


                       ⨥  ਧ 㯫.



  ࠢ  ᨨ  ନ ⨥ 㯫,  ᭮ 
।  ਠ  ਧ.   , 㯫  
  ﭨ  饭  ,  ⢨   ⢨  ᢮
ᮤঠ     ᭮         ᮢ    ⢠,    ⢥
⭮襭.訬   ਧ  㯫  ᨩ᪮  㣮  ࠢ
⠥  ਠ  ਧ.  (㯫) ⢥ ᭮ -
⠪  ⨥  㯫  뢠 ਠ ⨥. ⮥
ਠ쭮  ⨥  㯫       7     .14
஥    .  "㯫 ਧ -ᮢ襭 ⢥
᭮   ﭨ,饭        ஧  ."    
⥫쭮  ।    㯫  㪠 㣮 ࠢ
⠭,    㯫  ࠪਧ  ᮢ㯭 鸞
易⥫ ਧ. ਧ :

                        1. ⢥ ᭮;
                        2.  ⨢ࠢ;
                        3. ;
                        4. 㥬 ﭨ.

1. ⢥  ᭮  ﭨ -  ਠ ਧ 㯫.
   ⢥  ᭮ 砥, ﭨ ।᭮  ⢠,..
   ⢥  ᭮  ⮨   ⮬, ﭨ 稭  ᮧ
   ஧ 稭 ⢥ । ⢥ ⭮襭. ਬ
   祭   ⢥  ⭮襭      ।  㯫
   ᮤন .7    .2 ஥  .   頥 
   㯭    ⥫      ᭮   筮,   ⢠ 
   㤠⢠.  ⢥  ᭮  ﭨ ࠧ砥  ࠪ 
   ⥯.   ࠪ   ⢥   ᭮  ।  ⢥
   ᢮ࠧ  㯫.ࠪ      ᮤঠ ⢥
   ⭮襭        㯫     ᮤঠ ।
   ᫥⢨    (ਠ,䨧᪨,ࠫ쭮    ।).    ⥯
   ⢥   ᭮   -     ⢥  ࠦ  ᭮
   ﭨ. । ࠢ⥫쭮 業 ꥪ⮢ ⥫⢠,
   稭 稭 ࡮, ⥯ (諥, ।諥,
   諥-,  諥-䥪஢,  ஦   ..),
   ⥯      ⨢      楫  㯫,ࠢ⥫쭮
   ᭮  ᨬ  ᯥ䨪   ६  ᮢ襭.

2.    ⨢ࠢ   -      ⢥   ᭮   ﭨ,
   ।ᬮ७   㣮      ⢥  㯫.  ﭨ
       㯭        㥬         㣮
   .  ⨢ࠢ  ⮨  饭 㯫
   ᮮ⢥⢥饣  㣮  ࠢ ଥ  ஧ ਬ 
      㣮   .    ⨢ࠢ  ﭨ
     ਤ᪨  ࠦ    ⢥  ᭮. "Nullum
   crimen   sine   legis"-"   㯫      㪠       
   ".ᨩ᪮   㣮  ࠢ  ஢࣠    㣮
   .    -  ଠ⨢-ࠢ      ࣠
   㤠⢥    ,⠭騩   騥   ਭ樯   㣮
   ⢥⢥,   ⠪   ⤥      㯫      
   ,     ਭ          栬     ᮢ訢訬    
   㯫. 砥 ਬ 室 .

3.    ,   ᮢ訢襣   ⢥   ᭮      㣮
   ⨢ࠢ  ﭨ.  -  ⭮襭 娪   ᮢ蠥
     ⢥  ᭮  ﭨ  (  ⢨    ⢨)  
   ᫥⢨    ଥ  ᫠  ஦.   ᮢ襭
   㯫      ਧ ⮫쪮  ᯮᮡ,   ᢮
   ,  ⠪   ᪮ ﭨ,ࠢ쭮 業 ᮢ蠥
     ⢨,  ⤠      ᥡ   㪮  ᮢ襭.
   ⮬      ᬠਢ    ⢥  㯫  ⢨
   ⭨,  ⠪ ⢥  㯪 塞.

4. ⢥   ꥬ  ᯥ᪨  ਧ  㯫    
   㥬.      -      室  ࠢ  ᫥⢨
   㯫.  㥬  ࠦ    ஧  ਬ
      ﭨ ।ᬮ७ 㣮 . 㯫-
   ⢥  ᭮,㣮  㥬,    㥬 ﭨ
   (⢨    ⢨),ᮢ襭  殬  塞    ⨣訬
   ।  .   2 .7     2 .14 ஥
     ,    㯫 ⢨ (⢨) 
   ଠ쭮   ᮤঠ饥 ਧ - ﭨ,।ᬮ७ ,
       ᨫ ⥫쭮  ।⠢饥 ⢥ ᭮.
    c㫨஢     c蠥 ﭨ  
    ਧ c㯫:

   1. ଠ쭮  c  ਧ  ﭨ, ।c७   
      (ଠ쭮 c).

   2. H    c  ⥫쭮c      ।c⠢   c⢥
      cc (ਠ쭮 c). ﭨ c⠥c ⥫
        c, c   諥 c襭 c 
       ࠢ  c襭   ⥫쭮 ﭨ.



                         cc䨪 c㯫.



cc䨪   c㯫  -          㯯,  ⥣ਨ 
c  㯯  । c⥫쭮c,  ᨬ 
⮣      .  ﬨ,  ⭮,  㯠
⥯  ⢥  ᭮  ﭨ (⥯  殮)  ଠ 
(諥      ஦).     饬        ⪮
䨪樨 㯫.筮 뤥  㯯 㯫:

           1. ᮡ 寧;
           2. 寧;
           3.  寧;
           4.  ।⠢騥 让  ⢥  ᭮.

⭮⥫쭮    ⥣਩ ⪨ ਨ     .7(1)
  .      ᠥ    ⠫  ⥣਩  㯫, 
ਨ    । "ࠧ". ⪠ 䨪 㯫
    ஥     . ⠢⥫ ஥  ᭮ 䨪樨
  ⠪ ਨ,  ⥯ 殮 ﭨ, ࠦ  ᠭ
ᮮ⢥  ⥩      .    ᮮ⢥⢨    ⨬   15
஥  ࠧ砥  ⥣ਨ 㯫:

           1. 㯫 让 殮;
           2. 㯫 । 殮;
           3. 寧 㯫;
           4. ᮡ 寧 㯫.

1. 㯫ﬨ  让  殮 ਧ 諥   ஦
   ﭨ    ᮢ襭    ᨬ쭮  ,।ᬮ७
   㣮 ,  ॢ蠥   襭 ᢮.
2. 㯫ﬨ  ।  殮  ਧ  諥   ஦
   ﭨ    ᮢ襭    ᨬ쭮  ,।ᬮ७
   㣮 ,  ॢ蠥   襭 ᢮.
3. 寧  㯫ﬨ  ਧ 諥  ஦  ﭨ 
   ᮢ襭     ᨬ쭮  ,।ᬮ७  㣮
   ,  ॢ蠥   襭 ᢮.
4. ᮡ  寧  ਧ  諥  ﭨ    ᮢ襭   
   㣮  ।ᬮ७    襭 ᢮  ப
        ண .

  ࠧ,    뤥  ⥣ਨ 諥
㯫     ⥣ਨ ஦ 㯫, ᮧ ᭮
  ⥫쭮 ७樠樨 㣮 ⢥⢥.



                 ⨥  ਧ ⠢ 㯫.



⠢  㯫  -    ᮢ㯭  ⠭ 㣮 
ꥪ⨢        ꥪ⨢   ਧ,ࠪਧ   ।
⢥  ᭮  ﭨ    㯫    .    
ᮡ     ᮤন ᠭ ਧ  㯫.
  ਧ    ᢮  ᮢ㯭 ࠪਧ ᮢ襭 ⢥
᭮  ﭨ  㯫   (ࠦ,襭⢮, ࠡ,
㡨⢮).        ,    ⥫쭮  ᠭ ਧ
।  ⠢  㯫  砥  ⢥  
⨯   ਧ   ⢥  ᭮  ﭨ,  ࠪਧ饣  
(ﭨ)    ⢥  ⭮ 㯫.  ࠧ ਧ,
   ⭮   ⢥   ᭮  ﭨ,    砥 
ࠪ⨪  ⠢   ⢥  ⨯  㯫 ⮣
   ਧ.

ਬ:   砨 ࠦ 㦮 ⢠ ᮢ  ࠧ
⥫⢠.  ୠ  ࠦ,  ଠ  ࠦ -  砨 ࠦ 
宦         㣠,   ,     ᥬ  ࠧࠧ  㠫
ਧ,    ⠪  饭   ⢥  ⨯ 騥
ਧ.              ⠩  饭  㦮
⢠.   ਧ      ९       ᠭ  ⠢
㯫  㥬  ࠦ  (.144   ).  ࠧ  
砥  ॠ쭮  ᮢ蠥  ࠦ  ⡨  ਧ   
騬,易⥫묨,⨯묨      ࠦ,⢥묨    
ࠦ     ६ ⫨⥫묨,騬 ⫨ ࠦ  室
ﭨ(ਬ ࠡ).



         ⭮襭 ⨩ 㯫  ⠢ 㯫.



⭮  㯫   ⠢ ⭮      ॠ쭮
  (㯫)    ⨥  ⮬ (⠢). 㯫 -
      ।      ⢥     ᭮          ॠ쭮
⢨⥫쭮,饥  ⢮  㠫  ਧ.  ⠢
㯫  -    ᮢ㯭  ।ᬮ७     
⢥    ⨯ ਧ 室  ਧ ।
⢥ ᭮ ﭨ,  㯫. ⠢ 㯫 - 
ਤ᪮  ࠢ  ⨥    㯫  । . ⠢
㯫-  ⥫쭠  㯫.  ਧ ⠢
㯫  ࠧ      㯯,  ࠪਧ騥 ᭮
  㯫:  ꥪ 㯫  ꥪ⨢ ஭, ꥪ
㯫  ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㯫. ਧ, ࠪਧ騥
ꥪ   ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㯫 뢠 ꥪ⨢묨 ਧ
⠢  㯫.  ਧ,  ࠪਧ騥  ꥪ   ꥪ⨢
஭ 뢠 ꥪ⨢묨 ਧ. ꥪ 㯫 -  , 
   㯫  ,  ࠭ 㣮 . ꥪ⮬
㯫    ࠧ  ⢥ ⭮襭(.1,.7  
.2  ஥  ). ꥪ⨢ ஭ ࠧ ਧ,ࠪਧ騥
譨  (ꥪ⨢)  ᢮⢠  㯫  (..  ,  㯫
ࠦ      ꥪ⨢  ⢨⥫쭮).  ꥪ⨢  ஭
㯫 ⭮:

 ) ⢥ ᭮ ﭨ   ⢨  ⢨;
 ) ⢥  ᫥⢨;
 ) 稭   ﭨ   ᫥⢨ﬨ;
 ) ६, , ᯮᮡ, ⠭, 㤨  ।⢮  ᮢ襭
    㯫.

ꥪ⮬   㯫    ,ᮢ訢襥  㯫  (
ﭨ).ꥪ⮬   ⮫쪮 䨧᪮, 塞 ,⨣襥 
६  ᮢ襭  㯫  ⠭     (ᮡ
 㯫 -  14 , ⠫ -  16 ). ஬ 塞 
⨦   ।  ,    ਧ  ࠪਧ
㯫,         㪠뢠  ⠪  ᯥ樠  ਧ
ꥪ.   ꥪ⨢  ஭  ࠪਧ  ७  ()
஭   㯫,..   ⭮襭  娪      ᮢ蠥  
⢥  ᭮  ﭨ        ᫥⢨.ꥪ⨢ ஭
㯫 ࠧ:

 )  ( ଥ ᫠  ஦);
 ) ⨢ (.. 㦤,묨 㪮⢮   
    ᮢ襭 㯫);
 ) 楫,  ᫥  ᮢ襭 㯫.

  ࠬ  饣  ⠢ 㯫  ਧ ࠪਧ騥
    㯫    ਭ    ࠧ        易⥫ 
䠪⨢.  易⥫  ਧ  -    ਧ 騥 ᥬ 
᪫祭   ⠢  㯫.      㯫    
⠭:

 )  ꥪ;
 ) ⢥ ᭮ ﭨ   ⢨  ⢨;
 )   ଥ ᫠  ஦;
 )  ਧ ꥪ  㯫      塞.

    ਧ        ⠢ 㯫. ⨢
ਧ  -    ਧ  ᢮⢥  ᥬ,   ⤥ ⠢
㯫  㯯 ⠢.  䠪⨢ ਧ ⭮:

 ) ਧ ᯥ樠쭮 ꥪ;
 ) ⨢;
 ) 楫;
 ) ᫥⢨ 㯫;
 ) 稭   ﭨ     ᫥⢨ﬨ,   ⠪
    ⥫⢠,  ࠪਧ騥  ६, , ᯮᮡ, ⠭,
    㤨  ।⢠ ᮢ襭 㯫.

  ࠧ  ਧ  ⠢    易⥫  䠪⨢
  ⮫쪮     饣  㯫.  ⭮ 
⠢  㯫    室, .. 易⥫  䠪⨢
ਧ,      ਧ  室. 㦭 ⠪   , 
ਧ  ⠢  㯫  ᢮   ਧ 㪠 
ᯮ樨  ⥩  ᮡ    .   ᠬ ⠢ 㯫 
᢮    ᯮ樨.      ᯮ    ᮤন  ᠭ  
ਧ    ⭮   ⠢   㯫.   ঠ   ਧ
⭮  ⠢  㯫   ࠢ쭮   ⥬
  ᮮ⢥  饩  ᮡ    ⥬᪮
⮫ .



                         ⠢ 㯫.



  ᭮ 䨪権 ⠢ 㯫    ࠧ
ਨ:

 ) ⥯ ⢥ ᭮ ﭨ;
 ) ࠪ  ⠢,..  ᯮᮡ  ᠭ    
     ਧ ⠢  ;
 ) ᮡ 樨 ⠢  㯫.

  ⥯  ⢥  ᭮ ﭨ  ⠢ 㯫
ࠧ:

 1. ᭮ (⮩ ⠢) -   c⠢      
     ⥫ 㪠  .
    ਬ:.103,.108 .1  ;.158 .1 ஥  .
 2. ⠢ 㯫  騬 ⥫⢠ - ஢
    ⠢.
    ਬ:.102,.108 .2  .
 3. ⠢ 㯫  ᮡ 騬 ⥫⢠ - ᮡ
    ஢  ⠢.
    ਬ:.206 .3  ,.158 .3  .
 4. ⠢ 㯫  騬 ⥫⢠ -
    ਢ஢ ⠢.
    ਬ:.104,105  .

  ᨬ    ᯮᮡ ᠭ ਧ ⠢ 㯫,.. 
ࠪ  ,⠢ 㯫 ࠧ :

 1. ,ᮤঠ騥 ᠭ   ﭨ  饣  
     ꥪ (ਬ: .130,131  );
 2. -⠢  ⠢,ᮤঠ騥  ᠭ    
    ⢨ (ਬ: .117  ),    
    (ਬ: .108 .2  ),     ꥪ⮢  ⥫⢠
    (ਬ: .146  ).

 ᮡ 樨 ⠢ 㯫 ᫮ ࠧ :

 1. ਠ -    ᫮ ࠪਧ ⠢ ਧ 室
     ⮫쪮 ﭨ (⢨    ⢨),      稭  
    ⢥ ᫥⢨ (ਬ: .103  ,.104  .1 
    ).
 2. ଠ ⠢ -   ⥫  ࠭稢
    ⮫쪮 ᠭ ਧ ⢨  ⢨   뢮
    ᫥⢨   । (ਬ: .130,131,.148  .1   ).


