                            .

        1648 . 㫮 ᮢ ⠭  ᪢.  ⮩ ᫮
樨    ᮧ ᪨ ᮡ,   த ᢮ ᥤ
쭮 .  1649 .   뫮 ਭ ⮥ ୮ -
.  ⠢ ஥  ᯥ樠쭠 ,  楫-
    㦤 童 ᪮ ᮡ (" ⠬")  -
.
       筨 ୮ ,    ⠬,  ࠧ
 ⠪ ᭮ 㯯:  1)  ,  2) ⮢᪨ ,  3)
㤥  4)  ᪨ 㪠,  5) ᪨ ਣ  .   祩
  ⠭  ᥥ ,   ஧,  -
 ࠤ᪮.  魮  ᪮॥ 뫪  ᭮, 祬 -
    㧠,  饥   祩 ,
 饯ਧ  ᨨ મ-ਤ᪮ ᮡ.   ᮪
⥯ ⭮,  ᮡ  뫮 ᤥ  ࠤ᪨ 
  ⮪ ⨩᪨ ﬨ, ᬮ  堨筮 
⠭, 室  IX .
        ࠭ 筨 ⥫쭮 ⢮ 뫮 ᤥ-
   ⮢᪨ .   ⢮ 祭 ⥫쭮  -
ࠪ⨪    ,⢥ত ᪮ -
⢮  㤠⢥,  ⠪  ⮢᪨    ᫮ -
 ⢠   ᯮ⮩.
             뫨  "ண"  㤥,  
㤥 1550 .   ⮣.  ᭮묨 筨 﫨 -
 㪠,  "㫮"  .  .,  祭 : " 㫮 143
 ᠭ",  " 㫮 150  ᠭ"  . .,   -
  ⠭ 1635, 1642  㣨 .
        ୠ , 饭 筨 ୮ 㫮
1649  .,  ,   ⠢⥫  ப ᯮ짮 
 ࠧ ਪ: ⭮, ᪮,   . .
        ⥫쭮  뫨 ᯮ짮 ᪨ 㪠   ᪨
ਣ.  筨 66  XX  ୮  -
 ᪨ ਣ 1634 .,   ⥩ XVI  XVII   -
  ᫮ ५ 㪠, ᥭ   -
,   .  ⮬ 室 㪠  ਣ 믨뢠  -
୮   ᫮, ⮫쪮  묨 ࠢ  -
  ୮ 浪 (""  "",  "" 
"쥢"  .).
        ࠧ,  ୮   1649 .   ᢮ த
᢮ ࠢ⥫⢥ 㪠   ਣ஢, ᫥⥫쭮, ࠧ-
  ᥡ ।  ࠢ⥫⢥ ࠪ⨪,   -
ࠧ ६ ⢮ 堨 ஢.
                 ⪨     ⠢
: " ਡ".
        ୮  ⮨  25   ࠧ    .
饥  ⢮ ⥩ - 967.   㤮⢠  । -
஡ , 㪠뢠饥 ᮤঠ   ⥩ (" 㪠 
 ").
        稭 ।᫮,   ஬ ⢥ত,  
  ⠢ " 㤠ॢ 㪠 騬 ᮢ⮬,  ⮡ ᪮᪮
㤠⢠ 直 稭 ,   襣   襣 稭,  
ࠢ  뫠  直  ᥬ ஢".  ⠢  뫮
祭 ਭ   ᪮, "  ⮣ ᢮ -
ॢ    ᪮  ⢥ " 뫮 ⠭ -
 "  諥 ". 3  1649 ,    㬮
 客⢮ 蠫 ,   롮   뫮 "⥭". 
ᯨ᪠   " ᯨ᮪  ,  ᫮  ᫮,    ⮥  
⠭  ".
       ࢠ     ("  쭨  મ ⥦-
") ᬠਢ   㯫 ⨢ ઢ (9  ⥩),  
  뢠  ᬥ  "㫠" ⨢   ⨢ த
६  祭 - 稭   ઢ.
         (" 㤠᪮     㤠᪮ -
஢ ॣ", 22 )   㯫 ⨢   
⥩,  뢠  "".   ਬ몠   (" -
ॢ ,  ⮡  㤠ॢ      稭⢠
 ࠭  뫮",  9 ⥩)  ண ﬨ  襭 㦨
   .
        ⢥ (" 饪    뢠", 4
)    㬥⮢  ⥩,        (2
) - "       ஢᪨ ".
  ⮩ (6 ⥩) ᮮ頥 " ஥  ࠬ    ()
㤠⢠".
        易      ᮤঠ ᫥騥 :  ᥤ쬠
(" 㦡 直   ᪮᪮ 㤠⢠", 32 ) 
쬠 (" 㯫 ", 7 ⥩).
       B ⮩      "    ॢ   "
(20 ⥩).  ⢥  ⮩  ("  㤥", 277 ⥩) -
   ⠭ .  ⮩  ਬ몠
 11 ("  ﭥ", 34 ),  12 (" 㤥 ਠ
ਪ,   ஢ 直 ,   ", 3 ),  13
(" ᪮ ਪ",  7 ⥩),   14 (" ⭮  楫-
", 10 ⥩),  15 " 襭 ", 5 ⥩).
        16 ("  ", 69 ⥩) ꥤ 饩 -
   17 " 稭" (55 ⥩).  18  " 
諨" (71 ). 19    " ᠤ᪨ " (40
⠥).   20 砥 "  宫" (119 ⥩),  21 -
 " ஧  ⨭  (104 ),  22  砥 
ᥡ "㪠     稭 ᬥ⭠        
ᬥ  ,  稭 " (26 ⥩). ᫥  -
23 (" ५",  3 ),  24 ("㪠  ⠬    ",  3
), 25 ("㪠  笠", 21 ) - 祭 ⪨ .
       ୮   1649  .    ⭮襭 ⫨砥 
।  ⥫ ⭨.  㤥  XV-XVI  .
।⠢﫨 ᮡ  ᢮  ⠭  २⢥ 楤୮,
㠫쭮 ᢮⢠.
        1469 .  ⥫쭮 ॢ室 ।騥 -
 ᪮ ࠢ ० ᥣ  ᢮  ᮤঠ,  ⮩  墠
ࠧ ஭ ⢨⥫쭮 ⮣ ६ - ,   -
, ᮢ-᫮ ,   ᨬ   -
ᨬ ᫮ ᥫ,  㤠⢥-᪮ , 㤮ந-
⢠, ਠ쭮, 㠫쭮  㣮 ࠢ.
       ஥ ⫨稥 - ୮.     쭮 ।-
 ⥬⨪  ࠢ  ।⠬,   ᯮ ⠪
ࠧ,     ꥤ  ࠧ ࠢ - -
㤠⢥ ,  ࠢ  ⤥ ⥣਩ ᥫ-
, ⭮  稭, 㤮ந⢮, ࠦ᪨ ࠢ-
  㣮 㯫.
        ⫨稥,  אַ ᫥⢨  , ⮨  -
ਬ 讬 ꥬ   ࠢ  㣨 ⭨.
       ,   ਭ  ᮡ ஫  ࠧ⨨ ᪮
ࠢ .  ᪠ ࠢ  㤥 ४⨫ ᢮ ⢮-
, ᪠     ࠢ  㣨  筨 (-
, 㪠묨  ਪ) 쭮 ஬ ﭨ,  
 騩 ,   塞  묨 ⠭-
ﬨ, ⢮   .

                    ⥮᪨ .

         㣮 ࠢ ୮   﫮  ⨥
"宥 ",  ࠧࠡ⠭   㤥. ꥪ⠬ 㯫
 ,  ⤥  ⠪  㯯 .  ࠧ  
  ⥯,    ᫥ ⭨.  ᢮
।, ⨥    䨧᪨ (ᮤ⢨, ࠪ᪠
, ᮢ襭   ⢨,  ᮢ蠫  ꥪ -
㯫), ⠪  ⥫㠫 (ਬ, ४⥫⢮  㡨-
).   ⮩ 裡 ꥪ⮬ ⠫ ਧ  ࠡ,  ᮢ蠢訩
㯫  㪠 ᢮ ᯮ.  ⥯ ꥪ⮢
㯫 (⭨)  ⫨砫 , ⮫쪮   -
襭 㯫:  ᮡ ( ᮧ ᫮   ᮢ襭
㯫 ),  ⥫ ( 易 । 㯫 
 ᤥ ⮣),  ⥫ (  ᮮ騢  ⮢  -
襭 㯫  ),  뢠⥫  (  㯭  ᫥
㯫).
       ꥪ⨢ ஭  㯫 ᫮ ⥯ -
:    㯫  諥,  ஦ 
砩. ࠪ୮,   ஦ ⢨ ᮢ訢訩  -
뢠 ⠪ ,   諥 ⢨.  ࠭ -
᪨ (    ९ᨢ ) ਭ樯 ꥪ⨢ :  
᫥   ⨢ 㯫,   १.  ਧ ꥪ-
⨢ ஭  㯫    뤥  騥  騥
⥫⢠.    ⭮ ﭨ ﭥ, ஫-
 ⢨,  맢 ᪮࡫  ஧ (䥪),  -
 ୮ 㯫,  ࠧ ।,  ᮡ  ꥪ 
। 㯫, ᮢ㯭 ᪮쪨 㯫.
        뤥 ⤥ ⠤ 㯭  ﭨ:  ᥫ  (
 ᠬ  ᥡ 㦥   㥬 ), 襭  㯫-
  ᮢ襭 㯫.   ਧ ⨥ 楤 ( ᮢ-
饥    ⨥ " 宩 祫 " )  ࠩ 室-
,   㥬 ⮫쪮   ᮡ  ࠧ-
   ॠ쭮 ᭮  ஭ 㯭.  襭 ࠧ-
୮ 砫 ॢ襭 । 室 ஭   뢠-
.
     ꥪ⠬ 㯫 ୮  ⠫ મ, -
⢮,  ᥬ, 筮, ⢮  ࠢ⢥.

       ⥬ 㯫  ୮  룫拉  ᫥騬
ࠧ:

   ) 㯫 ⨢ ઢ:  ⢮, ᮢ饭 ࠢ᫠-
   , 뢠 室 ࣨ  ࠬ;

   ) 㤠⢥ 㯫:   ⢨ (    ᥫ),
ࠢ  ⨢ 筮 㤠   ᥬ,  ,  ,
;  ⨬ 㯫 ⢥⢥ ᫨  ⮫쪮 , 
ᮢ訢訥,    த⢥  ;

   ) 㯫 ⨢ 浪 ࠢ ⭠  ⢥-
    ᮯ⨢ ⠢,  ⮢ 䠫訢 ࠬ, -
⮢   ⥩,  ᠬ 륧  ࠭,  䠫訢⭨⢮,
ᮤঠ  饣 ࠧ襭 ⥩    ᠬ-
७, ਭᥭ  㤥  ,   ᢨ⥫᪨ -
,  "⢮"    (  ᫥  砥  
"" ਬ﫮  ,  ஥ 뫮  ਬ  祫-
,    , -   ⢮ ॢ ਭ樯 -
 "     ", .. 䨪 ஢ );

   )㯫 ⨢ 稭: ᮤঠ ⮭ 뢠⥫-
 ,   த ⢠ ( ࠤ, 㦮, -
  ࠧ),      ("ਭ,  
,  騪);  諨 ᢮   ";

   ) 㯫:,  宨⢮ (筨⢮,  ࠢ-
 ,  묮⥫⢮), ࠢ㤨 ( ࠢ
襭 ,  ᫮   筮 吝),  
  㦡 (䠫䨪 㬥⮢,  ᢥ,  ᪠  
㬠 ,   .), ᪨ 㯫 (ᥭ ࡠ  -
栬, த⢮,   );

   )㯫 ⨢ 筮:  㡨⢮, ࠧ襥  ⮥
 ஢ (㡨⢮ த⥫ 쬨, 㡨⢮ ᯮ -
),  ᥭ 㢥 (殮 ⥫᭮ ०),  ,  -
࡫  (    ,  ࠭  
客);      뢠 㡨⢮     
㯫.

   ) ⢥ 㯫:  졠    ஢
(મ,   㦡, ࠤ⢮, ᮢ襭  㤠ॢ ,
ࠦ 饩  த    ᠤ),  ࠧ (ᮢ蠥   
஬᫠)    ࠡ  몭   ஢ (ᮢ襭
㦨- ,   쬨  쬨  ⭮襭 த⥫), 襭⢮
(饭,  易   ,    ᨫ),   (
⥫ ᠫ  ), ᨫ⢥  㦨 -
 (, 묨),  㦮 ⢠;

   ) 㯫  ⨢ ࠢ⢥:  ⠭ 쬨 த-
,  ⪠ ᮤঠ ५ த⥫, ᢮⢮, "" 
(  㦠),   ᯮ  ࠡ.

    ⥬  뫨 ࠪ ᫥騥 ਧ:

1. 㠫 .     㯭  ⢥砫 
ᮢ襭  ﭨ.   ०⪨ 堨᪮ ⥬ 
뫨        ࠧ   ࠭  ⢥⢥
 :  騪 㡨訩 㦮 ﭨ,    ।
襬    騪 㣮 ﭨ;  ࠭﫠 楤
"ࠢ",   ⥫쭮  ⥫⢮ 室  ⢥⢥-
  ⥫  ⢨ ࠢ⥫ ( ண  砫-
).

2. ᫮ ࠪ .   ࠦ  ⮬,     
 㯫 ࠧ ꥪ ᫨ ࠧ ⢥⢥ (⠪,  
筮 ﭨ ਭ 뢠 襭 ,   ⮫ -
⮬, .).

3. ।  ⠭ .   ਧ  易
 楫  - 襭.   ਣ   㪠    ᠬ
   ᯮ짮 ⠪ 㫨஢:  " 㤠 㪠-
",  " "  " ⮪".  ᫨     
।,      ⠢   ᯮᮡ    ᯮ  ("
ᬥ")   (ப)  ( "     㤠ॢ
㪠").  ਭ樯 ।  ਭ樯 ⢥
.       㯫   ⠭  ࠧ
᪮쪮 :  ⮬, १ 몠, 뫪, ᪠
⢠.   ࠦ  ⠭  饩:  -
 ࠦ -  ⮬  १ ,      뫪; 
 -  ⮬,  १ ,    :   -
ᬥ⭠  .  ।   ⠭  ᮧ
⥫쭮 宫᪮ ⢨  㯭.   -
襭 㦨 ᮡ ᨬ : 㯭  ૮
ᯫ ⠫,    ਬ﫨  , ஥  -
   ⠭  祫 ("⢮"),  .. ਬ﫨
堨᪨ ਭ樯 ⠫,  "⭮ ".  㡫筮
    樠쭮-宫᪮ 祭.
        ୮  ਬ ᬥ⭮  ।ᬠਢ
  60  ( ७ ⠡ 뢠 ᬥ).  -
     ஢ (ᮦ,  ⨥ ૠ -
⠫, 뢠 쥬  )   (祭 , -
襭).
       ।⥫  﫨 祭 㪨, . -
 ,  ,  , 뢠 , ३.   
ਬ   ⥫   ᭮.  騥 ,
஬ 襭, 믮﫨 㭪 稢 㯭, 뤥
  㦠饩  .
          ⭮ᨫ 祭 ⮬  ⮣
 㡫筮  ( ).
       ६ 祭    ᯥ樠    -
 ப           ।
ப.   ⥫   (  ᭮) -
 뫪 ( ⤠ ,  ண,  ९   ᪨
).
        ᠬ  饬     뤥 ਬ -
 ᢮  ⭮襭  ⥣਩ ࠢ⥫  :  ᨮ-
 (   .  XXI  ࠧ  " ⨭ "  )  ᨮ-
 㯭.   ࢮ 砥 㤠⢠  ६  
  ਠ , ᮥ ६ 祭  -
 ⮬.  ப ६ 祭 ᨮ -
 ।  뫨  ⥫묨.  ⪮筮  祭 ⥫
ᨮ -    ਭ樯 ᪮ ।
㣮 ࠢ.
        ⥫   (  ᭮) -
  뫪 ( ⤠ ,  ண,  ९  ᪨
).
        ।⠢⥫ ਢ஢  ᫮  ਬ  ⠪
 ,  襭   ࠢ, 騩   뤠-
  (..  ॢ饭  宫)   ""  (-
樨,  ࠪ, 㤠ॢ ).    -
, ࠢ ᥤ  㬥  ਪ,  ࠢ   ᪮
   (᫮ ,    筮   -
).
       ப ਬ﫨 ⢥ ᠭ樨 (.   ᥬ-
   ⠭ ࠤ 䮢 " " 
ᨬ  樠쭮   ௥襣).  襩  ᠭ樥
⮣  뫠  ᪠ ⢠ 㯭.
       ,  ⥬ ᠭ権 室 મ :  -
,  ⨬,  祭  ઢ,  뫪  , 祭 
   .

                    ⥪ .

       ⥬     쬠 ⮪:   砥
ࠧ筮  ᬥ ,  㢥祭,  ⥫ . -
  ᪠,   ࠧ﫨  ࠦ᪨  મ-
:   ਭ: ᬥ⭠  ⥫᭠ , ᪠,-
襭   .;   મ: 祭  ઢ, ﭨ  . .
( XXII.3.  " 㤥    뭠   㡨  ᬥ,   
  ᠤ    ,  ᨤ  쬥 , 室  
ઢ ,    ઢ    ᢮  ᥬ    
").
       ⭠         ந ᮦ (
II.4.  " 㤥  諥   த ,   ᫥ ⮣
騪  묠 㤥,       ஢⢮ ﬠ,  
 ᠬ   类 न "),  ⨥ ૠ ⠫
(  V.1.  "        ﭭ,
 㪫 죨,     ,   ॡ  ਡ
    ᢨ,   ⥬ 㤠ॢ   稭 ,
   ஢  ⠪    ᬥ,    ૮
"), 蠭 ( VII.20. " 㤥 , 㤥  㤠ॢ 㦡  -
,  筥    ॥  ⥫᪨ ,    
⥫᪨  ᪠뢠     㤠ॢ  -
,   ⮬          ﬠ,  ⠪
॥騪  ᬥ,   ⨢ ⥫᪨ ꪮ,  
   稭     㤠 ")  뢠  
  ( XXII.14.  " 㤥  祭  ᢮ ᬥ⭮ 㡨⢮,
 ନ  ࠢ,       ﬠ,  ,  ,
     ,     ⠪   直 頤,
 㤥 㡨⮣ ,      த ,   -
,    ,      ,  ঠ   
  ,    ").  ਣ७  ᬥ 㯭
ᠦ  ᮡ      ﭨ  ⮬ ࣠
 (  XXI.34.  "        ࠧ    
ᬥ,     ﭨ ᠤ  쬥   ()   -
,    ⮩  ,  ⠪ ⥩  ࠧ -
"). ਣ७  ᬥ   ࠢ ;    祬  -
ਫ( XXI.93.  "    모        
㣨  ⪨,     쨥 ⪨  몮  ,   
모,   ,        ਫ, -
,   ⮬    ").  ६ 騭  뢠-
  ᮤঠ  ࠦ  쬥  ஦ ॡ ( XXII.15.
"     ਣ७ 㤥  ᬥ⭮ ,    ⥯ 
㤥 ६,   ,   த, ᬥ⭮  ,
   ⥯,    த,     ঠ   -
,   ९ ⠢, ⮡   諠").
          ᪮쪮  .   ࣮ -
  㯭 ⮬ 㡫筮. ( I.5. " 㤥 ࠭,
  ᬥ ,   稭 ࣮   頤,  -
    ,       ࠭  㢥 ⨥
").   ᢮ ᢮, ࣮  뫠   頤
( VII.28.  " 㤥 ,    㦡  ,      ࠤ
,  ⮣  ⮬ 頤,   ࠫ,    ࠢ 
⤠ ⮬,    ࠫ").  ந  ࣠   -
   ᢨ⥫.  ᫮ ࣠ ࣮  
⥫᭮ .   ⮬      ,  ᫮
㤠஢  ⠢  ᬮ७ .     ࠭
 । XIX .  ࠪ⨪ 筮 ᨫ ਤ-줥 㤠-
஢,    ਢ  ᬥ .   ਣ אַ
।뢠: "  ᬥ".  ⮣ ( ⮭  -
⮬ ) ⠪ 뢠   頤 .  楤 뢠 "-
"  ࢮ砫쭮 﫠 ।⢮ ਭ㦤   ᯮ  -
 襭  ⢥ ᪠. ⥫쭮 "ࠢ" -
  ᪮ 㬬  ( 筮  100 㡫  ࠢ 﫨  -
).  ࠢ ⠢ ⢥稪,   ⥫,  ᨬ
 ⢥稪  ( ﭥ  宫 ).
         1649  ᪨   ᫮ ᪠,    ⠪
  㦥 ⢮      㯭 -
ࠫ    ( II.5.  "   稭    -
    㤠").  冷 ᪠樨 ॣ஢  -
୮ : ᪠樨 ࣠  , ⠪  -
 ⢮, ⢮  ᪮ 㯭   ᫮-
 뭠.   㯠  㤠⢥ .
         ᠥ 童।⥫᪨ ,   ந-
  㤨⥫ ⢮: 㡠 㪨 ( III.4. " 㤥  
㤠 묥     㤨 㦨,   ࠭,   㡨, 
⮣ ,  㪠"), , , ,  ( XXII.10. " 㤥
    ,     㤠᪨   ,  稭
   ⥫᪮ 㣠⥫⢮,    , 
,   ,    ,    몮,    
ﬠ,   ⠪  㣠⥫⢮ ᠬ    稭,  
    稭   ⮢ ⮬,    ⠪ 㣠⥫-
⢮ 稭,  㤥  ,     ⤥ 㡫,   㤥
 ,    50  㡫,   ,   ,   , 
 ,   ⮬    ࠭,   ⤥ 㡫"). 訥
  ⢮,     ஢   뢠  
뢠 䮬.
          ⨥ 뫨 ७஢:  뫮 -
⨥  ⮥,      ன.   ⮬ 﫠 ᫮ 誠
 ᠭ権    ⥫᭮ ०.
        ⬥,  ᯮ⥫  롨ࠫ   -
,  ᮤঠ  ࠢ⥫⢮ ( XXI.96.  "     ᪢
ਡ   ,        㪠,  㤠-
ॢ     㤠ॢ     ਪ");
    ந   ᮤঠ  ⢥ .
         1649  ६ 祭 㯮   -
ப  ࠧ    ।⥫쭠,    ᭮ .  ப
        祭.  
뫨 , ॢﭭ  , ᪨   ( -
᪨ 祭).   ᪨ 쬠,    㣨, -
﫨  ࠭ 祭   ᯮ짮  ६ ࠡ,
 ᪨ 쬠  ᪫砫  ⠪    -
祭묨. મ  ந 客 .
       ⥫쭮 ࠢ  (drot penal) ୮ 㫮 ᭮뢠
    ࠢ   (poena talions).  -
  ࠧ  ⥫ 뢠 ᮦ ( X.228.  "  
ࠤ ࠦ,   ࠧࠡ    ,  ᫥ ⮣  -
 묠,      ﬠ,     稭 
,   ⠪ 騪   ");  㡨  -  ᬥ  (
I.4." 㤥 ,  襤  મ ,  筥   ,  
   ᬥ  ⮣ 㡮     ᠬ    ᬥ
"); १訩 , , ,  -  ,  ,  (
XXII.10.  " 㤥    ,    㤠᪨ 
  ,  稭    ⥫᪮ 㣠⥫⢮,  
  ,   ,  ,   ,   몮,
    ﬠ,    ⠪  㣠⥫⢮ ᠬ  
 稭,        稭   ⮢ ⮬,  
⠪  㣠⥫⢮ 稭,  㤥  ,     ⤥
㡫,   㤥  ,     50  㡫,   ,  
,   ,   ,  ⮬    ࠭,  ⤥ -
").
        ᠥ ⥬ 㯫 (drot criminel),      -
⢥ 㯫 ᠬ 쥧 ⠫ ⢮;  -
 稭  1649 . 䨪樥 ⠢ ⮣ -
 ᬠਢ  ⮫쪮  ᪮࡫ ᫮ ,   -
 ࠧ  ਥ, 栭 ,  ⠫ ⥫⢮
  ᭮  ⨠᪮  祭.   뢠 ᬥ⭮
 १ ᮦ ( I.1. " 㤥  ,   㤨 -
   ᪨ 祫,     ᯮ   ᯠ 襣
 ,   ஦     த
 ᭮ ,    ,     㣮,
   ᪨ 直 ᪨ ९.   㤥      
ﬠ,   ⮣ 쭨 稢 , . "). 饭 
   ⮩   ( XXII.24. "  㤥  ଠ -
    ࠬ ᨫ⢮   ᪠ 祫  ᢮
ଠ᪮  ਭ㤨,    ᢮ ଠ᪮   ०,  
   ﬠ,   ⮣ ଠ   ,  
 类 न..." ).  襭 મ ࣨ   ६
㦡  뢠 ᬥ ( I.2.  " 㤥  稭 襫 
મ   ६  ࣨ,     㤨 砥  -
⢥  ࣨ  ᮢ  ,   묠  ᪠  
ﬠ,     稭,   ᬥ  直 頤 "  );
⮩ ,  饭  ᮢ蠢訬 㦥,  ࣮
 ( I.3.  " 㤥   ६  ࣨ   뭮 મ
  襤  મ  મ  筥  ⮩ 
ਠ,   ய,  㬥  饭᪮ 稭,  ⥬
  ઢ  ⢥  稭 ⥦,   㤠   
稭 ,      ﬠ,   ⮬ 稭㧠   
稭  ࣮  " ).   ࠦ મ ⢠ 뢠
ᬥ   ⮣ 祫 ⤠ ઢ ( XXI.14.  "   -
  ⥩  ᬥ   猪 न,    
⤠  મ  " ).
       㤠⢥   﫠   ᪮࡫    .
 ᥫ  ,  㤠⢮, , 栭 ᪨ -
, 륧  ࠭  , ४⥫⢮  ⠬  ⠬,
-   ⠫ 㤠⢥     뢠  ᬥ⭮
  ( VII.20.  " 㤥 ,    㤠ॢ 㦡  ,
筥    ॥  ⥫᪨ ,   -
⥫᪨  ᪠뢠     㤠ॢ  ,  
 ⮬          ﬠ,   ⠪ -
騪  ᬥ,   ⨢ ⥫᪨ ꪮ,   -
   稭     㤠  ").  ।
।  㤠⢥   । ᫥⢨ :  ᠬ
让 㯮   ⭥ᥭ  ⥣ਨ 㤠⢥ -
㯫    ᮡ ᬥ .
        㯫ﬨ   ⨢  ࠢ⥫⢥  ,  ᫥
㯫 ⨢ 㤥 .   ( 祫 騩  
ᢨ⥫᪨       ) ࣠ ⥫᭮
,     "" ,  ஬ ⮣ 蠫 ࠢ  -
७묨  㤨 ( XX.49.  "     筥 ᪠  ,
 ⢥稪    ,   ᪠      , 
    ⢥稪 楫,   ᫥ ⮣    
,     ᢮  묥,  ⠪ ⢥稪  ,  
ਢ  楫,  稭 㪠 ⨢ ⮣,  ᠭ  㤥
 ﭥ  ᥣ " ).  宨 ( 祫 訢訩 ⠭-
  冷 㤮ந⢠ )  ᪨  ( ᥤ訥  -
 㬥,  "᪨ 稭" ਭ ,   㬭 -
ﭥ  )  ࣠  襭     ;  宨  
㬭 ,  뢠 ⥫᭮,  ⮬ ( X.5.  "  㤥 
ਭ  쭨稩 , 㬭 祫,    , 
 ⢥稪  㫮,   㦡,   㦡 ࠢ -
,    ࠢ,      ﬠ,    ,
 殢  ஥,   ⤠ ,   諨    ࠢ
⮪   㤠   .        ਭ,   
祣  㬭 祫  .   㤥   -
 ࠢ 稭   ᪨ ,  ⥬ 稭 ࣮ ,
 ।    ." ).  㯫 ⨢  ⢥  
뢠 祭 ண: 䠫訢稪   ૮ ᯫ-
 ⠫ ( V.1. "      
ﭭ,   㪫 죨,     ,  ॡ 
ਡ     ᢨ,  ⥬ 㤠ॢ   -
 ,    ஢  ⠪   ᬥ, -
 ૮ " );  ᮤঠ  饣 ࠧ襭 ⥩ -
,  ᠬ७,  த  ⠡  뢠   
⮬ ( XXV.1. "     ,    த 
,        㡫,    㯮-
⨭  祫.      㣮 ,     -
 ࠢ ,    㡫,     ⨭  -
,     ,  ண   㣮,  -
⮬  ࣮,   客  ⮣" ); ࠡ  -
᭮  ⮬  ⨫  㡫 (  IX.5.  "    
࣮  直  稭    ॢ   ⮬  ஫룠
 㦨 ,     ,  ⥬   ⮬  稭
,      㤠    㡫  祫.  
   ⠪   ᪢   த,     ⮬ 㤥
祫. ");    뢠⥫⢮  ࠡ 뢠 ⮬ 
ன ⮩ 諨 ( IX.4.  " 㤥  ᪮᪨ 稭 -
 ,   த ﭥ,    ᪨    ⮬ 
 ॢ   ⠬    ஢ ࣮ 直 稭
  ⮢,     ,      ⮬,   
    ⮢騪  ॢ  ஥,   ⤠ ⮢騪  -
ॢ騪  ⮢騪 " ).
        㬥⮢,  ⥩  ᥩ 뢠 ᬥ (
IV.1. " 㤥  ࠬ  㤠  ᠬ ᥡ ஢᪨,  
  㤠ॢ  ࠬ       ਪ 쬠 
ਯࠢ ᢮ ᫮  㤠ॢ 㪠  ᪮  ਣ,
  㬭 ਪ   ᪨ 㪨 ,    
ᥡ  ⠪,   㤠ॢ ,   ⠪  ⠪ 
   ᬥ" ).  襭  ࣠ , "
࣠   ", 筮 ६ 祭,  襭 . (
XX.49.  "     筥 ᪠  ,  ⢥稪   -
 ,  ᪠      ,      -
稪 楫,   ᫥ ⮣     ,   
᢮  묥,   ⠪ ⢥稪  ,   ਢ  -
楫, 稭 㪠 ⨢ ⮣,  ᠭ  㤥  ﭥ -
 ᥣ " ).
       ࠢ⢮ ண 頫 ( X.213.  "  㤥   
 ᨫ᢮  嫥 ᥥ,    ᪠ 㤮,  ᮡ 
ࠢ,  嫥    㪠  ᢮,  ⨭  ⮫-
   ࠢ" ).
       ࠢ⢥   饭  裡 ⭮ᨫ  -
客 ࠢ ( XX.80. "   筥  ᥡ    ࠡ,
    ,  ਦ   ⥩,   ⮬    ࠡ
筥 㤠  祫,   ⠪   ,     
㤠    祫,  뫠  ᪢  ਠ  ਠ訬
ਪ ,    த  ய쨬   娥᪮  -
    ,      ᪨ ⥫᪨ 㤮,  
㪠  稭  ࠢ  ⮫   ,    
  殢 客 " ).
        㯫  ⨢  筮,   1649  
 ᬠਢ 㡨⢮.   㯯 諥 㡨  ⭮ᨫ
㯫 ᮢ襭 "ᨫ⢮,  ᪮  ஬",  -
ਢ  騥 ⥫⢠.    类  諥
㡨⢮  뢠 ᬥ ( XXI.72.  "      諥-
,      ﬠ,   諥 㡨, ⠪ 㡮 -
   ᬥ" ).   㡨⢮ 㦠  쥬 뢠 
 ( XXII.14.  " 㤥  祭  ᢮ ᬥ⭮  㡨⢮,
 ନ  ࠢ,       ﬠ,  ,  ,
   ,     ⠪    直  頤,
 㤥 㡨⮣ ,      த ,   -
,    ,      ,  ঠ   
  ,   "). ⢮ ⥩   뢠-
 ᬥ,   ᠦ        ⮬  ࣠
㡫筮  મ ﭨ ( XXII.3.  " 㤥    뭠
  㡨  ᬥ,     ᠤ    ,  -
  쬥 , 室   ઢ ,   ઢ  -
  ᢮  ᥬ   ").  ⢮ ᮢ襭  -
,  ﭭ   ᠬ஭  ⠫ 㯫   -
뢠 ( XXII.20.  " 㤥 , ५騩  頫,   㪠
 ,    ,   ६,  ५  쪠 ᯫ,
    ,    த,....,  ⠪ 㡨⢮ 稭-
  筮,   諥,    ⠪ 㡨⢮  ᬥ
 ,      ᠦ ⮬,    ⠪    稭
   諥 " ).
        ᥭ  㢥稩   뢠 䮬  ᥭ
  㢥稩 - ਭ樯 ⠫ ( XXII.10.  " 㤥    
 ,     㤠᪨   ,  稭  
 ⥫᪮ 㣠⥫⢮,     ,    ,
 ,    ,   몮,     -
,    ⠪  㣠⥫⢮ ᠬ    稭,   
   稭   ⮢ ⮬,    ⠪  㣠⥫⢮
稭, 㤥  ,    ⤥ 㡫,  㤥 
,     50  㡫,    ,    ,    ,   
,   ⮬    ࠭,  ⤥ 㡫"). 訩 
蠫 㪨 ( X.106 "...   㤥   祬 訡,  ࠭, 
   ,   㪠... " );  ࠪ  㢥 ᥭ
 ઢ   㤥 , ࣠ ࣮ , ६ 筮
祭  ᪠   ( I.5.  " 㤥 ࠭,  
ᬥ ,    稭 ࣮   頤,    
    ,          ࠭  㢥 ⨥
").   㢥,  ᥭ ,   宧鶴   
ࠦ ( X.282. "  㤥    ᮡ   -
,         ᮡ, ࠢ 㪠 業, -
 . " ).
        ᨫ   騭   㯭  ࣠  ᬥ  (
XXII.16 "  㤥   ஢᪨ ਤ  祩     ⮣
  ᯮ  ୮  稭,    ⮣ 㯮
 㢥,      ⠪   ஭,    -
 ⥬ ,    ਥ,  ᫥ ⮣  ⠪   -
,    ஢,   ⠪ ᫮    ਥ,  
   ⠪ ஢⢮ 稭 ,   ᬥ ").
        ⢥ 㯫 ୮  1649  -
頥 ᮡ   饭 ࠧ   ࠧ (ᮢ蠥 
  ஬᫠),   (ࠦ)  襭⢮(饭,  易 
,   ᨫ). 졠 뫠   ஢(-
,   㦡, ࠤ⢮, ᮢ襭  㤠⢥ ,
ࠦ 饩  த    ᠤ).     ࠧ  
蠫 ࠢ ,  ᠦ       ⮬ 뫠 
ࠨ ( XXI.16.  "...  ⠣ ࠧ  ࢮ ࠧ ᫥ ⪨
१ ࠢ ,    쬥 ᨤ  ,      
 殬,     먬 , 뫠   ࠡ -
 ,   㤠 㪠.     쬥   ᨤ,
᫠  ࠨ த... " ).  ன ࠧ  蠫  (
XXI.17. "  㤥 ࠧ ⭠ ࠧ 㣨,   ⮬ 
  () ࠧ.   㤥   ⮫쪮   ࠧ,
 㡨⢠    稭,    㣮 ࠧ  ᬥ, 
  ⤠   殬." ).      -
    ⮬   襭  ,  壮筮 쬥 
뫪  ࠨ ( XXI.9. "...  ⮣      -
⮬  १   ,   ᠤ      ,  
  ⤠ 殬  ,    먬  뫠  -
  ࠡ  直 ,   㤠 㪠.     
  쬥 ᨤ   ᫠  ࠨ த... " );  -
ன ࠧ  뢠 ⮬,  蠫 ࠢ ,  ᠦ  
    ⮬ 뫠  ࠨ ( XXI.10.  " 㤥 ⮣ 
﨧묠   㣮 졥,    ⮬    () -
.  㤥   ⮫쪮   졠,  㡨⢠   -
 ,   ᫥ ⪨  ⮬  १   ࠢ , -
ᠤ     ,    먬  ᫠  -
  㤠ॢ   ⮬   .     쬥 
 ᨤ ,    ᫠  ࠨ  த,  㤠 㪠-
 ,    쬮,         쬥
ᨤ    饭." );    졠  ᥣ  뢠
ᬥ ( XXI.12. " ਢ ,    ,  -
,   ,  ⮣  ⠢,  ᬥ " ). 襭⢮
⠫ ࠢ  ࢮ 졮  ⠪ 뢠 ( XXI.11. " 
 襭 稭   㪠,   㪠 稭 ⥬    
 " ).
       ⮦,   㦮 ⢠ 뢠   -
⮪ ﬨ.  ⥫ ࣠  ( II.4. " 㤥 
諥    த ,   ᫥ ⮣ 騪 묠
㤥,      ஢⢮ ﬠ,   ᠬ  -
 类 न ").  ⪨   믫稢  (
X.224. "  㤥  筥    ᢮  ᮫,   -
 ࠢ,    ६  ࠧ,   㦨   -
,    ⮬    祫稪,     ᪠.  㤥 
 ,    稭  , ⨫   , 
㦨   த   ᢮ ,    뫮 魮,  
  栬 ⪨   ࠢ   " ),    諥
    ᮡ  ᪠ ( X.226. "  㤥   -
     ,   ⮣     ,
  ⮬, 祩  । ,   祣  ࠢ -
,      稭    諥" ). -
 㦨 ⢮ 뢠 ⮬,  쭮 쬮   .
 뢠 ⥬,  頫    宧鶴.

                           祭.

          ਨ ᪮ ⥫⢠  ᢥ -
 뫨 祭 㯫 ⨢ ५,  ࠭ 室訥 
ᤨ樨 ઢ.   ⥬ 㯫  뫨 ⠢  -
 .   ᬮ ⥬  类 祭:   
஭, મ   ᭮ ᪠ ᨫ  業 
  ᮡ ,  ᢨ⥫⢮    ﭨ,  㣮
- ਭ⨥ ઢ   㤠⢥ ⮢   㪠-
뢠   ਮ  ᪮ ⥬, ࠧ騥   
᮫⭮ 娨.
           ਨ ᪮ ⥫⢠   -
᪮ ᠭ  㤠⢥  㯫  । 
 .  㯫 । ᪨ ࠪ;  -
   㤠  ᪮ 㤠,    楫 ਧ-
 ६ ᠬ  㤠६ (ᠬ).   ᮡ ࠧ
뤥  㯫,  ᭮묨   ⠫ 室
 ஭ ⥫    ᭮襭   .    
⨥ ᫠    .
          筥  ⨥  "㯫"    ⨢
᪮     ࠢ浪,  ⠭ 㤠⢮,   
⠤ 㯫:  ᥫ,  襭  㯫   ᮢ襭
㯫.   ਨ ᪮ ⥫⢠  -
䨪 㯫 (⨣㤠⢥,  ⨢ ઢ,  㣮,
ࠦ᪨ ࠢ襭).  ⥬⨪ 㯫   ࠢ
䨪樨 ୮  - ᮬ 蠣 ।.   㣮
㯫 襥   㤥 㡨.   ।﫠
ᨬ   ᫠    ⢨,  樠쭮  
㯭  ௥襣   ᮢ襭 㯫 (  ઢ,
 ᪮     ).     童।⥫⢮
뢠 䨧᪨,  ᪫ ਭ樯 ⠫,  ⠪ -
 .  㯭訬 㯫ﬨ ⠫ ࠧ   졠.
         㯫  뢠 ஢ 祬
졠.
       祭 쭥襥 ࠧ⨥  .   ९
  ⥫⢥ ।饣 ਮ⨥  -
,  ஦, 砩,   뫮  ᪮쪮- -
 ࠧ࠭祭. 뫨  ⥫⢠, 騥  ।-
  ⥯      ࠭,  - 室 ஭,
ࠩ 室.  ਬ । ᠬ஭   -
⢨  ⠢    ⥯ ᭮.  騬 
⥫⢠ ਧ ୮ 㯫.  稫 -
  ஡ 祬  㤥,  ࠧࠡ    -
㯫. 뤥    ᮡ, 뢠⥫  -
⥫,  ⥫. ,  ⫨稨  ࠭ ⠤ ࠧ-
 ᪮ ࠢ,  㣮 ⢥⢥  ⥯   
᫮ ᥫ.
          ୮   ࠧ.      
㦤  楫  묨 㪮⢮  ६ ᪮ ࠢ -
   ⢥ 룮.  ਭ樯 ,  -
  1649 .    ᭮⥫쭮  . -
  ਠ쭮,  .. ந  ⠢  ⠢
㯫,    襭 㯭 ⮣ ,  ண  訫
㣮.  ਭ樯 ਠ쭮  ᮮ⢥⢨    㯫
      ᮦ  ,   ⨨ ૠ ᯫ-
 ⠫  䠫訢⢮.    ਭ樯  ਠ쭮
   ࠢ    ࣠,   ᮢ-
蠥 㯫:  ࠦ - 祭 㪨,   - १-
 몠.   ⨬ 砫 譥    -
   襭 ७ ᮮ⢥⢨   殮
㯫  殮 .   ਭ樯 ਠ쭮 
    ⮫쪮 ⢥,    ਭ樯.
        楫  㭠᫥  ᪮ ࠢ  -
⢥ 룮.  㦭 ⭥ ⮫쪮    
࠭  ⠭  ⢥ ᮮࠦ,  ..  , -
᪠, 뫪.
       ⨬   ॢ訬  楫ﬨ    뢠 -
⥫  : ⨢, 㣮 ࠢ  ୮  ⫨-
砥  㣮 ࠢ ᪮ ࠢ  㤥 ࠬ  -
묨 ⥫묨 砬  㤠⢥ ࠪ.  -
    ⢠  㯭  㯫.  -
ୠ    ⢫ 쬠 ࠧ묨  ᯮᮡ.  
:
        ,   ᭮ 楫     ୮
   ਧ ॡ 㯭;  ᮣ-
  ⨬  뫮   ⮣,      类  㯫
  ᬥ⭠ ,   筮   祭, -
    뫮   㣨 ࠧࠧ    ,
     㪠 楫.
        襩 ᭮⥫쭮 㪠뢠  襭,  
楫   ୮  : " ⮡    ᬮ  -
 뫮 ⠪ ".
       ਭ     ய樮쭮  ⭮襭   
    ਧ    ਭ樯 
- 襭 㯭 ।  㯫 .
        㪠 楫  ० ᥣ ।   ࠢ
ᠬ 㯭; 㤠⢮ ⮫쪮 ⮣ ਡ  
ࠬ,  ⢮ ਧ 㯭 ࠢ.
        孨-ਤ᪮ 窨 ७    䥮-
 ࠢ  ⥫ 蠣 ।  ࠢ  㤥
 㪠묨    ਪ  :      ࠧ ⥬
ࠢ.
        騬  ᢮ ࠢ ᢮ ६,   1649
. 㦨 㯭 ⭨ ਤ᪮ ᫨.     ⭮襭 -
࠭ ᮡ⢥,    ஢ , 㤠⢠  ᮡ  
।, 饭  ⥬⨧஢ ࠢ ,    
⠪ ⥯ 饭  ⨧樨  뫮  ।饬 -
⥫⢥.
