                              - 8 -

1.9
   2 1.     
            2  - 

        21.1 業   祡 ⥫쭮

   _2業筠 ⥫쭮  ⥫..0  ᭮ ⥮ਨ 祡 -
⥫쭮, 業筠 ⥫쭮 ஦ ॡ 祭-
   ⥫  ଠ  ⮬,  ᮮ⢥  
⢮   㬥 饣  । ॡ  ண-
ࠬ.    業筮  ⥫쭮  ,  ⠪ ࠧ,
஫ ᯥ   ନ஢      ⭮
ᠬ業.    ⬥砥  .. [1971],   饣 
祡-ᯨ⥫쭮  ନ  ⠭    業
᢮ ⥩ -   ᭮ ⮢ ᠬ業.
   ।⮬ 業筮  ⥫쭮,  ᮢ騬     ।⮬
祡-⥫쭮 ⥫쭮,    ⥬    
㬥 饣.  ⮣   業  ⥫  १⮢
祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨  業,   -
  ஢  ᯮᮡ ࠦ  ⭮襭    ࠦ
  ⥭ᨢ 樮쭮 ०,   ࡠ-
 ᨥ,  業 㦤,  ⬥⪮ (..쥢,1980;
.,1984; ..㪨,1977; ..쬨,1993).
   ᪨ , ⢫ ..⥢ [1986], -
뢠,  ᪮ 業  業  
ᥣ ᬠਢ   ᠬ⥫ 䥭, 祡--
⥫쭮  誮,    ࠬ 祭 㣨 ஡:
᪮ ⥫쭮   (..,1973;  ..-
⥫᪨,1979;  ..쬨,1980  .),  樠쭮 楯樨

                              - 9 -

1.9
(..ᮢ,1984),  ⥫쭮,  ࠢ  祭 -
 (..类,1974;  .櫠,1986; ..ਫ,1986 
.),  ࠢ᪮  ⥫쭮   (..,1983;
..类,1983; ..㭨,1988  .).
      ६ ப ࠭ 䥭 業   祡-
-ᯨ⥫쭮    誮  㦨 稭 ⮣,  
業 ⥫   ᠬ業 뤥    -
   ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠢ ᪮ 宫-
. ஡ 業  業  ࠧ ᢮ ᯥ -
 ࠦ  㤠  ⢥  㡥 宫-
,         ⮤⮢   (.,1905;  ..㡨-
⥩,1940; ..᪨,1959; ..᪨,1961; .-
,1962;  ..쪮,1966;  ..몮,1971; ..-
,1972;  ..૨,1973;   ..맨,1975;   ..-
,1975;  ..㪨,1977; ..⪨,1978; ..୥,1978;
..쥢,1980;   ..,1981;    .,1987;    ..-
,1988;  ..᪠,1990;  ..룮᪨,1991; ..-
,1991; ..㡥,1993; ..મ,1993).
    祭 業筮 ⥫쭮 ਥ  饯-
宫᪠  ⥫쭮 (..㡨⥩,1940; ..-
쥢,1975;  ..,1984),   室騬   ⠬:
⨢,  楫,  ஢,  ࠡ⪮ ⥪饩 ଠ樨
⨢ ࠧ,  ਭ⨥ 襭, ⢨, ஢મ -
  ४樥 ⢨.
      ⥬     ஢   (..⥢,1986;   ..-
ਭ,1989) ⬥  ࠧࠡ⠭  楯㠫 ,
। 魮 業,   堭 業 -
⮢.  ,  । । 業 㯠  

                             - 10 -

1.9
  (..袨,1984),         ⢨   (..-
,1991),    ⥫쭮 (..ᮢ1978),    ᮢ-
㯭 ᯥ樠 㬥 (..株,1991),   㭪
(..⮭,1972).
   ᬮ   ᫮     祭,
⤥묨 ᫥⥫ﬨ  ।ਭ  ⪨  ࠧࠡ
 ஡  ࠬ ⥬ 室.   ⮬ 業
 ⥬ ᪮  ⥫쭮  ᬠਢ  
.
   _2 業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫..0   ⥮ਨ  -
᪨ ⥬  [..쬨,1964] ⠢   㭪樮-
 ⮢ ⥮᪨  ᪨ ।  -
 ﭭ      ᪨ ⥬   ⥬:
ꥪ  ꥪ ᪮ ⢨, ।  ᮢ-
 ⥫쭮,  楫 祭  ।⢠ ᪮ -
樨 [..쬨,..,1993].    ⨪⭠
 業筮 ⥫쭮 稫 ᢮ ࠧ⨥  楫 拉
᫥ (..ᮢ,1985;   ..⥢,1986;  ..-
,1995;..,1995).
    ࠧࠡ⠭       ⠢  業
⢨.   ᪨  業묨 ⢨ﬨ ..
 "ࠦ ࠧ ⭮襭,  ॠ㥬 ।⢮
ࠢ । 業  業筮 ᭮" [1987, . 18].
    ⢥ 業 ⢨   䠪୮  -
 뤥  ᫥騥  業 ⢨,  ࠧ騥 
業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫:  ஢ 業  -
⢨, ਭ⨥  業  襭,  業 ᮡ⢥ 業筮
⥫쭮,  ஫,  祭 筮 饣, 

                             - 11 -

1.9
  ⭮襭;  筮⭮ ⢨, ᯮ짮-
  ॠ 業 襭,  ண஢ ﭨ -
    ࠧ⨥ 筮 饣,  ४ 業
[.., 1991].
      ᫥  ⢨  ⥪,   ॠ
業 ⢨   ६  殮:    ப  -
।⥫쭮 ஢,  ନ஢ 楫,  業-
;  ६ ப - ॠ 業筮 㭪樨; ᫥ ப -
४  ஫ 業筮 ⥫쭮.
      ..,   "ࠧࢠ" ⠯ -
筮 ⥫쭮 㪠뢠  ⢮ ⥬ࠧ饣
䠪  業筮  ⥫쭮.  稭  ꥤ ࠧ
⢨   ⥬    饯᪮  ਭ-
樯  ࠢ      ਥ饩   ⨬㫨饩 㭪樨
業.
   .. [1994] ⠪ 뤥 業 㬥  ᮡ -
 㬥: 業 ᮡ⢥ 㠫쭮-宫᪨ -
, 業 ᢮ ﭨ,   㬥   ..
  ᭮ 業 㬥 ..  ⥬ ᮮ⢥
:  ୮⥩  堭 筮⭮    
䫥ᨨ,  ⭮  宫 ⥩,  ⮤  ⮤
९ 祡 ।.  ,   楫 -
  몮,  ᪮  묨  뫨    㪠
,  業 㬥 ନ஢     ,  ⬥砥
...
      몮  砥:  樠쭮-楯⨢-
, 䫥ᨢ  ⥫㠫.  ᫥ । -
⨧ ᯮᮡ 襭 ⤥, 砢 ࠭ -
᪨   業 ஢   㬥 .

                             - 12 -

2.0
    ⮬⨧  業  ⭮  ᮧ-
⥫쭮 ॣ樨  ᬠਢ ..  ࠧ
 業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫.  ਮ⠥  ⮬ "奬"
業, ""  ஡  権    襭 ᪮
 業.  裡  ⨬ .. ⬥砥,  -
᪨ ८⨯,  筮 騥 宩  ᪮
⥫쭮,   ⥫ ஫, ᫨  ⤠-
 ᥡ         ਬ   堭 
⢨.
   ..㭨 [1991] ।  ᪨ 㬥,  -
  業 १⮢ 祭, 뢠 ᫥騥:
   - ᫥  ॠ樥 ⠢ 楫  ᯮ -
 ᪨ 襭;
   - ⢫ ࠧ ,   ᯮᮡ ஫, -
஫  ᠬ஫ ;
   -   ꥪ⨢ 業   訥 祡 -
⨦ 誮쭨;
   -  ஫  ᢮ 㯪  ;
   - ⠭ 稭 㤭      ᯮᮡ
 ࠭;
   - ᮢ襭⢮ ᮡ⢥ ⥫쭮  ᭮  
 業  ⮨  ⪮.
   ஬ ⮣,  宫       ⢥  業
⢨ 뤥 ⠪ :  । । 業 
 ⭮  業; 祭 ਥ 業 -
⮢ 祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨;  ᮮ⭮襭 室  -
⮢ 祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨    ࠧ殬-⠫  
ன  ਨ 業; ࠦ १⮢ 業  -

                             - 13 -

।  ଥ (業 㦤,⬥⪨  ..) [..-
ਭ, 1983].
   _2魮  ஫ 業..0  魮 業   ࠧ
ࠬ 筮. , ..㡨⥩, ⢮ ஡ 業-
  ᪮  ᮡ 祭, ⬥砥,  -
⭮襭  ⥫  祭 "ய⠭ 業묨 ⠬ "
[1940,. 47]   "業 ᮢ蠥  ᭮  १⮢
⥫쭮,  ⨦  ஢, ⮨  ⪮,
 ⮬  ᠬ   १⮬,    楫  ⥫-
" [⠬ , . 43].
   ..쥢  㭤⠫쭮 ࠡ "宫  -
 業" :  "⢥ ࠧ⨥ ॡ  誮 -
 ⥫  ⮫쪮 १ ।  ⮤ 祭,   
।⢮ 業,  ।⠢ ᮡ 䠪 ᠬ -
।⢥ 㪮⢠ 祭" [1980, . 130].
   魮 業 ᯥ譮 祭 饣,   ..룮-
, 砥  ⮬,  "直 㯮  
 ॡ      ⫥      ⢨  㦠"
[1991, . 268].
   ..᪨ । 業    ⥬-
᪨ ,   ⮨  । ⥯  ᮮ⢥-
⢨  ,  㬥  몮 ।⥫쭮 -
" [1981,.23].  뢠 魮  業,  ..-
᪨  뤥   ᫥騩 :  "। 楫
祭;  롮 ஫ , ஢ ⨦ 
楫;  ⬥     ᯮᮡ ࠦ १⮢ ஢ન"
[⠬ ].
.
                             - 14 -

   ..袨   業   " ᮮ⭥ᥭ 室
 १  ⥫쭮    祭      ⠫"
[1984,.163].
   ..㪨 ᬠਢ  業    祡  ⥫쭮
誮쭨   ⥫ ⥯ ࠢ쭮  筮 믮-
 , ᠬ⥫쭮  ⨢ 祭  ࠡ"
[1977,.357].   ⮬ ஬ 뤥 ᫥騥 -
  ஢ 業 ᯥ:
   - ஭ 業 ᯥ,  ..  ᨬ 
  祡 ⥫쭮 ;
   - ⠭ 裡  ᥬ  ࠡ 祭  ப;
   - ᮪ ⭮  稬 業;
   - ᭮      ᭮ -
 業 , 㬥  몮;
   - ⠭ 業 ⥫  ᠬ業  ਢ祭 -
    ࠡ  ⢥⮢ ⮢饩; 㣨.
    業 ⢠   㬥  誮쭨    -
  "  ।  裡     (楫
।⠢)       ࠦ    ଠ樥    [..-
,1990,.14],  "ᢨ⥫⢮   ᯥ譮    -
譮 믮 " [.ࠤ,1984,.16].
    .㭥, 業 -  "஢ઠ ⮣,   ਬ-
塞  ᯮᮡ ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨  ।⠢-
 ,    饭 ࠢ,  ... ࠢ쭮 
⢨ ⥫" [1962,.47].
   ⠪, ⬥⪠ 㯠 ꥬ  ᯨ⠭   -
祭, ᠬ  ᮬ, 騬 ᢮ ஫  ࠦ.
.
                             - 15 -

    宫-᪮    ஡ 業-
 ᯥ譮 祡 ⥫쭮     ࠡ,
  ⨥ "業" ᬠਢ   樠  権
(..,1970;   ..쪮᪠,1977;  ..ᥭ,1981;
..ᨭ,1981;   ..,1986;    ..堭--
,1995).
   , ..,  ..஧,  .. [1951]  
誮 業   " ꥪ⨢ ਩,  -
। ⢥ 㦤  誮쭨" [28, . 79].
   ..堭-᪠ ,    樠 ᯥ 業
। ⥬,   業 "⢥砥  ॡ    饭,
 ᢮ ""  㣨" [1995,.32].
     ..,  "᪠  業  ࠦ...
 ⢠,  믮 㭪樨 稬   -
" [1986,53], .. "஫  ⢮,   -
⥫"  [⠬  ,.54].    㪠뢠,   稥 業 
祡-ᯨ⥫쭮   "ॡﬨ  ⢠
 । ⨯ 筮" [⠬ ,.53].
   ..ਢ蠯  ..⨭ 業   ࠧ-
⮥,  㡮  ⨢஢  ⭮襭  ⥫   ⨢
  १⠬ ⨦  饣" [1980,.63].
   ..ਭ ⠥,  "業 -  ᪨  -
ࠦ ꥪ-ꥪ,  ꥪ-ꥪ  ꥪ-ꥪ
⭮襭 ॢ室⢠  ।⥭,  ॠ  -
   ࠢ   ।   業      業筮    ᭮"
[1989,.85].
      㣨 ਬࠬ,  ⨬,   ࠧ
ࠪ⮢ 魮  ஫ 業,   宫-᪮ -

                             - 16 -

    ।  業,  -,  
㠫쭮-筮  饣 ,  -,  -
⮢  祡 ⥫쭮.
   業 ᯥ譮 祡 ⥫쭮      -
  ᫥ ଠ:
   -   (騥  , , 樨 -
, ⪨ 砭   ᯥ, .);
   - 騥 ࠪ⨪ ;
   - ⬥⪨;
   - 業  ᪠뢠 ( 㠫 ᥤ  祭-
,  த⥫᪨ ᮡ࠭);
   - 㣨  ,  ।ᬮ७ ७ ᯮ浪 誮
(..쥢,1980; .,1984).
   _2㭪樨 ᪮  業..0   ᨫ ⮣,   ⢨
業  ࠧ⨥ 誮쭨 ஭,      
 㭪ﬨ.
    ..쥢 業  :
   ) ਥ饩, 饩  ⢥ ࠡ 誮쭨-
, ᮤ饩 ᮧ 祭  ⮩ ࠡ  -
  ᮡ⢥ ;
   ) ⨬㫨饩,  饩  䥪⨢-  
।⢮ ० ᯥ  ᯥ,  ନ஢ 易-
  ७, 㯪  ⭮襭.
   ) ᯨ뢠饩  -  ।⢥ ﭨ ⬥⪨ -
室 "᪮७   ⥬ ⢥  ࠡ,  -
⢥ ᤢ ( ਥ ࠡ),    -
  楯樨,  ८ࠧ  ⥫㠫  堭"
[1980,.131].

                             - 17 -

    ⮬ 業   ⥫㠫   -
䥪⨢- , ..  筮 誮쭨  楫.
   ᪠ 業      ⭮襭  
,   誮  ᮬ  誮쭨. "-
   誮쭨  ⭮襭    ﭨ -
᪮ 業  ࢮ ॢ饭 ᪮ 業
  業  ...  ஥    ந室  
ᥬ. ᪠  業      ⭮襭  
ᥬ쥩  誮." [⠬ ].
    ᮦ,    㤥       襣
᫥ ᮢ६ ⥫,    ..쥢 
   稫  ᮧ  ᯮ짮   -
᪮ ⥫쭮.
    ﭨ  業  ⢨  ⥩ ନ ⠪
 ⢠ 筮  ᠬ業  ஢ 易.
    ⮩ 裡 業   ਭ樯   ᠬ業-
, .. "   ⭮襭  筮  ஭ 童-
 樠쭮 㯯" [..쥢,1980,.157],  業 
ᠬ業 ⢨  "ᨫ ४騬 䠪-
஬   ⥫쭮 筮" [⠬ ,1980,.14].
    .., ⭠  ᠬ業  " -
ନ஢  ⮫쪮  ꥪ⨢묨  ﬨ,  ᪮쪮
ﭨ   業   ⢨   ⥫    祭  
[1976,.127].  ⮬ 㪠뢠,   ᯥ  -
ᯥ  祡 ⥫쭮, ९塞   ᮪
⬥⪠ ⥫,  㪫    ஢ 易
.
.
                             - 18 -

   業筠  筨   ⫨筨  㦥    ⢥⮬
,   ..,  ਮ⠥   ⥫쭮 祭
쭮 䠪,  ࠭饣    祭,
 ⮬ ᫥  祭 ⬥⪨ 祭. "ࠪ᪨  -
  ।樨 ⨬㫨饩 㭪樨 ⬥⪨   襪᭨-
,    砫쭮 誮   ᬨਫ  樥 筨-
" [⠬ ].
   ..쥢 ⠥,   ࠧ ஢ ॡ  
騬  ࠧ ᯥ ନ     ࠧ  ஢
易. , ᨫ 祭  ⥪饩 ࠡ ᮪ 業-
   ⮬ ࠧ  ᮪  ஢  易,
"祭    騩   ᮡ ८業 ᮡ⢥  
প  쭥襬 ⢥  த"  [1980,.172].
  騥    ⥪饩 ࠡ 業  ,
 ᯮᮡ ନ஢      ஢  易:
"易 ⨬㫨  ⢥ ⮬, 騬  
᫠ ⢥⢥ 祭,  殮 ࠡ   ਮ
 筮 ⭮⥫쭮 த, 뢠  業 -
" [⠬ ].
    ⥭  ࠡ  ஡ 業 ᯥ譮
祡 ⥫쭮  ⮨  ⮬,    
㭪権 業  뢠 ஫  ᫮ ନ஢ -
   㬥      (..쯥ਭ,1985;  ..쬨-
,1993; ..,1993; ..㭨,1988  .).  -
  ⥬,    ஫,  ᮣ᭮ ⥮ਨ ⠯ ନ஢
⢥ ⢨ (..쯥ਭ,1985),  室  ⠢  -
  ⢨     㭪樮 ⥩.   
⥬ ஫ 㯠  ⢥ ᭮ ନ஢ ᯮᮡ

                             - 19 -

饣      ࠧ ᪨ ⥫ -
ᮢ.  " ஫,   ⭮ 裡,   ᢥ  ⮬,
    祬  祭 䠪᪨ १,   ᫥饩
४樨 訡 ⢨ 祭..  ⠭ "᫥", -
ࠢ塞,      筥,    ⠥    ࠢ"
[..쬨,1980,.153].
    ⮩  裡    ,    ॠ樥 ஫饩
㭪樨 業 뢠    䥪⨢  ࠢ
ᮬ 祭  ᯨ⠭ .
    宫-᪮    ஡  業
ᯥ譮 祡 ⥫쭮  뤥  ⠪ 㭪-
樨 業   :   ࠧ⥫쭠,   ᯨ뢠   [..㪨-
,1977], ଠ樮    [..ᮢ,1982],   ࠢ
[..,1991], ⨢樮  [..,1994],  -
⥫쭠 [.檨,1979]  㣨.
      㣨 ਬࠬ,   ,  ஡
業    祡 ⥫쭮  -
⭮.   宫᪨  ᪨ ᫥
뤥 ࠧ  ஭:  魮,  ஫,  㭪樨 業,
  業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫  㣨.    ⥬
 諨 ⥫쭮 襭  ⠪  ᯥ    ஡
: ࠡ⪠  ⥬ 業 ਥ   㬥
, ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪, ﭨ 筮 ᮡ⥩
⥫      ⠢  祭 ⬥⪨.   
襭,   , 㤭 ᯥ譮 ॠ  ࠧ
筮   ᮢ६ 誮.



                             - 20 -

     21.2 ⬥⪠  ᯮᮡ 業 ᯥ 

1.9
   _2⬥⪠  ⢥ ⥫ ஢     㬥
_2..0 饯ਧ    ⥮ਨ   ࠪ⨪ 祭 
  ⮬,   ⬥⪠ -  쭮 ࠦ  -
᪮ 業    ᮮ⢥⢨   ணࠬ묨 ଠ  祡
।⠬.  ⫨稥  㣨 ᯮᮡ 業,  ⬥⪨ -
 䨪    誮쭮  㬥樨 -  ୠ,
⮪ ,  ,   ⠪  筮 㬥樨
 - ,  ᢨ⥫⢠, , ᯥ樠쭮 -
 ࠢ.
    ⢮ 誮 ⬥⮪  ⢥  -
 ⥬ ࠧ 뢠    ⨫⨥.  
      ਥ ᯮ짮  誮  
⢥ ⥫ ஢     㬥    
ᥬ 殮  ᢮ ஭  ⨢.
       ᫥⥫ (..檨,1946;  ..-
,1955;   ..᪨,1972;   ..㪨,1977;   ..-
,1978; ..᪨,1980; .,1984; ..袨,1984),
"⠭ 쭮 ⥬ 業 ࠫ ⥫ ஫,
᪮  ᮯ஢    樨,   ன 뫨
㫨஢   ⢥,   ⭮⥫쭮  ꥪ⨢
ਨ ⠢ 業" [..᪨,1980,.180].  -
 ᮡ ⥫ﬨ ணࠬ ॡ ⬥⪠  -
  ⢥  ࠭⮬ ꥪ⨢ 業 १⮢
祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨.
   ᬮ   ⥫ 業 쭮  ᯥ-
 ,    ஢ ⬥ ⤥ ⪨
 ⥬.

                             - 21 -

2.0
     ..檮 [1946],   ⭮ ⠪ 誮
஡ : ଠ쭮  ⬥⮪,   ""
 "" ⬥⪠,   뢠 ⥫ﬨ   
 ⠢ ⢥⭮ ,    ᠬ⥫쭮-
 譨 ࠡ  易  ⨬ 㤭 ⠢ ⬥-
⮪;   砩 ⬥⮪ - ᮧ ᨬ⨨ ⥫ 
筮 ⤥쭮 饣;   筮 ࠪ⨪ "ࠢ"
⬥⮪   ⢥;   堭᪮ 室 ⥫ 
⠢ ⮣ ⬥⮪  ..
   ᮡ    । ⮩ 㯯 ᫥⥫
  । .  ..᪨ ⠥,   -
  "த ,    -  ᫠,  -
묨  ந 䬥᪨ ⢨,  ⭮ ।-
  ."  [1980,.76].  "祢",-   ,- " 
訡:  ஢   ᫮ 業  ࠧ
࠭ (浪) 誠;   ᫮ ன  -
   楤 ७    ਢ    
誠 浪 ࢠ쭮 誠" [⠬ ,.76].
     .,  "। ⬥⪨" ᥣ ᪨ -
ࠢ  ।,  .. "믠   ७ ᨫ  ᫠
஭ 誮쭨 [1984, . 116].
     ⨬,    ᫥ ।   ⮫쪮
ਧ ࠬ,    ⠥ " ⥫  -
譮   誮쭮   祭"   (..,1970;   ..-
,1973;   ..쥢,1980;   ..쬨,1980;   ..-
,1986; ..㡥,1993).
   㣨  १ ⨪   ⥬  業  
誮.

                             - 22 -

   , ..룮᪨  ⢥ত,    "⬥⪠ ।⠢ 
ᥡ ⮫쪮 ஭ ᥬ 室 ࠡ    業,  
祭 ᪮  稭  ஢    ᮡ⢥묨 ᠬ
祭,  祭 稭   ࠤ  ⮣,  ⮡  
୮    ⬥" [1991,.268].   ⮩ -
, ⬥⪠ "ࠢ ࠧ... ᮥ  ᥡ  ⥫
஭ 墠  栭" [⠬ ,.268].
   ࣠ ⨪  ⥬ 業  誮  ..-
᪨ 뢠 宫 魮 樮 業-
: ", ⭥ᥭ 筮   祡 ,  ᢮
६     ⥬  祭   ⥬ ᫥⢨,
   易,  祭 ॢ頫 ४ 
 ᫨  ,    ⢥  楫   ⠭"   [⠬
,.160].  ࠧ, ந室 ஢ 㭪樨 ⬥-
  祡-ᯨ⥫쭮 ,   砥 ᤢ ⨢
 楫:  騥 "  ⮣,  ⮡ 뤥ঠ , 
 뤥ন   ⮣,  ⮡    "  [⠬
,.160].
   ન 宫  ᫥    㡨⥫쭮
⠭ 饣  樮 ⬥, ..룮᪨ -
砥,   ᥣ ⥫ "뢠 㦭묨 । -
⢥  娩 ᨫ ⠭" [⠬ ,.160].
   뢠 ⢥ ⪨ 饩  誮  ⥬
業 ᯥ譮 祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨, ..-
堭-᪠  ⠥,   ᪨ 業 "१砩
,  , ..   ᪨,   -
樮  ⥬   筮 ;  ⠭⨧-
   ꥤ  ﬨ  業"   [1995,.33].

                             - 23 -

1.9
   ..쥢 [1980] ⬥砥,   ᭮ ⥫쭮  -
⢨  誮 ⬥⮪   ᫥ ,
맢 業 ᯥ譮 祭  樨 .
   ..ᨯ ⬥砥,   ⬥⪠  誮   ᯮ짮-
  "  ஦ ⠪ ,  ਥ 祭-
  ᢮ ᨫ,  , 吝 ⢮  ⭮-
襭  祭" [1955,c34].
   , ..ᠭ,  ..㧭殢,  ..᭮᪨ ,  
"浪 誠  ⬥⪨,  ன  誮 -
ࠪਧ 訬 , ᫮, ᫨  -
,  誠஢ ⨦  ࠧ  ᪮쪨 -
⥫,       ⫨   ਡ⥫쭮,   ।"
[1985,c.42].     ஢,  "ᯮ짮  
誠  ⬥⮪    ᭨,    ᮤঠ
ࠧ ᢮   ᢮ 騥,  ⠭  稭
訡, 䠪, 騥  ᯥ" [⠬ ,.43].
   ..ᯠ쪮 ⠪   ન   ꥪ⨢   ਬ
5-쭮 誠,      "  ப । 
 ⢨⥫ ஢   業  ࠧ묨  -
" [1968,.52].
   "ࠤ樮 ⥬ 祭",- ⠥  ..ᯠ쪮,-  "
⢥ ⭮ 業 ᢮ ਢ  業, 饩 -
 "3"  "4" " [⠬ ,.68].
   ..楢 ஡ ⬥⪨  誮 ।⠢  "஡-
 ஦ 誠 ⬥⮪" [1991,.32],  ..    ࠪ⨪
⥫ ᨫ  "0",  "1", "2", "5". " ⬥⮪ -
 䠪᪨  塠,    設⢠ ⥩  (..
     "5"  砫 ⮫쪮  3",   "4")
誠 ⬥⮪ ⠫ 塠쭮" [⠬ ].

                             - 24 -

2.0
    ਬ  䨪 ᨬ ।筮 ⪫
⬥⮪  । ,  ..楢 뢠,  襥
⨬㫨饥 ⢨  ⬥⮪  -  "3"  "4"   뢮 
⮬,  "5-쭠 誠  ⮫쪮  ⢥  ஥筨"
[⠬ ,.33].
   ..᫠᪨, ᢥ ஡ 㧪⬥  䫨⮢,
⬥砥,   "뭥  ⨡쭠 ⥬...  ᫨誮
㧪, ਡ⥫쭠,... ⮯ୠ,...  ⨡쭠 ⥬ - 
᫮ ஭" [1990,.127].
    宫-᪮     ⢮
 祪 ७  誮 ⬥ 뤥 ࠡ,  -
 饭 㣫㡫  ७ 5-쭮 誠.
   , ..ᯠ쪮 । 12- 誠 業, -
 "  ᫥⥫᪮ ࠡ   ꥪ-
⨢  ᮯ⠢ 業    ᭮ ࠧࠡ⪨
⠭   ⮢   ஢   ᢮          㬥"
[1968,.68].
   ..᪨ ⠥ 楫ᮮࠧ " ⢥ 業
宫-᪨   ३  ਬ 
᪨ ਥ,  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⥬᪮  㪮"
[1980,.77].  筮 묨 ﬨ, 騬 -
 ᪨ 稬 १  ᯮ짮 ࠭-
 誠,   ⮬ ᫥  誠 誮 ,   ⠥ -
" ࠢ १⮢    ᨬ  롮ப  -  ਩
;      ᨬ 롮ப - ਩ -
-୮  ਩7 k520-ᮭ" [⠬ ,c.76].
   ..᪨ 㯠      ⮤ 業 ,
 祣 室 뤥   ⢥ 饣   -

                             - 25 -

⠭  ⭮⥫   ,  ; -
  ᭮ ⬥⪨ ந  㫥,  ன
᫨⥫  ।⠢ 㬬 ந  稭:  ⬥⪠
  ⢥   ,   ⥫ -  , -
ࠦ ⢮ 뤥 ⮢  ⢥" [1981,c.58].
   ..᫠᪨ ⠥,  5- 誠 誮쭮 業
室   8-10 , " ⮬   ࠧ-
⠭ ⪨ ਨ   ஢ 業,  ⠪ ⮤
ࠡ   ⥬" [1990,.127].
   ..ﭥ [1986], ࠧࠡ뢠 ⥬ ᭮ -
஫  祭, । ⠢ 饬 ६ 
業,  ࢠ  ࠪਧ ஢ ⨢, 
-  祡 㤠,   -  ;  ᭮-
  뢮  ⬥⪠.
   .⫨᪠ [1986]  業 ⢠  㯯 -
 । ਬ ⠪ ⢥ ⥫  ।-
䬥᪠ 業  㯯,  쭠 ᯥ,  ।-
襭 ᯥ, ।⭠ ᯥ.
      㣨 ਬࠬ  ⬥,  ⨢
饩 5-쭮  誠 ⬥⮪ । ᫥⥫ - -
饥 設⢮.
   _1㭪樨 ⬥⪨..0  ⬥⪠,   砥 業, -
  ᥡ   祡-ᯨ⥫쭮        㭪樨,
-: ⨬㫨,  ਥ, ஫, ண-
, ⨢樮, ᯨ뢠  .
     ⥬,  ᠬ⥫ 䥭  祡 -
, ⬥⪠ 믮  ᯥ᪨ 㭪樨. ᬮਬ .
.
                             - 26 -

1.9
   ⬥⪠,  ⫨稥  㣨  ᪮ 業, -
   ਤ᪮  ᨫ  [..쨭,..,1995].  
㭪 ⬥⪨ ᨫ  裡  ⬥  饥 ६ 
祡   ࠪ⨪ .    ⬥⪠
 ⢥ 㬥⮬,  祭 ண 騥
 ࠢ ᤠ   訥 祡 .
    ஢ ⬥,   ⬥⪠ 믮 樠  㭪-
:   ⬥⪥ "ॡ 稭 ᮧ ⢥,
㤠⢥  祭,  १ 祣  稭 -
뢠    ⢥   ⨥...  ᢮  ।
த⥫ﬨ,  誮,  ⢮" [..,1986,.79]. 
ᯮᮡ ନ஢  ॡ ⢥ ᮧ.
   宫᪨  祭 ⬥⪨   ࠡ ..-
, ..஧, .. [1951]. ⬥⪠,   -
஢,   ।  宫-᪨  ᫮  
  ⨢,  㦤騬 祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨.  
 饣  ⬥⪨  뢠 ࠧ  -
稭:   墠 த⥫  ⥫;  
⭮    ;    㯨    襥
祡   㣨.
   ⢥ত ⮬  室      拉  㣨  ᫥
(..娭,1976;   ..મ,..૮,..ਤ,1983;
..,1994).   ⮬ ⬥砥  ⥫쭠 ஫ -
⪨  ⨢ 祡 ⥫쭮,  .. ந室 ᤢ -
⨢ 祭 誮쭨  楫 - १.
   _2⬥⪠  ⥫ 䥪⨢ 祭.0.  -
⥫ ᯥ譮 祡 ⥫쭮 誮쭨,  ⬥⪠ 
 ⥬ 㯠  ࠪ⨪ ⥫쭮 ⥫  -
  ।⭨.

                             - 27 -

2.0
    ⬥⮪ 饣  ⤥쭮 祡 樯 -
 ᫥  ᯥ:  ,  -
, ⠡쭠 [..異,1991].  ..異,  -
쭮 ᮮ⭮襭 ꥬ, ᫮ 砥 祡 -
  ६, ⢥ ⥫   祭,  -
 誮쭨   ⠡쭮  饩.
    ⪫   ⪨  
祡 ⥫쭮, ᪨ ⥬.  ᯥ  -
祭 ⥬  ⥫ ᤥ 뢮    ࠡ  ⤥
    楫.
   .. [1972],    ⬥⮪, ⠥, 
設 ਢ ⬥⮪,   ꥬ   ⢥ ᢨ-
⥫   ஢ ⨢ ⬥⪨   -
 "  ⬥⪠".
     ⨬ ⬥⪨   ᢨ⥫⢮   -
 ⮤ ९ ⥫. , ᯮ짮 
ଠ쭮 । ⬥⮪,  ⠭ ⮢-
 ࠧ稩  ⥮᪨ 冷 ⬥⮪   ॠ쭮  -
⠢묨 ⬥⪠ ⥫  । ஬⮪ ६.
 ⮢୮ 祭 ࠧ稩  ᤥ 뢮   ⮬,
  ⮤ ९ ⥫     ⠢-
塞 ⥫ ⬥⪨ ꥪ⨢.  ᫥⢨ ⮣, 䥪-
⨢ 祭   砥 .  砥,  祭
 ᮣ7 k520-ᮭ  ᪨  祭,  
ᤥ  뢮   ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪  䥪⨢ ⮤
९ ⥫ [..異,1991].
     祡   ⮫쪮 ⤥쭮 祡 -
樯,     誮  楫,  ਬ ⠪ 稭  :

                             - 28 -

1.9
। ,  業⭮ ᮮ⭮襭 ⥫  ⥫-
 ⬥⮪,  ᯥ 鸞 ⬥⮪  ।⠬  .  (..-
᪨,1972; ..,1973; ..楢,1991).
    ࠧ, ⬥⪠ - ᠬ⥫ 䥭  祡--
⥫쭮 ,  ਧ ࠦ ᯥ .
ᬮ  ᯮ⢮ 5-쭮 誠  ⥮ਨ  ࠪ⨪ -
,  ⥬ 業  ᮮ⢥ ᥬ ॡ-
, ।  ,  뢠 ⢮ ⨢稩 
 ᯮ짮.    ⥬,  ⠢ 訬 ⥫
ᯥ譮 祭 誮쭨,   ॡ ⥬ 室 
 祭  ᯮ짮.


21.3. ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪  宫-᪠ ஡

   ஡ ꥪ⨢ 誮  業 -   -
 ᯮ  ⥮ਨ  ࠪ⨪ 誮쭮 ࠧ. ᬮ
 騥  ⨦,  ,  ᪮쪮  ⭮ ࠦ
஢   㬥  ⠢塞 ⥫ﬨ  ⬥⪨,
⠥ . 㤭, 易   襭, ।-
 ᯥ⭮    窨 ७  ,
宫, ⮤⮢.
   ⮤᪮ ᯥ祭  襭   砥
 ࠧࠡ⪥   ⬥⮪  ⤥ 祡 樯,  -
ঠ騬  "ணࠬ । 饮ࠧ⥫쭮 誮" [116].
   ணࠬ  ⬥⮪, ਧ 㦨 ⮬ -
⢥ ਥ ᪮ 業, ஥  ਭ樯
"⬠"       祡  ⥫쭮 誮쭨,
।ᬮ७  祡 ।⮬.

                             - 29 -

2.0
   , "樨   業   㬥   
" [1992],    ᥡ  ⬥⮪    ⢥
饣,   ᯥਬ⠫ 㬥,  쬥 ࠡ, 
㬥   .   ⭮, ⬥⪠ "5"  -
 ⢥   ⠢ ⥫  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ ⢥
饣 ᮮ⢥ ᫥騬 ॡ:
   "⢥   ࠢ  ᭮ 祭 ⥮਩;  -
ਠ   । ᪮ ᫥⥫쭮,  -
 몮;  ⢥ ᠬ⥫". ⬥⪠ "4" ।-
 "- ⢥ 訡,  ࠢ   ॡ
⥫";  ⬥⪠ "3",  ᮮ⢥⢥, - "饭 ⢥
訡,  ⢥ , 吝".   業
⢥, ᫨ "㦥  騬 ᭮ ᮤঠ
祡 ਠ  饭 ⢥ 訡,  -
騩      ࠢ    ⥫";  
 ⢨ ⢥ ⠢   [,  1992,
.34-35].
    ࠧ  ।⠢   ⬥⮪  㣨 
祡 ⥫쭮.  窨 ७ ⮤⮢,  ꥪ⨢
業 ⢥ 祭  ⥫ ॡ  ண  ᫥-
    ⬥⮪  ।. , 㦥
ࢮ砫   ࠧ  ⬥⮪,  -
筮      ⠪ ⥫  "",
"㡨", "", "筮", "᫥⥫쭮", "ᠬ-
⥫쭮"  ⢥  饣;  ⢨      
祡 ।⮢.
   ࠦ  設⢠ ᫥⥫,  ..奥 ⬥-
,  "     ᥪ⮬,  ᪮쪮 

                             - 30 -

९⥫,  ⮫쪮   ⥬ ࠢ, -
    ᮮ⢥   業           2,3,4,5"
[1986,c.17].  ⮬  㪠뢠,   ந室  ⮫-
 -  ⥯ ଠ ਥ 業,   
஢,      १ ࠢ⢠ ࢠ 
쭮 誠.  ,  稭 ࢠ  "4"  "5"   
ࠢ 稭 ࢠ  "3"  "4" .
      ᮢ襭⢥ 5-쭮 誠,  ᭨饩 ꥪ⨢-
 ⬥⮪,      ।⠢   筮   ப
(..,1970; ..᪨,1981;        ..奥,1986;
..ᠭ,  ..㧭殢,  ..᭮᪨,1986; ..᫠-
,1990).  ⨬      ᫥ ⪨ -
-᫥⥫   ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪   
८ࠧ 饩 誠,  ࠧࠡ⪨  ଠ
ᯮᮡ 業 ஢   㬥 誮쭨.
   ᬮ  騥 १,  ୠ⨢ ᯮᮡ -
⠢ ⬥⮪   ⤥ ᪨ ⮤,  
諨 ப ਬ  ᮢ 誮.
    裡  ⨬ -᫥⥫   ஡  ८-
 ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪    ࠬ 饩-
 5-쭮 ⥬  뢠   襭  ᨮ-
 ⢠ ⥫.
   ᮡ ᫥   ⬥  ᫥,  뢠騥  ﭨ
஢ ᪮ ⢠   業  ⥫
    㬥  (..७,1986;  ..,1989;
..쬨,..,1993;  ..⨭,1994;  ..,1994;
..,1995;  ..࠭,1995).  饬 , ᭮ 
 ᫥ ⮨  ⮬,  ᮪ ஢ ନ஢-

                             - 31 -

  ᪮ ⥫쭮 ⥭樠쭮 ࠭ -
 ⥯ ꥪ⨢ ⠢塞 ⥫ ⬥⮪.
    拉   ᫥   (..᫠᪨,1973;   ..ᥭ-
,1981;    ..ᨬ,1983;    ..,1991;   ..-
,1995) ⬥砥,   ⥫-ᨮ     ᢮
ᥭ  ⮤᪨ ਥ  ⮤᪨ । -
 ,  ⫨  ᮪  ஢  ନ஢
業 㬥, ꥪ⨢ ⬥⪨.
    .. [1989]  ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪, ⠢塞
稭騬 ⥫ﬨ, 易 ⠪   ஢ -
ᨮ쭮 ᠬᮧ.  稭  ᢮⢥
८⨯ ⬥⮪,   宫᪮ ᫮,  -
짮 १ ⨢ ࡠ 業 筮 饣
  ⬥⮪.   ⮬ ᨮ쭮 ᠬᮧ, ⬥-
砥  ,   "ᮧ ⥫ ᮡ⢥ ⥣ਠ쭮
,  ⮨  ⪮" ந室 ८᫥
᫮ ਥ   業.
   ,   ..쥢,  .., ..᪨,
 襭 ᪮ ⢠ ⥫ 蠥   
業 筮 饣  ⨯ ᯥ. "⥫--
   १ ࠧ 筮 誮쭨, ᯮ
 ᯮᮡ   ⮬ ⨣ ᨬ쭮 䥪
᢮ ⢨" [1975, . 33-34].
     鸞 ᫥⥫,  ᯥ譮 業  ꥪ-
⨢  ⠢塞  ⬥⮪ । ஢ ନ஢-
 業 㬥, ⮤᪨ ਥ  । (..-
类,1974;   ..ᮢ,1985;   ..,1995).  ..
[1994]  ᮡ 㯯 ᨮ 㬥 뤥 業

                             - 32 -

㬥,    ࠧ ᮬ 㬥 :  業
ᮡ⢥  㠫쭮-宫᪨  ᮡ,  業
᢮ ﭨ  .
      ..७ [1986],   ꥪ⨢ -
⠢塞 ⬥⮪ ⥫ﬨ-ᨮ    ᭥
襩 ⨢ ᫮, ࠦ饩  ᯮᮡ -
 讥 ⢮ 䠪஢  業,   ࠢ  -
ᨮ.
   ᨬ ꥪ⨢  ⬥⮪  ᨮ ,
㬥, 몮 ⥫,  ᮡ  ⠢   
 ନ஢  㤥⮢ ᪨ 㧮.  宫-
-᪮  ⮤᪮  ,  ॠ-
       ࠪ 業   㬥-
     ࠪ⨪  ᨮ쭮  ⮢    㧠
।⠢ 筮     (..᪨,1972;     ..-
,1973; ..⫨,1977;     .檨,1979;    ..-
,1980; ..堭᪨,1980; ..ᮢ,1985).
   設⢮ ஢ 室    ⮬,   ନ஢
業筮 ⥫쭮  ⥫ ந室 䠪᪨  -
⥬, 娩,   ᮢ襭 ᮧ  ஭ ᠬ-
 ꥪ.  ମ  ⮫쪮 ନ஢ ᨮ
業  㬥 ⠢ ⬥⮪  ᮧ 訥 㤭
  ᨥ 稭騬 ,    ᯮᮡ
᪠ ਥ   ⠢塞 ⬥⮪,  ਮ-
 ᪨ ࠪ.
    ନ஢  㬥 宫᪨ ࠬ⭮ -
筮 ⥫쭮  㤥⮢   ᫥ ..-
ᮢ [1985].     楫ࠢ 祭 㤥-

                             - 33 -

1.9
⮢  業   㬥   ப  -
⥫쭮   ᮤঠ  業筮  ⥫쭮  㤥⮢
ᯥਬ⠫쭮 㯯,   ਡ   業筮 ⥫-
 ⥫-஢.   ᯥ譮 ନ஢   㤥⮢
業  㬥  ..ᮢ  । ᯮ짮 ⨢
㯯 ⮤:  ᨨ,  ஫ , ࠧࠡ⠫ 樠-
-宫᪨ ७.
    ᫥    ࠧ஧  ࠪ,    -
  ⥮ਨ  ࠪ⨪ 㧮᪮ ⮢ ⥫  -
 ஢      ᫥騬 業,  
ࠢ,   ।⮬  ⤥쭮 祭, ⠢
  ⥯.  १  ⢥ -
稥.     ஭,  ⥬  ᨮ쭮 ⮢
⥫ ਥ஢ " ० 祭,.  業" ,   㣮,
ࠪ᪨    ⮤᪮ ᭠饭 
⥫ 몠   ⠢   ⬥⮪    (..᪨,1972;
..ᮢ,1985; ..,1991).
   ᮬ, ந室 ஢  㭪権  ⬥⪨    祡-
-ᯨ⥫쭮     ᠬ ⥫,   ᪠ 
  ᭨ ꥪ⨢.
       ।ਭ    ⪨  
஡ ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪   뤥  宫-
᪨ ॡ    ஫    業  ஢ ᢮ 
(..쥢,975; .⠭,1978;  ..୥,1978; ..-
᪠,1990; ..룮᪨,1991).   楫 鸞 -
⮢,  宫  ⮤⮢, ᫮ ⥬ 業  -
뢠 宫 த ࠧ 諥 ⥩,   ନ-
஢   ⨩,     १⨢ ࠪ-
⨪   ॠ쭮   ⠭  誮쭨.

                             - 34 -

   ..룮᪨ [1991],  ࠧࠡ뢠 ⥮᪨ ᭮  -
 祭,  ⠢    ᮫⭮  ⭮⥫쭮 (
ࠢ  ᮬ) ᯥ   㪠뢠  -
    JQ  ॡ  ண 誮   ᮫⭮ ᯥ-
    ⢥ ࠧ ॡ   ⭮-
⥫쭮 ᯥ譮.
    窨 ७ ..룮᪮ " 誮쭮 祭  ।-
饩    ⮫쪮 ᠬ  ᥡ 稭 JQ,  ..  ஢
ࠧ  ᥣ譨 , ᪮쪮 ⭮襭 ஢ ⮢
  ࠧ  ॡ   ஢ ॡ,   ।
誮" [1991, .404].
   ᭮ 宫᪨ ਥ 業 誮쭮  ᯥ譮
      襣  ࠧ  ॡ.  "
誮쭮 ᯥ譮  ⮫쪮 ⢥ 㭪樨,  ᮧॢ訥 
ᥣ譨 ,         ।뫪,
 㭪樨, 室騥  ⠤ ᮧॢ" [⠬ ,.402].
   業     ᭮ 宫᪨  JQ
  襣 ࠧ  ..룮᪮ 뤥  -
 ⥣ਨ ⥩:   ᮪ JQ  让  -
 ࠧ;     JQ  让  襣  ࠧ-
;     JQ    襣 ࠧ;   
᮪ JQ    襣 ࠧ.
    ⮬, 襥 室⢮   ⢥ ࠧ 
⭮⥫쭮 誮쭮 ᯥ譮       
祭  襣 ࠧ.
   ..좮᪨ [1988] ࠧࠡ⠫ ⮤ "ᮤঠ⥫쭮 -
", 騩 -宫᪨  ᮤঠ ꥪ⮢
᢮,  ।  ⥬  祡-⥫  ⢨,
ࠧࠡ ⭮ ⥬ । ".

                             - 35 -

2.0
業  ⢠ ᢮ ,   ..좮᪮,   
஢  ⠪ 宫᪨ ⥫  ।⭮ 
⥬ .
   ⥫쭮⭠ ⥮ ⠯ ନ஢ ⢥ -
⢨  ..쯥ਭ [1985] 뫠    뤥
宫᪨ ਥ 業 ஢   㬥  誮쭨-
.  ᫥,  ஢   ࠬ ⮩ ⥮ਨ (..몮-
,1971;    ..,1975;    .⠭,1978;    ..-
,..મ,1981),   ࠧࠡ 宫--
᪨ ᭮ ஫  祡 .    ⮬  쭠
業     㬥   ⢫  
⠯  ନ஢ ⢨,   ⠭
ﭨ ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 饣,   䨪஢
⮫쪮    १ [.⠭,1978,.4].   ⥬
業  ⮫쪮 ࠢ ᮬ  祭    ᯮᮡ
ࠧ  ⥫  宫᪨ 㭪権,    
 ꥪ⨢ ⬥⪨ .
   ᬮ  ⮨⢠  ୮ ⮩ ⥮ਨ    70-80-
, ᥣ,         ⨪,   
ࠪ⨪ 誮쭮 祭  ਮ५ ᮢ  ࠪ.  
맢 ᮪ ॡﬨ  ᨮ   㬥-
 ⥫,     ந  祭  
ᮮ⢥⢨  ﬨ  ⥮ਨ.
   ,   宫᪨  業  
㬥,  ᯥ稢 ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪, ⨢ ࠧࠡ-
  ᥩ.
   ᪠ ..  [1990] 㪠뢠,   業  
 ⮫쪮   १⠬ ⥫쭮 祭,      

                             - 36 -

⮬ 㠫쭮 ஭ ᢮ ,  業 ன
 ⢥ 宫᪨  ਥ    ।  ਭ
᫥騥:
   1) ࠪ ᯮ짮  , 㬥, 몮;
   2)   ᯮᮡ 祡 ࠡ,  ᯥ稢騬 䥪-
⨢ ᢮ ;
   3) ᮧ   ᯮᮡ,  ॡ  ਬ
 ᮡ⢥ 樠⨢   ⮩ ᭮  ஫஢,  -
४஢ ᢮ 祡 ⢨  ..
   宫᪨ ᯥ  祭 䠪஢,  ᭨  ꥪ-
⨢ ⬥⮪,  뤥  ⢥ ᫥ ᮡ -
 ⠫ 筮.  ..ᮢ ⢥ত,  
祫  ࠪਧ  । 㠫쭮 誠 -
,   ன  ࠦ 㦠騩 . " 㭨-
쭮  ਬ 筮,  ᢮ࠧ ⨫ 
 饭   ।  ⮩  㠫쭮  業筮
誠: ⥬ ⠫, ﬨ, ⥯ ਧ樨 業 
㣨 ࠬࠬ 誠,  ନ 㠫 ⨫
筮" [1982, . 49].
   饯宫᪨   ꥪ⨢   ࠦ
⢨⥫쭮    鸞 ᫥⥫ (..,1975;
..,1975; ..ᠪ,1975; ..ᨭ,1981; ..-
祪,1991)  ⭮     業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫.  
 .. [1970]   㤭, 業 ⥭樨
-    ॠ 䠪    室.  業  -
ত, .. ન,  業 - -
 ⭮ 祭    १⮬ -
     ⮫쪮  祭.   -

                             - 37 -

ࠧ    ࠦ ⢨⥫쭮 ᢥ뢠-
, ᮢ뢠   業 ⠫,   ஫
᢮ࠧ "ન" 業." [..].
    ࠧ,    ⠢ ⬥⪨ ⥫ ६
ᯮ ᪮쪮 ⥫ 誠: 5-쭠  -
쭠 業筠 誠 筮 ⥫. 祢, ⭮
㠫 業 ⠫ ⥫  㤥    
襭    ⬥⮪,    ⨫ 業筮 -
⥫쭮 .
      ஢  , ஡ ꥪ⨢
⬥⮪   ।⮬  ⠫쭮  祭  ᯥ樠⮢
     ᫥  殮 ⥫쭮 -
ਮ ६. ᢥ ࠧ ᯥ  ஡,   
᫥       ᭮騬.  祢,
襭  㯨   ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪,  ॡ ᮢ-
 ᨫ ⮤⮢,  宫,  ,   ⥬
室    祭.     ६ ᫥ ⬥ -
 ࠧࠡ    宫᪨ 権, -
  窨 ७ 筮 ᮡ⥩ ⥫  ,
     ᫥饣 ࠣ.


        21.40 2ᮡ 筮  ⥫쭮 ⥫,
                2騥  ⠢ ⬥⮪.

   騥 ⥮᪨  ᯥਬ⠫ ᫥ 
 ஡  ࠧ஧ ࠪ    ᥣ
  ⤥ 筮 ᮡ⥩ ⥫,  ।-

                             - 38 -

  ᯥ䨪 ᪮ ⥫쭮  楫,   業
  㬥 誮쭨,   ⭮.   ⥬, 饭
 ᨭ⥧    뤥 ᭮ ࠢ-
  襭 ⮩ ஡.
   ० ᥣ,   ᫥, 饭 ᮡ -
筮  ⥫쭮  ⥫,  砫    뫮   
..쥢 (..쥢,1980;  .., 1991; ..મ-
,1993; ..,1993).  宫 ᪮ 業-
,  ..쥢  㪠뢠   ⥫ ࠧ  業筮
    ⮩    ᯥ樠쭮,  䨪樨,
⠦  ࠬࠬ:  ⢮ 業 ⢨, ᯮᮡ 
 業.  "業 㦤 ⥫",-   ..쥢,-
"ࠦ ⠪  ⮢,  ࠪਧ ᠬ . 
 ⭮: ᯮᮡ 饭   祭, ⥯ ࠧ-
     祭,  ஢   祭  ᫮
 ࠧ,  ७஢ 室  祭  ⭮襭
 ⢨, 騩 ਩ ᥤ 業 祭 -
" [1980, . 184].
   让     祭 ᮡ⥩ 業筮 ⥫쭮
᫨ १ ⭥ ᪠  ᮤঠ⥫쭮  ᠭ
業 㬥 (..ᮭ,1969; ..᪨,..१-
,1977;   ..쬨,1980;   ..⪨,1981;   ..-
,..㧭殢,1990). 뤥      ᨮࠬ
㬥 業 ⠢ 室 祭 ਥ,   ⮩ 
 ⥯ 뢠 ࠧ ஭ 業筮 ⥫쭮-
 ⥫.
   ᫥ 㠫 ᮡ⥩ 業   -
᪨ 権,   ..  [1991]  뤥  

                             - 39 -

 業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫  ,  ।-
 ᢮ࠧ 㠫쭮-᪮  ⨭  業筮
⥫쭮.  ⭮    ⠢ ⠪ ⥫
: ᪮ 業  ப, 饥 ⢮ 業, ६
롮   ; ࣨ᪨   殮-
 砥  ᥡ: ⢮ 業  ப, ⢮ -
   ६ ,  㤥    ப; 
ਠ樮  ⠢  ᫥騥  ⥫:  -
쭮  ⢮   業   饣,  ਠ⨢-
 饣 ⢠ 業  ப.
   稢 ᢮ࠧ 業   㠫 -
祭 ⥫  襯᫥ ⥫,  .. -
 饥 ﭨ ࢭ ⥬    .
ﬠ ५樮  ᨬ 뢠 ᨫ ࢭ -
ᮢ  㦤   ᪮    ࣥ᪨  ⮬
業筮 ⥫쭮,    ࢭ ⥬  ਠ-
 ⮬.
   ࠧ ᪮ 業 । ⨫ 㪮⢠
(..,1983;  ..⠭,1990; ..订,1985; ..-
᪨,..१,1977;       ..⠥,..-
,1990; ..᫮,1973; ..祭,1994).
   ⨫ 㪮⢠  祡  ⥫쭮 "ࠪਧ -
⮩稢 ⠭ , ।  ᯮᮡ  祭 
ᯨ⠭    ।  䨧᪨  ᮡﬨ
筮 ⥫   ⮬" [..મ, 1993].
   ᭮ ⥭樨  ⮣  ࠢ  祭 ..
[1970],   ⨫ 㪮⢠  ⥫      
᫥騥 ࠪ⨪:  "⮪᪨"  ⨫,   ஬

                             - 40 -

, 祬  㣨,   ⥫ ⨯ ⭮襭 
騬   ⠢塞  ⬥⮪; "ࠫ" ⨫
㪮⢠ ࠪਧ ८業   㬥 ,
 ᫥⢨  ॡ⥫쭮    ⥫⢠   ஭
⥫; "᪨" ⨫,   ஬ ⥫ 業
誮쭨,  ⠪ ஢    㬥  ⭮.
   뢠 稭 ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪ ⥫-⮪⮢,
..쬨 [1987] ⬥砥,   ⮪᪨, ⪨ 
⭮  ᪫  祭  ਥ  ,  ⮬ 
 ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ﭨ ஥  㣨    業
  ᢮ 㣫 ७.  ᪨ ⨫ 筮 -
  ਥ஢     ꥪ⨢ 業.
      ..ᮢ  ஢ "  -
⥫ 業,  ⨢ ⨪,  ...  業 -
ࠪਧ  訬 ࠧ,  ꥪ⨢,  ८⨯-
, ਣ, ।" [1982, . 43].
     鸞 ஢, ⨫ 㪮⢠   ନ஢-
 㠫쭮 ⨫ 業筮 ⥫쭮,  室
᢮ ࠦ  業 ⥭ 襭  .
    ⥭樨 ᯮ짮 ⥫    業筮  誠
⭮ ⠪ ⨫ ᮡ  "訥, ६
 襭 業,  ࠫ  業, ᮣ⥫⢮,
஢  ७   ﬨ,    墠,
祬 㣠" [⠬ , . 64].
    २⢥ ᯮ짮   祭  業  
誠  ⭮  ६   業,  ⭮,
栭,  ஢   ७ﬨ  ⨫ 㪮-
⢠" [⠬ , . 64].

                             - 41 -

   ⮥ ᯮ짮 ࠫ쭮  業 ࠪਧ -
 ᢮⢮ 筮  業ࠫ쭠 ⥭,   ࠩ-
 祭 誠,  ⭮, 吝   業-
 [⠬ , . 65].
   ᬠਢ ஢  ନ஢  業筮 ⥫쭮
    ⥫  ᨮ  ⥫,  ..
ᯥਬ⠫쭮     ५樮 ᨬ 
᮪ ஢ ନ஢ 業筮 ⥫쭮,  , ᫥-
⥫쭮,  ᮪ ꥪ⨢ ⬥⮪,  ⠪ 筮-
 ࠪ⨪ : ᮪ ஢ ᠬ筮, -
ᨬ, ᠬ⥫쭮    ਭ⨨ 襭,  ⢨
襭 ॢ  殮, ஭⥫쭮, -
.
    䠪஬ ᨮ,    .. [1994],
  ࠧ  樠쭮-宫᪠ ௨ 筮
⥫. મ  ᥡ  樨      業,
௨ ⥫ ।⠢ 騬 訥  
ॠ樨 ᢮     ⢥,  ᯥ稢  ꥪ⨢
⠢塞 ⥫ ⬥⮪.
   ᭮ ..⨭ [1994],    業  -
 ᨮ쭮-稬 ⢠ ⥫ : ᪠
ࠢ, ᪮ 諥, ᪠ 䫥
 ᪨ ⠪.
    ᫥ .. [1979] ,   ᮡ-
⢥  ⮨  ⪮ ࠪਧ ⥫ ᮪
஢ ᨮ쭮 ⢠.  ᫠ ஭ ᢮-
 㤠, ७  ࠢ,  ࠧ蠥 饩 ⥫-
 ᠬ業.  ⥫    ᨮ쭮 ᠬ業

                             - 42 -

뢠 ⢮ 饭, ⨢ ਭ -
 १ ਧ ᢮ ०,  । 頥   -
୮ ⨫, 饬   ⬥⮪.
   । 稭 ⥫쭮   ꥪ⨢ 業
  㬥 ,  ..࠭ [1995] 뢠 ⠪ -
 ࠪ⨪  ᯥ  ⥫  :  ᨢ-
,  ࠧࠦ⥫쭮,  ⥭稢  樮쭠 -
,    㬬  ⥫ﬨ 襩  -
    襩  ⮩稢  ࠢ  ⥫-
-ᨮ.
   ⤥ 㯯 ।⠢ ᫥ ᮡ⥩  -
᪮ 業  樠쭮-宫᪮ ᯥ.
   ࠫ쭮    ஡  樠  ८⨯,
   ⨨ ⥫ 祭  ᨬ  
ᯥ.
    ୮ 業   ࠧ筮 ᯥ-
, ..쥢 ⬥砥,    ࠢ "⥫쭮 -
㫨,       ᨫ    ।-ᨫ
誮쭨, ...  । ⨬㫨    ⨬㫨-
 ।-᫠ 誮쭨, ... ⥫쭮 ⨬㫨 ᫠-
,   ⠪  ।-᫠"  [1980,.219].   אַ
  ࠬ ⢨  ஢  ᯥ譮,    
..쥢,  㦨  ।  ᯨ⠭ 誮쭨 -
஭ ⨬樨 ࠧ,  " -  ஭ 
ନ஢  ᠬ業    筮 ࠦ   -
⢥ ⥩" [⠬ , .219].
     ..,    ﭨ ᮡ⢥ -
 ᪫뢠  ᯥ筮-᪨  ८⨯:  "騩-

                             - 43 -

-⫨筨", "騩-筨"   ..      
騬, ண ⥫ ࠪਧ  "⫨筨",  -
 㦥 ।  襩  襩 ⭮,  -
稥   । .  祬,  .. ⬥砥, 
 業 ८⨯  "ꥪ⨢-㠫 ࠪ-
" [1991, . 26].
      ८⨯   ⥫ 祭 -
   楫  拉  ⢥    㡥  ᫥
(.,1905;       ..஢,1959;      ..,1970;
..,1979; .,1987).
     㣮 䥭,    頥  
 ᫥.    ⢥ "ᯥ"  
뢠 ᯮ,  . "騥, -
騥 稭,  㢠  㪠  砭  -
業    ᯥ  祡  ⥫쭮"
[.., 1991, . 26].
    業      樮쭮--
 ८⨯,  騥   襭   ⬥⮪
騬  譥 ਢ⥫쭮 [.., 1994].
   ८⨯      業 ⨢樨 .
  ..쥢 ⥫ 業 ⨢  ᨫ  -
 , 祬   ᠬ 騥,   ⨢ ᫠
.
   ..堭-᪠ 뤥 ⠪  ᮡ  筮
⥫,     ⠢ ⬥⮪,  ⢨
"ਡ⨢ ஥樨",   ⭮襭 ॡ  ᥡ,  
ॢ頥  饣   ꥪ ⢨  ꥪ ࠢ-
᪮ ⢨ ⥫.    ᫥⥫ 

                             - 44 -

࠭    ⥫ 砫쭮 誮. " 
祭  ꥪ⮬",-  ,- "⥬ 㤭  
 冷  ,  ᪮    ⢮ -
⢠ 㯯묨 ⭮襭ﬨ" [1995], ⥬   ਡ 
  ⬥⪠         蠭
.
    宫-᪨ ᫥ ﭨ  筮-
 ᮡ⥩  ⥫   饣  ⠢  祭
⬥⮪  筮  ࠧࠧ ⥮᪨  ࠧ-
ࠡ⮪  ᪨    ஡. ᮬ, 
 㦨 .  ,  設⢮  襮祭
ᯥ⮢ ॡ 쭥襣 祭.


         21.5. ﭨ 筮 ᮡ⥩ 饣
                      2 祭 ⬥⪨

   宫᪨ ᫥ 㦨  _2 ᯥ-
_2     筮묨   ⨯᪨ ᮡﬨ.
 饯ਭ⮥ , ,  ᪫砥 ⨢稢
⥮᪨   ᪨   ⤥ ᯥ⠬ 
஡,     쭥襥 祭.
   , ⬥ ⥫쭮 ﭨ1 _⨢樮  筮
饣   祭 ⬥⪨,  ᫥⥫  
 -ࠧ.
    ..ਭ [1978], ᯥ  ࠧ⨥ ⥫쭮
⭮襭  祭 । ⠪ ⨢ :  ⢨ -
  ᮤঠ ,  ⢨    ࠡ,

                             - 45 -

ᮧ  ० ᯥ  祭,  㡥  ⮬,  
   ਣ  .
    拉   ᫥  (..૨,1973;  ..娭,1976;
..ਭ,1978; ..મ,..૮,..ਤ,1983) -
⠭  ᨬ  ᯥ  ⨢ ⨦ ᯥ.
..  ⮬ ન,   "  ,  
ॡ,   ६  ᯥ, ﭭ ⠫  ᢮-
 祡 ⥫쭮  ᯥ宬,   ⥫쭮 業  
१, ⨢ ⨦ ᫠" [1971,.128]. ६-
  ᯥ ᭠砫   ᯥ,   ⥬ -
 ७⭮ ⭮襭  ⥫쭮 業 ᢮ -
⥫쭮 㣨.
   ..娭 ⠥,   "᫠ᯥ騥 騥 -   
 ᫠⨢஢,    ᫠⨢஢    ⭮襭
祡 ⥫쭮,      ⭮襭  ।  祡
।" [1976, . 23].
   .ࠤ ⬥砥   ⥯ ᮧ 祡 ⨢
᫠ᯥ騬 誮쭨,    楫  祡  -
⥫쭮,  祭 ⥫ . "ᯥ騬 -
騬 㦭 ﭭ ࠧ   ⥫쭮, ... -
    ᯥ,   ᮮ⢥ ⢥
 筮⭮ ண" [1984, . 62].
    ⠭,   ..룮᪮,  ᠬ⥫ -
⨢ 㦤 祭  祭  ⬥⪨.  ᮧ    祣
஢      ⢨,  稢 ਠ  
筠 楫,    ..룮᪮ । ⢨ -
饣. , ᫨ 祭 ,  " ਤ  ⢥ -
  祭 ந  ᯫ,    稢  

                             - 46 -

ᯮᮡ; ᫨  ,   ਤ ⮫쪮  -
 । ,  稢 ந ᮢ襭  㣨
ᯮᮡ" [⠬ ,.160].
   .. [1958] ⠪ ⬥砥,   ⠢ । -
 楫  ࠧ  ᠬ ७  㦤 -
 ⢮    ,   믮塞 ⥫-
  ।⢥ ⭠.  ,  祭  
   ⠫  ⫨筨  㦤     ,
   .
      ।  ᮮ⭮襭  ⨢  楫 ..쥢.
 襭 ᯥ "㦭  㪠뢠 楫,   ⥬ -
 ⨢樮  ࠢ  ⢨  ࠢ ⮩ 楫,
 㦭,  ,  ᮧ ⨢,   ⥬  
宦 楫" [1975,.376].  " 祡  ।",-
 ..쥢,- "   祡 , ⠢訩 "ன
楫"   裡  ⥬   㦤騬    ⨢.
  ⮬  ᫮  ୮  楫  祡 ⥫쭮
饣   ⢥ ᮤঠ  ।;  
 㠫쭮  ᮧ        " [⠬
,.376].
   ,   ⬥⪠  ᬠਢ  ᠬ⥫ -
⨢ 祡 ⥫쭮 ⬥砥    楫  拉  ᫥
(..쥢,1975;   ..娭,1976;   ..મ,..-
,..ਤ,1983).
   .., ..஧,  .. ન,   -
⪠   ⨢, 㦤騬 祡 ⥫쭮, 
  宫᪨  ᪨ ᫮,  ।-
   ⮫쪮  祭 ᫠ ⬥⪨  -

                             - 47 -

. "    ६  ⬥⪥   -
  墠 த⥫  ⥫,  㣨 - 
 ⭮   ,   , - 
㯨   襥 祡     .." [1951,
.106].   讬 ਠ   ᫥⥫  뢠,
   ⬥⪨  誮쭨   殮 ᥣ -
ਮ 誮쭮 祭  室  אַ 裡   
饩 ⨢樨 祭.
    ⢠   । ࠬ1 _⨯ ᯥ
_1.0.  ஥   ன  ந쭮 뤥 -
ਨ,   ᮤঠ ࠧ筮 ⢮ 㯯 .
   , ..᪨ [1961] ࠧ ᯥ   -
ᨬ  ࠪ ⠭ ᮡ⥩ ᪮   -
᪮  ࠧ    ᫥騥 ⨯:  䨧᪨ ᫠ 
⢥ ࠧ;  䨧᪨ ᫠,  ⢥ ࠧ;
䨧᪨ ଠ,   ⢥ ࠧ;  ,  ⠢訥
- 譨 ᫮, ᨫ 誮 ᮢ  .
   ..쥢, ..,   ..୮  [1968]  뤥  
㯯 ᯥ   ᭮  宫᪨  -
⥩: ଠ,  ᪨ 饭 ; ⢥-
 ⠫ ;   묨 襭ﬨ ⢥ ࠧ-
 (ਬ,   ஦  ࠭ 㣮); ᫠-
  ॡ-⥭᪨    ࠡᯮᮡ; -
  樮묨 䥪⠬.
   .. [1958] । 㯯஢ ᯥ  -
    ᨬ  ᫥ 稭:  誮쭨,   
ࠢ쭮 ⭮襭  祭;  誮쭨, ᢠ騥  㤮
祡 ਠ;  誮쭨,     ନ஢ 모 

                             - 48 -

ᯮᮡ 祡 ࠡ; 誮쭨,  㬥騥 㤨; 誮쭨-
,    ⥫  祡 .
   ..窮᪨ [1971]   ᭮  䨪樨  ᯥ
誮쭨   ࠧ筮 ⠭  ᭮ ⮢
᢮ 筮:  ᮡ ᫨⥫쭮 ⥫쭮, 易-
  砥,  ࠢ 筮.  ࢮ ⨯ -
    ஢ 砥  ⥫쭮 ࠢ-
    祭;    ஬ ⨯ -   ᮪ 砥-
  ⥫ ⭮襭  祭.
     ..쬮 [1964],  ᯥ  ᫥
ࠧ  ६ : 騥,  ᯥ騥  -
 ।⠬  殮 ⥫쭮 ਮ ६; 騥
 筮,   ⭮⥫쭮 ⮩ ᯥ  ᭮
।⠬; 騥  ᪮ ᯥ.
    ਬ 㡥⥫쭮 뢠,   ᬮ  -
 ᪨ ,     䨪権    
 㭨ᠫ쭮  ॡ 쭥襣 祭.
    筮    ⢥묨    㡥묨
宫 ࠪ  裡 誮쭮 ᯥ譮 1 _⨯᪨
_1ᮡﬨ ࢭ ⥬.0,   樮쭮  ⨢,
 ࠪ⨪ ⥬ࠬ.
   ..૨ [1973]   㭤⠫쭮 ࠡ " ⥮ਨ ⥬-
ࠬ" ᬠਢ ⥬ࠬ  䠪 祡  ⥫-
.   ᢮  (..,1960;  ..-
,1967; ..⪨,1964;  ..᪮,1971). ..૨
  뢮  ᨬ 誮쭮 ᯥ  ⥬-
.   ⥬,  ⬥砥,   ⤥  -
  ५  ᨫ 㤨⥫쭮   ᯥ-

                             - 49 -

,   ᪠뢠 ।,    "⢨  裡
  ᯥ    ᢮⢠ 饣 ⨯ ࢭ ⥬ 
  ⫨ 祭 ᫥ ⭥   ﭨ ⨯-
᪨ ᫮   㠫쭮   ⨫  ⥫쭮"
[1973,.174].    ..૨  ⥬,  "-
 ࠭묨 ਥ 祭  ᯨ⠭  ,
 ⠭   ᨫ  ⨯  ࢭ  ⥬"  [⠬  ,
.175].
   ..૨ ,    㠫쭮 ⨫ -
 ᫠  ⨯    ⥫  ᢮
⥬ࠬ ᮮ⢥騬 ਥ  ᯮᮡ ࠡ, -
 ।祭  ⢫   -
 ᨫ ஫  ஢મ ࠡ ᫥ 믮, -
 ⥬  ⢥ ࠡ - ⥫쭮 ⮢⥫쭮 -
 ࠡ⮩,   ⮬塞 - 묨 㧠  
 ..
    १ ।⠢    拉  ᫥.  ,
.. [1973]   ࠢ⥫쭮 祭 ᯥ  ᫠-
ᯥ   ᮢ ⠭,  ᫥ 
 ⥫ﬨ ᫠ ࢭ ⥬, 饩  -
 ꥬ ,   襬 ꥬ ⪮६ -
,  襩 ⮬塞.
   .檨 [1982] ⠥,   䥪⨢ 祭 -
 ⥫묨 䠪ࠬ  ᨫ  㦤 
 ࢭ ᮢ.
     ..⮭  .. [1966],  祭  -
 㦤  ᨫ쭮 ࢭ ⥬ ॥  믮-
 祡 .

                             - 50 -

   ..஢ [1959]  ..  [1966]    -
    襭  䬥᪨    ⨯᪨
ᮡ⥩.
    ..⪨ [1964],  ⪮  ᫠ ࢭ ⥬
訡  ஫쭮 ࠡ  ⥫쭮 ,  祬  
७஢筮 ࠡ.  祭  ᨫ쭮 ࢭ ⥬ 訡-
  ஫쭮 ࠡ  㢥稢,   㢥稢, 
  .
   ..⪨ [1972] ,     ᨫ ᮬ
㦤   ⭮ ⥧   ᭮ ࠧ-
⮣  ஡ 樨,    ᫥ 㤠筮 ਬ-
  ࢮ砫쭮 ⥧     ᫮
 㫨  ⥧. 騥  ᫠ ࢭ ⥬
   㫨஢ ⥧, ᬮ  ⥫
 ஡ 樨.
   ..祭 ⠥,   "᮪ ᯥ, ⬥砥 
ॢ 誮쭨,    ᭥  ⮫쪮 ⨢樮-
 ﭨ ॢ,     ᯥ᪨ ᮡ-
⥩  ⥫㠫쭮  ,  ᫮  "饩  ॠ⨢-
"  ⨢஢ ࢭ ⥬" [1987,.72].
     ⥬,      ࠪ.
, ..㡥  [1993] ᬠਢ 誮 ᯥ 
⥫ ᯮᮡ⥩  祭. ⠢  ᫥-
  ⨯᪨  ᢮  ࢭ  ⥬  -⮤ 
।   ᥬ ।⠬  ⤥쭮    㬠୮  
⢥ 横,  ..㡥    稥 -
⥫쭮 裡 誮쭮 ᯥ  ᫠,  쭮  
⨢஢ ࢭ ⥬.

                             - 51 -

   ..몮 [1971] ᫠ ࢭ ᮢ   ⠪
⢠  ᯥ     ⮬塞  -
, ᫠ 뭮᫨  ⢥ 殮,  ⢫-
, ᭨ ࠡᯮᮡ, ।⥭ ⮩  -
ࠧ ⢥ ࠡ   ᯮᮡ 襭.
   ,   ..몮  室 믮 ⮩   -
ࠧ ⢥  ࠡ  ,  騥  ᨫ쭮 ࢭ
⥬, ࠢ﫨  ⮩ ࠡ⮩ 㦥,  祬      ᫠
ࢭ ⥬.  ᪠  訡,  ᠬ 砫
ࠡ   﫮 㦤,  饥    ,
ࠦ 㤮⢨      ࠪ ࠡ  ..;  
 ᯥਬ ⠪ 㥬 १ 﫨 ⥬  ࠡ.
 ࠧ, "ࠧ ⮭ ࠡ...,  ॢ-
 㤨  ᮧ 㦭 ⮭  ⥩   묨,  -
묨 ॠﬨ"  [1971,.219],  뢠     ᯥ
誮쭨 ⥫쭮 ⢨.
   ..૨ ⠪ ⬥砥 ࠧ ॠ 誮쭨  -
 ⬥:    ᨫ쭮 ࢭ ⥬  ᨢ,  
  ᫠ ࢭ ⥬ - ᨢ.
      뢮 室  ..஭ [1976]  祭
ﭨ 栭    ७        ᨬ  
᢮ ࢭ ⥬.
   ᫥ ᮡ ࣠樨    ப,  ..
[1976], ⬥砥,   ᯥ  ⥫쭮 -
 뢠 㬥 ⥫ ⨧஢ ਥ  ࣠樨
祡  ⥫쭮  誮쭨  ⮬ 㠫 ᮡ-
⥩ ⥬ࠬ.
.
                             - 52 -

   ᮣᮢ ᪨   ᭨ ࠧ楩
 ᯮᮡ  ७  ᫥⥫ﬨ ᢮ ࢭ ⥬ (
 ᭨, ⥫ ⮤, -⮤).
   筮  ஢    ᢨ⥫-
  室 쭥 ᫥ ᨬ ᯥ-
  ⨯᪨ ᢮ ࢭ ⥬.
   ᪨   裡 ᯥ 1 _筮묨 ᮡ-
_1ﬨ.0     ⠪     ⮬ ⠪  뢠
 ᮡ ⮩ ᨬ.
     ..ࡠ ⥫쭮 ﭨ   ⥫
ᯥ 뢠 ⥭᪨  ࠪ:  樠-
⨢,  ᨬ.  ⥫쭮 ﭨ 䠪 " -
⨢"  ᯥ,   ⥬,  "⥭᪨,
, 䨧᪨ ⨢   ।  㦥, 祬 -
 ⨢,  ⭮ ⮬,    ࠧࠧ -
祭    ᮢ,    易    祡  ⥫쭮"
[1983,.10].  । 䠪஢, ⥫쭮   ᯥ-
 - 宭  "䫨 㧪 㣠" [⠬ ,.10].
   ..१, ..譨, ..  業 ᮮ⢥-
⢨ ᮡ⥩ 筮 饣  ॡ,  ।塞
    祡  ⥫쭮    ⮤ ஭
᫥ 筮 I,  ⠭,  "। 䨫
᫥ 㯯 ᯥ  ࠦ ⠪ 
:  ॢ  ⥫쭮;  ᢮ࠧ    業;
᪫  ࠧ 䥪⨢ 饭  㤭  ॣ-
㥬 祪 ७,  ।⠢, 楯権; ⥭  ॠ-
 ,  ࠢ塞    樠  ଠ  "
[1976, . 157-158].

                             - 53 -

   .  . ⠪ 㦨  ॢ    
ᯥ [1958].
     ..堭-᪮ 祭 ⬥⪨ ந-
 -ࠧ,   ᨬ  ⨯ 業樨 筮  -
:  "業  ᥡ   㣨" [1995,.34], ନ-
  ॠ ॡ ॡ   業  ᢮
筮.  祭 ⬥⮪ 騩  業樥 " ᥡ"
 ᢮ ॡ  業,    "⠪ ୮ -
 樮쭮,   뢠 ᡮ  , 饭, -
 譥  ᥡ ᮢ襭 ⭮"  [⠬  ,.33].
騩    業樥 " 㣨"  稭 ८業
ᥡ,   ⨢,   ⮩稢  ᯥ, ,
७   㣨   ௨ ⨪.
   ॠ ॡ    業 ᢮ 筮,
 ⮬  ᫥        ⬥⮪,      ..堭-
-᪮ ਢ  ᪮ ⨢ 樨  業-
⭮ ⭮襭  ᥡ,  ⠪  襭 ॡ 業-
 㣨.
   ꥪ⮬ 業    ⥫. "⭮襭 
",-  ..쥢,- "  ⨢  誮쭨
 ,    ᠬ⥫ ࠡ" [1980,.253],   -
।⢥ ᪠뢠  ⬥⪠ .
   . ।  筮 ᮡ⥩ ,  ⥫쭮
   १  祭  뤥  "ᨬ",
  ᢮  , ਭ  -
ࠡ뢠          ⨬   ᨬ      樨
[1971,.94].
.
                             - 54 -

    拉 ᫥  砥  ﭨ1  _  ᮡ⥩
  ᯥ.
    㡥 宫   ᮮ⭮襭     ᯥ-
 ।⠢  ࠡ .ଥ [1946], .୤ [1951],
  २⢮   祪.
   . ⠭,  "窨  楫  ६  -
祭         ᮪   業,   祬    稪"
[1987,.87],  "  । 室  ,  ⭮襭 
祭  襩 ⢥ 蠥"  [⠬  ,.89].  
⠪  ⬥砥,    誨 ⨢ ६ ᮮ⢥⢮
 ९⥫,   ⮬   ᪫  ᨢ,
 楯⨢ ⥣ 祭.
    ..祢  .. 㪠뢠  ⮩稢 -
ᨬ ᯥ  襣    ࠧ-
稩.  २⢮ 祪    ࠭ ᮧॢ-
 ࣠, ᫠騬 "     㭪樮-
 ⥩ 娪" [1978,.46].
    ..᪮ [1972] । ᯥ  砫
ᮢ 79%  稪  ⮫쪮 21% 祪; । ⫨筨 83%
窨  17% 稪.
   騥 ᪨    ᥣ ⭮  -
襬 誮쭮    ᫥ ⭮- -
 ᯥ. ஬ ⮣, 設⢮    -
騩 ࠪ   뢠 稭  ࠧ稩,  
  易   䨧᪨ ᮡﬨ, ⠪
  ८⨯஢ ⨥ ⥫.



                             - 55 -

                        2  I 

   ᪨   饭   
ᤥ ᫥騥 뢮:
   1. ஡ 業 ᯥ譮 祡 ⥫쭮 -
 ப  ।⠢    宫-᪮  .
  ࠧ ஭:  魮,  ஫ 業, 
業筮 ⥫쭮 ⥫  .   ⥬  ஡
 ࠬ  ⥬ 室  諠 ᢮ ⥫쭮 -
.
   2. ⬥⪠ - ᯮᮡ ࠦ ᪮ 業,  ஬
室  ࠦ 㠫쭮-筮 ᮡ 饣
 ⥫.
   3. ꥪ⨢  ⬥⪨  ।  冷 䠪஢,  ।
: ᮢ襭⢮ 5-쭮 業筮 誠, ஢ -
쭮 ⢠ ⥫,  ⢨ ⥬ ⮢ -
⮢ ᪨ 㧮  業筮 ⥫쭮,  ⠪ -
ࠧࠡ⠭     宫᪨ 権,  -
  窨 ७ 筮 ᮡ⥩ ⥫  .
   4. 筮    宫᪮  ᪨
  ஡ ﭨ த᪨  筮 ᮡ-
⥩     ⥫    ⠢  祭 ⬥⪨
  ࠧ 䨪  ᯥ  誮쭨,
⨢稢 १⮢  ᫥ ⨯᪨ ᮡ-
⥩ ࢭ ⥬, ⥬ ।⠢  ࠪ
痢 筮 ᮡ⥩   ⥫  ⠢
 祭 ⬥⮪.

                             - 56 -

   ࠧࠡ⠭  ᮢ, ० ᥣ  宫-
᪨ 権 㤨   쭥襬 祭 ஡  -
 業 ᯥ譮 祭  祭 誮쭨.
