
    :


1. 
2. ⨥   ࠪ⨪ 㯫            
୮ ଠ樨.
3.  㯫   ୮ ଠ樨:
3.1  ࠢ   ୮ ଠ樨.
3.2  , ᯮ짮  ࠭ ।                      
       ணࠬ  .
3.3 襭 ࠢ ᯫ樨 , ⥬            
      .
4.  ⮤   㯫ﬨ   ୮ 
      ଠ樨.
5.   祭.
6. ᮪ ᯮ짮 .


1.     

ଠ樮  ਢ  ࠬ᪨   
ᯮᮡ 믮 ᢮ 易⥩  讣 ᫠ 
ᨩ.  孨᪨ ᯥ樠 । ஢ 
 믮 ࠡ,  ࠭  
᮪஢ ணࠬ. 㦠騩   ᢮ 
ᯮ殮 ⮫쪮 筮  ⨢ ଠ樨, ᪮쪮 
  . 
 ᯮ짮 ஢  ⮬⨧஢ 孮 
ਢ   鸞 ஡  㪮⢠ ࣠樥. 
,  ꥤ  ,  ।⠢ 
  ᠫ쭮  ᠬ ࠧࠧ . 
⮬  ᯮ  ᭮ ଠ樨  稨 
᪮, 易  ⮬⨧樥  ।⠢ ࠧ 
襣 㯠  䨤樠, ᮭ  㣨 
᪨ .  㢥稢 ᫮  
㯫,   ਢ  筮    
.  ⮬   ᭮,  ଠ -  
,   . ⢥⢥   
ଠ樨   襬  㪮⢠.  ⠪ - 
 ⢫ 饥 㪮⢮ ⮩ ⥫쭮, 
⮬  ࣠樨     孥  
㪮⢠, ⢥饥  ঠ ࠡᯮᮡ 
ଠ樮 ⥬. 
 ⠪  ⮬⨧ ਢ  ⮬,  ⥯ 樨  
᫨⥫쭮 孨 믮 묨 㦠騬 
࣠樨,   ᯥ樠쭮 ⮢ 孨᪨ 
ᮭ, 㦭, ⮡  짮⥫   ᢮ 
⢥⢥   ଠ樨.
 ᮢᥬ  ,  易   (ࠬ), 뫮 
ਢ  ப ᫮ ᥫ ᨨ.   
稭  ୮ 㯭  
ଠ樮-孮᪮ ॢ㦥 ।⨩, 
०  ࣠権, 饭  ୮ 孨, 
ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  . 㣠 稭 - 
ॠ쭠  祭 ⥫쭮 ᪮ 
룮  ⨢ࠢ ﭨ  ᯮ짮 . 
 稢     த 
᢮ ࠢ୮ 㤠   ਠ 業. 
࠭, 㦥 襤訥 ਮ ୮ ८᭠饭, 
 ᢮ ਬ . ਬ, 壠   
㡥 室  ᫨,  ⥫쭮 
᪠ ⭮  㤥 祭 ॢ 㦡. 
࣠ 17 ⠢ ,  ⨫ ⥫ 㬬 
 -  襭 䨭ᮢ ⥫쭮 
. 㣮 ਬ: 㯭 뢠    
⮢  ,   㬬  業⠬   
 ,  筮 ⮣  祧  饭 㬬.
稫 ᢮  騪  . ᯮ 
  㬥襥  , ஭襣  ᪨  
㡥 . 嫥⭨ ⥬⨪  
ᮮ魨 ஭   ⥬ ⨡,  
 ।⢠  ⮢ 稪.  ᪫祭,   
ᨩ᪮ 樨 ୠ 㯭  ᮪ 
⥯ ⥭⭮  裡  饩 ਬ ⠭  
⢨   ६ ᮮ⢥  
㣮 ⥫⢠,  ⠪ ᯥ筮 ᠬ 
୮ , ॡ饩 ᯥ樠 .
, ᫮  ⢥, ॡ ਭ  
㣮 ࠢ,  ।ᬠਢ  ⢥⢥  
ᮢ襭 㯫   ୮ ଠ樨.


2.      ⨥   ࠪ⨪ 
㯫    ୮ 
ଠ樨


 ⥫⢥ ᨨ  ᫥    
  ⮢, ॣ㫨  ଠ樨  
ଠ⨧樨.
 1 ﭢ 1997    ⢨    
ᨩ᪮ 樨 ( -  ), ਭ 㤠⢥ 
㬮 24  1996 .   ᨩ᪮ 㣮 
⥫⢥  ⨥ " 㯫". 
   砩.    堪, .. 
騪  ⥬  ⥩.   嫠 㬨  
   㯭 ﭨ  ᨩ᪮ 堪, 
 ᯮ짮 ஡  ⢥ 
⥫⢥.  㯫 饭  
28  ,  뢠 "㯫   
୮ ଠ樨". 㯭묨  ⠪ 
⢨,  ࠢ   ୮ ଠ樨, 
ᮧ, ᯮ짮  ࠭ । ணࠬ 
 , 襭 ࠢ ᯫ樨 , ⥬   
 .  ⮬ ࠢ   ୮ 
ଠ樨   㯫  ᫥ 
᫮:
-   ᫨ ୠ ଠ ࠭ , ..   
    ।⠢  設 ⥫,     ;
-   ᫨ ࠢ   ୮ ଠ樨  
    㭨⮦, ஢, 䨪  ஢ 
ଠ樨, 襭 ࠡ , ⥬     
(. 272  ).
 ⢨ 뢠 䮬,  ࠢ⥫묨 
ࠡ⠬,  襭 ᢮  ப   .
  ⢨, ᮢ襭  ᯮ짮 㦥 
,   ᮡ    㯭 ࠧ (. 
272 . 2  ).  ଠ 砥,  ஭ 堪 
  㣮 ⢥⢥, 祬 㤭  
 , 饭  ୮ ଠ樨   
᭮ .
   楢 ୮ ଠ樨 
  ⥫⢮,  । ᫮ 䨪樨 
ࠢ୮ 㯠  ୮ ଠ樨  ⢥ 
㯫    ਢ 뢠騩 祭 
⨢ ᫥⢨, ਭ    
䨪樨 ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  ⢥ 
㯫.  砥,  ᬮ  ,    
 ࠢ,  ᫨     ᮡ ᫥ 
 㯮⮩    ᫥⢨, ⠪   
୮ ଠ樨    㯫.
       ⨥: "। 
ணࠬ".
 ।묨 ணࠬ    ணࠬ, 
 ਢ騥  ᠭ樮஢ 㭨⮦, 
஢, 䨪樨  ஢ ଠ樨,  
⠪ ਢ騥  襭 ࠡ , ⥬    
 (. 273  ).
   ⢨, 易  ⮫쪮  
ᮧ । ணࠬ,     㦥 
 ணࠬ  । (   ࠦ 
ᮬ),  ⠪ ᯮ짮  ࠭  
। ணࠬ   設 ⥫.
 ᨬ  殮 ᫥⢨ ⠪ 㯫 
뢠 襭 ᢮  ப      ᥬ 
 (. 273 .1  .2  ).
 ࠧ 㯫 ⭥ᥭ ⠪ 襭 ࠢ 
ᯫ樨 , ⥬    , 襥 
㭨⮦, ஢  䨪 ୮ 
ଠ樨  砥, ᫨ 稭 ⢥ । ,  
஦, 寧 ᫥⢨ (. 274  ).
   ࠧ᭥ ⮣,    ⢥ 
।  寧 ᫥⢨ﬨ, ࠢ     
ࠧ᭥, 祬   稭 ।: ଠ樨, , 
९樨   ࠦ. 祢, ⢥   
   㤥 ࠪ⨪. 

3.         㯫   
୮ ଠ樨.

3.1    
 .

 ଠ    㪠 ⥩  .28 . 
 襭 ⥫   ࠢ, 
᪮  ⢥ 뭪 ଠ樮 孮 
᢮   ଠ樮 ᠬ த  
᪮஫쭮 ஢.  ⤥ ,  90% 
ணࠬ த⮢  ᨨ  ᪨ ﬨ, 
। 祭묨 ⥬ ࠢ୮ 㯠. ।⮬ 
㯫  ⮬ 砥 㯠 ࠭塞  
ୠ ଠ.

 㯫  譥 ஭ ࠦ  
ࠢ୮ 㯥,  襬 㭨⮦, ஢, 
䨪  ஢ ଠ樨, 襭 ࠡ 
, ⥬    . ⨥ ᪠ ।  
⥫쭮 ஢  .2   " 㤠⢥ 
⠩", ᮣ᭮ ன   ᠭ樮஢ 
  殬  ⭮  
 ᢥﬨ, ⠢騬 㤠⢥ ⠩.   
ᯥ樠쭮   ࠢ 㯮  
୮ ଠ樨
 ᠭ樮஢ ᮡ⢥ ଠ樨 
   묨, ᮤঠ騬  設 
⥫   '.   楫  । 
।, ⥬   ᫥ 㪠    
⢥ ⮪.  襬 , 㯮ॡ 
ନ ""  ଠ樥 ᪫砥  
ࠪ⮢  ࠢ୮ 㯠 砥,   , 㦥 
  ᮤঠ ଠ樨  㣨 筨, ⮫쪮 
  㭨⮦ 䠩. ஬ ⮣,    
ᠭ樮஢  ⮫쪮 ᮡ⢥,   楬 
ଠ樨. ⮬ ࠢ   ୮ 
ଠ樨 ᫥ ।,  祭  
 殬    ଠ樥  ᯮ殮 
  ᢮ ᬮ७,
ᮢ蠥  ᮣ ᮡ⢥   
㯮祭 .  ।⠢, ᠬ⥫쭮 
ମ ࠢ୮ 㯠  砨   
 ⥬,    । ᨢ 
ଠ樨  ᮣ ᮡ⢥ ⮣ ᨢ   
   ଠ樨,  ᪠   
ࠢ   ଠ樨.

ᮡ 祭 ࠢ୮ 㯠  ୮ 
ଠ樨   ࠧ묨:  ᯮ짮 㦮 
  ᫮ ஫, ⥬  䨧᪨ ᮢ 
孨᪨ ன  ⥬ 䨪権 ணࠬ  
ଠ樮 ᯥ祭, 饭 ⥫ ଠ樨, 
宦 ᫠   ""  ⥬  ..

ࠢ   ୮ ଠ樨 ਧ 
祭 㯫  ᫮,   १ ⢨ 
 㯨 । ᫥⢨   㭨⮦, 
஢, 䨪樨  ஢ ଠ樨  
襭 ࠡ , ⥬    . ⮥ 
  ୮ ଠ樥,  襥 
᫥  ᫥⢨, ⠢ 㯫  
ࠧ. ⮦ ଠ樨 -  ਢ  
   ⢥   ਣ  
ᯮ짮  祭 ﭨ. ஢ 
ଠ樨 -  ᮧ 㯭,   
ᯮ짮  १ 饭 쭥襣 믮 
᫥⥫쭮   몫祭  ࠡ -
 ன⢠,  몫祭 ॠ樨 - ன⢠ 
  ࠭ ᠬ ଠ樨.  䨪樥 
  ࢮ砫쭮 ଠ樨  ᮣ  
ᮡ⢥    . ஢ ଠ樨 
-  ⨥   ਣ쭮 ଠ樨   ࠭  
०   ᯮ짮  祭. 
 襭 ࠡ , ⥬     ᫥ 
  樨, 易  ᡮﬨ  ࠡ 
㤮, 뤠祩 .୮ ଠ樨, ⪠  뤠 
ଠ樨, 室   (⪫祭) , ⮢ 
⥬      ..      
易⥫ ᫮  ࠭ 䨧᪮ 楫 
, ⥬    . ᫨   묨 
᫥⢨ﬨ 蠥  楫⭮ ୮ ⥬, 
 䨧᪮ ,  ᮤﭭ ॡ ⥫쭮 
䨪樨    㯫 ⨢ ᮡ⢥.

⢫ ࠢ   ୮ ଠ樨, 
  ᮧ ⢥  ࠪ ᢮ 
⢨, ।    㯫 
㪠   ᫥⢨    㯫 (אַ 
ᥫ)   , ,ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠  ᫥⢨ 
 ⭮   ࠧ筮 (ᢥ ᥫ).

뢠  㯫 䮬  ࠧ   
   ࠧ஢ 㤠   ࠧ 
ࠡ⭮    室 㦤  ਮ   
  楢,  ࠢ⥫묨 ࠡ⠬ 
ப   楢   ,  襭 ᢮  
ப   . ୠ⨢ ࠪ ᠭ樨 .272 
  襩 ⥯ 㠫஢  
.

஢  ࠢ୮ 㯠  
୮ ଠ樨 ᮣ .2 .272   
ᮢ襭 ﭨ 㯯   ।⥫쭮 ᣮ  
࣠ 㯯  殬  ᯮ짮 ᢮ 
㦥 ,  ࠢ 騬   , ⥬ 
   .

襭 㯫 㯯   ।⥫쭮 
ᣮ     㯫, ᪮  
믮  ⨨.  ᮮ⢥⢨  .2 .35   
㯫 ਧ ᮢ襭 㯯   
।⥫쭮 ᣮ, ᫨   ⢮ , ࠭ 
ਢ訥  ᮢ⭮ ᮢ襭 㯫. ᭮ 
ࠪ୮ ⮩ ⮩ 
  稥 ।⥫쭮 ᣮ  
ᮢ襭 㯫.  ⥮ਨ  㤥 ࠪ⨪ ᫮ 
⮩稢 ,  ।⥫ ᣮ   
⨣   砫 ᮢ襭 㯫. 砫 
ᮢ襭 㯫  ᮮ⢥⢨  祭  ⠤ 
ࠧ 㯭 ⥫쭮 ᫥  襭  
㯫. ⥫쭮, ᮣ襭  ⭨ 
   砫 믮 ⢨,
ࠧ騬 쥪⨢ ஭ ࠢ୮ 㯠.  
  ᮢ襭 㯫  ।⥫쭮 
ᣮ 㯯   ᬠਢ  
஢  ⮫쪮   ,  ⭨ 
  ᮨᯮ⥫.   ⥫⢮  
᪫砥  । ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㯫 
 "孨᪮" । ஫. ᫨  
। ஫ ⢫  ਭ樯 뤥 
࣠, ᮡ, ४⥫  ᯮ⥫   
    ।⢥ ᮢ襭 㯫,  
業 ⠪
⨥,  㯯   ।⥫쭮 ᣮ,  
᭮. ﭭ  ⠪  ॡ ⥫쭮 
㪠  .  .

襭 㯫 ࣠ 㯯.  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
 . .35   ࣠ 㯯 ਧ ⮩稢 
㯯 , ࠭ ꥤ  ᮢ襭   
᪮쪨 㯫. ⮩稢 -  ⠪ ﭨ 
㯯, ஥ ࠪਧ 稥  ﭭ 
痢  ⭨  ᯥ᪨ 㠫묨 
ଠ  ⮤ ⥫쭮.  室 ᢮ ࠦ  
⠪ ࠪ ਧ,  -
᮪ ⥯ ࣠, ⠡쭮 ⠢ 㯯   
࣠樮 , 稥 ᢮ࠧ, 
㠫  ࠪ   ⮤ ⥫쭮   
⢮, ᯫ祭 ⭨. ࣠ 㯯 
 ᮧ   ᮢ襭 , ⠪  ᪮쪨 
㯫.  ⫨稥  㯯   ।⥫쭮 
ᣮ  ᮢ襭 㯫 ࣠ 㯯  
 祭,   㭪樨 믮
   童 㯯 (ᯮ⥫, ᮡ  ..).  
ᮨᯮ⥤⢮,  । ஫  
⮫쪮  .2 .272   뫪  . .

 ᯮ짮 殬 ᢮ 㦥  ᫥ 
  ᯮ짮 㦠騬 ( 易⥫쭮  
殬)  㤠⢥  㤠⢥ 
।⨩  ० ࠢ  稩, ।⠢ 
    ࠢ୮ 㯠 (ᠭ樮஢ 
楬   㯮祭 殬)  ࠭塞 
 ୮ ଠ樨.

, 騥   , ⥬     -   
, ᨮ쭠 ⥫쭮  ﭭ  
६ 易 
ᯥ祭 㭪樮஢ ୮ ⥬   
(ணࠬ,  , 稪 㤮  ..). 
 , 室  । ᢮  易⥩  
㦨 ୮ ⥬  ,    
ଠ樨,  ࠡ  ன   㯮祭  
ᮡ⢥   殬, 騬    
᭮.

  ஢  ࣮ࠢ 㯠 
।ᬠਢ  ஢  ࠦ    ࠧ 
   쬨  ࠧ஢  㤠   
ࠧ ࠡ⭮ ,   室 㦤  ਮ 
   쬨 楢,  ࠢ⥫ ࠡ  ப  
    ,  ⮬  ப     
楢,  襭 ᢮  ப   .

  ⥬, 㪠뢠    ਬ塞 ,   
 㯫 ᫥ ,  ᮣ᭮ .4 
ࠫ쭮   13  1996 . "   ⢨ 
  ᨩ᪮ 権"  ।樨 
ࠫ쭮  " ᥭ     
ࠫ  "   ⢨   
ᨩ᪮ 樨"  27  1996 . [: 1 3 
]      易⥫ ࠡ, 
࠭祭 ᢮     ⢨ 䥤ࠫ 
 ᫥ 㯫  ᨫ -ᯮ⥫쭮 
 ᨩ᪮ 樨 
 ᮧ 室 ᫮  ᯮ   
,    2001 . -ᯮ⥫-  
 饥 ६ ,  室 ਠ  
࣠樮 ᮢ  㭪樮஢
   ࠢ⥫  業஢   -. 
⮬      㥬 㯫  
 .


3.2     ,   
  
  .

⢥ ᭮ ᮧ, ᯮ짮  
࠭ । ணࠬ । ⥬,  
। ணࠬ ᯮᮡ  ᠬ   
ࠫ ࠡ ୮ ⥬,   ਢ  
 ᫥⢨.

ணࠬ   ।⠢ ᮡ ꥪ⨢  
।⠢  ᮢ㯭   , ।祭 
 㭪樮஢ ஭ ᫨⥫ 設 () 
 㣨  ன  楫 祭 
। १ (.1   " ࠢ ࠭ 
ணࠬ  ஭ ᫨⥫ 設   "). 
। ணࠬ ।⠢ ᮡ ணࠬ,  
 ᮤঠ ,  , ਬ, ⨯ "᪠ 
", "᪨ ", "ᨭ஭ ⠪" ""  
騥 ᯥ᪨ ᢮⢠, ।祭묨  
믮 ࠢ   㯭 ⢨ 
(饭   ᪨ ⮢,  ।  
, , 㫨⢠  ..).  ணࠬ  
 ᯮᮡ 室 १ 㭨樮  
  ⥬ 
, ஭    ࠭  ᭮ 
. ᭠ ணࠬ -  ᯥ樠쭠 ணࠬ, 
ᯮᮡ ᠬந쭮 ᮥ  㣨 ணࠬ 
(.. "ࠦ" )   ᪥ ᫥ 믮
ࠧ ⥫ ⢨:  䠩  ⠫, 
᪠ १⮢ ᫥, ७  ࠭  
 ..  祭 । ਮ ६   
㦨 ᥡ,  ⥬  ""  譥 
稭 室  .  ᥣ ᡮ  ࠡ
 ᮯ஢    㭨⮦ 
ଠ樨.  饥 ६ ᯥ樠⠬ 뢠  
ࠧ   3  10 . ࠧ ᮢ  ⢮  
ﭭ .  । ணࠬ ।⮬ 
 㯫  ⠪ 設 ⥫ 
। ணࠬ.

।⠢ 室 ⬥   ᮢᥬ 㤠 
⥫ 孨  ਧ 㥬 
ﭨ.   ⮬,  ⥫ ᯮ  ᯮ樨 
.273   ᠭ । 㯫 ⢥ 
᫮,  祣  ᮧ ⫥  室  
㣮 ⢥⢥   㯫 ᮧ, 
ᯮ짮  ࠭  , ᪮쪨 
। ணࠬ  設 ⥫  ⠪ 
ணࠬ.  襬 ,  㣮 
⢥⢥   㯫 ।  ⮫쪮 
⢥묨 䠪ࠬ, ᪮쪮 ⥭樠쭮 । 
⢮ ⭮ ணࠬ,  ⭮,  ᯮᮡ 
稭 ॠ ⢥  । ଠ樨  
⥫쭮 . ⮬ ਬ .273    
㦥   ᮧ, ᯮ짮  ࠭  
।᭮ ணࠬ     設 ⥫ 
 ⠪ ணࠬ.
ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㥬 㯫 ࠦ  
᫥ ୠ⨢ ⢨: 
)  ᮧ  ணࠬ (ᠭ  ⬠, .. 
᫥⥫쭮 ᪨   ᫥騬 
८ࠧ   設⠥ ); 
)  ᥭ   㦥 騥 ணࠬ (..  
䨪); 
)  ᯮ짮 ⠪ ணࠬ (     
ਬ  祭); 
)  ࠭ ⠪ ணࠬ  設 ⥫  
⠪ ணࠬ.   ⢫   
୮  (쭮, ॣ쭮  㭠த), 
⠪  १ 設 ⥫ ⥬  த, ७,  
  .. ⢥⢥  㯫 㯠   
ࠧࠡ稪
। ணࠬ, ⠪  㣨 짮⥫,  
 ਬ , ਬ,  楫  ᢮ 
ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ଠ樨  ⥫   
ࠦ 㣨 .

   ,  ⥫ ⠭ 
⢥⢥  ᮧ, ᯮ짮  ࠭  
  ணࠬ, 
⮫쪮 ,   ᯮᮡ    
ᯮ짮 ਢ  ᠭ樮஢ 㭨⮦, 
஢, 䨪樨  ஢ ଠ樨  
襭 ࠡ , ⥬    .  
ணࠬ  ஢  "।"  "।". 
। ।᭮    ணࠬ ⢫ 
 ᭮ ⠭ ࠪ ᫥⢨  ⢨. 
騨 ਧ ⢨ । ணࠬ  
 ⪠   믮 ⠭  
(ᠭ ), 믮 ,   
।ᬮ७ ணࠬ,  㯠  
ଠ樮 ᠬ -.. ⢥,  뢮  
।᭮ ⮩   ணࠬ   ⮫쪮  
⨥ ᯥ樠⮢. ⤥  ணࠬ  
  ।묨 , ᫥⥫쭮, ਬ  ⠪  
 㣮-ࠢ ࠪ 㤥
 ⮫쪮 ᫥,   騬 ᭮騥 
ਭ樯 㣮 ࠢ.  ࠪ⨪  । ਭ 
⭮ ⠪ ,  १ ⢨   ࠭ 
 , 㭪  業 ࠦ  ⨬  
࠭稢.  ⨥ 㭨⮦, ஢, 
䨪樨, ஢ ଠ樨  襭 ࠡ , 
⥬     뫨 ᬮ७   
㯫, ।ᬮ७ . 121   . 
ᠭ樮஢ 㯫 㪠 ᫥⢨  
砥  -
 ४  ᮡ⢥ ଠ樨  㤮 
  㯮祭 .

砭  㯫 㤥  ᮧ, 
ᯮ짮  ࠭ । ணࠬ, 
ᮧ ஧ 㯫 㪠   ᫥⢨  
ᨬ ⮣, 㯨 ॠ쭮  ᫥⢨
 .

 ࠪ ꥪ⨢ ஭ 㥬 㯫 
ᢨ⥫ 㪠       
㯫 ⢥  ᫥⢨  १ 
ᮧ, ᯮ짮  ࠭ । 
ணࠬ.   ᮧ,   ⢨  ᮧ, 
ᯮ짮  ࠭ ᮮ⢥ ணࠬ 
 ⢥  ࠪ,
।    㯫 
ᠭ樮஢ 㭨⮦, ஢, 䨪樨 
 ஢ ଠ樨, 襭 ࠡ , ⥬ 
       㯫' (אַ ᥫ)
  ,  ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠  ᫥⢨  
⭮   ࠧ筮 (ᢥ ᥫ).   ⨢ 
⢨   ࠢ୮ 㯥  ୮ 
ଠ樨   ࠧ묨   䨪  .

뢠  㯫 襭 ᢮  ப  
   䮬  ࠧ      
ࠧ஢  㤠   ࠧ ࠡ⭮ ,   
室 㦤  ਮ     楢.
  ࠪ ਬ஢ ⥭樠쭮 ਬ  
 - 㣮   饭 125,5 . .   
⮢  饭   500 . .  
   1991 ., ᬮ७ ᪮᪨ 
㤮.  ਠ 㣮 㣮 ,  ᥭ 1993 . 
뫮 ᮢ襭 襭  饭  ।  ᮡ 
㯭 ࠧ   ⭮-ᮢ 業 
ࠫ쭮  ᨨ  . ᪢  㬬 68 . . 

  ਬ.  1990 . ୠ ணࠬ ᫥ 
ᮬ᪨ ᮢ ࠡ⭨   ⢥ 
।⨩ 뫠 ⠢ ⠪,  ᫥ ந  
௫  ⮫쪮 ᮬ楢,    ࠡ⭨   
 28 . ࠤ  67 祫, ⥯   
஢   1 . 272 . 

஢  㯫 ᮣ᭮ .2 .273  
  稭 ﭨ  ஦ 寧 
᫥⢨. 寧 ᫥⢨ -  業筮 ⨥, 
ᮤঠ ண  । 㤥 ᫥⢥묨 
࣠   ⭮ 砥  ⮬ ᥩ ᮢ㯭 
⥫ ,  ࠢ,  ਢ祭 ᮮ⢥ 
ᯥ⮢.  寧 ᫥⢨  ⭥, ਬ, 
稭 ᮡ 㯭 ਠ쭮 ࡠ, 쥧 
襭 ⥫쭮 ।⨩  ࣠権, 㯫 
਩  , 稭 寧  । 殮 । 
஢   ᬥ, 㭨⮦, ஢, 
䨪  ஢ ଠ樨 ᮡ 業, 
ਬ, ⠢饩 㤠⢥ ⠩  ..    

ᮡ ஢   㯫 
  ⥫⢮,   ᮮ⢥⢨   
ꥪ⨢ ⭮襭    寧 ᫥⢨ 
 ࠪਧ ⮫쪮 ஦ ମ
. ᫨ , ᮢ ᠭ  .1 .273  ⢨, 
ᮧ    㩫 ⢥ 
 ᫥⢨     ,  ᮧ⥫쭮 
᪠  㯫  ⭮ᨫ   ࠧ筮,  
⢥⢥  㯠  ᮢ㯭 㯫  
.1 .273  ᮮ⢥騬  , ⠭騬 
⢥⢥  諥 稭 । ᮡ⢥, 
筮 
 ꥪ⠬ 㣮-ࠢ ࠭.

뢠 ࠪ ᫥⢨, ⥫ ।ᬠਢ  
砥 ᮢ襭 ஢  ᪮ 
㯫 ⥫쭮  ஢    襭 
᢮  ப    ᥬ .
ન ਬ஬  ਬ 272 .  㦨 
 ᢥ饭 ।⢠ ᮢ ଠ樨 ⢨ . 
 㣨 ࠦ ᨨ,  㯨  ᣮ  楫 
饭  ।  㯭 ࠧ, ਭ 
"City Bank of America", ᯮ  -થ (). 
ࠧ ⮩稢 㯭 㯯,   ਮ   
  ᥭ 1994 ., ᯮ ୥  ८ 
 ⥬   ᠭ樮஢ 㯠,  
 ᮭ쭮 , 室饣  -
ࣥ, ⢫﫨  ॢ   㬬 
 10 . . . 

  1995 . . 뫥⥫  ,   ⮢.  
ਢ ਬ 室 ભ ᫥ 
 ⠫: 訩   1995 . ᪨ 
 ⫮ ਭ⨥ 襭   .  । ப, 
᪮  室 㤥 ࠧ⥫⢠ 뫮 ,   
祭 㯠  ⠬ ⮢  㤨 
ᯮ짮  ⢥ 㤨 ᮢ襭 㯫 
, 室騩  ਨ ᨨ,    ਨ 
,  ⮣ ॡ 㣮 ⥫⢮ 
⠭.  ᭮ 襨 졠 
ਪ᪨  ᨩ᪨ ।⠢⥫  뤠  . 뫠 
㤮 ⪫. 

⢨ .   ᮮ魨  ஢  . 2 . 
272  , ..  १ ।⥫쭮 ᣮ   
⢫ ࠢ   ᥪ⭮ ᪮ 
ଠ樨  楫 祭 ਠ쭮 룮.  
宦 ।⢥ ꥪ 㯫 - 
ୠ ⥬    﫮    . 
 272   ॣ㫨 ,  ࠢ 
 ⢫  १ ஦ ⢨, ,  
ਭ樯, ᥪ ஬   ⥫  
  ⢨,  ⢨⥫쭮 ᮢ蠫 諥, 
..,  ᫥ ⥫ 㯠 㤥 ࠩ 㤭 
 ᥫ ୮ 㯭 (ਬ,   
୥, ᮤঠ饩  ஢,  裡  
ᯥ䨪 ࠡ - 室  뫪     
㣮 쭮    頥 ଠ樮 
   ⨢ ⮣). 


3.3     
,     .

⠭ । ࠢ ᯫ樨 , ⥬ 
    ᫥ 楫 ࠭ ଠ樨  
୮ 㤮, ᯥ祭   
⥫쭮 ᯮ짮   ᮡ⢥  
짮⥫. ଠ,  ⭮襭 ன 㯠 
⨢ ᫥⢨, .࠭ ,  祬 㦥 
ਫ ࠭.
 ⫨稥  :272 273   ᯮ .1 .274  
 ࠪ.  ⥫ ਥ 砥,  
㪠    ⢨ (⢨)  饭 
ࠪ - "襭 ࠢ". ⭮ ᮤঠ  
ࠢ 뢠  ଠ⨢   ᫥
ࠢ (, ࠢ,   ..).  ࠢ  
 ।ᬮ७   ॡ  孨 ᭮ 
 ᯫ樨 ୮ 㤮  ᯥ樠 
ࠢ, ॣ ᮡ ᫮ (த⥫쭮 
६, ᫥⥫쭮 権, ᨬ 㧪  
..),  , ਬ, "᪨ ॡ  
ᯫ ନ, ᮭ ஭-
᫨⥫ 設  ࣠樨 ࠡ.  
ࠢ  , ⢥ত ⠭ 
᪮ᠭ ᨨ  14  1996 .  14.  
ࠧ ᮮ⢥ ࠢ ⠭  
  ࠡ  ,  ਩묨 ன⢠  
設묨 ⥫ﬨ ଠ樨,  ࠧࠡ뢠 
ந⥫ﬨ  孨᪨ ।.
  ன ⠭  । ࠬ, 
ᮡ   易⥫. ,  
ࠧ ᮮ⢥ ࠢ ⠭ 
ᮡ⢥   ᮮ⢥ 孨᪨ 
ன  । 冷 짮 , ⥬   
    ᫮.  ।  
ࠢ ᫥   ,  ⥫   ࠢ 
ᯫ樨    ᮢ㯭 ⭮-
孨᪨ ।  । ணࠬ஢  ⥬ , 
  . ⮬ 襭 ᮮ⢥ ࠢ  
  孨᪨ ࠢ,    ࣠樮 
 ࠡ    ࠢ
ॣ樨.
⭮ 襭 ࠢ ᯫ樨  ࠦ  
 ଠ: 
1)  ᮡ ⠭ ࠢ, ᯥ稢 
᭮ ᯫ樨 , ⥬     
(襭 ࠢ -  ⨢୮ ᭮, 
஢ ।ᠭ ᮮ⢥ 権  
..); 
2)  饬 ᮡ 㪠 ࠢ (ਬ, 
 ᮡ ࠬ஢ ࠡ , 襭 
⬠ ணࠬ); 
3)  אַ 襭  ࠢ, ਬ,  ⪫祭 
⥬   ࠢ୮ 㯠. 
   믮 ⥬ ⢨, ᫥ - 
⥬ ⨢ ⢨. 易⥫ ᫮ ⢥⢥ 
 㯫 । ᫥⢨, ⮬ 祭 
 㯫 㤥  
㭨⮦, ஢  䨪樨 ࠭塞  
ଠ樨  १ 襭 ࠢ 樨 , 
⥬    , ᫨  稭 ⢥ ।. 
㤠筠  ꥪ⨢ ஭, 㥬 
㯫,    㪠뢠 䠪᪨    
᫥⢨: 㭨⮦, ஢  䨪 
ଠ樨  稭 ⢥ ।  ᭨ 
 ६ ⥫ ભ
ࠢ ⢨   稭 । 
᫥⢨. ⥫ ન,    
㭨⮦, ஢  䨪 ଠ樨  
㣮 㥬,   ⠪, ஥  ॠ쭮 
稭 ⢥ ।. 業 ।,  ⢥ 
 ⢥,   業 ଠ樨   ꥬ, 
த⥫쭮 ६, ஥   ࠭ 
⨢
᫥⢨, ⢠ ࠤ 짮⥫, ⥯ 
࣠樨 ⥫쭮 ।⨩  ०, 稭 
ਠ쭮  䨧᪮ ।   㣨 
⥫,  㤥᫥⢥ ࣠  ⭮ 
砥  ⢥묨.  ।  稭 
 ᮡ⢥     ᠬ 짮⥫, 
⠪  쨬 栬, ਬ , 祭  室 
 ஫ .
ꥪ⨢ ⭮襭    ᮤﭭ  
㥬 㯫 ࠪਧ ⮫쪮 諥 
ମ .  ⮬  ᮧ ⢥  
ࠪ 襭 ࠢ ᯫ樨 , ⥬   
 , ।    㯫  
१  ⢨ 㭨⮦, ஢  
䨪樨 ࠭塞  ଠ樨 ,
   ᮡ 稭 ⢥ ।  
 ⮣ (אַ ᥫ)  ।  
㭨⮦, ஢ , 䨪樨 ࠭塞  
ଠ樨   稭  १ ⮣ ⢥ 
।,   ,  ᮧ⥫쭮 ᪠  ᫥⢨ 
 ⭮   ࠧ筮 (ᢥ ᥫ). ⨢  
楫 ⥫쭮   䨪  ,  
 뢠  㠫樨 . ꥪ 
 㯫 ᯥ樠 - , 騥   , 
⥬    .  ⨨  ꥪ ਫ 
࠭   㯫, ।ᬮ७ .2 ..272 
.
뢠  㯫 襭 ࠢ  
।    । 
⥫쭮  ப   ,  易⥫묨 ࠡ⠬ 
 ப  -쬨  -ப ᮢ,6 
࠭祭 ᢮  ப   .
᪮  饥 ६    易⥫ ࠡ 
 ࠭祭 ᢮  稭, 㪠 ࠭,   
, ⮫ ॠ쭮  㯫  㥬 
 襭 ࠢ  ।   
 । ⥫쭮.
஢  襭 ࠢ ᯫ樨  
ᮮ⢥⢨  .2 .274    稭  
஦ 寧 ᫥⢨.
ঠ  饣 ਧ  ⫨砥  
筮 ਧ, ।ᬮ७  2 .273  ( ⨨ 
⮣ ਧ . ).   ࠧ ⢫  
䨪 㯫, ᫨     
⭮襭 寧 ᫥⢨ 諥.   
뢠 㯫  ⮬ 砥 襭 ᢮  
ப   .


4         
   
 .

 饥 ६   ⨢⢨  
㯫  ࠧ  孨᪨, 
࣠樮  ࠢ. 
 孨᪨ ࠬ  ⭥   
ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  ୮ ⥬, 
१ࢨ஢   ⥬, ਭ⨥ 
樮    饭  ᨩ, ᯥ祭 
१ࢭ ய⠭, ࠧࠡ  ॠ ᯥ樠 
ணࠬ   ᮢ ᭮   
㣮. 
 ࣠樮 ࠬ ⭮ ࠭  ⥬, 
 ᮭ, ᪫祭 砥  ᮡ  ࠡ 
⮫쪮  祫, 稥  ⠭ 
ࠡᯮᮡ 業 ᫥ 室   , ࣠ 
㦨 ᫨⥫쭮 業 ஭ ࣠樥 
 栬, ᮢ묨  ᮪⨨ 䠪⮢ 襭 
ࠡ 業, 㭨ᠫ쭮 ।    
짮⥫ ( 襥 㪮⢮),  
⢥⢥  ,   ᯥ ᭮ 
業, 롮  ᯮ 業  ..    襩 
࠭ 孨᪨  ࣠樮 ᠬ 饭 
讥 ⢮  ᫥  孨᪨ 
᪠. 
 ࠢ ࠬ ᫥ ⭥ ࠧࠡ , 
⠭ ⢥⢥   㯫, 
 ᪨ ࠢ ணࠬ⮢, ᮢ襭⢮ 
㣮  ࠦ᪮ ⥫⢠,  ⠪ 
㤮ந⢠.  ࠢ ࠬ ⭮ ⠪  
⢥ ஫  ࠧࠡ稪  ⥬  
ਭ⨥ ᮮ⢥ 㭠த. 쪮  ᫥ 
  ࠡ  ஡ ࠢ   
୮ 㯭, ( ⭮,  ࠡ . 
ਭ, . ५, . 客)  ᮢᥬ  ⢥ 
⥫⢮ ⠫     ୮ 
㯭.  ⮬, ।⠢ 쬠  
 ࠢ  ⥫ ନ஢ 
ᯥ樠⮢   , ᮢ  졥  
묨 㯫ﬨ. 
  ६,    1 ﭢ 1997 ,  
㯫  ⢨    ᨩ᪮ 
樨 ( ),  ᨨ ⢮  
䥪⨢   묨 㯫ﬨ. ᬮ 
  ⢥ ᭮,  ⥫⢠  뫨 
⨢묨, ..   㯮 訬 㣮 
⥫⢮. ,   ਭ    ᨨ 뫠 
ᮧ 室 ࠢ   ୮ 
㯭.  ਭ  ,  ᫨ ࠢ 
।   ਧ樨 襣 ⢠ 
  ஡ ୮ 㯭  ⭮  
  㣨 ࠢ묨 ⠬ ନ஢ , 
㥬 "⥫⢮   ଠ⨧樨", 
墠뢠騩  饥 ६ ᪮쪮 ⥭ ଠ⨢-
ࠢ ⮢. 
।⢥ ⥫⢮ ᨨ   
ଠ⨧樨 砫 ନ஢  1991   砫  
1997   ᭮ .   " ।⢠ 
ᮢ ଠ樨" (27.12.91 . N 2124-I), ⥭   
( 23.09.92 . N 3517-I),  " ࠢ ࠭ ⮯ 
⥣ࠫ 奬" ( 23.09.92 . N 3526-I),  " 
ࠢ ࠭ ணࠬ  ஭ ᫨⥫ 設 
  " ( 23.09.92 . N 3523-I), ᭮ ⥫⢠  
娢 䮭   娢 ( 7.07.93 . N 5341-I),  " 
᪮ ࠢ  ᬥ ࠢ" ( 9.07.93 . N 5351-I),  
" 㤠⢥ ⠩" ( 21.07.93 . N 5485-I),  " 
易⥫쭮  㬥⮢" ( 29.12.94 . N 77-), 
 " 裡" ( 16.02.95 . N 15-),  " ଠ樨, 
ଠ⨧樨   ଠ樨" ( 20.02.95 . N 24-), 
 " ⨨  㭠த ଠ樮 " ( 
5.06.1996 . N 85-). 


5      

   ⮣,  ᤥ 뢮  ⮬,  
᫮ ୮ 孨, 筮 䨪樨, 
 ⠪ 㤭 ᡮ ⥫⢥ ଠ樨  
ਢ  襥 ६   讣 ᫠ 
㣮 , 㦤   272-274 . 

।ᬮ७ ⠢  㯫  
墠뢠    ᮢ襭  
⥫. , ,  ⮬ 砥  "뢠 
"  146   (襭 ᪨  ᬥ ࠢ) 
 147   (襭 ⥫᪨  ⥭ ࠢ), 
騥  㣮 ᫥   
ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭. 

 ⠪ ⬥ 㤠筮 㫨஢ ⥩ 28  
 . ஬ ⮣,  裡  ᥬ ࠭  
୥ ॡ ਭ ०騥  㣮-
ࠢ ࠪ, 騥   , ᥪ 
 ⥫⢠  ⮬  ᯥ䨪. 

  , ⨢ ந襤 ६  襬 
ࠢ  祢. 


 :

1.   
2. ਨ    .  1998
3.  ࠢ ᨩ᪮ 樨 .  1996
4. <⢥⢥   㯫>  
1997 1
5. 뫮 ..  <ଠ樮  㯫> 
. 1997.
6. ५ .. <㯫   ୮ 
ଠ樨> 1998 
7. <㯫   ୮ ଠ樨> ᨩ᪠ 
 1997 10
8. < ࠢ ࠭ ணࠬ   ஭ 
᫨⥫ 設   >    28 ᥭ. 
1992.
9. < ଠ樨, ଠ⨧樨   ଠ樨>  
  20 䥢. 1995 .

2

34

