             :     










                                  


                              1.
             2.   
               ) ᮡ⢥
               ) 
               ) ⨯ ᮡ⢥
             3.    
               )ࠢ稥 
               )ࠢ稥 짮
               )ࠢ稥 ᯮ殮
               )ꥪ⨢ ࠢ ᮡ⢥
               )ࠢ ᮡ⢥
                             4.
                     5. 
.

                         1.         


      ⫨稥    㣨  樠   ᪨ ਥ権
᪮ ࠢ 㤠⢮  客⢥ ࠢ 
 ਮ ࠢ 祫  ࠦ ࠪ᪨ ਭ -
  饥 㤠⢥  ࠨ.  襭  ⮩  
易  ⮫쪮  ᮧ ᮢ६ ⥫⢠, ᯥ-
  ⥫쭮 㤠⢠   ࣠,  㭨樯쭮
⥬  ⢥ ନ஢,  , ன  ࠢ
樨, ᨬ ࠢ㤨,   ८ ⨣襣 
। ࠢ , 室饣 뭥  ࠭ । 
  㤠⢥  ⢥ , , , ନ-
 ᮪ ஢ ࠢ  ⢠   祫.
     室 ᫮ ࠧ  ᮢ   ࠢ
ᮯ஢   ᯥ祭 㤠⢮ - ⢥  ਨ
࠭ ᪮ ࣠樨,  ⢫饩  㢥७,筨
ண - த ࠨ.   㤠⢮  ࠢ   ⮫쪮 -
㬥⠫쭮 祭  " ᠬ⥫ 業.  ६ 
ࠢ   樢   ।⢮ ᯥ 祫 ᮮ-
騥 ᢮".  ⮩ 楫 ⢮ ਤ ⮫쪮 १ -
 ⢥⢥,   "   㤠⢥ -
", ⥫ ⢨  ᪮,  ᪮  樠-
 ନ஢,  ᮧ  ⢥ " ࠢ   ⠪
⢨".
      ॡ ᮪ᨮ쭮 ⠢ ⮢  -
 ࠢ ࠬ⭮ 㤠⢥ 㦠  㣨 ,  -
 ਤ᪮ ⥫쭮.  ⢥   ⨦
⮩ ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 ⠥  ਮ ॢ樮 ८-
ࠧ, 樠쭮 樨 ⢠,    ᪨ 
᪨ ਥ権.
     ᨮ  砥     㬥 ਥ-
஢  ࠧ  ࠢ.  ࠦ᪮ ࠢ  -
饥   । ⠫ ᫥ ࠢ,⠪   ᥤ 
 ࠦ  ﭭ ࠦ᪮-ࠢ  ⭮襭  
  易     ࠧ ᯮ 騥 
 ⭮襭.
     ।  ⥬ -     -
 ᭠  ᢧ  室 襣 ⢠   樠-
   ⠫᪨  ⭮襭     ᫥⢨ ⮣ ᭠
㡮 ࠢ ଠ  ᮡ⢥  ࠢ ᮡ⢥.

.

            2.     

     ⢥ ਭ   ⠪ ⨩,  
殮      騢 訥  祫⢠.
졮  ⥮᪮    ࠭稢.樠 -
ᥭ,    ன  ᮤண   ,   ᢮
稭 , 筮 ,⪨   ᫮訥  ⭮襭
ᮡ⢥,⢥न  ன  ⭮襭.   
⪨ ਢ  ᯥ, 㣨 ௥  .뢠,  ⢮
⢨⥫쭮  室  , ᮪ ⥯ ᢮ ࠧ-
. 砫,  १   ⭮襭  ᮡ⢥  -
⢮  뢠  襭       ᨭ,
ன  , .
      襩 ࠭  殮 ⮣     ந室
 ⭮襭  ᮡ⢥.ࢠ  砫    1917  
訫  䮩,᫥⢨ ன 㤥 嫥-
       . ந室   . ᭮
楫 -  ⭮襭 ᮡ⢥   ᮤঠ,᪮-
 筮 ப ᫮  ᮡ⢥, ⠫  -
樠쭮 ன 뭥譥 ०.   ⠪ ᮡ⢥?
      ᠬ ࢮ ਡ ᮡ⢥  ।  -
襭   ⨢  ਭ饩        ᢮-
.⢥   ࠧ祭   ⢮. ⨯  -
 ଠ ᮡ⢥,  ᮪  ⮬   ⭮  砥
   ஢ ⢫ ,   ᠬ,஢ ⨢-
樨 ᮡ⢥, ⢮   ᫮, - -
  ᫮  த⠬ ந⢠   ᢮, -  -
. ⮣   ᮡ⢥. ⮩ 窨 ७  ଠ
ᮡ⢥  ⭮,  ᪮ ன,᫥-
饩  ஧᪨ 楫,  ਪ뢠.
      ୮  ।  ᮡ⢥,஥  ,᫥-
, ᮡ⢥ -  ⭮襭  祫    .  ⮬,-
,ᮤঠ ᮡ⢥  ᢮.᪮ ᮡ⢥ -
  ⮣,⮡ 㣨 ,  騥  ᮡ⢥  
,⭮ᨫ         㦮,ᮡ⢥ 砥 ⭮襭
 쬨   饩.   ⮣ ⭮襭 㯠
ᮡ⢥, ⭮       ᢮, 㣮 - ᮡ-
⢥,..   , 易 ⭮      
㦮. ,   易 ন    
 뫮 ⥫   , ᫥⥫쭮,      ᮡ-
⢥, 饭    ⮩  . । ᮡ⢥
᫥,   ਠ ⮬   .⢥
     ᮤঠ,᪮   㢥७  ᮡ-
⢥ । ⨥ ਭ饩  .
      -    ⢥ ⭮襭. ⭮襭 㣨
  ਭ饩 ᮡ⢥    㦮  뫮   ⭮-
   ᠬ ᮡ⢥   ᢮.ঠ ᮡ⢥ 
⢥ ⭮襭 뢠  ।⢥  痢  ⭮-
襭,   ᮡ⢥  室  㯠   㣨 쬨 
 ந⢠,।,  ॡ  ਠ
.
     ⠪, -  ⢥ ⭮襭,஬  
ਠ       ᮤঠ. -  -
⢥ ⭮襭,祬   ⢥ ⭮襭  -
 饥  .⮣,, ࠪ⨪ ᮡ⢥
筮.室 ,   ଠ  -
     ᮡ⢥    ⭮襭 ਭ饩  -
.㬥,    ⮬,⮡ ந   祭  ⠪
⮢.   ,    ਭ樯 ᮡ⢥  ᮢ 
⭮襭 ᢮  ,  饭    ⨢
樠쭮 த ᮡ⢥. ᮡ⢥  ⭮襭 ਭ-
饩   ࠦ    ,짮    ᯮ殮
. ,  筮 ,᢮   ᮡ⢥  -
襭 .
      砥   宧⢥   ᯮ⢮  ᮡ⢥  
.  ࠦ ⨪  ⭮襭  ᮡ⢥,-
९ 饩       ⨢. 砥
祭    ᢮ ⥬  ந⥫쭮   -
 ॡ. 砥 ᮢ襭  ⭮襭  -
⮢,।  ,  㭨⮦ .  㦤
, ᤠ    ,    ,  㣮. 짮 
ᯮ殮 ࠦ 㦥  ⭮襭 ᮡ⢥.
      ⮬ ᪠ ⨧㥬  ࠭ । ᮡ-
⢥. -  ⭮襭   ਭ饩   
   ᢮,஥ ࠦ  ,짮  ᯮ殮
, ⠪  ࠭ ⥫⢠        -
⢥ ᯮ⢠,  ࠥ  ᮡ⢥.
      樠쭮-᪮  ,  ⮬  ᫥    ਤ-
,ப ࠭ । ᮡ⢥  ᢮ -
  ⨢ ।  த⮢ ந⢠   -
।⢮ ।  ⢥      ᠬ ⢥
,।⢮ ன ᮢ蠥 ᢮.। ᮡ⢥-
   ⥣ਨ ᢮ 室  ࠡ⠬ ., -
 ⥣ਨ ᮡ⢥  ᢮  ⢨⥫쭮  뢠
   㣮.ᮡ  ५䭮   ᫥  
" ⨪ ᪮ ". 室  । ᮡ⢥-
  ਭ樯 .,,뢠, ⨥ ᢮-
 㦤  ⨧樨, ⮬     ᯮ짮-
   ᮤঠ ᮡ⢥  ।  ᠬ.
⮬   ⨥ ᢮ ᫥⥫, ⮬ ᫥  .,-
뢠 ࠧ筮 ᮤঠ. ⮩ 窨 ७ ,짮 
ᯮ殮,   ᪨ ⥣ਨ, -
ᮬ묨 २⢠  ࠢ  ।쭮 ࠪ⭮ ⥣-
ਥ ᢮.樥  ⢨ 㪠  ⥣਩  
। ᮡ⢥ ਬ ,祬 ⥣ਨ ᢮.
     ⢥  ᪠ ⥣ 祫᪮  
 殮  ᥩ    ਨ, ᪫祭,, 砫
 ⠯, 祫   뤥   த    㤮⢮
᢮ ॡ   ⠪   ᯮᮡ ᢮,
  짮.㬥, 殮    ਨ
祫⢠ ᮡ⢥  ௥  ⢥ ,-
, ࠧ,ࠧ⨥  ந⥫  ᨫ,  -
쭮 ,,ਬ,    ਮ ஬諥 ॢ-
樨    ᥩ   筮-孨᪮ ॢ樨.
     ਭ ࠧ  ࢮ⭮-騭,ࠡ᪨,䥮-
-९⭨᪨  ⠫᪨ ⨯ ᮡ⢥. 
६   ⢥  ᮡ 뤥﫨 ⠪ 樠᪨ ⨯ ᮡ-
⢥, 祣,-, ᭮  뫮.   -
  ࠭ ,室   樠᪮ ᮤ㦥⢮,-
樠  ᠬ  ஥  .।⢥ ந⥫ 
 ࠭   -०   ࣠   ᯫ樨,ᮥ
। ந⢠  ࠡ⭨ ந⢠  ⢨⥫쭮  
ந諮. ⨯ ᮡ⢥,  ᫮ ⠫୮ ०-
 ( ਪ⮣,  拉  砥  㠫஢)    
࠭ ⢥न,㤫  ⠫  ᥡ ࠪ ,᢮-
⢥ ⨯ ᮡ⢥  । ,⠪  뭥 -
.
     ਧ ᮡ⢥ ᮡ     ६  ᪨  -
稢 ᪮  ⥣ਨ    ࠧ  室  
 ᯮ騬   ⨪-᪮,⠪   ਤ-
 㪥.   ᥩ   㣮 ,।⠢  -
ࠧ  㤠  ..।. ,     -
   ⮫쪮   ⥣ਨ ࠢ.᭮  ⮫ ⥣-
᪮ 뢮   㦨 , ᮡ⢥  ࠦ
 ᥩ  ⥬  ந⢥  ⭮襭, ⮬  童 
 ᠬ⥫쭮 ᪮  ⥣ਨ,类,.-
 ᮡ⢥   ᥩ ⥬ ந⢥ ⭮襭  -
 ᮬ.  ⮬ ࠢ 童 ᮡ⢥
 ⮩  ⥬.쪮   ⠪ ⥬,  魮 ᮡ-
⢥. ⨢ 砥  㥬   魮  ᮡ⢥-
 譨 ଠ  ,祣    ..।.
         諠  ᮡ⢥    ᮡ  ᪮
⥣ਨ,   㦨 ᢮ த ⠢   -
᪮ ᮤঠ ᮡ⢥. ⮬  ᥩ  ३.


            3.       


      ⢥   㤠⢥-ࠢ  ன  ᪨
⭮襭 ᮡ⢥   ਤ᪮ ९.
ࠦ   ⥬ ࠢ ,ॣ㫨 㪠  ⭮-
   ࠧ  ࠢ ᮡ⢥,⠪   ९ -
।   ਤ᪮        殬,騬
ᮡ⢥  . ࢮ 砥   ࠢ ᮡ⢥-
  ꥪ⨢ ᫥, ஬ -  ꥪ⨢ ᫥    -
⨢ ࠢ ᮡ⢥.
     ⮡ । ࠢ ᮡ⢥  ꥪ⨢ ᫥,-
  ᯥ᪨ ਧ,騥 ꥪ⨢ ࠢ ᮡ-
⢥. 㪠 ਧ  ࠧ   ।-
 ࠢ ᮡ⢥     ꥪ⨢,⠪      ꥪ⨢
᫥.
     ঠ ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ⠢ ਭ騥 ᮡ⢥-
 ࠢ  ,짮  ᯮ殮 .
ࠢ,  ꥪ⨢ ࠢ ᮡ⢥  楫,।⠢
ᮡ ਤ᪨  ᯥ祭    ᮡ⢥,
ਭ    ,  ⠥ ᮡ⢥.  -
, ᮡ⢥   ﭨ  ࠢ ॠ쭮 ⢨
(ਬ,   ⢠     ⢮ -
  㣮 ),  蠥  ᠬ ࠢ稩, ࠢ
ᮡ⢥  楫.⮡    ᮤঠ  ࠢ  ᮡ⢥-
,室   ।    ਭ ᮡ⢥
ࠢ稩.筥  .
       -  ਤ᪨ ᯥ祭  -
⢥ ᯮ⢠ ᮡ⢥  .   ⮬    
宧⢥ ᯮ⢥    ,஥      ॡ,⮡
ᮡ⢥ 室    ।⢥  ᮯਪ᭮.-
,㥧  ⥫ ஢,ᮡ⢥ த ⠢
楬 室    饩.
          . 뢠 -
,஥ ࠥ  - ࠢ ᭮,..   ਤ-
᪨   .    .-
   ࠢ ᭮  ࠥ,  ⮬  
., 饬 ࠢ,室   , -
    ࠢ   . ⥫⢮ -
   ᬮ७  ᯮ஢    室  १㬯樨 -
 䠪᪮ .묨 ᫮,,    室-
,। 騬 ࠢ   ,   -
.
          ᢮  । ࠧ  -
  ᮢ. ᮢ⥭,᫨     
     ᢮ . ᮢ-
⥭,᫨   ⮬     . ᮮ⢥⢨    饩
१㬯樥 ᮢ⭮  ⭨ ࠦ᪨ ࠢ  易-
⥩ (.3 .10 ),᫥ 室  ।  ᮢ⭮-
 .
       楢  ᮢ   ᮢ-
   祭      ᮡ⢥  楬 
室  室, ᮡ⢥ ॡ  ᢮      
樮 ᪠,  ⠪    襭  ,  
ਮ ࠢ ᮡ⢥     .
        -  ਤ᪨ ᯥ祭 
祭    ᢮    筮    ந-
⢥ ॡ,⠪      ந⢥ 楫.,袥
設  ᯮ짮  訢   ⮫쪮 ᢮ ᥬ, 
 ஭   .ࠢ稥 짮 筮 ࠥ  ࠢ-
稥 .   짮 ,    .-
ਬ,⥫   ப  몠 㬥⮢ ᤠ  ப 
⥬, 짮 㬥⮬ ந室    饭  ⥫,᪠-
, ।   .    짮 ஢묨 ⮬-
⠬.
       -  ਤ᪨ ᯥ祭 
।   ⥬ ᮢ襭 ਤ᪨ ⮢   ⭮襭
⮩ .  뢠  ᮬ,     , ᮡ⢥
த ᢮ ,ᤠ  , ,।      -
⢥ ⢮    ⮢⢮   ⢥ ⢮ 
⢮⥫ 䮭, ⢫ ᯮ殮  .⥫쭮
᫮ ਤ᪨  ஢  ⢨ ᮡ⢥  ⭮襭
,  㭨⮦ ,⠢    㦭,  뢠
,     ᢮ ᢮⢠ ⠭  ᯮ짮 
   ந⢠  ॡ.᫨ ᮡ⢥  㭨⮦
  뢠 ,  ᯮ裂  ⥬ ᮢ襭 -
஭ ᤥ,᪮  ᮡ⢥ ࠢ  ⪠  
ࠢ ᮡ⢥. ᫨ ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ४頥  १-
 ⭮ ᯮ짮  (ਬ, ꥤ   
ᦨ ஢    ),  ᮡ⢥ ࠢ   
,⮡ ४ ࠢ ᮡ⢥,  ,⮡    
   ᢮⢠.⮬   㪠 砥   -
 ⮫쪮 ࠢ 짮 ,  ࠢ ᯮ殮 .
     뭥 饥  ࠦ᪮  ⥫⢮,   ,஥
 ।⢮,࠭稢  ᫥  ਭ  ᮡ-
⢥ ࠢ稩 ( ᯮᮡ  ⢫), । 
  .  ⥫쭮 ᪠뢠  ⮫쪮  ⨨  -
ঠ ࠢ ᮡ⢥,   ࠪ⨪ ਬ ⥫-
⢠.㤭, ⭮,⢥  , ᮤঠ 뢠
⥫⢮   ⨥  ࠢ       -
楬 . ⮬   뫮 ᫥ ਬ   ਬ-
 ࠢ    ࠧ࠭    ঠ, -
⥫ ଠ᪮ 㯯  ९     -
 䨣 饣 㣨. ᮦ,    ਠ-
⮢ ⥫  ࠫ.㤭⥫쭮 ⮬ ⢥    
த  ᮡ⢥ ⠢ 楬   ᤠ  -
  楬   ਮ  ਧ ⮫쪮 ⥫.
     ⨥ ᮤঠ ࠢ ᮡ⢥   蠥 -
 ਭ ᮡ⢥ ࠢ稩.   ⮬,  -
 ࠢ  ਭ  ⮫쪮 ᮡ⢥,  
, ⮬ ᫥ ⥫ ࠢ 宧⢥    ࠢ  -
 ᫥㥬  .室  ⮬  ᯥ-
᪨ ਧ,  㪠 ࠢ    ࠢ-
 ᮡ⢥. ⮨  ⮬, ᮡ⢥ ਭ騥 
ࠢ ⢫   ᢮  ᬮ७.ਬ⥫쭮    ࠢ
ᮡ⢥,⢫ ࠢ  ᬮ७, ⮬ ᫥  ᯮ-
  砥,  () ᮡ⢥ ࠥ  ।-
⢥        ᨬ    㣨  
⭮襭 ⮩  .   㣨   ⮫쪮 ࠥ 
,     ᮡ⢥,᫮ .
     ࠢ, 襬 ࠦ᪮ ⥫⢥  ਧ  -
⭮   ࠧ,᪮  ,  ਭ  ࠦ᪨
ࠢ,  ࠢ (  ⮫쪮 ࠢ ᮡ⢥) ⢫  
᢮ ᬮ७ (. .2  .1 .9 ).,, ᪮-
 㪠 ਧ  ⭮襭 ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ९  ᯥ-
쭮 (.  .2 .209 ), ⮨  ⮬,⮡  饥
 ᮤঠ ਬ⥫쭮  ࠢ ᮡ⢥,   뫮  ᤥ-
.⢥ ࠢ   ᢮ ᬮ७ ᮢ  ⭮襭 -
饣  ⢠  ⢨,  ⨢騥    
 ࠢ ⠬   騥 ࠢ  ࠭塞  -
 㣨 , ⮬ ᫥ 㦤  ᢮  ⢮    ᮡ⢥
㣨 栬,।    ,⠢   ᮡ⢥,ࠢ   -
,짮  ᯮ殮 ⢮,⤠ ⢮   
६   㣨  ᯮᮡ,ᯮ裂    ࠧ (.2
.209 ).
     ࠢ ᮡ⢥   ᢮⢮ 㣮  筮-
. ,   ᯮᮡ ⠭   ०
ꥬ, ⮫쪮 뢠騥  ࠭祭 ⯠.
     ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ⭮      ᪫⥫  ࠢ.
, ᮡ⢥     ࠢ  ᪫  ⢨  
   ९    ⭮襭 ਭ饣  -
⢠  宧⢥ ᯮ⢠, ⮬ ᫥     -
.
     ,, 砥,   ᮡ⢥  ⭮襭
ਭ饩    ࠭筠.  ᮮ⢥⢨    ⥫쭮
ࠢ ࠦ᪮-ࠢ  ॣ㫨஢,ᮡ⢥  -
⢨⥫쭮  ᮢ  ⭮襭  ᢮  ⢠    -
⢨, ⮫쪮    ⨢騥    ࠢ ⠬.-
⢥ 易 ਭ ,⢥ত騥  ஢ ࠦ  
㦠饩 ।,      ᥭ    ⢫ 
ࠢ.  ন    ,ਭ饣  ᯮ⢮
 ᥤ   㣨 栬, ⥬   ⢨,ᮢ蠥 ᪫-
⥫쭮  ७ 稭 - ।.஬ ⮣,ᮡ⢥ 
 室   騥 । ⢫ ࠦ᪨ ࠢ,-
 .10 . ᮡ⢥  ⠪    易  
, ᫮    ।,।ᬮ७   묨 -
묨 ⠬,᪠ ࠭祭 짮  ⢮ 㣨-
 栬.  ⥫⢠     㫨஢
饣 । ࠢ ᮡ⢥., । ࠢ
ᮡ⢥,᫥     饥  ।  ꥪ⨢
ࠦ᪮ ࠢ,஥ ࠭     ࠢ  ᮡ⢥-
.ਬ⥫쭮   ࠢ  ᮡ⢥   饥 । 
 ⨧஢  ⮬  ࠢ  ᮡ⢥  ᯥ-
᪨ ਧ.
     室  ࠭  , । ꥪ⨢-
 ࠢ ᮡ⢥.
        -  ⥬ ࠢ  ,-
㫨 ⭮襭   ,짮  ᯮ殮 ᮡ⢥-
 ਭ饩    ᬮ७ ᮡ⢥    -
, ⠪  ࠭ ⥫⢠      
宧⢥ ᯮ⢠.
         ,   ᮡ⢥   ᠬ      
,  ⢫ ᢮ ࠢ 筮 筮  ⮣,⮡
   ন  ⥫   . ⠪ 뢠
  ᥣ.⮡ ᯮ廊   (த  ,ᤠ    -
,   ..),ᮡ⢥, ࠢ, 㯨  ⭮-
  -    殬  (ਬ,  ⥬,    㯨
,      ). ⥬ ⠭ ⭮襭
  殬 ᮡ⢥  ⢫ ᢮ ࠢ,  ॣ㫨-
 室   । ࠢ ᮡ⢥, ᠬ ᮡ⢥ -
  ᪥ த,⥫,⥫    ..᫨    ࠢ
ᮡ⢥ 襭,       ⮣,࠭  ࠢ
 .᫨ ࠭, ⠭ 襭 ⭮襭  -
室        ࠢ ᮡ⢥.᫨  ࠢ
ᮡ⢥  ࠭ (᪠, 㭨⮦),    -
 襭  ࠢ ਤ ਡ  ଠ 㣨 ࠢ
⮢ (ਬ,易⥫  稭 ।    客
ࠢ). ࠧ ,ࠧ騥  ࠢ ᮡ⢥,-
室  ﭭ ⠪  ⢨  ଠ 㣨 ࠢ-
 ⮢,  ࠦ᪮-ࠢ,⠪    ᫥ ਭ-
. ⥫⢮     롮  ࠢ
,ॣ㫨      ⮪ ⢥ ⭮襭, ⮬
᫥  ⭮襭 ᮡ⢥.


                       4.           


     筮, ꥬ 1- ஫쭮 ࠡ 㤭   ᢥ
⠪ 㡮    ⥬     -
,  㭤⠫      㪠 -
 ਢ. ᬮ  ,    ࠢ ᮡ⢥ 
ᨩ᪮    ࠨ᪮  ⥫  ᪮쪮  ⫨
  㣠,  ⫨  ⮫ ⢥   ⮬   
ꥪ⨢  ꥪ⨢  稭  ᨩ᪠  ࠢ⢮᪠  
 ० ࠨ,  訬 ⥫ ᯮ짮
⥫   ᨩ᪨ ⠬ ᫥ ਭ 
  ଠ⨢ ⮢,   訡,易⥫쭮 -
  ⠪ ୨⮬   ࠢ⢮⢮.
     ᯮ ⥫   ⮫쪮 ᨨ ,  㣨 ࠧ-
 㤠,뢠 樮  ᪨ ᮡ 襣
த ࠨ ⠭ ᪨  ࠢ 㤠⢮.
.
                     6.  






     1.ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.  1.祡/    ।...⮣,..
ࣥ.- .:⥫⢮ ,1996. - 292-300.
     2.ࠦ᪨  ࠨ᪮ :  .-ࠪ.. . 
. /..,..,..   .  -:  ⨧  ࠨ-
,1981.- 639 .
     3.⮫᪨ ᫮. - .: . - 1991.
     4.ਤ᪨ 横᪨ ᫮. - .: . - 1984.
