
            -


                             



                                              ਤ᪨ 䠪

          
     
     
     








                           N 1
                 樯:  
                        
.
                                - 3 -

    :       
         ,    








                                  

                              1.

           2.    
                            

           3.   
                             

           4.     
                               

           5.   
                             

                             6.

                     7. 
.
                                - 4 -

                         1.         

      ⫨稥  㣨 樠   ᪨ ਥ権 -
᪮ ࠢ 㤠⢮  客⢥ ࠢ  
ਮ ࠢ 祫  ࠦ ࠪ᪨ ਭ ⢮
 饥 㤠⢥  ࠨ. 襭 ⮩  易-
   ⮫쪮  ᮧ ᮢ६ ⥫⢠,  ᯥ祭
 ⥫쭮 㤠⢠   ࣠,  㭨樯쭮 -
⥬  ⢥ ନ஢, , ன  ࠢ -
樨,  ᨬ ࠢ㤨,    ८ ⨣襣 
। ࠢ , 室饣 뭥  ࠭ । 
  㤠⢥  ⢥ , , , ନ-
 ᮪ ஢ ࠢ  ⢠   祫.
     室 ᫮ ࠧ  ᮢ   ࠢ
ᮯ஢   ᯥ祭 㤠⢮ - ⢥  ਨ
࠭ ᪮ ࣠樨,  ⢫饩  㢥७,筨
ண - த ࠨ.   㤠⢮  ࠢ   ⮫쪮 -
㬥⠫쭮 祭  " ᠬ⥫ 業.  ६ 
ࠢ   樢   ।⢮ ᯥ 祫 ᮮ-
騥 ᢮".  ⮩ 楫 ⢮ ਤ ⮫쪮 १ -
 ⢥⢥,   "   㤠⢥ -
", ⥫ ⢨  ᪮,  ᪮  樠-
 ନ஢,  ᮧ  ⢥ " ࠢ   ⠪
⢨".
      ॡ ᮪ᨮ쭮 ⠢ ⮢  -
 ࠢ ࠬ⭮ 㤠⢥ 㦠  㣨 ,  -
 ਤ᪮ ⥫쭮.  ⢥   ⨦
⮩ ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 ⠥  ਮ ॢ樮 ८-
ࠧ, 樠쭮 樨 ⢠,    ᪨ 
᪨ ਥ権.
     ᨮ  砥     㬥 ਥ-
஢  ࠧ  ࠢ.  ࠦ᪮ ࠢ  -
饥   । ⠫ ᫥ ࠢ,⠪   ᥤ 
 ࠦ  ﭭ ࠦ᪮-ࠢ  ⭮襭  
  易     ࠧ ᯮ 騥 
 ⭮襭.
     ।   ⥬  -    -
 ,     -
-   ᭠    裡  室 襣 ⢠ 
樠᪨  ⠫᪨ ⭮襭   ᫥⢨  ⮣
᭠ 㡮 ࠢ ଠ  ᮡ⢥  ࠢ ᮡ-
⢥.

                                - 5 -


       2.    
                            

     ᪮ ⨥ ⨢ ᮡ⢥ 墠뢠 ⭮-
襭  ਭ ਠ    ࣠ 㯯
 (⨢),.. ।⠢ ᮡ ⨢  ᢮-
  .
     ⨢    ꥪ ᢮  ⠢  -
⭨,ந騥 ਠ   ᮧ騥   ,⠪  
ᮢ ।  ந⢠,  易⥫쭮  騥   ⮬
 (ਬ,樮).   ꥪ⮬ ᪨ ⭮-
 ⨢ ᢮ (ᮡ⢥) ᥣ ⠥ ⨢
 楫, ࣠ 魮,    童  ⭮
. , ᮮ⢥⢨  .20  ࠨ " ᮡ⢥" (1)
ꥪ⠬ ࠢ ⨢ ᮡ⢥  㤮  -
⨢ 㤠⢥  ।⨩,⨢  ७஢,⨢
।,⨢,樮 ⢠,宧⢥ ⮢-
, 宧⢥  ⮢⢠,宧⢥ ꥤ,  ᨮ-
 ,᪨ ⨨  㣨  ⢥  ꥤ,
५   ࣠樨,騥 ਤ᪨ 栬.
     ᭮ ࠢ ମ ॠ樨 ᪨ ⭮襭  -
⨢ ᮡ⢥   ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ਤ᪨ .
  ।ᬠਢ    ⠪    ⨢  ᢮-
, ࠢ   ᮡ⢥   㤮  ⨢  㤠⢥
।⨩  ⨢ ७஢,   樨  ᪨
ਥ   ਤ᪨ 栬, 㪢쭮 ᫥ ⮣ ᫮,⭥
쭮 ᫮,   ਧ ⠪묨  騬  -
⥫⢮.
      樨 楫 ࠢ ⥫쭮  ꥪ⮢  -
⨢ ᮡ⢥    뤥   ࠢ  ⨢
ᮡ⢥:
     1) ⨢  ᮡ⢥ ꥪ⮢ ।ਭ⥫᪮ -
⥫쭮;
     2) ⨢   ᮡ⢥  ᪨  ਤ᪨  
(ᮡ⢥ ,᪨ ⨩    㣨  ⢥
࣠権  ꥤ).

     _________________________
     1. ᮡ⢥:  ࠨ  7 䥢ࠫ 1991 .
     // 客  ࠨ.-N20.- .249.


                                - 6 -

       3.   
                             

      .1  ࠨ " ⨢ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।-
⨨" ९, ⨢ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।⨥
 ஢ ꥤ ࠦ  ᠬ⥫쭮 ।-
⨥  ᮢ⭮ ந⢠ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ த樨   -
஢        ਭ樯  ।ਭ⥫⢠  ᠬࠢ-
.(1)
     ࠢ ᮡ⢥  ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ⨢ -  ᮢ-
㯭 ,⠭ ࠢ ᭮   -
, ⥫쭮;冷 ⨢   ᯮ殮 -
⢮.
     ꥪ⠬ ࠢ  ⨢ ᮡ⢥ ᥫ᪮宧⢥
।  ,㣨 ᭮   ।⢠ ந-
⢠,   ⢥    童,ந 
த,祭 室,⢮,ਮ⥭    ᭮-
. ꥪ⠬  ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।-
  ⠪   ⢥  ਡ뫨 宧⢥  ।-
⨩   ꥤ,⭨   ᥫ᪮宧⢥
।⨥.
     ⢮  ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।⨨ ਭ  ࠢ
ᮢ⭮  ᮡ⢥  童.
     ꥪ⠬ ࠢ  ᮡ⢥  ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।⨨
 ।⨥  ਤ᪮ ,  童 -     -
⢠,     室  ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।-
.(2)
      裡  ⨬ ࠦ,㯠騩   ᥫ᪮宧⢥  -
⨢,஢쭮 ⪠뢠  ᢮ ࠢ ᮡ⢥  -
 ⢮, ࠭ ࠢ 易⥫⢥ ࠪ  
    । ᫮   祭 業⮢  -
室 ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ⨢.
      童 宧  ࠢ   室,祭   
.
      ⢥,ਭ饬 ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ⨢ ,-
  童 ⮣ / ⨢   砥 ஢쭮 -
     _________________________
     1. ࠨ " ⨢ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।⨨"
 14 䥢ࠫ 1992.// 客  ࠨ.-N20..272.
     2. ࠨ " ⨢ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।⨨"
 14 䥢ࠫ 1992.// 客  ࠨ.-N20..272.


                                - 7 -

室  宧 ࠦ  ࠢ  뤥  ਭ饩  
  ⢥ 宧  , 죠  業 㬠. (3)
     ᪮宧⢥ ⨢ 㯠  ᮡ⢥  -
,஥     ।⨩   ࣠権,ᮧ ᥫ᪮-
⢥ ⨢, ⮬ ᫥ 䨫  ।⠢⥫.


      4.       


     樮୮ ⢮ (joint-stock company) -  ࣠樮--
 ଠ ஢쭮 ꥤ ⢠ ꥪ⠬ ࠦ᪨
ࠢ⭮襭   ।ਭ⥫᪮  ⥫쭮,஥  ᢮
易⥫⢠ । ।ࠬ  ⢥⢥ ⮫쪮 ⥬ -
⢮,஥  ਭ. 樮  ⢥⢥ -
। ।ࠬ  ,  ⮫쪮 ᢮ . 樮-
  ⢮  ਤ᪨ 殬,   
樮쭮,..  㤠⢥ ਭ.  ⠫
⢠  易⥫쭮  㪠뢠  ⠢.  ⠫ 樮୮ -
⢠ ᮧ  ,       ࠫ-
 ଥ  -  ,,ᮮ㦥,㤮   ਠ
業, ।⢠,業 㬠,ࠢ 짮  ,-
   㣨  த묨  ᠬ, ⠪  ࠢ, ⮬ ᫥ 
 ⥫㠫쭮 ᮡ⢥.  ,ᤥ襥    ⠫
樮୮ ⢠,砥 ᢨ⥫⢮,㥬 樥, ⠭-
 ⭨,.. 樮஬ ⢠. 樮 ⢠ 뢠
,ᬥ蠭  㤠⢥.
      ᠬ⥫묨  ਤ᪨ 栬, ࣠樨,
  ᢮ ⥫쭮  砫 童⢠  ⭨  (।-
),   묨 ᮡ⢥ ਭ饣  ⢠ 
㣨 . ⭨ ⠪ ࣠樨 ਮ  易⥫-
 ࠢ ॡ 饩   室, ⠪ ࠢ 
⨥  ࠢ  ⢠      ⢥,⠢襬
᫥ 樨.  .. ꥪ⮬ ᢮  㯠 ⨢
 楫,    ⭨ (।⥫).
    ⮬  .12  ࠨ " 宧⢥ ⢠" (1)-
ᬮ७, ⢮   ᮡ⢥  ⢠,।
 ।⥫ﬨ  ⭨  ᮡ⢥;த樨,ந
⢮  १ 宧⢥ ⥫쭮;祭  室;
     _________________________
     1. 宧⢥ ⢠:  ࠨ  19 ᥭ 1991 .
// 客  ࠨ.-1991.-N49.-.682.

                                - 8 -

 ⢠,ਮ⥭  ᭮, 饭 .
     ⢮,室饥    ᮡ⢥   宧⢥  -
,।  ࠧ 䮭.   易⥫쭮 浪 ࠧ-
 ⠢  १ࢭ (客) 䮭.  ⥫⢮ ।-
  쭮 室 ࠧ,⠫ 䮭 ࠧ  -
浪  ࠧ,।塞 ᠬ 樮 ⢮.
     ⠢ 䮭 ।   () ⭨,ࠦ-
  .  ᮮ⢥⢨    쭥襬 । ਡ-
  ⪨.   㦤    ⠭   -
⠢ 樮୮ ⢠ 浪 室  㣨 栬   -
 .



           5.   
                             



     ⢥ ꥤ  ।⨩    ࣠権 ⠢
஢쭮 ꥤ訥 -  宧⢥  楫  ਤ-
᪨ ,⥫쭮      ᭮   ଠ
ᮡ⢥.   宧⢥ ꥤ ᠬ ⠭ ᠬ-
⥫,⢥ ᮡ ਤ᪨ 殬,ਮ -
 樠樨 (),ୠ,᫥,᫥,ॣ쭮-
 ꥤ.
     ᮡ ⮩ ࠧ ⨢ ᮡ⢥ ⮨
 ⮬, ⢮,㯠饥  ᮡ⢥ 宧⢥ ꥤ-
,㦥 室  ﭨ ᢮ (ਭ) ꥪ-
⠬ ⨢ ᮡ⢥,.. ⤥묨 ਤ᪨ 栬.
     㣠  ᮡ  ⭮襭 -  ᪫⥫쭮  -
 冷    .  ⢥   ⥫ 
 ࠢ   ᮣ ᮡ   ਭ饣  
⢠  ᮢ⭮ 宧⢥ ⥫쭮.  ⮣ ᫥,
 宧⢥ ꥤ ⠭ ⥫     -
⢠ ᢮  ⭨  (童),஢쭮  ।   ᮡ-
⢥, ࠢ  㣮 ⢮ ⭨    ਮ-
⠥.
     ⥫쭮,ࠢ ᮡ⢥ 宧⢥ ꥤ  -
뢠   ਭ ⢠,஢쭮 । ਤ-
᪮   ।⥫ﬨ - 㣨 ਤ᪨ 栬    ᮢ-
⭮ 宧⢥  ⥫쭮.  ꥪ⠬  ⮣ ࠢ 

                                - 9 -

宧⢥ ꥤ,஢쭮 ᮧ  㣨  ਤ᪨
栬  ᮢ⭮ 宧⢥ ⥫쭮.   ⮩ 窨 ७
  ꥪ⮬ ࠢ  ᮡ⢥      ६
ꥤ ࠧ ਤ᪨   ⨦ 饩 楫.
      ᮮ⢥⢨  .27  ࠨ " ᮡ⢥" ꥪ-
 ࠢ  ᮡ⢥ 宧⢥ ꥤ  ⢮,
஢쭮 ।  ।ﬨ  ࣠ﬨ, ⠪  -
⥭  १ 宧⢥ ⥫쭮    ᭮-
, 饭 .  ⢥ 宧⢥  ꥤ
 ⠪ ⢮ ᮧ  ।⨩.   । 
ࠢ   ⠢ ꥤ   ᮣ.
       ⢠ ।⥫,⠢襣 ᮡ⢥ 宧⢥-
 ꥤ,   祭  室 ꥤ   ⮫쪮
ਮ ⢮,   ᮧ  ࣠樨  ࠢ -
᪮ .  ⢮ ⠪ ࣠権 室     ࠢ
 宧⢥  , ᮡ⢥  宧⢥
ꥤ   ਤ᪮ .
     ࠢ ᮡ⢥,  㦤  ਭ饣  -
⢠,宧⢥ ꥤ ⢫  ᮮ⢥⢨   -
⠢.   砥  ४饭  ⥫쭮 宧⢥ ꥤ
 ⢮,⠢襥 ᫥ ⮢    ।ࠬ,।
 室訬   ।ﬨ  ࣠ﬨ  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
।⥫묨 㬥⠬.
















     _________________________
     1. ᮡ⢥:  ࠨ  7 䥢ࠫ 1991 .
     // 客  ࠨ.-N20.- .249.

                                - 10 -

                       6.           

     筮, ꥬ 1- ஫쭮 ࠡ 㤭  ᢥ
⠪ 㡮   ⥬  -    
  ,    
, 㭤⠫       㪠-
  ࠡ ਢ.  ᬮ  ,    ࠢ ᮡ-
⢥  ᨩ᪮   ࠨ᪮  ⥫  ᪮쪮
⫨   㣠,  ⫨  ⮫ ⢥   ⮬
   ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢ 稭 ᨩ᪠  ࠢ⢮-
      ० ࠨ,  訬 ⥫
ᯮ짮 ⥫   ᨩ᪨ ⠬ ᫥
ਭ    ଠ⨢ ⮢,   訡,易⥫쭮
  ⠪ ୨⮬   ࠢ⢮⢮.
     ᯮ ⥫   ⮫쪮 ᨨ ,  㣨 ࠧ-
 㤠,뢠 樮  ᪨ ᮡ 襣
த ࠨ ⠭ ᪨  ࠢ 㤠⢮.



                    7.  


     1.ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.  1.祡/    ।...⮣,..
ࣥ.- .:⥫⢮ ,1996. - 292-300.
     2.ࠦ᪨  ࠨ᪮ :  .-ࠪ.. . 
. /..,..,..   .  -:  ⨧  ࠨ-
,1981.- 639 .
     3. ࠨ " ⨢ ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ।⨨"
 14 䥢ࠫ 1992.// 客  ࠨ.-N20..272.
     4. ᮡ⢥:  ࠨ  7 䥢ࠫ 1991 .
     // 客  ࠨ.-N20.- .249.
     5. 宧⢥ ⢠:  ࠨ  19 ᥭ 1991 .
// 客  ࠨ.-1991.-N49.-.682.
     6. (᭮ ) ࠨ - ਭ 客 -
⮬ ࠨ 28.06.1996.
     7.⮫᪨ ᫮. - .: . - 1991.
     8.ਤ᪨ 横᪨ ᫮. - .: . - 1984.
