                                - 2 -

                                                  .

...................................................  3
 I.  ...................................  5
     1 ⨥ ᤥ,  ਧ........................  5
     2 ᫮ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.................... 10
     3 ⢨⥫ ᤥ: ⨥  ............ 20
 II.    ........... 28
     1   ப  ꥪ....................... 28
     2   ப ............................ 40
     3   ப ............................. 41
     4   ப ᮤঠ....................... 52
 III.     
            .... 57
................................................. 61
    ................... 63
 ..................................... 65
.
                                - 3 -

                            2
        ஫  宧⢥ .  祭
ᤥ  㤨 㦥 ⮬,     ⭨  ࠦ᪮
 ⢫ "  ࠢ"  ࠧ ⥬ ᮢ-
襭 ࠧ ᤥ.  , 䨧᪨   
ᤥ,   ᭮    த ⮢,  뢠 㣨,
믮 ࠡ.  த   祭 ᥩ  祫-
 -   ஦ (  ,    । 
  ⭥   த⥫  )    ᠬ
ᬥ (筮  㪠   頭,  ࠢ 㥬
"᫥ ").
       讥   ᤥ  ।ਭ⥫᪮
⥫쭮 ᨬ  ⮣,      ࣮, ࣮-
 ।⢥,  ᪨   থ ,   
, 祬 ᤥ,  ଥ,   ⢮.  ᤥ,
࣠樨 ᮣᮢ뢠  ᢮ ⥫쭮  ந -
樨, ᭠  㣠  室묨  ਠ,  쥬,
㤮,   ⠫쭮  ந⥫   믮 -
-᫥⥫᪨, ஥  ᪨ ࠡ.   -
 ᤥ  ਤ᪨  ࣠ ॢ த樨 ࠧ-
묨  ࠭ᯮ.
     ப ᯮ ᤥ    譥 ࣮.
     讥 祭      , ਬ, -
   ⥫⢠  ࠬ,   ᮢ 
ᮧ ந 㪨  ⢠.
      ࠧ,  ᤥ  ᭮ ࠢ ମ,  
ன ।   ⭨ ࠦ᪮  -
.     裡  ⨬ ᮡ 祭 ਮ  ॡ,

                                - 4 -

 ।   ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.  ࠦ᪨
 ᨩ᪮ 樨  ,  饭 ᤥ, 
  ⨥,    ମ,  㤥      ᫥⢨
ਧ   ⢨⥫묨.     宧⢥ ᫮
   ࠭    ⠢  ⢨⥫
ᤥ.       ८ࠧ   ᮡ⢥,
஢ ਢ⨧樨,    ⭮襭.
     ⠪,  ,  ⥬ "⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ" -
 㠫쭮.   饥 ६   ࠦ᪨ -
,  ⢥ ⫨砥   1964 , ஬ ⮣,
ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮    ᯮᮡ  -
 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ.   ᯮᮡ  ࠦ᪨ ࠢ -
 䥪⨢  ப ਬ  ࠪ⨪.
        ⥬  । ஡  뢠
   ᭮ ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮.
      1994   ।ᬠਢ  ⠢ ⢨⥫
ᤥ (.169, .174),   ⠢ 筥.
     ⤥    ⢨⥫  ᤥ,      9
"", ।ᬠਢ   㣨  ,   -
  ࠭栬 ⮩ ,   ⠪  㣨   ࠢ-
  (ਬ,    ᮤন   ⠢  -
⢨⥫ ᤥ).
      ਤ᪮  ஡      ⮬,
  ⢨⥫ ᤥ ਧ ᤥ  ..
        㣨    ᢥ  ᢮ ࠡ-
.  ᠭ ࠡ  ᯮ짮 㡫  -
 㤥 ࠪ⨪  ⨫⭨ ਮ (1992-1998 .).  -
  ᫥ 뫨 ᠭ 2 ᮢ ࠡ.
.
                                - 5 -

     2 I.   .
                1. ⨥ ᤥ,  ਧ.

      窨 ७  ࠦ᪮  ⥫⢠  ।ਭ-
⥫᪠ ⥫쭮 - ᨬ  ⮣,     ᮢ-
襭 ᪨  থ , ࣮  .., - 
 ।⠢  ᮢ襭 ࠧ筮 த ᤥ.  -
   ࠭ ਤ᪨ 䠪⮢.
       ⠪ ᤥ?
     . 153   । ⨥ ᤥ  ⢨ ࠦ
 ਤ᪨  ,  ࠢ  ⠭,   
४饭 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ  易⥩510.
      ࠧ, ᤥ ࠪਧ ᫥騥 ਧ:
     ) ᤥ  ⢨,  ..    
⥫쭮, ࠢ  ⨦ । 楫.
     ) ᤥ -  .
       ⮬,  ᤥ ।⠢  ᮡ  ⠭
  .
       ⢥  : "  ?",   -
"     ⮣  ?" (ਬ,    ᯥ ᥡ 
砩     ⮬ ᮢ ᤥ  客-
 ).   ࠧ,   , ७  -
 ᤥ.    筮, 室  
 ᢥ 㣨 . ᮡ, 묨 ७  ࠦ-
 ,  뢠 .
_____________________________
1.  ।  ,   樨 㪨 ࠦ-
   ᪮ ࠢ   筮.

                                - 6 -

      -   ᤥ,   ,  -
 뢠 ਤ᪨ ᫥⢨.   ⮬ ⫨稥  ᤥ
 ᮡ,  ..  ⥫⢠,    騬    .
  ஦  ᫥⢨  稨    ⮫쪮
,     ⢨  । ⢠.  ਬ,
ᤥ ७    ⥫   塞
 ⢨   ।  塞.  ७   -
襭 ᤥ  ࠦ ᫥騬 ᯮᮡ:
     1) אַ  ,  ஥ ᮢ蠥  쬥
 ⭮ ଥ. ਬ, 祭 ,  쬠.
     2) ᢥ ,  ஥    ,
  ,  ॢ饣 ᮢ ᤥ,  室  ⠪
⢨,   ᮤঠ  ⥪  ७ ᮢ
ᤥ.  ⢨ 뢠 묨.
     , ᮢ襭 ᤥ १ ⮬  த ஢
 ᠬ  ᥡ 㦥 砥 ७     ᤥ.
.2 .158    㪠뢠,   묨 ⢨ﬨ 
ᮢ  ᤥ,    ᮮ⢥⢨      
 ᮢ襭 ⭮.
     3)        ⠪    ।⢮
砭.     ⮣  室,  ⮡   ᮤঠ
㪠  ,    砭 । 祭 "" 
"". , .546   1964 . ।ᬠਢ,  ᫥,
  殮  楢  ࠧ  ਭ  -
⢮,  ⪠訬  .
     )   ࠢ  ⢨.  ࠢ-
 ᤥ  砥,     ⢠ ਤ᪮
䠪, ஦饣  ࠢ ᫥⢨,  㯫 

                                - 7 -

 ,  㯠騥   ᤥ,    । 
  ᤥ.  ⮬ ᤥ,  ᮢ襭  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
ॡﬨ ,  ⢨⥫쭠,  .. ਧ ॠ쭮 -
騬 ਤ᪨  䠪⮬,  த訬    ꥪ⠬
ᤥ ࠢ १.  ࠢ୮ ᤥ ⫨砥-
  ࠢ襭 (⮢) -  ⢨, ⨢ -
    ᮡ ⠪ ࠢ ᫥⢨,   -
,  ᮢ訢襥 ࠢ襭,     㯫 -
   510.
      ⫨砥  ⮢ 㤠⢥ ࣠  ࣠
⭮ ᠬࠢ,   ᭮ﬨ -
 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ  易⥩,       
ᤥ  ਬ.
     )   ⫨砥  ࠢ ⢨  ।
ࠢ १,  ७  .  .153   -
   ᫮:  "...ࠢ  ⠭,   
४饭 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ  易⥩."  ᤥ -
    㤮⢮७ । ॡ ( ,
  ..), ..  ⠢ । ᮡ 楫 ᪮ -
ࠪ.  楫 ᤥ  ⮬,   ,  ᮢ饥, -
   䠪᪮ 㤮⢮७ ॡ,   -
祭 ࠢ  짮 ,    㤮⢮ 
࠭ ⮣ ࠢ.   ⥬  ᮧ,  ᤥ ᮧ
    易    ⭮襭    㣮  (ਬ,
易   ).    ᫥ ⬥,
_____________________________
1. 嬠⮢ ..  ⠢ ⨢ࠢ ᤥ    ᫮
    ᫥⢨. , 1967. - .87.

                                - 8 -

   ᤥ  ࠪ୮ ᮢ 楫  ࠢ १-
510.
       १  ᮢ,   ଥ ᤥ ᮢ-
 ࠢ ⢨. ਤ᪨ 楫 室 ⫨
 ⨢,  ஬  ᮢ蠥. ⨢ -  㤨⥫쭠
稭,  樠쭮-᪠   楫,  ࠤ ⨦-
 ன    㯠    ᤥ.  ⨢   ।
ᤥ   뢠       ﭨ.  ⢨⥫쭮,
ਮ⠥      ⢥ ઠ 童 ᥬ 
 ᮡ⢥ ᯮ짮,    ।ਭ⥫-
᪮ ⥫쭮 -       ᠬ 䠪 -
⥭ ࠢ ᮡ⢥  , ..  ᤥ -
-த. ਤ᪨ ࠧ筮, ⨣    १
⮩ ᤥ ⮣ १,  㯨 㤨⥫ -
 ᤥ.  ,  ⥫⢮,  ।ᬮ७ ⤥
砨,  ⨢  ਤ ਤ᪮ 祭. ,
 .169   ᮤন । ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  -
襭  楫,    ⨢  ᭮  ࠢ浪  
ࠢ⢥, ..  楫 ᤥ  ।। ᫥⢨ -
⢨⥫쭮. ஬ ⮣, ஭ ࠢ ᠬ ਤ -
 ਤ᪮ 祭, ਢ ⠭ ࠢ  易-
⥩     ४饭,  ᨬ  ⢫-
 ⨢    楫 ᤥ.   ⠪ 砥 ⨢,  ७
஭, ⠭ ᫮ ᤥ,  ᠬ ᤥ 㤥 ᮢ-
_____________________________
1.  ਤ᪮    㣮 .  .  -
   ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.   ࢠ /  ।. ..᫮-
   , ..誨. , 1983. - .72.

                                - 9 -

襭  ᫮.
     ࠢ       ⠭,    
४饭  ࠢ  易⥩ ⫨砥 ᤥ  
⮢ ⥫쭮,      ᫥  ⠪  १.
 祫,   ,  ᮧ -
 ந,     ⠭ ࠦ᪨ ࠢ  易-
⥩.   ⢨ 뢠 㯪,  ࠢ
᫥⢨ 㯠    ᨫ  ,  ..  ᨬ  
ꥪ.
     뢠 襭,      ᫥饥  ।
ᤥ.
      뢠  ࠢ୮,  ..   ,
 ⢨,  ᮢ蠥 ࠦ  ਤ᪨  栬,
ࠢ  ⠭,   ४饭 ࠦ-
 ࠢ  易⥩.
.
                                - 10 -

              2. ᫮ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.

      ⨥ ᤥ ⠥  ᥡ 4  .  -,
 ᠬ ,  騥  ᤥ. -,  ꥪ⨢
஭ (  ).  - -  ଠ   --
 -    ᮤঠ.  ப      ᤥ
ਢ   ⢨⥫쭮.
     ⠪, ᭮묨 ᫮ﬨ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ :
     1) 襭 ᤥ 殬,  騬 筮  ᯮ-
ᮡ.
     2)    ᮮ⢥⢮    ⢨-
⥫쭮 .
     3) ଠ ᤥ ᮮ⢥ ଥ,  ।ᬮ७  -
.
     4) ঠ ᤥ    ⨢  ,  ..
    ᮤঠ ᤥ.
     ꥪ⠬ ᤥ  ꥪ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ,  -
騥 ᯮᮡ.  ᮡ  ᠬ⥫쭮  ᮢ
ᤥ 㦥 ᠬ  ᥡ  ⮬ ࠦ᪮ ᯮᮡ-
.    ࠧ ᪠뢠   ⮬,   ࠦ-
᪠ ᯮᮡ ⮨  ᤥᯮᮡ  ᯮ-
ᮡ. ।⠢,    ᠬ⥫쭮 祭  -
⢠  .  ⮬  室  ᯮᮡ
   ⢠.  ⥫쭮  ᮢ襭 ᤥ 
  ᭮ ⮢ ᯮᮡ,  ⭮襭  ᮢ-
 ᤥ      ࠧ稨  ᯮᮡ -
⭨  ᮢ襭⭨. ᯮᮡ ਤ᪮  -
ࠪਧ   ⥫쭮,  ।ᬮ७ ।⥫묨

                                - 11 -

㬥⠬ ਤ᪮   ﬨ ࣠  ਤ᪮
, 饣 ࠢ ᮢ ᤥ   ਤ᪮ .
⤥  ᤥ ਤ᪨   ᮢ   -
稨 ᯥ樠쭮 ࠧ襭 (業)510.
      ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ     -
祭 ⮫쪮   ⢥.   祭   ,  -
஢ . 室 ᫮  ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ
 ⢨ - 䠪஢,      ᪠-
 ।⠢     ⢥ ᤥ   ⤥ -
 (㦤,  ),  ᮧ  ७
     ⢨ (஧,  ᨫ),     砥
  ப ,      ᮢ  -
,  ᮤঠ   ࠦ ⢨⥫   -
७ ꥪ.  ப  ⠪  ᭮  ਧ-
 ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮.
      ஦ ࠢ  易 ⮫쪮    ⮬  砥,
᫨ ᮡ  ଠ,   ।ᠭ  (.158, 162
). ଠ ᤥ 뢠 ⭮  쬥.  ⭮  ᮢ-
  ᤥ, ᫨:
     -   ᮣ襭  ஭        ⠭
쬥 ଠ;
     - ᤥ ᯮ  ᠬ  ᮢ襭 ( ᪫祭
ᤥ,   ॡ ਠ쭠 ଠ,   ⠪ ᤥ
  ᮡ ⮩ 쬥      -
_____________________________
1.   業஢ ⤥   ⥫쭮:  -
   ত ⠭  ࠢ⥫⢠    14.12.94 //  .
   1995. N1 .69.

                                - 12 -

⢨⥫쭮;
     - ᤥ ᮢ蠥  ᯮ  쬥    
 ᮣ襭 ஭  ⭮ ଥ ᯮ (.159 ).
     ⠫ ᤥ ᮢ  쬥 ଥ.  쬥
ଠ 뢠 ⮩  ਠ쭮. 쬥 ᤥ ᮢ蠥-
 ⥬ ⠢ 㬥, ।饣 ᮤঠ ᤥ 
ᠭ ।⢥ 殬,    ண  ᮢ-
襭,  ⥬,      ( ७).
ਠ쭠 ଠ ⫨砥  ⮩  쬥    ⥬,
  㬥 ᮢ蠥 㤮⮢⥫쭠  ᮬ
 㣨  殬, 騬 ࠢ ᮢ ⠪ -
ਠ쭮 ⢨.   ᮢ  ⮫쪮 ⠢-
  㬥,   ⥬  㬥⠬ ।⢮
⮢, ⥫⠩     裡.   祫  
ࠪ⨪ ਬ ࠧ ᮢ६ ᯮᮡ  䠪ᨬ쭮
ந    । 堭᪮  
஢ ஭-஢     ᮡ⢥-
筮 .      ᮡ । ஦-
:  ᯮ짮 ਧ  ⨬,  ᫨    ,
 ࠢ   ᮣ襭 ஭   ⠭ -
   ᥩ  । 冷.  -
        ॡ  㦨 
᭮  ᯠਢ ᤥ.    祭    
䠪ᨬ쭮 裡  ஭ ᫥ ࠢ ᠭ 
쬥 㬥 㣮 ஭.    ஭  뢠
祭 䠪ᨬ쭮 ᮮ饭,  ࠢ  ࢮ -
.  १ ࢠ ஭  ਣ, ᠭ , 
䠪ᨬ쭮 ந ⥪ 㬥,  ᠭ -

                                - 13 -

ன ஭.   ஭  㬥,  祭    
䠪ᨬ쭮 裡,  ன ⠢  㯮祭
  ன ஭.   砥   ᯮ    
஭  㬥, 筮 ࠦ騩 ᮤঠ -
,    ஭ ⢥ত 䠪 ࠢ  -
㬥     ஭.  ஬ ⮣,  孨᪨ 
䠪ᨬ쭮 裡  ⥫쭮   ⢥ত
 祭 ᮮ饭  ᢥ   ⥫.   
祭   砨,   ஭ ࠢ-
 㬥 㣮 ஭,   ,   ࠢ  㬥-
⮢,  㯨  ᯮ, ..  㧪 ⮢, 㯫 -
.    砥 쬥 ଠ   㤥  
ᮡ  ᨫ אַ 㪠 .3 .434 .
     , 묨 ࠢ묨 ⠬  ᮣ襭 ஭ 
 ⥫쭮  ॡ  ⮩ 쬥 ଥ.
  ⭮  㬠,  ன  ⠢ -
㬥, .,  ⠭ .  ᮡ ⮩
쬥   易⥫ ᫮  ᠭ -
 㯮祭 殬. ᫨ ࠦ ᫥⢨ 䨧᪮
⪠,     ᮡ⢥筮  㬥,
   졥 㬥   㣮 ࠦ. -
 ⮣ ࠦ   ਠ쭮 㤮⮢७  㪠-
 稭,  ᨫ  ᮢ騩 ᤥ ࠦ  
 ᮡ⢥筮 (.3 .160 ).     -
,  㪮ਪ稪 -  ࠦ,  뢠騩  㬥  
졥 㣮 ,  ᠬ   ⭨ ᤥ. 
饭 楤 ᮢ襭 ᤥ   뤠  ७⥩  
祭 ௫   ⥦, 易  㤮묨 ⭮-

                                - 14 -

ﬨ,  祭 ࠦ ஢  ⥭, ᨩ,
ᮡ  ⨯,  ࠦ  .  , -
뢠饣 ⠪ ᤥ,     㤮⮢७  ⮫쪮 -
ᮬ,   ࣠樥,  ࠦ ࠡ⠥, , -
樮୮ 祡 ०,   ஬  室  -
祭 (.3 .160, .4 .185 ).
      ᤥ ਤ᪨   ᮡ   ࠦ 
ᮢ  쬥 ଥ (.161 ). ᪫祭 ⠢
ᤥ, ॡ騥 ਠ쭮 ,  ⠪ ᤥ,  -
 ᮢ ⭮.  , 㯫-த ⮢   -
 쬥 , ᪮   ਤ᪨ -
殬     砥   ࠦ  㣨 ਤ᪨
殬.  ᯮ ᤥ  ᠬ  ᮢ襭, .. -
 ⮢    죨,  ᪠   ᮢ襭 ᤥ
㯫-த  ⭮ ଥ.   ᫥ ,    ᮢ
 ⮢ 祪  쬥 ମ  㯫-த-
.  ᮤন ଠ   ᥩ ᤥ,    㬬, -
祭 㯠⥫.  ஬ ⮣  祪   ஭, -
 ᤥ.  ᮢ 祪   ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  
⢥   ⥫ ᮢ襭 ᤥ.
      ࠦ  ᮡ  㬬,  ॢ    
祬    ࠧ ⠭   ࠧ 
㤠, ⠢  㯯 ᤥ,  ॡ ⮩  -
  (.161 ).  ⥫ ⪠  ⠭
⪮ 䨪஢ 㬬,   ன ᤥ    ᮢ-
   쬥  ଥ.    ᫮  樮 
 ࠢ ⥫쭮 襭, ⠭饥 -
   ᤥ   쭮 ࠧ  㤠.  -

                                - 15 -

 ࠧ ⠭ 㤠⢥ 㬮   
஢ 樨,   㤠⢥   鸞 
䠪஢.   ⮩ 쬥   ᤥ, -
 ।  㬬,  祢 - 室
ᯥ ⮩稢 ࠦ᪨ ⭮襭   ஭,  
 ᫮ ࠦ᪨   ⥫ ॡ-
,  㣮. ᪮  뢠  ᤥ  -
 ࠧ஬    㤠,    ࠧ  筮
,  ᫥ ,  ଠ ᤥ । ,
騬    ᮢ襭.
      㯯 ⠢ ᤥ  ࠦ, 쬥
ଠ ᮢ襭  ।ᬮ७ .  ॡ -
  ᫮ ᮡ 稬  ᤥ  㬬,
ப ᤥ,     㯮ॡ  ⢨
쬥 . 襭  ⮩, , ⥫⢥,
. ᯮᮡ ᯥ祭 ᯮ 易⥫, ।⥫
  ᮢ  쬥 ଥ ᨬ  㬬
ᤥ (.331, 339, 380, 329 )  ᫮,   ⭨
 ࠦ.   ⭮襭 ਤ᪨     饥
ࠢ  쬥 ଥ ᤥ.  ᫥⢨ 襭
ॡ  易⥫쭮 쬥 ଥ ⠭  ,    
 ᯮ  ⮬, 뫠  ᤥ ४ ॡ -
 ᮢ襭 ⭮,  ஭,  ⢥ত,   䠪 
,   ⢥ত   ࠢ ᯮ짮 ࠭祭
 ⥫.      ।ᬮ७ 
() ।⢠  뢠 (᭥ ஭,  쬥  -
⢥ ⥫⢠),  ஬ ᢨ⥫᪨ . -
ਠ쭠 ଠ ॡ  ᮢ襭 ᤥ,  אַ ।ᬮ-

                                - 16 -

७ ,  ⠪ ᮣ襭 ஭,     
ᤥ    ଠ   ॡ (.163 ).
     ਠ쭠 ଠ  ⫨砥    ⮩ 쬥 
⮫쪮 ⥬,   ᯥ樠쭮 㯮祭 ⭮  - -
 ᮢ蠥    쬥 㬥 㤮⮢⥫ -
.  ,  ।ᬮ७ ⥫묨 ⠬ ᨨ,
㤮⮢⥫  ࠢ ᮢ    -
:  ᪨ ⥩,   ..
     ਠ쭠 ଠ 筮 ।ᬠਢ    ᤥ,  
⮮  ஭ 室 䨪஢ -
 ।,  ⠪,  ਬ,   頭,  ७, -
-த  魮 .  ⮮ ᤥ ॡ 㤠-
⢥ ॣ樨.  易⥫쭮 㤠⢥  ॣ樨
।ᬮ७  ᤥ    㣨  ⢮.
  ࠢ ᬠਢ ॣ ᤥ    
  ᮢ襭 ᤥ,     510.  
.158 אַ ।ᬠਢ,  ᤥ ᮢ  ⭮ 
쬥 ଥ (⮩  ਠ쭮),  㯮 祣 
⠪ ଥ,  ॣ.
     ⥫쭮  ᭮ ᬠਢ ॣ ᤥ
   .
      ,    㤠⢥  ॣ ᤥ ᫥
ᬠਢ  ॡ   ᮢ蠥 ᤥ.
     冷 㤠⢥ ॣ樨 ।ᬮ७  " 

_____________________________
1. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ  ।. ..ࣥ, ..⮣.


                                - 17 -

ॣ樨 ࠢ   ⢮  ᤥ  ."51
     ࠫ  "  㤠⢥  ॣ樨  ࠢ  
 ⢮   ᤥ  "  21  1997  -
  鸞 ⥫ 㤠⢥    ࠪ-
᪨  ꥪ⮢ ࠦ᪮ .   祬   ஡-
?   ᫥ ६  㤠⢮  﫮  ᪫⥫
ᮡ⢥  饣  設⢠ ꥪ⮢  -
,   ,    ஥.   
।⠢﫨    ४뢠  ꥪ⮢  ଠ
 ଠ ⮣  ᮡ⢥.
     祬 ᮢ蠫   㤨⥫쭮  ⥬ ᯮ-
殮 ࠢ⥫⢠, , 砫쭨 ࠢ.  裡 
⨬  뫮   ࠢ   ꥪ,    ꥪ⮢ 
䨧᪮ ᫥,  ᠭ  ࠬ஢.   筮
䥪⨢ ࠡ ⥬    䨧᪮ -
 -  ࣠ ,  ᪮, . ஦ 뭮-
  ⠢   - 뢠   
⮫쪮  䨧᪨ ꥪ,   ࠢ  .
      ⬥⨫   ࠢ  .᪨,  .堭,
  ॢ⨫  䨧᪮   ਤ-
᪮.  㦤    ॢ襩  ஡  ⠭
⢥ত ࠢ  .
      ⪮ ।,   㤠⢥ ॣ -
 ⢥ ⥫⢮   ⢮ ॣ-
 ࠢ.   㯨  ᨫ,      믮.  
_____________________________
1. ࠭ ⥫⢠  N 30  28   1997  .  ਭ
. 㬮 17  1997 .

                                - 18 -

?
     ਠ쭮 㤮⮢७ ᤥ   ⠫  -
뭥 易⥫,    ,     "ࢨ筮
䨫", १  ࠭ 室   ࠢ⠭騥
㬥. 孨᪨    ꥪ⮢   ࠧ ᪮쪨
⢠,   ࠢ । ࠧ   । -
 ꥪ 樨.   । ଠ ᢨ⥫⢠  -
⢥ ॣ樨  ᨬ ࠧ ,  
 뤠.        祭 ஡,   묨
⮫㫨  .
     祢,   ᫮ ᮢ,    室 ॣ-
樨, ࠧ୮ ୮ ப ⢨ .  ⠥ 
  ,   .
     ᫥⢨ ᮡ ਠ쭮 ,   ⠪ ॡ-
  㤠⢥ ॣ樨 ⫨  ⪨ -
ࠬ, 祬  ᮡ ⮩ 쬥 . ᮡ
ਠ쭮  ᤥ,   ॡ  㤠⢥  -
樨   ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.   ࠪ⨪ ।
 砨,   ஭ ᯮ ᤥ,   ନ
 ਠ쭮.  ⢥ ਬ ਢ , ஥ ᬠ-
ਢ  檮 த᪮ 㤥:
     ࠦ .  ਫ  ᢮    ।  
 塞.  塞 ⨫   ,  ⠪  
 ᤥ ॡ ਠ쭮 ଫ  ॣ樨. -
⥫, .. ࠦ . ⪠뢠  ଫ ᤥ, -
,    㦥 ।  ࠢ  ⥯ ଫ  -
 塞.   ਧ   ᭮  ᮢ襭
ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮  ॡ 塞 (..  -

                                - 19 -

 뫠 ࠦ,    祭  ॡ㥬   ,  
襭 㤠   砥,    ᮡ ਠ
,  ᫥ 뭥ᥭ 襭 㤮 ᫥饥 ਠ쭮
㤮⮢७ ᤥ    ॡ (.3 .165 ).  筮
ࠢ ⠭   㪫  㤠⢥  ॣ-
樨.   ⮬  砥    뭮  襭  ॣ樨 ᤥ.
 ᠭ ⠪ ᤥ  ।ᬠਢ.  砥 -
 㤮  ᮢ⭮  㪫      ஭ 
ᤥ   饣 ଫ  㤠⢥ ॣ-
樨,       易   㣮 ஭
⪨, 맢 প (.4 .165).      ,
 ᠬ 䠪 뭥ᥭ 襭 㤮  ਧ ᤥ ᮢ襭-
    ॣ樨   뢠 ᭮  -
 㣮 ஭.     맢  ꥪ⨢-
묨 稭,  ९騬   ஭ ଫ ᤥ
騬 ࠧ,  ਬ, , ⢨  㦥
.
      ᮤঠ ᤥ 砥 ᮮ⢥⢨  ॡ-
 .   ⢥ 樢⨪ ॡ  -
 쬠  ப.    ॡﬨ     ⮫쪮
।ᠭ   㧪 ᫥ ᫮,   ࠢ 
ଠ⨢ ⮢.    砥     -
 ⮬ ᮤঠ ᤥ  । ॡﬨ  -
.
.
                                - 20 -

           3 ⢨⥫ ᤥ: ⨥  .

         ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.  ⨥
ࠡ⠭  ⥮ਨ ࠢ   ᫥騬 ࠧ.  ⢨-
⥫묨 ᤥ  ⢨ 䨧᪨  ਤ᪨ ,
   ࠢ   ⠭,    ४饭
ࠦ᪮ ࠢ⭮襭,     ᮧ騥    ᫥⢨
᫥⢨ ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮢ襭 ⢨ ॡ -
.
     ⢨⥫쭠 ᤥ  ᯮᮡ த  -
 ᫥⢨,   ᮮ⢥ ᫮ ஦ -
 ᫥⢨.  ᫥  ।⠢  ᮡ  ।
ᠭ樨,  맢 ⨢ࠢ ࠪ஬ ᮢ蠥 ᤥ.
      ⨥ "⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ"   饯ਧ-
.   ᪠뢠,  ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣, 
      ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ:  "᫨ ᤥ -
⢨⥫쭠,  ᤥ ,  ᫨  ᤥ , 
   ⢨⥫쭮."  ஦ ଥ   -
 ࠦ   1929   ࠡ   ..᪮
", ": " 类 ⢨, ࠢ  ⠭-
,   ४饭 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ⭮襭  ஦-
  ਤ᪨ ᫥⢨,   ⨦  ந-
  ⢨.   ⮬ 砥  ᫥   ⢨-
⥫쭮 ᤥ."  ࠧ   ⨢稢 ࠦ
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ . ..મ   "⨥ ᤥ-
  ᮢ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ."
      મ ⠢ ⠪ ⥧: ᤥ   
⢨⥫쭮, ⢨⥫      -

                                - 21 -

, ।⢮ ண ⥫ ᮢ ᤥ.  . મ
⠥,  ⪮  ᤥ  ,   ⨥
"ᤥ" 㯮ॡ  ⮫쪮  祭 ⠪  ਤ-
 ⢨,    ࠢ    ⠭,  ,
४饭 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ⭮襭  ⢨⥫쭮 ਢ 
⨬ ᫥⢨,    祭 ⢨,  ࠢ-
  ⨦ 㪠 ਤ᪨ ᫥⢨,   ᠬ
   ஦510.
      窨  ७ .  મ ᤥ    -
⢨⥫쭮. ᫨ ⢨ ࠢ   ⠭,  
 ४饭 ࠦ᪨ ࠢ⭮襭,    १ 
⨣,    ,  ࠢ쭥    ⢨-
⥫쭮 .  ᥣ ⢨⥫쭠,   -
  ⢨⥫쭮 ᫮. , ᫨  ᮢ襭  -
ﭨ 㦤,  ,   ௥訩   ᯮ,  
⮣   ᨫ.  ,   窠 ७ -
   ᮢᥬ ࠢ ⮬,    ⮩ 窥 ਤ᪨
᫥⢨ ᤥ       䠪᪨  ⠢
ᤥ.
     ,  ਤ᪨ 䠪⮬  砥    ᥡ  
䠪⮢   䠪᪨ ⠢  ਤ᪨ ᫥⢨,  -
騥  ᠬ ᤥ (䠪⮢).
      ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ ⨥ ⢨⥫쭮 -
   ᭮   ⮬,  䠪-
᪨ ⠢  ᤥ  ࠭稢    -
 । ᮤঠ.  ,  ᤥ     
_____________________________
1. 檨 .. ᪮ . - ., 1954. - 67 .

                                - 22 -

 (   ), ।   ।
.  ⮦ ,    㣮 ᮤ-
. 室  ࠧ࠭祭 䠪᪮ ⠢  ਤ-
᪨ ᫥⢨ 室  ⮬,    ᪠,  
⢨⥫쭠 ᤥ       ਤ᪨ ᫥-
⢨,    ᫥⢨:  ஭ ॣ,  -
஭ ॣ  ..
     ⥫쭮, ⢨⥫쭠  ᤥ  ਤ᪨ 䠪
.   㦭    ⭮襭 ⠪ ࠧ,
 ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ  ,   ⥫ -
⢨ ந⥪  㣨 ਤ᪨ 䠪⮢,    -
ࠢ ⢨ ஭  ᭮⥫쭮 饭. 
⮣,  ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ  ⨥  ⢨⥫쭮
  ࠢ  ⮬,     -
⢨⥫쭠 ᤥ ஦    ⥫  ਤ᪨
᫥⢨, ..  ᠬ,   ࠢ  ஭, 
 ᫥⢨   㭨⮦  졥 ᮢ-
   (.,  ᤥ,  ᮢ襭  ﭨ ⢥
㦤).
        㦥  ᮬ  ⢮ -
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ  ਤ᪮ 䠪   .   -
    ॢ  " 䠪".    ࠦ  -
ࠢ  । १,  䠪 㯨   -
訬   .    ࠧ  窨 ७
ࠢ,  ⢨⥫   .  㣮  -  -
⢨,  易  䠪⮬.    㯨,  
  㯨,   ⮬ ᫥ 砥  㤥    -
⢨⥫쭠 ᤥ.   ࠧ, 䠪 ⢮ -

                                - 23 -

⢨⥫ ᤥ  ।⠢ ᮡ  ᪮  ᫨.
  ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮  -
  ⮫쪮 ࠢ  㪠  ᮮࠦ,  
  楫쭮,  ⮬     ࠪ᪮ -
祭.       ।ᬠਢ  ⨥  ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ,     室   ⨥   
㣮.
      166   ந ࠤ樮  ⢨-
⥫ ᤥ  ᯮਬ  ⮦.  ନ -  ⮦-
   ᯮਬ  ᤥ -   ਧ 㤠筮.  
ਤ᪮  뫮 饭    ᮨਬ
⥣਩ ⮦  ᯮਬ. ᯮਬ 㪠뢠  -
室 ᮢ襭 ⢨  ⮣,  ⮡ ࠭ ਤ-
᪨ ᫥⢨ ᤥ,   ⮦ 㪠뢠  १,
騩  ᤥ (୥ -  ⢨ १). ஬
⮣, ⨢⠢  ᯮਬ  ⮦ ᤥ  殮
 ⥬,   ᯮਬ ᤥ  १ ᯠਢ  ⠭
⮦. ᯮਬ ।⠢ ᮡ   ᫥ -
⮦  ⭮ ᨫ.
     ନ "⮦"   室騬,    
⮬,     ,    砥  砥-
 祣,   ⮦ ᤥ    ਤ-
 ᫥⢨.  ⢨⥫쭮  ⮦ ᤥ -
,   ᤥ   ⠭,   ,   ४⨫ ⮣
ࠢ⭮襭,      ,  砢訥  ᤥ.
⮦ ᤥ  ஦  ਤ᪨ ᫥⢨,  -
 ᢮⢥ ᤥ  த.    㣨 ਤ-
᪨ ᫥⢨    ⮦ ᤥ   (.,

                                - 24 -

易 ஭, 稢襩 -  㣮 ஭  -
 ⮦  ᤥ,  । 祭  室 㤠-
⢠).    ᫥⢨,    ஭;  ᤥ 
묥 ⮣ ⢨,  ᢮⢥ ᤥ  ⨯.
      ࠧ,  ⮩ ஭ ନ "⮦ ᤥ" -
뢠  ⥫쭮  ᫮.
     ⨢⠢ ⮦ ᤥ ᯮਬ ᤥ  -
  ਭ樯쭮 ᭮: ᫨ ᯠਢ ⢫,
 ਢ  "⮦" ᤥ,   ⮬    ᯠ-
ਢ,   饬 ࠢ,   ᮢ襭 ᤥ, .. 
⭮ ᨫ. ⥫쭮,  筮 १  -
⮦  ᯮਬ ᤥ ࠧ ; ࠧ稥 ᢮  ⮬,
   砥   ᨬ  쥩- ,
 ᢮ 樠⨢,      ᢥ 諮 ⥫-
, 㦠饥 稭 ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,   㣮 - -
室  ᮢ ஭.
      ᮮ⢥⢨  ନ  ࠦ᪮    
। ⢨⥫  ᤥ  ஢  ࠧ࠭祭 ᤥ 
᮫⭮ ⢨⥫,  .. ⢨⥫  ᨫ ,
 ⭮⥫쭮  ⢨⥫,    ⠭ ⢨-
⥫묨  ᨫ ਧ 㤠  ᯥ樠쭮   -
ᮢ 510.
      ,   ⢨⥫ ᤥ  ᯮਬ 
⮦  ࠢ,  .. । 魮 ࠧ -
⥣਩ ⢨⥫ ᤥ.     ᤥ  -
⢨⥫쭠 ᠬ  ᥡ  ᠬ 砫  ᮢ襭,    -
_____________________________
1. 檨 .. . ᪮ . - ., 1954. - 88 .

                                - 25 -

   ⠪,  ⠭  ⥫⢠,  ᨫ -
     㫨஢.    㣨  ᤥ 
 ਧ ⢨⥫쭮,  ⮫쪮  ᫮ 㦤
⨢  ᯮ.  ᯮਬ  ᤥ,  ⢨⥫쭠 
ᨫ 襭 㤠  ᭮ ᪠,  ஭  묨
栬, 㪠묨  .  ,   砥 ᯮ  ⮬,   ᤥ
ᮢ襭   ﭨ  㦤    ஭,   
 ਧ ⢨⥫쭮   䥪⮢   
஭, 饩  ᥡ    㦤.   
௥襣  ⠭   .
     ⮦ ਧ ᤥ, ⢨⥫쭠  ᠬ -
  ᮢ襭 ᨬ  襭 㤠.  , ᫨  -
㦨,   ᤥ  ᮢ襭   ᮡ ਠ쭮 ,
।ᬮ७    ᤥ (.,  ७),   
ਧ  ⢨⥫쭮 室  ᠬ 䠪  ⠪.
  㭪樨 㤠  ⮫쪮  ਧ 䠪  祭
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ  ਬ  室   -
஭, ।ᬮ७   ᫥⢨.   ⮬  ᮮ⢥-
騥 ॡ  ⭮襭 ⮦ ᤥ   -
 ᮢ       ᮡ⢥  樠⨢.
, ਬ,  ࠩ 㤥 .  ᬮ७  ࠦ-
 .  ਧ ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ.
     㫠  ⠪:
       ᪠樨 ⢠,  ࠦ . -
  ७   ᢮ த⢥.  ⢨⥫쭮
 । ࠢ ᮡ⢥   ,  -
   ᮧ  室 ࠢ ᮡ⢥  㤥-
 ࣠. 室  ⮣  ਧ  ᤥ ⢨-

                                - 26 -

⥫쭮  .170 510.
      裡       ભ,   ᮣ᭮
⠭ 6/8 㬠 客 㤠     㬠  襣
ࡨࠦ 㤠     1  1996  "  ,
易  ਬ  ࢮ  ࠦ᪮    -
ᨩ᪮ 樨:  ...  㤮⢮७  ᪠  ⨢஢筮
 襭 㤠   ਧ  ᤥ  ⢨⥫쭮  
 㪠,  ᤥ  ⮦"520.
      ਤ᪮   窠  ७,    
ਧ ⮦  ᤥ  ⢨⥫묨   室
   .   ⮣,   ,   㣨 ࣠ 
, ᮯਪ  ⨬ ᤥ,  室  ⮣, 
 ⢨⥫530.
         ⥬  窠 ७,    .1
.166   ⮬,   ⮦ ᤥ   ⢨⥫쭮
ᨬ  ਧ  ⠪ 㤮,    砥, 
⠭ 䠪 ⮦     饭   -
 ࣠540.  窠 ७ ⨢ ⥬,   -
⠭ 䠪 ⮦ ᤥ  室  㪠  稥
⥫,   ᮡ ⮦ ᤥ.
_____________________________
1. 娢 ࠩ 㤠 . 1996.  N1-1639.
2. ⥭ 客 㤠 . 1996. N9 - .6.
3. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ:   ࠢ筨 / ।. .宬஢.
   ., 1996.  - .175;  ࠦ᪮ ࠢ / ।. ..⮣,
   ..ࣥ. ., 1996. - .217.
4. 룠 .   ,   ஡  ⠫  //  
    1996. N18. - .22.

                                - 27 -

     ਬ,    ⠭  䠪  ⮦  ⢮୮
ᤥ 室  ᥫ ஭  ᮢ襭 ᤥ  
楫 ਪ  ᤥ.  , ⠭饥 䠪 ⮦-
 ᤥ 業 ⥫⢠   筮 ⮣ ਬ-
  ࠢ, .. 䠪᪨ ⢫ ࠢ㤨.
      ᮣ᭮ .118 樨  ࠢ㤨   ⢫-
 ⮫쪮 㤮.51
     ।⠢,     㣠 窠 ७    ࠢ
 ⢮.  쪮   砥   ⮦-
 ᤥ,    㣨      ࠢ࠭⥫
࣠, ᮯਪ  ⮦ ᤥ,  室  ⮣,
  ⢨⥫쭠, ਬ ᮮ⢥騥 ᫥⢨.
_____________________________
1.  1 ﭢ 1997 .     㤥 ⥬. . 
   " 㤥 ⥬  ".  ਭ .  㬮   23  
   1996 . //. . 1997. 6 ﭢ.
.
                                - 28 -

     2 II.    

                   1.   ப  ꥪ

     ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ   ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ-
  ⮢.  ⮬  ⢨⥫  ᤥ    
㯯஢   ᨬ   ⮣   ⮢ 
䥪.
         楫ᮮࠧ ஢  ᫮ -
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  뤥 ⤥  ⢨⥫-
 ᤥ,    ਩ 襭 ᫮ ⢨⥫쭮.
 裡   ⨬ ᫥ 뤥 ᫥騥 ⠢ ⢨⥫-
 ᤥ:
     1) ᤥ  ப  ꥪ;
     2) ᤥ  ப ;
     3) ᤥ  ப ᮤঠ;
     4) ᤥ  ப .
        ⤥묨 ⠢ ⢨⥫ ᤥ 
㫨  ,  ᮣ᭮ ன ⢨⥫쭮 -
  ᤥ,  ᮮ⢥ ॡ   
ࠢ ⠬.  ᮮ⢥⢨   㣮 ࠢ 
ࠦ  襭 ॡ, ⠭ .
     ਢ ਬ.
     ࠦ ਮ५  ந⥫ ਠ  ⭮ 
⥫ ⮬,   ᫥⢨ ᭨,    -
⥫,    ᮡ⢥  ਠ  ᯮ廊 
ਭ騬  ⢮.  窨 ७ ࠧ ⮢
ᤥ 襭 , ᪮ ⥫ ᯮᮡ, ᤥ 뫠

                                - 29 -

ᯮ   ᮢ襭,  ᫥⥫쭮, ப   ,
 뫠  ࠦ  ⪮  ᭮,    窨 ७ ।ᠭ
 ⠪ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭠,  ⥫   ᮡ-
⢥ ਠ    㯮祭   㦤. 
ᤥ ਧ  ⢨⥫쭮   168 .
     ࠢ 饩  ਬ  ᥬ ᤥ,  -
⢥騬 ॡ    ࠢ ⮢,  -
祭  砥,      ⠭  ᯥ樠
ࠢ. ,   ᮮ⢥    ࠢ-
 ,  ⮦.  ⮣ ࠢ   ।ᬠ-
 ᪫祭.   162  ।ᬠਢ,  ᤥ,
 쬥 ଠ ன ᮡ,   饬 ࠢ,
⢨⥫쭠     ।ᬠਢ  ᫥⢨ -
襭,  :   砥 ᯮ 뫠  -
ত ᤥ   ᫮  ᢨ⥫᪨ .
        ப    ꥪ  ᫥ ࠧ  
㯯. ࢠ 易  ᯮᮡ ࠦ,   - 
ᯥ樠쭮 ࠢᯮᮡ  ਤ᪨     ᮬ 
࣠.   ᤥ,  ᮢ蠥 ࠦ  -
᪨ 栬,   ᫮  ࠪ஬  ᮢ蠥 ⢨.
    ॡ  ᯮᮡ  ,  
ᮢ饣. ᪮ ᯮᮡ ਤ᪮    ࠧ-
뢭 易   ࠢᯮᮡ,   ⠢ ⢨⥫-
 ᤥ,᭮    筮 ⢨  ᯮ-
ᮡ,     ਬ  ਤ᪨ 栬.   㣮
஭,  । 㣠 ⢨⥫ ᤥ  ப
  ꥪ  뢠,   ࠢᯮᮡ ਤ᪨
,   ⫨稥  ࠢᯮᮡ ࠦ,    饩,

                                - 30 -

 ᯥ樠쭮. ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ, ⭨  -
 ࠦ,  ᭮뢠    ,     騥
ࠢ   ᯮᮡ,     ⠪ -
,    ᪮ ⭮襭  ᮢ蠥  ⢨-
.    ⨬    㫨஢ ᫥騥 ⠢
⢨⥫ ᤥ:
     ) ᤥ, ᮢ蠥 ࠦ,  ਧ ᯮᮡ-
 (.171 ).
      ⠪ ᤥ ᯮᮡ ஭ 易,  ᯮ-
 饣  ॡ  ⢨⥫ ᤥ,  
㣮 ஭ ॠ , ᥭ  १ 祭
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.
      易   ᯮᮡ ஭  -
砥, ᫨     뫠   ᯮᮡ -
 ஭.
     ਨ,     ᭮ ⢨⥫쭮 
ᤥ,  ꥪ⨢,  ᨬ  ⭨ ᤥ  -
ࠪ:    襥 襭 㤠  ਧ ࠦ-
 ᯮᮡ    ࠭祭  ᯮᮡ.   裡 
⨬  ,   ᯮᮡ ஭     
뫠   䠪 ᯮᮡ.
     ⥫쭮, ஭  ਬ  ᤥ,
ᮢ襭 ᯮᮡ 殬, ᨬ   ᯮᮡ
஭,   ⢥  ⢥⢥  ଥ 饭 -
쭮 ࡠ -  稨  .
      ᮮ⢥⢨  .  29  ਧ ࠦ  ᯮ-
ᮡ  ⢫  㤮,  ᫨    ᫥⢨ ᪮
ன⢠    祭 ᢮ ⢨   㪮-

                                - 31 -

 . ⮦묨   ᤥ, ᮢ襭 ࠦ-
, ਧ ᯮᮡ.
     ਢ ਬ.
     ࠦ .  த ᢮ 設 ࠦ . १ -
஥ ६   ⨫  ࠦ .  ᪮  ਧ
㯫- த 設 ⢨⥫쭮.   㤮⢮ਫ ᪮
 ࠦ .,  ⠪  ᭨,   ࠦ . 
 ᮢ襭 ᤥ  ਧ ᯮᮡ,     
  㭮.  ஬ ⮣,  易 ࠦ . -
 ᯮᮡ ஭ ᥭ ,  ..  ࠦ
.   ⮬,  ࠦ .  ᯮᮡ.
        砥 ਬ ࠢ .171 ,  .. ᤥ
뫠 ᮢ襭 殬,  ਧ 㤮 ᯮᮡ.  .2  .
171 ।ᬠਢ,   ᤥ ᮢ襭 ᯮᮡ 殬
  ਧ 㤮 ⢨⥫쭮,  ᫨   १  
ᮢ襭   ࠦ 稫 룮.  , ࠢ -
 ⠪ 襭   ᭮ ᮮ⢥饣 ॡ
㭠  ᯮᮡ ࠦ   ॡ  -
ᮢ ,   ࠢ ।  ᪨    ਬ
᫥⢨ ⮦ ᤥ.  룮   ⮫쪮 -
 - ⥫ ⢥    ᯮᮡ
殬,   , 祭 ࠧ । ਠ ,
ᯮᮡ 㤮⢮ 㦤 ⮣ ࠦ.
     ) ᤥ, ᮢ襭 ᮢ襭⭨,  ⨣訬 14
,  ⮦묨.  ⭨    6   14  
ࠢ ᮢ  ⮢ ᤥ,  ᤥ,  ࠢ 
祭  룮,   ॡ騥 ਠ쭮 㤮-
⮢७,  㤠⢥ ॣ樨, ᤥ  ᯮ殮-

                                - 32 -

 ।⢠,  ।⠢묨 묨 ।⠢⥫ﬨ  
ᮣ ᫥ 쨬 殬  । 楫.  -
 ᤥ  ᮢ襭⭨  14 ,  ⠪  ᤥ 
⭨,   ⨣ 6 ,  ᮢ ⮫쪮  -
 ।⠢⥫.  ,  ᮢ襭 ⭨,    
ਧ 㤮 ⢨⥫쭮  ॡ  த⥫, -
⥫  㭠, ᫨ ᤥ ᮢ襭  룮 ᮢ襭-
⭥.
     ਬ஬  㦨 ,  ஥ ᬠਢ  ࠩ-
㤥 .510.
      檨  ⨫ ࠦ .  ᪮  ਧ -
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  ᮢ襭 ᮢ襭⭨  ⨣-
訬  14  .  12-⭨    ( ) த ᢮ ᨯ
"묯" 18-⭥ ࣥ.  ᫥ ⢥ত,    ᨯ
    ਮ⥭  ⨨ 襣   20-⨫⭥
ᠭ.  ந  祭 ⢨⥫쭮-
 ᤥ  .  172  室  ᠬ 䠪 祭 ᤥ
ᮢ襭⭨,   ⨣訬 14 .   ⠪ 易 ஭
    祭.
     )ᤥ, ᮢ襭  ᮢ襭⭨   
14 .    ࠭  ᫥騥 砨:
     )  ᤥ ᮢ襭⭥    14  18 ,
饣  ᯮᮡ  砥 㯫    ࠪ.
(.21)  ᨯ樥 (.28 )
     )    ᤥ,   ᮢ襭⭨  
 14  18   ᮢ ᠬ⥫쭮  ᮮ⢥⢨  
___________________________
     1 娢 檮 த᪮ 㤠 . 1996.  N2-138

                                - 33 -

.26 .
     , ᮢ蠥 ᮢ襭⭨    14  
18   ᯮਬ묨.  ᭮ ਧ ᤥ,  ᮢ-
襭 ᮢ襭⭨,  ⢨⥫쭮 , ⢨
쬥 ᮣ  ।⠢⥫   ᮢ襭.
     .176  ।ᬠਢ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  ᮢ-
襭묨 栬,  ࠭祭묨 㤮  ᯮᮡ.   
   稨  ६    ᫮:
㯮ॡ ᯨ묨 ⪠  મ᪨ ।⢠
  १ ⮣ ᥬ 뢠  殮 ਠ쭮 -
.
     ࠭祭 ᯮᮡ ࠢ ᮢ ⮫쪮   -
⮢ ᤥ.  㣨 ᤥ,  ⠪  ࠡ⮪,
   室  ᯮ裂    ⮫쪮  ᮣ-
 祭  ⥫.
      "ᯮ殮" ᫥  ᤥ, ࠢ 
। ⢠  㣨 ࠦ,   騬 童 ᥬ
 ਤ᪨ 殬.
     ⢨ ⮩   ࠭  ᤥ,  -
 ࠦ, ࠭祭  ᯮᮡ, 砥 -
⢮  ।⠢  ᢮. ଠ ᮣ ⥫
  ᮢ襭 ᤥ,  ࠭祭 ᯮᮡ  ᮮ⢥-
⢮ ଥ,  ⠭   ᮢ蠥 ᤥ. 
  ਧ  ⠪  ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮   ⮫쪮
⥫.  ,  ᮢ蠥 ࠭祭 ᯮᮡ  殬
 ᯮਬ.
      ।ᬮ७    ⠢ ⢨⥫ ᤥ
ਤ᪨ :ᤥ 室騥  । ᯥ樠쭮 ࠢᯮ-

                                - 34 -

ᮡ ਤ᪮  (.173 ),   ᤥ, ᢥ襭 -
 ਤ᪮   ॢ襭  稩 (.174 ).
  173 뤥   室 ਤ᪮   -
  ࠢᯮᮡ:
     ) ᤥ,   ᮢ襭 ਤ᪨ 殬  ।
 ᯥ樠쭮 ࠢᯮᮡ;
     ) ᤥ,  ᮢ襭  ਤ᪨  栬,    騬
業  ⨥ ᮮ⢥饩 ⥫쭮.
      砩      ⮣,   楫 ⥫쭮
ਤ᪮  । ࠭祭    ⠢   -
 ।⥫ 㬥.    ⮫쪮 ਤ-
 ,     ᮮ⢥⢨  .49  饩 -
ᯮᮡ, ..  ᪨ ࣠樨.  ᪫祭
㭨 ।⨩     ࣠権,  ।ᬮ७
. ⥫쭮,    宧⢥ ⮢⢠ 
⢠,    ᢮ ।⥫ 㬥 ।-
 ࠭祭, 騥  ᮢ । ᤥ
( .,  ᤥ  থ  .).
      ஬  砥  ਤ᪮  ⠥  騬 -
業  ⨥ ᮮ⢥饩 ⥫쭮, ᫨:
     ) 業  祭 ;
     ) ⮧ ࣠,  뤠訬;
     ) 稫 ப  ⢨.
      砥,    ᮢ襭 ᤥ 業  ਤ-
᪮   뫮,   뫠 祭   ᬮ७
ᯮ 㤮, ᤥ ,   ਧ ⢨⥫-
.
     ࠢ   ࠭  -    -

                                - 35 -

஭ ᤥ  (),        
ਤ᪨ 栬, ⠪   ਤ᪨ 殬  ࠦ.
, ᮢ襭 ਤ᪨ 殬,  室騬  । -
ᯮᮡ, ⭮   ᯮਬ.   ਧ ⠪
ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮  ਬ  ᫥⢨    ⢨-
⥫쭮  । ᠬ ਤ᪮ ,   ।⥫
(⭨)  㤠⢥ ࣠, ⢫騩 ஫ 
  ⥫쭮 ਤ᪮ .
     ᭮  ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮,   
ᮢ襭  ⨢稥  楫ﬨ  楫ﬨ ⥫쭮, ।-
 ࠭祭묨  ।⥫ 㬥,   業
 ⨥ । ⥫쭮,   䠪-
,   ࠣ        -
 ᤥ.  䠪  뢠 , ।襥 .
      .173         ਧ ⢨⥫묨 ᤥ-
, ᮢ襭  ᯥ樠쭮  ࠧ襭  (業)  ⮫쪮
ਤ᪮       ࠢ  :"
졠 ᤥ,   ᮢ襭  業 ࠦ-।-
ਭ⥫?"   ,   ᤥ ࠦ-।ਭ⥫,
ᮢ襭  業, ⮦  ਧ ⢨⥫-
묨  .173 .
      뢮     .3 .  23 ,  -
  ⮬,    ।ਭ⥫᪮ ⥫쭮 ࠦ,  -
⢫塞   ࠧ  ਤ᪮  ,  ᮮ⢥⢥
ਬ ࠢ  饣 ,   ॣ㫨 -
⥫쭮 ਤ᪨ ,   ᪨ ࣠-
, ᫨   ⥪  ,   ࠢ ⮢  -
⢠ ࠢ⭮襭.  .. .3 .23  ।ᬠਢ -

                                - 36 -

 ࠭  ࠦ-।ਭ⥫ ࠢ ,  -
㫨 ⥫쭮 ᪨ ࣠権.
      ਤ᪮   窠 ७  ⮬,  ᤥ
ࠦ-।ਭ⥫, ᮢ襭  業  ਧ-
 ⢨⥫묨  .168,  ᤥ, ᮮ⢥-
騥    ࠢ ⠬.   㬥-
 ⥬,   -,  ࠦ   饩  ࠢᯮᮡ-
 ,  -,   ⢠ ࠢ⭮襭 ⥪ -
 ਬ .3 .23 .510  ⠪ 襭 ஡ 
  ᮣ,  ..  ᮮ⢥⢨  .49  -
 ࣠樨  饩 ࠢᯮᮡ (    ࠦ-
-।ਭ⥫)  ,  㬠,   ⢠ ࠢ⭮襭
⥪  ਬ .3 .23 .
      ࠧ,   ᤥ 뢮   ⮬,      ࠦ-
-।ਭ⥫,  ⢫騬  ⥫쭮   業
  ਬ .173  .
        ᯮਬ ᤥ  ⭮  ᤥ  ᮢ襭
殬,  ண ࠭祭 (.174).
       뤥  ᭮ ਧ ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ, ᮢ襭  ॢ襭 稩:
     1. ॢ襭 ࠦ 稩,  ।ᬮ७ -
஬,  ࣠ ਤ᪮  - 稩, । 
।⥫묨 㬥⠬.
     2. 祢  㣮 ஭ 䠪 襭 -
稩,  ..   ७,   ⠭,  ன -
_______________________________
     1 . ࠦ᪮ ࠢ /  ।. .. ⮣, ..ࣥ-
. - -, 1996. - .234.

                                - 37 -

蠥 ᤥ,  ᭮ ᫥,   ᮢ蠥 ࠢ-
祭 殬.
     3.  䠪,  㣠 ஭   
 뫠   ࠭祭 稩, ।ᬮ७ -
஬  ।⥫묨 㬥⠬ ਤ᪮ .
       ஡ ⠭  ᤥ, ᮢ蠥 ਤ-
᪨ 栬  ॢ襭 稩,  ..   ।-
 ஡.
      ⭮,  ᮮ⢥⢨  .3 . 53  ਤ᪨ -
 ਮ ࠦ᪨ ࠢ  ਭ  ᥡ  ࠦ᪨
易, १ ᢮ ࣠,  騥  ᮮ⢥⢨  -
  묨 ࠢ묨 ⠬  ।⥫묨 㬥⠬. ,
ਬ,   樮୮ ⢠ ⠪ ࣠  -
ࠫ ४,    .2 .69 ࠫ쭮 -
 " 樮 ⢠"510    ⢠  
७,  ..  ᮢ ࠦ᪮-ࠢ ᤥ.  
    ᮢ襭  ᭮ ᠬ⥫쭮 襭
४,    ᪫⥫쭮 ᫥ 襭  饣  ᮡ࠭
樮஢  ᮢ ४஢.  ᫥⢨ ᤥ, ᮢ襭-
  ॢ襭 ४஬ 稩 (.. ᤥ,  ᭮-
  室  ⭮  襭 ᮢ ४-
஢  饣 ᮡ࠭ 樮஢)   ᭮ 
ਧ  ⢨⥫쭮  㤥 浪.
       ᭮  ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫-
     ⮣,  ॢ襭  ४஬   ᮢ襭
______________________
     51 0⠭ १㬠        26   1996  .
N 7435/95/ ⭨ . 1996. - N 7. - .35.

                                - 38 -

, ।   묨 ࠢ ⮬  ⮫-
 ⠢ ⢠.   ॢ襭 稩,  । 
   ࠢ ⮬ (.,  ᤥ  㦤  -
⢠ ⢠ ⮨  25%   ⨢,   ᭮
 襭   ᫥饬  ७ 襭   -
  ࠢ  ⢠  ᮮ⢥⢨  .79  " 樮-
 ⢠"),   ᤥ   ਧ  ⮦  
.168 .  ᫨  ४஬ ᮢ襭 ᤥ  । -
稩,  ⠭ ,   ⮬ ॢ襭 -
,  । ⠢ ⢠ (.,  ந諮 㦤
⢠ ⮨ 20% ⨢  ᮮ⢥饣 襭 -
 ४஢, ⮣  ⠢ ⢠ ॡ ⠪ ࠧ-
),  ᤥ,  ᯮਬ,   ਧ 㤮
⢨⥫쭮  ᭮ . 174 .
      㪠뢠 ,    ᭮ ਧ  ᤥ,
ᮢ襭  ॢ襭 稩,    䠪-
,  㣠 ஭      뫠    
࠭祭 稩,  ।ᬮ७  ஬   ।-
⥫묨 㬥⠬ ਤ᪮ .    ᭮ -
-ࡨࠦ ࠪ⨪  㫨஢ 室   -
뢠 ⭮ ⢥稪  ।⥫ 㬥⮢510.
     ᬮॢ ਠ    ᯮ   ""   "Z"
१㬮 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠 ⠭ ᫥饥: -
    "Z"   "" 26.08.94 .  祭   -
⢠ ⢠  ᯥ祭  ।,  뤠 
__________________________
     1.⠭ १㬠     26    1996  .
N7435/ 95 . ⭨ . 1996. N7..35.

                                - 39 -

1.9
"Q". ।⮬  﫮 .     ஭
⥫ ᠭ ।ᥤ⥫ ࠢ  "", -
騬,   㪠  ,  ᭮ ⠢.  ࠧ,
  १㬠  ,   ⮩  ᫥,   㣠
஭,   ᤥ,  뫠   ⥪⮬
⠢ ⢠, ⮡ ᭨    ।ᥤ⥫ ࠢ-
   祭    -
.   ⥬,    ⠢  "" ।ᥤ⥫ ࠢ-
   ﬨ ᮢ ⠪ ᤥ.  ⮬ -
   ᤥ 뢮,    ᭮ .174    
  ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.
      ࠧ,  訩 ࡨࠦ   ।,  -
    ⮬,  ४   ᭮ ⠢
筠  ⮣,  ⮡ ,  ஭  ᤥ 
뫠   । 稩 ࣠ ਤ᪮ , -
  ⠢.   ⮬  䠪᪨ ᢮
 室 뢠 ⭮  ⠢ ⢥稪.
      ਧ,    室  ⥫쭮  ⥯
㦥砥 ॡ  ⭨ ࠦ᪮   ᮢ-
襭  ᤥ.
     ⢨⥫쭮, ᬮ⥫쭠  ஭      ⥯
   ⮫쪮  ⠭  稩  ,
।⠢饣  ஭,     ⠢ -
ࠣ. ᮡ ⮣ ॡ     ਢ  
ਧ  ⢨⥫  ᮮ⢥騬 ⪠.  
᪮  ਧ ᤥ,  ᮢ襭 殬,  ண
࠭祭, ࠢ  ,   ண ⠭-
 ࠭祭.᫥⢨ ਧ ⠪  ᤥ  ⢨-
⥫쭮  ஭ .
.
                                - 40 -

              2.       ப  
1.9
     ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ ᫥⢨ ப  ᤥ -
  ⮣,  ଠ   ᮣ襭 ஭  -
襭  ⮩    ᤥ ⠭.  ⢥,   
 ।⠢ ᮡ ⭮  ᤥ.  -
뢠 ⢨⥫쭮 ⮫쪮  쬥 ମ ᤥ.  -
ᮡ  ⮩  쬥     ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ ⮫쪮  ,  ᯥ樠쭮 㪠     (.339
)     ᮣ襭 ஭.  ᮡ  ॡ㥬 
ਠ쭮 ,   ⠪ 㤠⢥  ॣ樨  ᤥ
ᥣ    ⢨⥫쭮.   ᤥ  -
⮦.     砥  ।ᬮ७  
  ⢨⥫쭮  㪠  ᤥ  (.2 .165 ).
ਬ⥫쭮  襭 ॡ  ଥ    -
,    ᤥ       -
⢨⥫쭮 ᯮ (ࠡ 믮),   ஭, ᯮ-
 ᤥ, 頥    ⮩ ᢮ ᮢ.  
砥   㤮⢮ ,  ਧ ᤥ  ⢨⥫-
.   襭 ᢮ ஭  ਠ쭮 㤮⮢-
७ ᤥ.
      ⭮襭 ᤥ,      ஭ 㪫  
㤠⢥ ॣ樨 襭 㤠 ᮧ 易 -
 ॣ ᮮ⢥饬 ࣠,    ᫮, 
ᤥ ᮢ襭  饩 ଥ.
       ਧ ⢨⥫쭮 ७   
ᤥ  뭥ᥭ 襭, 뢠饣 ॣ஢ ᤥ-
,  ஭, ᭮ 㪫  ਠ쭮 㤮-
⮢७  㤠⢥ ॣ樨,     
易  稭 㣮 ஭ ⪨.
.
                                - 41 -

                      3.   ப 
2
       ப   ࠧ  ᤥ,  ᮢ-
襭  ७   ᮢ襭 ᤥ,  ᤥ  -
  ७   ନ஢ ࠢ쭮.   ७
 ᮢ ᤥ  ﭨ ᨫ, ஧, ७-
  ᮣ襭  ।⠢⥫    ஭  㣮 ஭
( 179 ),  ⠪  ࠦ,  ᯮᮡ  -
祭  ᢮  ⢨    㪮  ( 177 ),   ⠪
ᤥ, ᮢ襭  ﭨ 㦤 ( 178 ).
      177  ।ᬠਢ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ, -
襭 ࠦ,    ᯮᮡ,  室騬  -
 ᮢ襭 ᤥ  ⠪ ﭨ,      ᯮ-
  祭  ᢮ ⢨  㪮 .
     ᯮᮡ   祭  ᢮ ⢨  㪮-
      ,   ᤥ ⠥ -
襭.  ⮬   祭 ⭠ 稭, ன
맢 ᯮᮡ  祭 ᢮ ⢨   㪮-
 .     મ⨪,  ࢭ ᥭ, -
쭮 ﭥ, ࠢ, .     ਧ -
⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ,  ᮢ襭 ࠦ ᯮᮡ 
祭 ᢮ ⢨  㪮 ,   । ᠬ
 ࠦ,    ࠢ,  ࠭塞  -
 襭  १  ᮢ襭.
     , ࠦ . 뤠 ७ ࠦ .  த-
    㯪   ᥫ᪮ ⭮.  . ᯮ
祭,   ஥ ६, . ⨫    -
  ਧ ⢨⥫   祭, ⠪ 
  த    㯪    ᥫ᪮ -

                                - 42 -

.   㤮⢮ਫ ᪮ ॡ .  ਧ -
祭 ஢ ⢨⥫묨,  .. ஢   -
-樭᪠ ᯥ⨧  祭,    .    
ଫ  祭,   ᨫ ᢮ ﭨ,  -
 祭 ᢮ ⢨510.
     . 2 .177 ।ᬠਢ,   ᤥ ᮢ襭 ࠦ-
 ᫥⢨ ਧ ᯮᮡ,   ਧ
㤮 ⢨⥫쭮    㭠,  ᫨ ,  
 ᮢ襭 ᤥ ࠦ   ᯮᮡ   -
祭 ᢮ ⢨  㪮 . ⮬   -
,  ᭮ ⢨⥫쭮   祭 -
㭠.  ⫨稥  ᤥ , ਧ ᯮᮡ묨 ᫥-
⢨ 襢   ᫠㬨,  ᤥ ࠦ   -
ᮡ,    室    ᮢ襭  ⠪ -
,       祭 ᢮ ⢨,  -
 ⮦묨,  ..⢨⥫묨,     ᯮ७ 
㤥.  ᫥⢨ ᮢ襭 ⠪ ᤥ  ஭
.஬ ⮣, ஭  ᤥ 易  ᮮ-
饩 ஭ ॠ , ᫨ 㤥 ,  -
஭    뫠   ᯮᮡ 㣮 -
  宦   ⠪ ﭨ,      -
 祭 ᢮ ⢨  㪮 .
      178 ।ᬠਢ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ, ᮢ-
襭  ﭨ 㦤.
     ⢨⥫쭮 ⠪ ᤥ ᭮뢠  ⮬,  -
ࠦ       ⭨ ࠢ쭮 ᫮ ᫥⢨
___________________________
     1 娢 த᪮ 㤠 .. 1996 .  N 1-67.

                                - 43 -

㦤,   ⮬ ᤥ    ࠢ  ᫥⢨
  ,   ,     ⢨⥫쭮  .
   ப ᠬ ,    ନ஢,  ७
ꥪ,    ᮣᮢ,   ப ࠦ .   
㬠,     ᮣ  뢮 檮 ..  ⮬,
  㦤    ப ,  .. "... 
   ᮮ⢥  ,   ᠬ -
,  ᠬ ७ 襭 ᪫뢠  ﭨ 訡筮
।⠢"510.
     㦤  ᭮ ਧ  ⢨⥫묨
ᤥ    ࠦ,  ⠪  ਤ᪨ .   ਤ᪮
祭   类 㦤,   ⮫쪮 ⢥. 
⠪    㦤 ⭮⥫쭮 த ᤥ 
⮦⢮  ⠪   ।,  ⥫쭮 ᭨-
     ᯮ짮  祭.  ⢥
㦤    ⮢ ᤥ. ᫥⢨
⠪  㦤   ࠭ ,    ࠭
易  㦤襩 ஭    ⥫묨  ⠬.
㦤   த ᤥ,  ਬ,   -
㦤訩 ।,   砥  㯫-த,
  ⢨⥫쭮 祭  .  㦤  ⮦-
⢥ ᫥  㦤  ⮦⢥ ⢥ ᫮-
  ᮣ襭,      ஭ ᤥ   
ਧ ⢨⥫쭮, 襩520.

______________________
     1 檨 .. . ᪮ . .,1954..103.
     2  ..   . 蠭, 1983. .212.

                                - 44 -

     ࠢ쭮 ।⠢     ,  ਬ,  
।⨥ ਮ⠥ 樭     -
⢮ 樭,  ᫥⢨ 祣   㤥 ᯫ஢
⥫쭮  ⪮ ६,  祬  뢠  㯠⥫510.
  訡  ⥫ 宦  ।⠢塞묨
 ⢨⥫묨 ᫥⢨ﬨ ᤥ   㦨 ᭮-
 ⢨⥫쭮.
      襭     ⢥ 㦤  
⥫, 㪠  .178,  室  ⢥-
   ⥫⢠   ⭮   ⮬ ᮡ-
  ,  ﭨ  ஢,  祭  ᯠਢ
ᤥ  ..,   ᫨ ⠪ ᮡ⥩  -  । ।-
⠢, ᫮ ⭮⥫쭮 ᮮ⢥ ⥫.
  ᮡ ભ,  㦤  ⨢ ᤥ  
⢥ 祭.  ⨢ ᤥ -   ⥫⢠, 
   ᮢ蠥  ᤥ.   㦤  ⨢ ⢨-
⥫쭮  ᬠਢ  ᭮  ᯠਢ ᤥ,
 뢠   ⮩稢 ࠦ᪮   ९⢮-
 室  ᮢ 㣮 ஭,  뫠 
⠢  ᨬ  ⮣,   ࠢ , -
७   ⭨ ᤥ. 㦤  ⨢  
 ࠢ 祭  ⮬,  ⨢   ᤥ.
      㤥 ࠪ⨪     ਧ ᤥ-
 ⢨⥫쭮  .178 . ਢ ਬ520.
___________________________
     1 ⠭ १㬠    3 䥢ࠫ 1996.  (-
       祭) // ⭨  . - 1996. - N10. - .71.
     2 娢 த᪮ 㤠 . .1997.  N2-11.

                                - 45 -

     ࠦ . ⨫  ᪮     ਧ  
७  ⢨⥫.      㪠,    
㣮ਫ     ਠ      "    
ன".       㦤,..  .  ⥫  ᤥ
頭   뭮.  ਠ쭮     祣  
ࠧ᭨,        ࠬ⭮  ⠢      ᢮
. 䠪 諨 ⢥ত,    ਧ  
⢨⥫  .178 .
       㦤 室 ⫨  ,  -
  ⠪  ᭮ ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫.
㦤   ⮣,  ⭨ ᤥ  ᢮
   㣮 ⭨ ⠢ ᥡ ࠢ쭮 
 ⠥   ⭮⥫쭮    ⥫,
   ⢥ 祭,     ﭨ ᮢ-
蠥 ᤥ,    ᮢ訫, ᫨   㦤.  
⮬ 砥, ᫨ ⭨ ᤥ ,  㣮 ⭨ -
   ﭨ 㦤,    ᮮ頥   ⨭
 饩  ᢮ ,  ᤥ 㤥  ᮢ-
襭  ﭨ .   ࠧ,    㦤-
-  諥  ⢨    ⢨ ⭨ ᤥ.
, ᮢ襭  ﭨ 㦤, ᯮਬ.  ᪮ 
    ਧ ⠪ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮 ࠢ 
஭,  㦤.  ᫥⢨  ⠪-த  ᤥ
㦨  ஭ .  ᫨  㤥   -
稪  㦤 (ਬ,  砩,  த  ᮮ-
騫  㯠⥫   ⢥ 祭 ᢮⢠ ਮ-
⠥ ,   த 㦤),  ࠢ ॡ
 ⢥稪 饭 稭  ॠ쭮 ࡠ.᫨ 

                                - 46 -

  㤠 ⠭, (.2..178) ⠥ 室 -
  ⢥稪.  ⢥⢥ ਧ ᤥ -
⢨⥫쭮,      易  ⢥-
稪 稭 ॠ ,   砥,  㦤
  騬   ⥫⢠.  .179  -
ᬠਢ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  ᮢ襭  ﭨ
,  ᨫ, ஧, ७ ᮣ襭 ।⠢⥫
 ஭  㣮   ⥫.
      ᤥ      ,    
ꥤ    :
     1) ௥ ஭  設⢥  ᤥ 襭 -
 ᢮  ࠧ ᢮   ⢮  ᢮ -
,  ⨢ ᭮ 砫  ࠦ᪮  -
⥫⢠,  ᮮ⢥⢨   ࠦ᪨ ࠢ ਮ-
 ⢫ ࠦ  ਤ᪨ 栬 ᢮   
 ᢮ .
     2)  ௥襣    ᮮ⢥    ,
..   ⥫⢠ ᤥ ᮢ襭  뫠    
 ᮢ襭  㣨 ᫮.
     ࠢ .179 ਬ  ࠦ,  ⠪   ਤ-
 栬. ஬ ⮣, ᫥ ⬥,  , ஧, -
    室  ⮫쪮  ஭ ᤥ,     㣨
,     .  祭 ᤥ  -
      襭  ௥襣  ࠢ쭮
।⠢, ஥ ᪫砥  饣 ନ-
   ꥪ.   ﭨ  ᪫뢠 訡筮
७,  ਭ ࠢ쭮 襭,  ப -
, ਢ騩  訡筮 .   ⭮-

                                - 47 -

    ᤥ,   ⮬ ᫥   ⨢  -
.  室 ⮡  ﭨ 뫮 ⢥  ନ-
஢ .
     ਢ ਬ ᤥ, 񭭮  ﭨ 510.
       (.  ᬮ ⠭      2    1996.
N94/96) ⬥ 襭 㤠 饩 ⠭樨    
᪮ 쭨  ᪠   ᠭ権    
 來 ࠡ  ࠢ    ᬮ७. -
 ⬥ 㦨 䠪 ⮣,   㤮 150  ⠭樨  
뫠  業  ।⠢⥫   祭 -
  ﭨ   ஧,  ᭮ ண ᪨-
 ᠭ樨,   裡  祬 ᤥ   ਧ -
⢨⥫쭮  ᭮ . 179 .
      㪠뢠  ,      ᮥ  
⥫⢮,   : 諥, ७ ᮧ 
।⠢  ࠣ  諥,  ७ ᯮ짮-
 㦥 饣    ।⠢  楫  -
   ᮢ襭 ᤥ,       ᮢ訫
.    ࠦ   ଥ ⢨,  ⠪    ଥ
⢨.
     ᨫ ⮦ ।⠢ ᮡ ।⢥ ⢨
 .   ᨫ  稭 ⭨ ᤥ
 栬  ,  䨧᪨  襢 ࠤ  楫
ਭ㤨  ᮢ襭 ᤥ.
     ᨫ  ࠦ   ⢨,   -
易⥫쭮  㣮-㥬.     室 -
________________________
     1   . - 1998.

                                - 48 -

  ஭  ᤥ,   ⭨ ᤥ   
ਬ񭭮 ᨫ   ᮧ⥫쭮  ᯮ짮  -
㦤  ᮢ襭 ᤥ.
     ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ,  ᮢ襭  -
ﭨ ஧.
     ஧ -  ᪮  ⢨     ।⢮
  稭      䨧᪮    -
ࠫ쭮 ।,  ᫨   ᮢ ᤥ.  ஧ 
  娪 ꥪ.   ⢨ ந室   ⮫쪮  
ᮧ, ᪮쪮 ।⢥    ਬ -
᪮  ਭ㦤:    ﭨ  ꥪ ࠦ ᢮
, 롨 襥   510. ࠢ쭮 ,  
஧      ,  
ࠦ饥 ७ .
      ஧,     ᨫ ਭ㦤   -
娪 ꥪ.  ꥪ ਭ 襭,  ᮮ⢥饥 
⨭ ७.  ஧ ⫨砥  ᨫ  ᫥騬
ਧ:
     ) ஧  -   ॠ  ⢨⥫쭮 -
 稭 ।;
     ) ஧  ࠦ    ᮢ襭 -
 ⢨( ᮮ饭  㯭 ⥫쭮 ,  -
   ⢮), ⠪    ᮢ襭 -
ࠢ ⢨( 稭 ।   ஢, ०-
  㭨⮦ 筮 ⢠).
        窠 ७  ⮬,    ਧ
     _______________
     1  .. ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ ... .71.

                                - 49 -

ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮,  ᫨  ࠢ ⢨ ᢮ -
 (ਬ ஧  । 祪  ᪠ 饩
 㬬  ᫥騬 饭 ᪠  ⢮ -
, ᫨ ᫥  ᮣ த  ஢쭮)510.
 ⠪ 窮 ७    ᮣ,  ..  
砥   ⠢  ,  ਬ   ,  
⭮襭  ᭮ 㦤 㣮    -
७  ᮢ襭 ⭮ 㯫  ..    
砥    㤥 ନ஢   ﭨ  ஧,
 ,  ᫨    㤥 ࠦ   ᮢ襭
ࠢ ⢨.
      ᥣ  ⮣,  ᫥  ⬥,     ਧ
ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮 ᫥⢨ ஧ 室, ⮡ ஧
뫠 ॠ쭮, ᯮ  稬.   ⠭
㤮  ⮬  ⥫ .
        1996   ।ᬮ५ 㣮
⢥⢥  ਭ㦤  ᮢ襭 ᤥ  ⪠  
 ᮢ襭.  .  179     ⠭ ⢥⢥ 
ਭ㦤  ᮢ襭 ᤥ  ⪠    ᮢ襭  
஧ ਬ  ᨫ,  㭨⮦   ० 㦮
⢠,  ࠢ ࠭ ᢥ,   -
 ⢥  ।  ࠢ   ᠬ ௥襣
  .   ࠧ,   ⮣,  ᤥ, ᮢ-
______________________________
     1 .  ࠦ᪮ ࠢ . - ,1975. - .1. - .147;
᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ. - .,1986. - .1. - .222; ࠦ-
 ࠢ./  ।樥 ..⮣,  ..ࣥ.  --
.

                                - 50 -

񭭠  ﭨ ,  ᨫ, ஧,   ਧ
⢨⥫쭮   ௥襣, ஧ ਬ ᨫ,
㭨⮦  ० ⢠ ௥襣,   ⠪ 䠪-
᪮ ਬ ᨫ  㣮  ⢥⢥  
. 179   .   㯫 ᮢ蠥 諥,  ..
 ਭ㦤 ௥襣  ᮢ襭 ᤥ   ⪠  
 ᮢ襭,    ⨣ ⮣,  ᮧ⥫쭮 ਡ 
⢨, 㪠  . 179 .
     "७ ᮣ襭" ।,   ᭮ 
ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮  ⮬ ⥫ -
  諥  ᮣ襭  楫 稭  -
⢨   - 룮.  ⢨ ᫠ 
।⠢⥫ ਬ ࠢ   祭,    -
砥 ॢ襭  稩 - ࠢ  ᮢ襭 ᤥ  -
ࠢ 殬.  ਧ ⢨⥫쭮 쭮 ᤥ
室 稥 ६  ਧ:
     1) ᮢ襭 ᤥ  ࠩ 룮 ᫮;
     2) 宦 ,  ᮢ饣 ᤥ,   殮 -
        ⥫⢠;
     3)  ᮢ蠥 ᤥ 㦤, ..  ᢮ .
      ⢥ ਬ 쭮 ᤥ ਢ   㤥
, 易    饭510.
       ⥫ ।ᥤ⥫ 客 㤠  ᨨ
⮢᪨ ⭮  ਧ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ  -
 媮⭮ , ⥫ ன 뫠 - . , 
   ⮬  ,   ஦ ᥬ .  
__________________________
     1.⢮  ࠢ. 1997. - N5. -  .155.

                                - 51 -

 祫,  ᫥騬 ⥫⢠:    -
,      .  ⨫    ᪮  ਧ 
⢨⥫,  㪠,   ᮢ訫  ᫥⢨ 祭
殮  ⥫:    ᫥ 殮  㬥  ,
 殮 ०  ᬥ,  裡  祬 뫠 ⠢ 
쭨     襭  ஢饭,   ⥬
室 㫠୮ 祭.
      ᫮ ., ᯮ짮 ⨬ ⥫⢮, .  
 ᪫      . ଫ
 㬥⮢, ய  ॥ ⢨   
 .
     ⢮ ,  㪠,    ࠩ 룮
 .  ᫮  ᮢ襭 ᫥⢨ 祭 殮 -
⥫,      ࠦ,      ᮮ⢥ 
⢨,  ᬠਢ  ᢮ ᫮, ᪮-
  ନ  ﭨ  ⥫.
      ᤥ   ਧ ⢨⥫묨   
௥襣 ᫥⢨  ⢨⥫쭮  ⠪ ᤥ -
 ஭ . ஬ ⮣, 㣠 ஭ 易
 ௥襩 ஭ ॠ .
.
                                - 52 -

                4.   ப ᮤঠ.

        ப  ᮤঠ  ਧ ⢨⥫묨
᫥⢨ 宦 ᫮ ᤥ    ॡﬨ    
 ࠢ  ⮢.  ।  ⤥ ⠢ ⢨⥫
ᤥ  ப ᮤঠ ᫥  ᤥ,  ᮢ蠥
    ⨢  ᭮  ࠢ浪     ࠢ⢥
(.169 ),   ⠪   ⢮ ᤥ (.170 ). -
 ࠢ浪  ⠭  ࠭⨨  -
⢫  ꥪ⨢  ࠢ   ᯥ祭 ண ᯮ
ਤ᪨ 易⥩  ࠦ᪨  ࠢ⭮襭.  ਢ
ਬ  ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  ᮢ襭  楫,  ⨢
᭮ ࠢ浪:     ॣ쭮 ⤥  -
  祭 ।⭮  ।⠢ । .
 ᯥ祭  ।       "-
",  ᢨ⥫⢮ 祣  祭   -
 .  祭 ப ⢨    (-
)  ।⨥ (㯠⥫)  ⨨  (ঠ-
⥫) 稫  㯫-த  "த"  ᫮-
  ᫥  㯠⥫ 㬬 㯪   
  .   砥 প ⥦ 㯠⥫ 뢠 -
  ঠ⥫   ࠧ 5%   ⮨ 
   窨.     祭  㪠
஢   㯫-த  "த" 室 
⮬  । ࠩ த 㤠   ⢥  
 ᯥ祭 ᪠ ࠦ .  .
    १ ஥ ६  ⨫  ࡨࠦ    -
  ᪠  த    㯫-த-

                                - 53 -

 ⢠      প  ᫥  .
⢮ਢ ᪮ ॡ ,  饩 ⠭樨
⨢஢ ᢮ 襭 ⥬,   ॡ ᭮  -
୮  易⥫⢥  ⢥稪,  ।ᬠਢ饬 ᯮ 
 . ⠭   17.12.96.N3200/96  -
襭 뫮 ⬥, ᪮   祭 ஢ -
  㯫-த  "த" 室  ⮬  
ᨫ  .134      ꥪ⮬ ࠦ᪮-ࠢ-
 ᤥ.
      ࠧ ,    㯫-த 뫨 ਧ-
 ⢨⥫묨  .169 ..169 ।ᬠਢ,  -
⢨⥫쭮    ⠪  ᤥ ᮢ襭  楫 -
⨢ ࠢ⢥.
     ࠢ⢥ -   ᫮襥  ⢥ ।⠢ 
   ࠢ  510.
       砥    ⢥ ࠢ⢥.
      ᠥ ᮢ襭 ᤥ, ᮢ襭  楫, ⨢-
 ᭮ ࠢ浪,     ᤥ, -
騥  ⥣ ᮢ襭  ⨢稨  㡫  -
  ࠭,  襭 ࠦ᪮-ࠢ -⮢, -
ࠦ ᭮ ⢥ ⭮襭.
      .169  ᤥ ᮢ襭    楫,  ⨢
᭮ ࠢ⢥,    ,   
⥫, ᪠ 㤭, ⠪  㡫権   -
 ,   㤥 ࠪ⨪ ⮦ .
______________________
     1. ਨ   .     (⥩)  /  
।.  .. - ., 1995. - .37.

                                - 54 -

     ॥ ᥣ    ᤥ,      
᭮ 砫 ࠢ⢥,-    ᤥ, 騥-
 ᥬ ⭮襭, 易  ⥫쭮 ⥭஢, ᤥ-
, ࠢ  ࠭祭 ⢠ ࠦ  樮쭮-
 ਧ.
      ,   ⥫  ᮢ襭 ࠢ, ⨢
ࠫ   " ࠭ᯫ樨 ࣠  () ⪠ -
"510 㯫-த ⪠  ࣠ 祫,   ᠬ ⨥
  ࣠      ⠢  ࠭ ࠬ ᫮
⮣  (c.1,11 㪠  )  ,  ⠪    
ᤥ ⨢ ⢥ ࠢ⢥.
     .169      ᤥ, ᮮ⢥ -
,   ⮫쪮 ⠪,  ᮢ襭  楫  ⨢-
 ᭮ ࠢ浪  ࠢ⢥.    
,    ᭮ ࠢ浪  ࠢ⢥ -
⢠  ⢠.  ।⠢,     (.169) ᠬ
 ᤥ  ᮤঠ 㪠  ,    
⢥ ࠢ⢥   㤠⢠  ⢠520.
     ᭮   ⢨⥫쭮 ⠪ த ᤥ 㦨
,   ⢮ 諥. ᫥⢨ ᮢ襭 ⠪
ᤥ   ⮦  ᪠  室  ᥣ,  
祭  ᤥ (  ᯮᮡ 饭 樨). 
᫥⢨ ਬ  砥, ᫨ ஭ ᤥ ᯮ
___________________________
     1. ꥧ த ⮢   客 
. - 1993. - N2.
     2.   1964   ᤥ    ᤥ,  -
襭  楫 ⨢ ᠬ 㤠⢠  ⢠.

                                - 55 -

  諥. 砥,  ᫨ ᤥ ᯮ   ஭,
    㣮 ஭ ᪨  室   祭  
 ⠢襥   ࢮ ஭  饭 祭.
      ⢨  ᫠  ஭  頥 ந-
 ᯮ,   祭 㣮 ஭   ⠢襥
  饭 ᯮ ᪨  室 .
     .170   ।ᬠਢ ⢨⥫쭮   -
୮ ᤥ.       ""    "⢮୮"
ᤥ  ᠬ ⥪ ,  ⮣  .5  64.  ᮤন 
ନ ⮫쪮  .
       ᤥ, ᮢ襭   ,  -
७ ᮧ ᮮ⢥騥 ᫥⢨.   ᤥ 
 ⮫쪮 ,  ᭮ ண   ᮢ
 ᤥ ,  ⮫쪮  . ᭮ ਧ -
 ᤥ  ⢨  ஭ ७ ᮧ  ࠢ-
⭮襭, ᮮ⢥騥 祭 .
      㤥,  ਬ,  ᤥ  㯫-த  ,
᫨   ⠫   த,      ⥫
 ,  ஭ ᫥ 楫 ९⢮ -
饭 ᪠   ।ࠬ .
      ᤥ ⮦.  ᫥⢨ ᮢ襭  ᤥ-
  ஭ .
     .25 0.170   ।ᬠਢ  ⢨⥫쭮  ⢮୮
ᤥ.
     ⢮ୠ ᤥ    ᤥ,    ᮢ襭  楫
ਪ  ᤥ.
     ⢮ୠ ᤥ  ᮢ蠥     楫 ᮧ
 㦠 ࠢ쭮 ।⠢  ⢨⥫  -

                                - 56 -

⭮襭 ஭  ᤥ.
        , ࠢ  ⨦
। ࠢ १,   ⮦ ६ ஭ -
ਢ   ࠢ ᫥⢨,  ,  ᮣ-
᭮   १⮬  .
     ਬ஬ ⢮୮ ᤥ  稢訥 쭮  -
ப   ࠭  ᤥ  㯫-த  ⮬設,
ଫ  ।  ६    짮
 ⥬ 뤠 ७.   筮  ⮣, -
  室        ᮢ襭
ᤥ 㯫-த ⮬設 㤠⢥ 諨.
      ᤥ,   ਪ뢠 ⢮୮ ᤥ  
஭ ⢨⥫쭮   ,  ਬ ࠢ, ⭮-
騥  ⮩ ᤥ.   砥, ᤥ,  祭 -
୮  楫 ਪ  ᤥ,    ਭ,
ਧ ⮦.
       砥 ᤥ ᤠ   짮 -
 ਧ ⢨⥫쭮,   ⭮襭 ஭  ਬ-
   㯫-த.
     ਪ뢠 ᤥ   ⢨⥫쭮,   ᥣ
 ᤥ  .

.
                                - 57 -

2 III.    
          2  

     ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫묨  ᢮ 㠫
ᮡ.  ॡ  ਧ  ᤥ  ⢨⥫쭮
 । , 㪠  . 171-179 .
     饭      ॡ  ਧ ᯮਬ ᤥ
⢨⥫쭮      ਬ  ᫥⢨  ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ,  ᯮਬ, ⠪  ⮦,   ⢫ 
। ப ᪮  .  ᯮਬ  ᤥ    
ਧ  㤮  ⢨⥫쭮    祭    ,
  㧭   뫮 㧭  ⥫⢠,  -
 ᭮ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.   騩 冷
砫 祭  ப ᪮ .   ᤥ,  ᮢ襭
 ﭨ ᨫ  ஧,   ⠭ ᯥ樠
冷 ᫥ ப ᪮ ,   祭 稭
 ,   ४⨫ ⢨ ᨫ  ஧ (.2  .
181  ).   ⥫  ⭠:  ᪮ ᨫ
 ஧  ⮫ ᨫ쭮 ﭨ,   ਢ  -
 ᤥ,     뢠,  ࠦ 
ᯮ  ᤥ  ਮ,   ᨫ  ஧ த
᢮ ⢨.   । ⮣  筮 ப   -
  ॡ  ਬ  ᫥⢨  ⢨⥫쭮
ᯮਬ ᤥ.   ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠫ  " -
  ⢨  ࢮ  510  稫     9  ""
室       ⥩,  ।ᬠਢ  ᭮  
________________________
     510. ਭ .  㬮 21  1994 .

                                - 58 -

᫥⢨ ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫묨 (.  162, 165-180
)."    ⮨  ⮬,  㪠  -
    ᤥ,  ॡ  ਧ ⢨⥫묨 
᫥⢨ ⢨⥫쭮  ᬠਢ 㤮 -
 1 ﭢ 1995 , ᨬ  ६ ᮢ襭 ᮮ⢥-
 ᤥ.   砥,  饥 祭  
ᬮ७   㤥,   ६ ᮢ襭 ᤥ.
      ᮮ⢥⢨  .1 .181  ப ᪮   -
    ਬ  ᫥⢨  ⢨⥫쭮 ⮦
ᤥ ⠢  .   稭   ,  -
砫  ᯮ ᤥ   ஭,   ᫨ ஭ 砫
ᯮ ᤥ ६,    ,  砫  -
.
     ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫묨 易  ࠭ 
⢥ ᫥⢨,      १  -
. .167 /  ९ 騥     ᫥⢨
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ.  ᭮   ᤥ  -
 ਤ᪨ ᫥⢨ ஬ ,   易    -
⢨⥫쭮,    ᤥ ⠥ ⢨⥫쭮   -
 ⠭  ਧ ⮣ 䠪 㤮,     
 ᮢ襭.  ⮬ ࠢ ᫥⢨  ᤥ ਬ-
  ⢨ ⭨ ᤥ,  ந   
ᮢ襭   뭥ᥭ 㤮 ᮮ⢥饣 襭,   
࠭  ⢨,    ந  
⭨ ᤥ.
       ᪫祭  ᯮਬ  ᤥ,  (.3  .167
):, ᫨  ᮤঠ ᯮਬ ᤥ ⥪,   
 ४饭   饥 ६.  ,  뭮 襭  

                                - 59 -

⢨⥫쭮,  ४頥   ⢨  饥 ६.  
ᮮ⢥⢨    뤥 4 㯯 ࠢ ᫥⢨:
     1). 騬 ࠢ   ஭    ⢥-
 , ஥    ᯮ ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ.    ஭ 易  㣮  ஭  
祭    ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ.    ஭ 
ࢮ砫쭮  뢠 ஭ 樥.
     2). ᫥⢨  ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ   ⠪
஭ ,   ன   ஭  頥
祭    ᤥ 㣮 ஭,    । ,  
稫   뫠   ᤥ,  室 .
     3).     ⢥   ᫥⢨ ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ ।ᬠਢ 饭 樨.
     饭 樨  砥,   ,    ஭
稫   뫨   ᤥ, ᪨  室
.
       ᫥⢨ﬨ  ந஢  -
  㯫-த 쭮 ⪠  襭 ⠭
ॡ.   ਬ ஭ 樨 த -
砥 ⭮  ⮪,   頥 㯠⥫ -
祭  ⮪ 㬬.   ஭ 樨  ,
 ᭮ ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮 㦨 -
ࠢ ⢨ த,  ᫥ 頥 㯠⥫ -
祭     죨,   㯠⥫ ।  室  -
 ⮪. , ᫨  ⥫⢠  ᪫砥-
        ஭,  த ।  室 
죨,   㦥 ᯥ ,  㯠⥫ - ਮ⥭
  ⮪ (᫨     ⠫,   ⠢-

                                - 60 -

   㬬)   .
     ᬮ  ,    (.167) ।ᬠਢ    
᫥⢨ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,  ਬ  ᯥ樠
   易  ,  ᥭ 
  ஭  ᫥⢨  祭   ᯮ ⢨⥫쭮
ᤥ.  饭 ⪮  ࠢ  ᫥⢨  ⢨-
⥫쭮 ᤥ ।ᬠਢ  ᯥ樠묨 ଠ (.
171,  178, 179  ). 襭 㤠  ⮬,   ᫥
᫥⢨   ᮯ⢮ ਧ ᤥ ⢨⥫-
   筮 ⮣  ⮣,    ॡ 
 襭.  . 180  ।ᬠਢ ᫥⢨ -
⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ.   ᤥ -     -
쪮  ᫮,   ᤥ ⠥ ᮢ襭510.
     .180  ᮤন  १㬯,   ᨫ ன -
⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ ᠬ  ᥡ  ९  ਧ
⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ  楫.  ⮬ ᫥ ⢨⥫쭮
 ᤥ "楫".  ,  ᮡ ⠭  
ᮣ襭  ᫮ ᤥ (ਬ,   ),  -
 ⢨⥫쭮 ⮩  ᤥ  ࠭  -
⠫쭮  .     ⮬ 室  ,   
 ⠪  "楫"  ந室  ⥬  -
祭  ᤥ ⢨⥫쭮 ᫮,    . 
⮩ 稭,  ᫨  ᭮ ।,   ᤥ 
  祭   ⠪ ⢨⥫쭮 ᫮,  -
  ⮫쪮    ਠ:   ⢨⥫쭮   ᥩ   ᤥ.
_________________________
     1.ਨ    ।樥  .. - .87.
.
                                - 61 -

                              2

      ᭮ 襨  ᤥ ᫥騥 뢮:
     1).  楫ᮮࠧ ९    ᫥饥  -
⨥  ᤥ:  ᤥ -  _ࠢ୮. ..   
 ⢨,  ᮢ蠥 ࠦ  ਤ᪨  栬,
ࠢ   ⠭   ४饭 ࠦ-
 ࠢ  易⥩.
     2).  ,   室  ᬠਢ  ॣ
ᤥ    ⠤ 祭 ᤥ.    ,  -
 ᤥ ᫥ ᬠਢ  ॡ  -
 ᮢ蠥 ᤥ.
     3).  , 室 ஢  ᫮ -
⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ,   뤥 ⤥  ⢨⥫
ᤥ.  ⮬ 室 뤥 ᫥騥 㯯  ⢨-
⥫쭮 ᤥ:
       ⢨⥫ ᤥ ⠢ ᤥ  -
  ꥪ.
     ன  ⢨⥫ ᤥ ⠢ ᤥ  -
 .
     ⨩  ⢨⥫ ᤥ ⠢ ᤥ  -
 .
     ⢥   ⢨⥫  ᤥ  ⠢ ᤥ 
ப .
     4). ,  ᫥ 筨   189 . 
    ⠪:  ⢨⥫쭮  ᤥ,  ᮢ襭 
楫,  ⨢ ᭮ ࠢ浪  ⢥  ࠢ⢥-
.

                                - 62 -

     5).     뤥  4  㯯  ࠢ
᫥⢨ ਧ ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ,   3,  -
  ਤ᪮ .  :
            ஭ ;
            ஭ ;
            饭 樨;
            饭 ⪮(  ⢥ ⥫쭮 ࠢ-
 ᫥⢨).
     6). ,  ⥬ "⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ" 㦤 
 ஡ ॣ樨,  ..  ⥮᪨ ࠧࠡ⮪
  ⥬,   ⥩,  ⭮   ⥬ ࠪ᪨
.
     7).  ᥣ 祣,  ॡ ਢ  ࠪ⨪  
ᮮ⢥⢨  騬 ⥫⢮.
      ࠡ 뫨 ᤥ   㣨 뢮   ।-
.
.
                                - 63 -

            2    .

     1.  ᨩ᪮ 樨. - .,1995. - 61 .
     2.ࠦ᪨  ᨩ᪮ 樨. - ., 1995.-176.
     3. ࠦ᪨  . - ., 1979. - 124 .
     4.   ᨩ᪮ 樨 //.  . - 1996.
- 27 ﭢ
     5.   ᨩ᪮ 樨 - ., 1996. 188 .
     6.   ⠭ᯫ樨  ࣠  () ⪠ 祫:  -
ࠫ   22  1992 . //  ꥧ  த
⮢  客  ᨩ᪮ 樨. - 1993.- N2. -
.62.
     7.   㤥  ⥬  ᨩ᪮ 樨:  ࠫ
  23  1996 . // . . - 1997. - 6 ﭢ.
     8.  浪 㡫  㯫  ᨫ ⮢  १-
  ᨩ᪮ 樨  ࠢ⥫⢠ ᨩ᪮ 樨:
 १ ᨩ᪮ 樨  26  1991 .  // -
࠭ ⮢ ᨩ᪮ 樨. - 1992. - N1 - .1 1993. - N17
. - 1453.
     9.   ଠ⨢  業ࠫ ࣠ 㤠⢥
ࠢ ᨩ᪮ 樨:  १ ᨩ᪮ -
樨  21 ﭢ 1993 . // ࠭ ⮢ ᨩ᪮ 樨
- 1993. - N4 - .301.
     10.   業஢ ⤥  ⥫쭮:
⢥ত ⠭ ࠢ⥫⢠ ᨩ᪮  樨  
24  1994 .  N1418 // ࠭ ⥫⢠ ᨩ᪮
樨. - 1995. - N1. - .69.
     11.   , 易  ਬ  -

                                - 64 -

 ࠦ᪮  ᨩ᪮ 樨: ⠭ -
㬠  客  㤠 ᨩ᪮ 樨  㬠 襣 -
ࠦ 㤠 ᨩ᪮ 樨  1  1996 .  // -
⥭ 客 㤠 ᨩ᪮ 樨. - 1996. - N9. - .6.
     12. ⠭ १㬠 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠  -
ᨩ᪮ 樨  26  1996 . N7435/95 // ⭨ 襣
ࡨࠦ 㤠  - 1996 . - N7. - .35.
     13. ⠭ १㬠 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠  
1  1996  N 1129/96 (祭) // ⭨ 襣 -
ࠦ 㤠 . - 1997. - N1. - .62-63.
     14. ⠭ १㬠 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠  
12  1996 . N2808/96 (祭) // ⭨ 襣 ࡨ-
ࠦ 㤠 . - 1997. - N2. - .46-47.
     15. ⠭ १㬠 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠  
3 䥢ࠫ 1996  N1373/96 (祭) // ⭨ 襣  -
ࠦ 㤠 . - 1997. - N1. - .71.
     16. ⠭ १㬠 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠  
17    1996 .  N1294/96 // ⭨ 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠
. - 1996. - N6. - .52.
     17. ⠭ १㬠 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠  
23  1996 . N3782/96 // ⭨ 襣 ࡨࠦ 㤠 .
- 1996. - N9. - .63.
     18. 娢 த᪮  㤠  .    檮    
1995-1998 .
     19. 娢  ࠩ  㤠  .    檮    
1995-1998 .



                                - 65 -

                      2 
     1. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ . - .1 - , 1975. - 437 .
     2. ࠦ᪨  ᨩ᪮ 樨. ਩ -
 ࢮ.  ୠ "⢮  ࠢ". ଠ "". -
.,1995. - 597 .
     3. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.  2- ⮬. 祡  ।. 堭
.. - .1. - .,1993. - 384 .
     4. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ ᨨ.  権.  ࢠ / 
।.  .. - .,1996. - 304 .
     5. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ / ।.  ⮣ .., ࣥ ..
-, 1996. - 552 .
     6. ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.   ࠢ筨 /  ।. 宬-
஢ . - . 1996. - 575.
     7.  .. 易⥫쭮 ࠢ. - ., 1975. - 880 .
     8.   ..  ⨥ 樢᪮ ᫨   (
II). - , 1978. - 172 .
     9.  ..  ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.   権.  -
, 1958. - 415 .
     10. ਩  ࠦ᪮  ᨩ᪮ 樨.
 ࢮ (⥩) / ⢥⢥ ।.    ..  -
., 1995. - 448 .
     11. ਩    ࠦ᪮ .   ࠦ᪨
 ᨩ᪮ 樨.  ⪨ 筮-ࠪ᪨ -
਩ / ⢥⢥ ।.   .., 祭 .., 楢
.. - ⮢--, 1995. - 373 .
     12. ਩     ᨩ᪮ 樨 /
 ।. 㬮 .. - ., 1996. - 823 .
     13. 檨 .. ᪮ ࠢ. - ., 1995. - 245 .

                                - 66 -

1.8
     14. 檨 ..  .  ᪮ .  - ., 1954. -
209 .
     15. ࣥ ..   . - 蠭, 1983. -
395 .
     16. ।ਭ⥫᪮ ࠢ.   権 /  ।. 
.. - ., 1993. - 480 .
     17.  ..  ⢨⥫쭮 ᤥ    ᫥-
⢨. - , 1960. - 247 .
     18.  ..    뭮.  . // -
᪨ . - ., 1994. - . 6-9.
     19. ⫠ ..   ᤥ.  //   . -
1996. - N49.
     20. .  ⨥,      (਩    
ࠦ᪮    ᨩ᪮  樨).  ࠢ   
।ਭ⥫⢥. // ⥭. - ., 1995. - N2. - . 66-83.
     21. ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.   1. - .,1986.-354 .
     22. ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.   ࢠ. ஥ -
 /  ।. ᫮ .., 誨 .. - , 1983. - 318 .
     23. ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ:  祡 /  ।. ᠢ-
稪 .. - .1. - .,1967. - 415 .
     24. ᪮ ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.  / .।.   .. -
., 1983. - 464 .
     25. 룠 .  ,  ஡ ⠫. // -
  . - 1996. - N18.
     26. 嬠⮢ ..  ⠢ ⨢ࠢ ᤥ   ᫮-
  ᫥⢨. - , 1967. - 289 .
     27.  ..    ਠ쭮  㤥  ࠪ-
.- .,1981. - 118 .
     28. -ࠢ ⥭  //    .
᪨ . - .,1993. - N27. - .35-40.
