
            -


                             



                                              ਤ᪨ 䠪

          
     
     
     
                    䥤: ⨢ ࠢ




                          N 1
                 樯:  
            ⥬:   
                    
.
                                - 3 -

            :  
                      











                                  

                              1.

        2.    


         31.0     


                             4.

                     5. 
.
                                - 4 -


                         1.         

      ⫨稥  㣨 樠   ᪨ ਥ権 -
᪮ ࠢ 㤠⢮  客⢥ ࠢ  
ਮ ࠢ 祫  ࠦ ࠪ᪨ ਭ ⢮
 饥 㤠⢥  ࠨ. 襭 ⮩  易-
  ⮫쪮  ᮧ ᮢ६  ⥫⢠,  ᯥ祭
 ⥫쭮 㤠⢠   ࣠,  㭨樯쭮 -
⥬  ⢥ ନ஢, , ன  ࠢ -
樨,  ᨬ ࠢ㤨,    ८ ⨣襣 
। ࠢ , 室饣 뭥  ࠭ । 
  㤠⢥  ⢥ , , , ନ-
 ᮪ ஢ ࠢ  ⢠   祫.
     室 ᫮ ࠧ  ᮢ   ࠢ
ᮯ஢   ᯥ祭 㤠⢮ - ⢥  ਨ
࠭ ᪮ ࣠樨,  ⢫饩  㢥७,筨
ண - த ࠨ.   㤠⢮  ࠢ   ⮫쪮 -
㬥⠫쭮 祭  " ᠬ⥫ 業.  ६ 
ࠢ   樢   ।⢮ ᯥ 祫 ᮮ-
騥 ᢮".  ⮩ 楫 ⢮ ਤ ⮫쪮 १ -
 ⢥⢥,   "   㤠⢥ -
", ⥫ ⢨  ᪮,  ᪮  樠-
 ନ஢,  ᮧ  ⢥ " ࠢ   ⠪
⢨".
      ॡ ᮪ᨮ쭮 ⠢ ⮢  -
 ࠢ ࠬ⭮ 㤠⢥ 㦠  㣨 ,  -
 ਤ᪮ ⥫쭮.  ⢥   ⨦
⮩ ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 ⠥  ਮ ॢ樮 ८-
ࠧ, 樠쭮 樨 ⢠,    ᪨ 
᪨ ਥ権.
     ᨮ  砥     㬥 ਥ-
஢  ࠧ  ࠢ.  ⨢ ࠢ  
饥    ।  ⠫ ᫥ ࠢ,⠪   ᥤ
  ࠦ    ﭭ  ⨢-ࠢ
⭮襭      易   ⪮ ਥ஢  -
⨢-ࠢ ଠ.
     ।  ⥬ -   
     ᭠  裡   -
室  襣 ⢠  樠᪨  ⠫᪨ ⭮-
襭   ᫥⢨ ⮣ ᭠ 㡮 ࠢ ଠ  -
 㤠⢥ ࠢ  ⨢ ࠢ.

                                - 5 -



         2.      



     ⢥ ᭮ ⨢ ⢥⢥,
稥 ⠢ ⨢ ࠢ襭   ଠ⨢,⠪
  䠪᪨ ᯥ. ⨥ ⨢ ࠢ襭 -
  80- .     ⨢ ࠢ襭-
  84 . 뫮 㫨஢ ࠢ襭.
     ⨢ ࠢ襭(㯪) ਧ ⨢-
ࠢ,  (諥  ஦) ⢨    -
⢨,஥   㤠⢥  ࠦ᪨ 冷,-
 ᮡ⢥,ࠢ  ᢮ ࠦ,    ⠭
冷 ࠢ    ஥ ⥫⢮ ।ᬮ७ -
⨢ ⢥⢥(1).
      묨  ᫮, ⨢ ࠢ襭, ᭮-
 ⨢ ⢥⢥    ,⨢-
ࠢ   ⢥-᭮ ﭨ,஥   ⠭
ࠢ  ᯥ祭 ⨢-ࠢ묨 ᠭﬨ ࠢ  -
 ࠦ      㤠⢥ ࠢ.
      ﭨ,஢   ⨢   ࠢ襭
ᮤঠ   ᫥  :  ,,  ,
࣮ ९  .  騥  ⠪ ⠭ 
ﭨ   ࠢ襭ﬨ  (  ਬ:    "  樨"
1995.,  "  ᪫⥫쭮 ᪮ ᪮ "). -
 ⬥,   㪠 ⨥ " ⨢ ࠢ-
襭"  " ⨢ 㯮" ⮦⢫,    -
⨢ 㯮     ᮡ ࠧ -
⨢ ࠢ襭,  ਧ ᨭ ନ, ⠪  
.
      㪠 १ ࠨ 1992  "  ਢ⨧樨"  .2  .9
    ࠧ࠭祭 ⨢ 㯪  㣮-
 㯫.    ⨢ ࠢ-
:
     1.   㯪  ࠭  㣮묨  㯫-
ﬨ     ᫮  㯫  .
     2. ࠭  㣮묨 㯫ﬨ ( ਬ .51,  .173
). મ ࠦ  ⪮ 祭 ਥ,  ࠧ࠭稢-
___________________
      ࠨ .9

                                - 6 -

 㣮 㯫   㯯 ⨢ 㯪  
 .  ࠧ࠭祭 ᫥ ஢  । ਧ-
, 㪠  ⥫⢥.  ਬ,   饭 (  .51
)  㣮 饭 ( .  84  ࠨ) ࠧ砥  ⮨
饭   ᯮᮡ 饭.   窨 ७ ⥫ -
 ࠧ࠭祭    ⢫  ࠢਬ騬  殬 ( 
⮬ ࠪ  筮 ᮡ⥩ ࠢ⥫).    -
, ⨢  ⠥  ⢨  ⢨ ( ﭨ) 
⨦ । १.
      ࠧ,   । ਧ ⨢ -
㯪:
     1. ⨢ࠢ ⢨ (   ਧ ⨢ࠢ
⢨  ⢨, ᫨ ⠪   ।ᬮ७ ମ).
     2.   ⢨  ⢨ (   -
 ਤ 業).
     3.  ﭨ ⢥ ,   ⠪ ᮢ襭
ண 稭 .   ਤ᪮  ᪠뢠 -
   ⮬,    ⢥      ⨢
㯪, ࠭騥  㯫ﬨ.   窠 ७, ᢮
 ⮬,   㯪 ⢥ ,   襩 ⥯ 祬
㯫.  ⢥ত,  ⥣᪨  騥  -
⢥ ᭮ ⨢ ࠢ襭,  ਧ騥 
।.    㯮   ⢥  ᭮
㯪   㭨ᠫ쭮 ᢮⢥.  ⨢ -
襭   । ⭮襭,   ࠢ-
浪,       ᮢ襭 ਬ  㤠⢥
⢨. 訢 뢮  ⮬,   ⨢ -
  ⢥ ᭮,   ⥯  , 祬  -
㯫,   裡  ⨬  ⥫   ⨢
᪠. ᫨  ⠭ ⥫쭮 ⨢ -
襭, ࣠ ( ⭮ ),  㯮祭    ,
ࠢ ᢮ ⥫  ⨢ ⢥⢥,  -
࠭稢  砭.
      ਧ  ⨢ ࠢ襭  㦭 ᫥-
 ⠤ ਣ⮢  襭 ( ⮫쪮  ।  
⨢ 㯪 㤥  ﭨ  ⠤ ਣ⮢-
  襭,  ਬ, . 188  ࠨ),    -
   ⥫ ⠭ 稥 ⨢ 
 ࠭ ⠤ 祬 祭 ﭨ,  ᫨   ⪮ 㪠-
 ଠ (  ).
     䨪 ⮣   㯪 ந室 ।⢮  -
।   ⠢  (    ⠫,    ண ந室

                                - 7 -

" ⠫" 㯪). ⠢ 㯪 - ᮢ㯭, ।-
७ ⥫ ਧ,  ࠪਧ  ﭨ
 ⨢ 㯮  ࠭稢    ࠢ-
.   묨 ᫮,  ⠢ ࠢ襭 - ⠭ ࠢ
ᮢ㯭 ਧ   稨    ⨮⢥  ﭨ
⠥ ⨢ ࠢ襭.
      ਤ᪨ 稬 ਧ ⠢ ࠢ襭  
ਤ᪨ ७  ਧ.   ,  ࠢ 祭 
⮫쪮 ࢠ 㯯 ਧ.  ⢥騥    ਠ쭮
 ⨢ ࠢ ਬ  ᭮ ⠭ -
 ਧ ⤥ ⠢  ࠢ襭    ਤ᪮
祭. । ⠢ ࠢ襭 室  믮
 㭪権 ⠢:
     1. 㭤⠫쭠 㭪,  ,   ⠢ 㯫
㯠   ⢥  䠪᪮  ᭮   ⨢
⢥⢥.
     2. ࠭⥫쭠 㭪,  ,   ਧ  ⠢
࠭稢  ⠢  㣮,   ⠪  ﭨ  
⨢묨 ࠢ襭ﬨ,    ﭨ, ⢥⢥ 
 㯠  㣨  ࠢ.
     3. ࠭⨩ 㭪,  砥,  ⥬ ᠭ -
 ⠢  ⨢ ࠢ襭   ꥪ⨢ ਧ-
, ⥫ ࠭ ࠦ  ᭮  ਢ-
  ⨢ ⢥⢥.


         3.     


     ࠪ᪮ 祭  ⠢  ⨢  ࠢ襭
⮨  ⮬,   ।⠢ ᮡ ⥫  -
䨪樨  ⨢ ࠢ襭,    -
⨢ ࠢ襭   ஢  筮 ᮮ⢥-
⢨  , ।ᬠਢ騬 ⢥⢥    ﭨ
  㯫   ॡ ⨬,.. 䨪
⨢ 㯪       ᪠    
 襭 .
      ᮡ 樨 ⠢ ⨢  ࠢ-
襭 ࠧ ਠ  ଠ ⠢. ਠ묨 -
뢠 ⠢   ᮤন ⠪ ਧ,    㯫
। ਠ  ᫥⢨  - ﭨ,   뢠 ⢨
ᠬ  ᥡ 易⥫쭮 饥 ।  ᫥⢨.

                                - 8 -

     ଠ묨 ⠢  뢠      易⥫쭮
ਧ 㯫 । ਠ ᫥⢨ ( 襭 -
⭮ ०). ਧ ⠢ ࠢ襭 墠뢠  ࠢ-
   ꥪ⨢,  ⠪   ꥪ⨢   ࠧ
 4 :
     1. ꥪ;
     2. ꥪ⨢ ஭;
     3. ꥪ;
     4. ꥪ⨢ ஭.
     ꥪ ࠢ襭 - ⢥ ⭮襭    ᮢ㯭
⢥ ⭮襭,  ࠭塞     ࠢ-
襭, 祬  ਠ ⠢ 室    ਧ
ꥪ 䠪᪨ 稥 ࡠ, 稭 ꥪ.
     騩 ꥪ -  㯯 ⢥ ⭮襭,   -
   ⨢  㯪.   ( ) ᯥ樠
ꥪ - 㯯 ⢥ ⭮襭,    த
㯯 㯪 ( ਬ,  ),   ਩ 뤥ঠ 
 ,    ⥫  ⫨稥  㣮 ࠢ.  -
।⢥ ꥪ  -   ⢥ ⭮襭,    
 ⨢ 㯮   ⢥ ⭮-
襭.
     । ࠢ襭 -   ⢠ ਠ쭮  -
     ,   ⥬ ०,  ࠭-
  ᮢ蠥 ࠢ襭. ।    -
 ࠢ襭 뢠 㤨 ࠢ襭.
     ਧ ꥪ⨢ ஭ - ७ ᪮  ⭮襭
  ᮤﭮ.  - ᮡ ᪮ ﭨ ,ᮢ訢-
 ⨢ࠢ ⢨. ꥪ⨢ ஭ 砥  ᥡ -
    ਧ   䠪⨢ ਧ:  楫,-
७,  . ᫨ 䠪⨢ ਧ 㪠  ଥ, 
易⥫.
     ꥪ 㯪 - ᮢ㯭 ਧ,ࠪਧ ࠢ-
襭. ꥪ⮬  㯠 䨧᪨  ⨢ .  ⮡
 ꥪ⮬ 㯪 䨧᪮      -
⨢ ᯮᮡ  (  16 ,稥 塞  -
).
       16  18  (.13 ) ᬠਢ  ⢥ -
⮢  ࠭祭 ⥫쭮.
      騩    ᯥ樠  ꥪ ⨢ ⢥-
⢥. 騩 ꥪ -   ⨣訥 16  (   
ࠦ⢠  ࠭楢) 樠 ꥪ - ,  -
 ᮡ묨 ࠢ, ⢫ ᮡ  ⥫쭮 ( 

                                - 9 -

  .  .). ᮡ ꥪ -  騥 ⢥⢥  ᮡ
浪 (㦠騥  ..).
     ꥪ⨢ ஭  -  ᮢ㯭  ਧ,  ࠪਧ
譨   ࠢ襭.
      ꥪ⨢ ஭ 室 ᫥騥 ਧ:
     1. ⨢ࠢ ﭨ (⢨  ⢨).
     2. ६    ᮢ襭.
     3. ᮡ ᮢ襭 ࠢ襭 .
     4.  ࠢ襭.
     5. 稭   ﭨ  १⮬.
     6. ⢥  ᭮,    । 室  
     ਧ ꥪ⨢ ஭ ⥬  ᨭ⥧.


                        5.          

     筮, ꥬ 1- ஫쭮 ࠡ 㤭  ᢥ
⠪  㡮   ⥬    -
    ,    㭤⠫
     㪠 ࠡ ਢ.  ᬮ 
, ⨢-ࠢ   ⭮襭  ᨩ᪮   
ࠨ᪮ ⥫ ᪮쪮 ⫨   㣠, 
⫨  ⮫ ⢥   ⮬    ꥪ⨢   -
⨢ 稭 ᨩ᪠ ࠢ⢮᪠   ० -
ࠨ,  訬 ⥫ ᯮ짮 ⥫  
 ᨩ᪨ ⠬ ᫥ ਭ    ଠ⨢-
 ⮢,    訡,易⥫쭮   ⠪  -
⮬   ࠢ⢮⢮.
     ᯮ ⥫   ⮫쪮 ᨨ ,  㣨 ࠧ-
 㤠,뢠 樮  ᪨ ᮡ 襣
த ࠨ ⠭ ᪨  ࠢ 㤠⢮.


.
                                - 10 -


                     6.  





     1.ࠦ᪮ ࠢ.  1.祡/    ।...⮣,..
ࣥ.- .:⥫⢮ ,1996. - 292-300.
     2.ࠦ᪨  ࠨ᪮ :  .-ࠪ.. . 

. /..,..,..   .  -:  ⨧  ࠨ-
,1981.- 639 .
     3. ࠨ    ⨢  ࠢ襭/⢥ত
   18.12.1984 .
     4.᪮ ⨢    ࠢ:    祡.-    56    .:
ਤ..,1985.
     5.⮫᪨ ᫮. - .: . - 1991.
     6.ਤ᪨ 横᪨ ᫮. - .: . - 1984.
