠪ⨪ ଠ ᫥⥫쭮
᫥ ꥪ⨢ ⥮ਨ , ᮣ᭮ ன 騬 -
  ꥪ⨢  ⭨  ᮢ襭 㯫,  
" ",  "㯭 ",  " ⭨ ﭨ   ᢮
   㦮" (1).
      㦥 ਫ,   ᮮ⢥⢨  .3 .19  ࠨ ᯮ-
⥫ ।  ,  ।⢥ ᮢ饥  㯫-
.  ᮢ襭 㯫 ।⢮ ᯮ짮 -
  塞 㪮 㣮 ࠢ    㤥  ࠪ⨪
⠪ ਧ ᯮ 㯫 ᨬ  ⮩ ஫,-
 䠪᪨ ᯮ﫮 ⠪    㯫.      ࠢ
࠭   砨,   㯫 ᮢ蠥 ।-
⢮ ᯮ짮 ,   饣 㣮  ⢥⢥  
ᨫ   ⥫,  ।ᬮ७  㣮  ࠨ,
ਬ ⢮襣  ﭨ ࠩ  室.  祢,
       ।⢥,   । ᮢ襭
㯫,  ⮬ .3 .19  ࠨ , 㦤  -
.
      ।  ᯮ⥫        
࠭祭   ᮡ,  ﭨ ண ࠪਧ -
⢮   ६  ᯮ 㯫.     
 ᮢ  易     ᮨᯮ  ,  
  ᮨᯮ⥫  ⨢,   ன , 
ꥪ⨢ ஭  ⠢  㯫  ᠭ  ⨢ -
⢨. ᮡ 㠫쭮  ஡ ਮ⠥   裡    ⮬
᫠ 묮⥫.  ।  㯯 묮⥫ ॡ  -
 ⢠  ᮮ⢥騥 ஧ ᪠뢠     童-
 㯯,  ⠫   - ⨢  ,  
᢮ ⢨, 譨  뢠 ᪮ ⢨ 
௥襣. ᪮  ਢ ਬ ꥪ⨢ ஭ -
⠢ 㯫 - 묮⥫⢠ - 뢠 ⥫  -
⨢ ⢨,  ᮨᯮ ⥬ ⢨  ⠪  -
.  稨 ꥪ⨢ ਧ ⠪      
ਧ ᮡ.
      ⮩ ஡  ਬ몠  ⠪  筮  -
  㤥 ࠪ⨪  ᨮ   㪥  㣮  ࠢ
, 䨪 ⢨ "ﭨ  ࠦ".  拉 ࠭ -
㪠 㣮 ࠢ  㤥 ࠪ⨪ ᬠਢ ⠪  ⢨
 ᯮ 㯫. , 㣮 ࠢ  ਧ -
     _____________
     1.(㧭殢 .  楫 .   ࠢ .  .,1980. .102).

                                - 8 -

 ⢨  ᮨᯮ⥫⢮,  ᪮  ࠭ 䠪,  -
騩 믮 㯭 ﭨ   "ᮥ  ⢨ﬨ
ᯮ  㯫 室  ॠ樨 㯭 ﭨ,
 ᫥⥫쭮,   ।⠢ ᮡ   ,  ⢨ -
襭"(1).        ਤন   㤥 ࠪ⨪
࠭樨. ,  ᢨ⥫ ., " ॢ ६ ࠭᪨
樮  ⠥ ﭨ  ࠦ, ⢨ﬨ ᯮ. -
  뢮 ⨢ ᭮  ꥪ⨢ ⥮-
ਨ   㯫.  , "騥  ࠦ",  믮
 ,   筮 ⢨,  室   ꥪ⨢  ஭
⠢ 㯫,   ⮬  ਧ ᮡ,  
ᮨᯮ⥫ﬨ 㯫ﬨ.
     ⥫쭮,  ஭ ꥪ⨢,  ⥫쭮  ᯮ⥫
   ࠦ  믮   筮 ⢨ 
⢨, 室  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢ 㯫,  
 ᮢ襭  㯫  ।⢮  ᯮ짮 㣨 ,  
 㣮 ⢥⢥.
      ஭ ꥪ⨢ ⥫쭮 ᯮ⥫  ᮢ-
   , ⠪   ᢥ ᫮.
      ᯮ     ,  ।⢥  ᮢ訢襥
㯫, ..  믮襥   筮 ⢨ ( -
⢨), 室騥  ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⠢ 㯫,  ⠪-
 ,  ᮢ訢襥 㯫  ।⢮  ᯮ짮  㣨
,   㣮 ⢥⢥  ᨫ , -
  㣨 ⥫, ।ᬮ७ 㣮  -
ࠨ.


     4.2  ᮮ⢥⢨  .4 .19  ࠨ ࣠஬ ਧ-
  ,  ࣠襥 ᮢ襭 㯫  㪮襥 
ᮢ襭.  室  㪢쭮 ᫠ 㣮   ࣠-
஬  , ࣠襥 ᮢ襭 ⭮ -
㯫  㪮襥  ᮢ襭.
      㪠 㣮 ࠢ  㤥 ࠪ⨪ ਧ  -
稥   ࣠᪮ ⥫쭮,   ⭮:
     1) ࣠  㪮⢮ 㯭묨 㯯:
     2) ࣠  㪮⢮ ᮢ襭 ⭮ 㯫.
     ____________
     1.᪮ 㣮 ࠢ //६ 㡥 㣮
ࠢ. .1957.  .1 .372.
     2. . .:   ..  ⨥  㯫. -
:  -  फ.ਤ.  -,1962. .2 .40.

                                - 9 -

     ਬ᪨ ᫥ ࣠ 㯭,  -
  ᫥ , ᢨ⥫  稨 ⮩ ⥭樨
 ࠧ࠭祭  㭪権 ࣠ 㯭 㯯  ࣠
 㯫,   ᮢ蠥.  , .㥢  .,
 ।  ࣠  㯭,   ⢥  
᭮ ਧ ਢ 뤥 ஢,  "  -
   㯫,   ⢫ ࣠᪨, -
ࠢ᪨, ᪨ 㭪樨:  㬯஢,  祭  
㯭 ⥫쭮  ⢥⢥ ࠡ⭨ ,  㤠-
⢥ (  ⮬ ᫥  ࠢ࠭⥫)  ࣠    ᯥ祭
᭮  ࠭⨩ ⭨ ᮮ⢠;   -
  ⨢ࠢ ⥫쭮  楫 祭  ᨬ-
 室  ᨬ쭮 饭  ஢  ⢥⢥-
"(1).
      뢮   뢠  㣮-ࠢ  ॣ-
樨 ࣠᪮  ⥫쭮.  ,   襬 ,  ⪮
ࠧ࠭  ⢥ ᠬ⥫  ⥫쭮  ࣠-
, ࣠   㪮⢮ ࣠ 㯭 㯯  -
  㪮⢮ 묨 㯫ﬨ,  ⠪ 㯯 -
蠥묨.
      ᭮ ந  ⠥ 室 .4 .19
 ࠨ    ᫥饩 ।樨:  " ࣠஬ ਧ
,࣠襥 ᮢ襭 㯫  㪮襥    -
襭,   ⠪  ,  ᮧ襥 ࣠ 㯭 㯯
 㪮襥 ."
      ࠧ,   ஭ ꥪ⨢,  ࣠᪠ ⥫-
 ࠪਧ.
     - -,  ᮢ襭  ⢨    ନ஢  㯭
㯯,  ᯥ祭  ⥫쭮  饬 㪮  ⠪  -
⥫쭮;
     - -,  ⢨ﬨ, ࠢ묨  ࣠ ᮢ襭
⭮ 㯫,  ᮢ蠥  ⭨,   㪮⢮
 ।⢥    ᮢ襭.
     㬠,    ன ଥ ࣠᪮ ⥫쭮
⭮ 쬠 ⪮  મ ।,  ।  ..-
: "    ⮣,⮡   ࣠஬,     ⮫쪮
㤨  㣮  訬 ᮢ  㯫,    ⮫쪮
ਭ ।⢥  ⨥     ⢫,   ᤥ 
 襥.   ,   , ࣠ ᮢ襭
     ___________
     1. 㥢 .,  . ࣠ 㯭   魮
. .  1989. N 21. .9;

                                - 10 -

㯫,.. ࠧࠡ   ,  । ஫  -
⭨   筮  ⠫ । ஫   ᯮ-
.묨 ᫮,      ⮫쪮 ਢ ᯮ⥫ ७
ᮢ 㯫,    த㬠  , ९  -
  ⢨.   ⮬ ,  ᠬ ࣠   ਬ
  ⢫ ᯮ⥫᪨ 㭪権".
     ꥪ⨢ ஭ ࢮ  ࣠᪮ ⥫쭮  -
࣠樨   㪮⢠  㯭묨  㯯 -  ࠪਧ-
  , ⠪  ᢥ ᫮. .. ⠪ ࣠ -
   ,  ⠪   ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠ ᮢ襭   
㯫 ᮧ  㪮    㯯.    ⮬
᫥ ભ,  ᢥ ᥫ ⨬ ⮫쪮  ⭮襭
 ᮢ襭 ⢥ ﭨ  㯫 ⢥  -
⢨ 㯫  楫.  ⭮襭   ᮡ⢥ ⢨
 ⢨ ᥫ     ⮫쪮 .
      ଠ  ࣠᪮  ⥫쭮 - ࣠  㪮-
⢮ ᮢ襭  㯫-  饬  ࠢ  
⢫ ⮫쪮   ᫮,  ஬ ࣠ 
㯫 ⢥  ᫥⢨.
        ⥬     ਧ ,    㣮  
⠢ 㫨஢ ⠪ ࠧ,   ⥫⢮ ६
⢫  ᪮쪮 ।⢥ ꥪ⮢ - ᭮  -
⥫.஬ ⮣, ࠪ⨪ 筮  ᮢ  -
㯫  稨 "쭮 ᮢ㯭",  ..  ⢥
 ﭨ ꥪ ᮢ蠥 ᪮쪮  㯫,  ।ᬮ-
७ 㣮 ,   ᫥⥫쭮,   稭 ।  
 ꥪ⠬.ਬ⥫쭮
   ⮫쪮 ਢ ᯮ⥫ ७ ᮢ  -
,    த㬠  , ९  ⮢  ⢨.
 ⮬ ,   ᠬ ࣠   ਬ   -
 ᯮ⥫᪨ 㭪権" (砪 ., 祭  ⨨  -
᪮ 㣮 ࠢ:  .: . 㬪, 1969. . 142). ꥪ⨢-
 ஭ ࢮ  ࣠᪮ ⥫쭮 -- ࣠樨 
㪮⢠ 㯭묨 㯯 --  ࠪਧ    -
, ⠪  ᢥ ᫮, .. ⠪ ࣠   .
⠪  ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠ ᮢ襭    㯫  ᮧ-
   㪮  㯯.    ⮬ ᫥ -
,   ᢥ ᥫ ⨬ ⮫쪮  ⭮襭   ᮢ襭
⢥  ᭮  ﭨ   㯫 ⢥  -
     ____________
     1.砪 ..  祭  ⨨  ᮢ᪮ 㣮 ࠢ.
.:  .㬪, 1969. .142)

                                - 11 -

⢨ 㯫  楫.  ⭮襭   ᮡ⢥ ⢨
 ⢨  ᥫ      ⮫쪮 .  
ଠ ࣠᪮ ⥫쭮 - ࣠  㪮⢮  ᮢ-
襭  㯫 -  饬 ࠢ  ⢫-
 ⮫쪮   ᫮,  ஬ ࣠  㯫
⢥  ᫥⢨.    ⥬   ਧ, 
 㣮   ⠢ 㫨஢ ⠪ ࠧ,   -
⥫⢮ ६ ⢫  ᪮쪮 ।⢥
ꥪ⮢ - ᭮  ⥫. ஬ ⮣,  ࠪ⨪ -
    ᮢ 㯫  稨 "쭮 ᮢ㯭-
",  ..   ⢥ :  ﭨ ꥪ ᮢ蠥 -
쪮 㯫, ।ᬮ७ 㣮 ,  ᫥⥫-
,   稭 ।    ꥪ⠬.  ਬ⥫쭮   ⠪
㯫   ᢥ ᫮  ᮢ   -
  㯫,   ⮬ ᫥  ⢨  ࣠権  
㯫.  ਬ, ⭨ ᮢ蠥 㡨⢮  .
 ᮮ⢥⢨  ॡﬨ 稪 - ४⥫    ᮢ襭
㯫 -  ⮬ ௥襣 ⠭ 뢭 -
ன⢮.   ⭨,   ⮬ ᫥ ࣠    ४⥫,
ᮧ,   १ 뢠    㣨 , -
騥  ⮬   ,  ,  㯫 ᬥ
௥襣,  ⭨  筮 १ ᢮ ⢨ ⭮-
 ࠧ筮 -   eo 㯫,  ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠-
, ..   ᢥ ᫮.
   ⬥⨬,  ᮢ襭 㯫  ᢥ  ᫮    ⠪
   ⮫쪮  ᮡ ᫥ ᫮:  -,
 ⭮襭   ᮡ⢥  ⢨    ࣠  㯫,
४⥫  ᮡ  ⮫쪮 אַ ᥫ; -, 
⭮襭  ᭮ ⢥ ᭮ ᫥⢨  ⭨
 ⢮   ᫮.  ⭮襭   筮, -
⥫쭮 १  ࠦ    , ⠪   ᮧ-
⥫쭮  饭.         ⥫-
 ࣠,  ᮢ饣  ࣠  㪮⢮  -
,  ⠪   ࣠  㪮⢮ ᮢ襭 ⠪ 㯯 -
⭮ 㯫.  ,  祬 㯭 ࣠ 㯯, 祬
⠡   㯭 ⥫쭮,  祬  ⥯ ࣠樨,
⥬  ⭮ ᯮ  ஫ -    ࣠᪮
⥫쭮 -   ⥬  殬.
     : ࣠஬  ਧ ,  ࣠襥 ᮢ襭
㯫  㪮襥  ᮢ襭,  ⠪ , ᮧ襥
࣠ 㯭 㯯  㪮襥 .
                

                                - 12 -

     4.3   ᮮ⢥⢨  .5 .19  ࠨ ४⥫ ਧ-
 ,  ᪫襥  ᮢ襭 㯫.  ꥪ⨢ ஭
⥫쭮  ४⥫ ࠪਧ ᮢ襭 ⨢ -
⢨, ࠢ  㦤  ᯮ⥫   ⭨
訬 ᮢ 㯫.  祢,  ᠬ ࠪ -
⥫⢠ ᪫砥  ᮢ襭 ⥬ ⢨.
     ⥫  㪠뢠   ᯮᮡ  ४⥫-
. 㪠  㣮 ࠢ ⭮    ਭ㦤  ஧,
ਪ,  㡥, 頭 ࠦ   , 頭 -
  ᮢ襭 㯫,   .  ⬥, 
㤭 ।  ࠪ⭮   ⢥  ⮣    
ᯮᮡ  ४⥫⢠.    ..,  " ⮣,  ⮡
ਭ㤨 祫     ᮢ襭 - ⥫-
 ⢨, ன 㯮ॡ 쬠 ⪨ ।⢠,   ࠧ-
,  몠  ⮩  ᮪訬  祫. 
 뢠  ⠪,   ⥫ ,   ⭮ 
,  ᪮ 襭 ᫮  묨,  ⮡  祫
ᮣᨫ  ᠬ 쥧  ᢮ ᫥⢨ 㯮"(1).
 讬  ࠧࠧ ᯮᮡ ४⥫⢠ ᫥ ,
  ⠪ ⥫쭮 ࠭祭.  । ᯮᮡ -
饭  । ଠ樨   祫  㣮. ⮬ -
 ४⥫⢠    ᫮᭠,  ।  ⭮  
쬥,    ⠪  ⢨.  ᫥ ଠ  㤥-
-᫥⢥ ࠪ⨪ 砥 筮 ।   ᭮ -
   ᮢ襭 㯫.  ࠧ,  c஭
ꥪ⨢,  ४⥫⢮ ।⠢ ᮡ ᮢ襭 ⨢
⢨, ࠢ  ᪫ 㣮   ᮢ襭 -
.
      ஭  ꥪ⨢,  饬 設⢥ 砥 -
४⥫⢮ ᮢ蠥   ᫮,  ஬  -
 㯫 ⢥  ᫥⢨.    ᮢ襭
⥫ ६  ᪮쪮 ।⢥ ꥪ⮢, 
। ᫮, ᪠ ᢥ ᥫ ( ஡ 
⮬ ᪠  ࠪ⨪ ࣠ 㯫).
     : ४⥫ ਧ , ᪫襥 ⥬ 㣮஢,
㯠, ਪ, ஧, ਭ㦤  -  ᯮᮡ -
   ᮢ襭 㯫).

     4.4.    ࠭  ⭨  -
     ____________
     1.( ..  ⨥    㯫.  फ:  -
फ. ਤ. -, 1962. . 2, . 69).

                                - 13 -

㯫  ᮡ.  ᮮ⢥⢨  .6 . 19  ࠨ -
ᮡ ਧ ,  ᮤ⢮襥 ᮢ襭 㯫 -
⠬, 㪠ﬨ,  ।⠢ ।  ࠭  ९-
⢨,    ⠪ ,  ࠭ 頢襥  㯭,  㤨 
।⢠ ᮢ襭 㯫,  ᫥ 㯫    ।,
 㯭 ⥬.
     ꥪ⨢ ஭ ᮡ⢠ ࠪਧ ᮢ襭 -
ﭨ ( 設⢥ 砥 ⢨,    ⢨) ࠢ-
  ᮤ⢨ ᯮ⥫   ⭨    ᮢ襭
㯫.  ।ᬮ७ 㣮  ᯮᮡ ᮢ-
襭 ᮡ⢠  ࠧ   ⥫㠫쭮   -
᪮.
    ⥫㠫쭮 ᮡ⢮  ⮨    ᮤ⢨  ᮢ襭
㯫 ᮢ⠬,  㪠ﬨ,   ⠪  ࠭  頭
 㯭,  㤨  ।⢠ ᮢ襭 㯫,  ⠪-
 ।, 㯭 ⥬.
     Ha ep ,  ⥫㠫쭮 ᮡ⢮    -
⮢  㪠  ४⥫⢮  㯫, ᯮᮡ-
 ᮢ襭 ண ⠪    ᮢ⮢    㪠.
     ⭨  ⢥  ⫨   㣠.
魮 ४⥫⢠ ⮨  ⮬,   ⠪ ⢨ﬨ  -
⥫  ⠫ ⭨ ᮧ 訬 ᮢ -
㯫.   ⫨稥  ४⥫,  ⥫㠫 ᮡ 
९ 訬 ᮢ 㯫,    ᮢ-
  ⢨ 㦥  .
      ⥫㠫쭮 ᮡ ⭮,   㦥 ਫ,
 ࠭  頭  㯭, 㤨  ।⢠ ᮢ-
襭 㯫,  ᫥ 㯫   ।,   -
㯭 ⥬.ᬮ  , ⠪ ᮡ⢮ 易  믮-
 䨧᪨ ⢨,  ⭥ᥭ  ⥫㠫쭮.  -
 ⥬,  㣮-ࠢ 祭 ਤ  ࠭ -
  頭   㯭 ⥬ 믮 ⠪ -
⢨. 頭,    砫 ᯮ 㯫, ९-
   ᯮ⥫   ⭨ 訬  ᮢ.
⮬ ᠬ 䠪 ᯮ ⮣ 頭  䨪  ⢨  -
ᮡ   ,᪮ ⠪ ⢨ 㦥  室  稭-
 裡  ᮢ襭 㯫.⪠ ᮡ  ࠭ -
  頭  㯭,  㤨  ।⢠ ᮢ襭 -
㯫,᫥ 㯫  ।, 㯭 ⥬, 
᢮   㣮 ⢥⢥,     ⥭ 
 祭 .
     ᪨ ᮡ⢮ ਧ  ᯮᮡ⢮  ᮢ襭

                                - 14 -

㯫 ।⠢ ।  ࠭ ९⢨.
      ।⠢ ।  ᮢ襭  㯫  ᫥
 ⨢ ⢨, 騥  । ᯮ⥫  
⭨  ।⮢,ᯮ짮  砥  ᮢ-
  㯫.
     ࠭ ९⢨,  ⫨稥  ।饣 ᯮᮡ ᮡ-
⢠,     ࠦ    ⥬ ⨢ ⢨ (ਬ,
 室   楫 ᮢ襭 㡨⢠ 室饣  -
 ௥襣), ⠪  ⥬ ⢨  ᮢ襭 殬 -
⢨,     易  ᮢ.
        ⨬   ⢫  ᮡ᪨ ( 
- ) ﭨ ⥬ ⢨.      稭
裡  㯫 ⢥  ᫥⢨ 室  -
頭 ঠ  ᯮ     易⥩,  
ᠬ ᯮ ⠪ ⢨.
     , ਬ,  ࠡ稥  뫨 ⨣ ࠭  
⪥ ॡ १   㫮 .   ࠭ -
⠫ ঠ ஢, , 祣  , ।    -
.    ࠭,  ⠪ 祣  ,   㫮   
쭥襬 ᮢ襭 饭  ९⢮.   ਢ  砥
  ,  ᠬ 䠪 㯭 ⢨ ࠭ ,
   ⨢  믮      易-
⥩    ࠭  㤠⢥ ⢠,  室  稭
裡  ᮢ襭 㯫.
      ᬮ७  砥   ᮡ⢮  ⨨ 
।⥫쭮 ᮣ襭.  ᨢ ᮡ⢮  
 稨 ⠪ ᮣ襭,  ,  ᮡ⢮ த ,
  ।⥫쭮 ᮣ襭  ᯮ⥫ ࠦ  -
 ,    ⥫㠫,  䨧᪨. ᫮  -
襭 㯫 ᮧ  ࠭  頭,   
䠪⮬ ⠢   ⮩,    ᯮ-
⥫ ९⢥ ஭  饭  ᮢ ࠦ -
⢠.   㯭 ⢨ த  室 
室 稭 裡  稭 ⢥  ᫥-
⢨.  ᬮ७ ࠭ 頭 ⢨,  饣
 ࠭ ९⢨,  㬥⭠      ᮢ襭  ⨢
⢨  ࠬ   ᮡ⢠. ,  ࠭ 頭-
 ⮢ 㡫   室  ,  -
  ᮢ襭 ࠦ,  祭 ᮡ᪨ ⢨ ਮ
   ࠭  頭 ⠪  ⮢,   
। ⮣  ᯮ⥫ 㯫.
         ᮡ⢠ ᫥ ⠪  ⭥  ⥫-

                                - 15 -

 , ন 㭪樮஢ ( ⮬ ᫥  ⢫-
 䨭஢)  ᯥ稢 ᭮ ࣠ -
㯭 㯯.  ,  ⠪ ⥫쭮  ᬠਢ
ᮮ⢥⢥  ᮡ⢮   ।⠢ ।   -
࠭ ९⢨.   ᮡ  ⥫쭮 ⮨ 
⮬,    ।⠢ ᮡ  ।⢥ ᮤ⢨ ᮢ-
襭    ⭮ 㯫,   ᮤ⢨ ࣠
㯯  楫,   ஬ ⠪ pya   -
 㯫.   ⥫⢮ ᫠ ᮡ
ਢ祭  㣮 ⢥⢥ ⠪ ᮡ,  祬 ᪠-
 .
      裡  ࠧ襩  ᫥     
 ᠬ   ࣠ 㯭 묨: ࠬ
᪠   ⮬.  祭 ᯮᮡ ᮢ襭 ᮡ⢠
室   㪠  ⢨,  ࠢ塞  
䨧᪮  ⥫㠫쭮 ᮤ⢨ 㯭.  ⭮,
 ਢ祭  㣮 ⢥⢥ 殢 મ  -
⢥   ⢥  ᮡ    ਢ祭 ࠭-
,ન,ਪ    㣨  ,ᯥ稢騥  ⥫-
 ⭨ ࣠ 㯭 㯯(1). 㬠, -
 ᪠뢠 ⨢ ᭮騬 ਭ樯 㣮
ࠢ. -, 뢠,   ᮤ⢨ 㯭-
   ᮤ⢨ ᮢ襭 㫥 - ,    
.     ⢥  뫠  㯭  -
ન,⮢饩 , ਪ,  饣 ,   -
 ⥫⢠  㤥 室  室 稭 裡 
ᮢ襭 㯫,  ᫥⥫쭮,  ᭮ ਢ-
祭  㣮 ⢥⢥  ⨥  㯫. ࠪ-
᪮ ⢫  ਧ ਢ    ਢ祭  
㣮 ⢥⢥ ,   ᮢ襭 㯫, 
 쭥襬  ந   ⥫쭮  ⨪  㤠⢠    -
. ⠪  뢠 孨᪮ ᮭ ,騥  㯭
⥫쭮 ⭨ ࣠ 㯭 㯯    稨
室 ᭮   ਢ祭  㣮 ⢥⢥-
   ⥫.
        ⥬  ⠥  ᭮ 稥  㣮 
-.6 .19  - 뢠饣   ᯮᮡ  ᮢ襭  ᮡ-
⢠.   祭 ᭮ 㦠  ⥫쭮 ᮡ-
.     ᮢ襭 㣮 ,   ﭨ 墠-
     ____________
    1. ਢ襨 , ७ , ।  , 㬥
// ࠨ. 2  l993.

                                - 16 -

  ࠧ ᯮᮡ  ᮤ⢨ ᮢ襭 -
.
      ⠪ 樨  ᥣ譨  㤥 ࠪ⨪ 㦤
   ⥫쭮 ⮫ .6 . 19 ,  ᠬ  -
   ⨬,  ᪮  㦥砥 㣮 ९.
⠭ 㬠 客 㤠 CCCP   31.07.62  "0  㤥
ࠪ⨪     ࠭  頭 뢠⥫⢥ 㯫,
ਮ⥭    饭 ⢠ , 騬  
饥 ६   ਨ ࠨ,  ४ ᬠਢ 
⢥ ᮡ⢠ ࠭ 頭 ਮ⥭    -
,  ⮣ 㯭 ⥬.  ਧ ࠭ 頭-
 ਮ⥭   ⢠,  ⮣ 㯭 ⥬,    -
⢥ ᯮᮡ  ᮢ襭 ᮡ⢠ ᪠뢠  ..栭 ,
  ਭ樯 ।  ⠭     祭
ਬ(1).
     㬠,   ਭ樯 ⠪ 室   襭  ᬠਢ
஡  ᫥ ਧ ࠢ .    ⮬ ᫥ ⪮
㪠,   ᮡ⢮   ਧ ⮫쪮 ⠪ ⥫-
,   室   室 稭 裡  ᮢ襭
㯫  ᮤঠ, ன   ᮤ⢨ -
 ᮢ襭 㯫 ., ⠪ 襭 ⮣ ,
 ஭,  ࠢ 㣮-ࠢ  業  ᥬ
  ᯮᮡ   ᮤ⢨ ᮢ襭 㯫 ,  
㣮 - ᪫ ਢ祭  㣮  ⢥⢥  ,  -
⥫쭮    室  室 稭 裡  ᮢ-
襭 㯫. ⮬   室  .6 . 19
  ᫮-  " ⠪  ᯮᮡ ᮤ⢮ ᮢ襭 -
㯫".
     ⥫쭮,   ஭ ꥪ⨢,ᮡ⢮ ࠦ 
믮 ⨢ ⢨  ⢨, ࠢ  ᮤ-
⢨  ᮢ襭  㯫 ᮢ⠬,  㪠ﬨ,  ।⠢
।  ࠭ ९⢨,  ⠪     ࠭  頭
 㯭,  㤨  ।⢠ ᮢ襭 㯫,  ᫥
㯫  ।  㯭 ⥬.  ,஭ -
⨢,ᮡ⢮  ࠪਧ  ,  ⠪  -
 ᫮,  ,     ⨨ ,ᢥ  ᥫ
ᮡ   ⮫쪮  ⭮襭  ᮢ⭮ ᮢ蠥 -
㯫.   ⭮襭  ᮡ⢥ ⢨ (⢨)  ᥫ
  ⮫쪮 .
     : ᮡ  ਧ  ,  ᮤ⢮襥  ᮢ襭
㯫 ᮢ⠬,  㪠ﬨ, ।⠢ ।  -
 ९⢨,  ⠪ , ࠭ 頢襥  㯭-

                                - 17 -

, 㤨  ।⢠ ᮢ襭 㯫, ᫥ 㯫 
।,    㯭 ⥬.
      楫 ᮢ襭⢮ 㣮 ⥫⢠ ।
 ᮡ 室  ᫮:"... ⠪  ᯮ-
 ᮤ⢮ ᮢ襭 㯫",   ᮮ⢥騥 -
  .6 .19  ࠨ.


                       5.          


     筮, ꥬ 1- ஫쭮 ࠡ 㤭  ᢥ
⠪ 㡮   ஡  ஡ 㣮  ⢥⢥-
   ⨥   㯫,   㭤⠫  
   㪠 ࠡ  ਢ.  ᬮ    ,
-ᨩ᪮  -ࠨ᪮ ⥫ । 
 㯫 ᪮쪮 ⫨   㣠,    ⫨  
⮫ ⢥   ⮬    ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢ -
稭 ᨩ᪠ ࠢ⢮᪠   ०  ࠨ,
  訬  ⥫ ᯮ짮 ⥫  
ᨩ᪨ ⠬ ᫥ ਭ    ଠ⨢ ⮢,  
  訡,易⥫쭮   ⠪ ୨⮬  
ࠢ⢮⢮.
     ᯮ ⥫   ⮫쪮 ᨨ ,  㣨 ࠧ-
 㤠,뢠 樮  ᪨ ᮡ 襣
த ࠨ ⠭ ᪨  ࠢ 㤠⢮.












     _____________
     1.ଠ ..     㤥 ࠪ⨪ 客
㤠  //. . 1.947.  8, . 17-13).