                                - 6 -

     I.    
            

      1.  

      - 稩 ⥫ ᫨,   ।⢮ -
   筨 孮.    ⠢  室
  ந⥫ ਠ.   ᫮ ⠢, ⥬
  .   ᫮  ମ  ᢮  
䮣䨨,    騥  㤭   ஢
᫮.   ᫠  ᫮     
ᥣ ᮤঠ ⠥ ਠ.
     த ᪮ 䮣䨨 뢠      ਭ-
:  ࠧ ⨯ 䮣ࠬ   ⢨ 䮫-
,  ࠤ樮, ᫮  㣨 ਭ樯,  
 롮 ⮤  ਥ 祭  ᥩ 䮣䨨 ,  
 ⭮ ⨯ 䮣᪨  [13,  .22]. -
  ਭ樯 䮣䨨 -  ਭ   ⤥쭮
 饩 ⥬,   䮣ࠬ 㢨    
 ஭ 몠.
     ᬮਬ ࠤ樮 ਭ樯 䮣䨨. 
       ᪮ 몥 ᫮,    ⠪,  ਭ-
:    ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠤ樥 த 몠: "", "-
",  "஢";   ࠭ ᠭ   - 筨:
"",  "".஢塞 ࠢ ᫮ 童,  
쬥    ᫮ ⨣  ⪮  -
 ⥭.   ᢠ ,   ஢  
䮣᪮ ᫮.

                                - 7 -

      २ ᫮  ࠤ樮묨 ᠭﬨ -   -
⢮  㣨 몮.     諨  ᪨ 
ࠢ⥫쭮 : "" -  檮 몠, "" - 
࠭᪮,  "" -  ᪮;  -   -
:  "", "" -  ᪨ 몮, "祬" -  -
ᨤ᪮,  "᮫"  -   檮,  "" -  ⨭᪮.
 ᫮ ᪮ ந宦 ⮫쪮  "ᥫ",  
㦥    ਭ  ⢮:  "ࠪ",  "",
""  .
      ᠭ,  ⭮ᨬ   ஢塞,  ᠬ
   ஢७  ᭮ 몠 - 筨 (᫨  -
⥫  祭      ):  ""- 
⨭᪮ "accuratus" (㪢 ""  砫 ᫮,  㪢 ""),
"ᠦ" -  ࠭᪮ "passger" (㪢 ""  ࢮ ᫮,
 㪢 ""), "ࠬ" -  ᪮ tramway, "宪" - 
᪮ " hockey", "" -  ࠭᪮ "allee"  ..
      ᠭ , 饥 ࠤ樮  ஢塞,
    ஢७  ᭮  ⨬  ᪨
  䮭⨪ ᪮ 몠: "" -  ""; ""
- ᮤন ᨥ "--",  ஬  뢠 㪢 "".
     ࠤ樮 ᠭ  ⨢   䮫᪮,
 䮭᪮ ਭ樯 䮣䨨,  ࠢ ᪮ -
䨪.    ࠬ ࠤ樮 ਭ樯      ᪮쪮
砥, ⨢ 饩 ⥬ 䨪.
     ࠤ樮 ᠭ ⠭ "",  ""    㪢  ""
(  ᫥  ᥣ  ⢥  ᮣ  []  [] 㯮ॡ
 [], a  []) "", ""  㪢 "", "", ""  -
 " (ᬮ  ,  㪨 []  [] ᥣ , ᫥

                                - 8 -

    "","",  "","" -     -
묨 ﬨ,    ।饣 ᮣ᭮ -
砥 㪢 "",  "").  ᠭ  ⠭
᪨:  ॢ-᪮ ந襭 ᮣ [], [] -
 ᥣ ⢥묨,   []  [] -  (  ᮢ६  몥
  []  []   ᪨ ᫮:  "",  "
"  ..). ᪮ ᠭ ࠭   .
      砫  ᠭ  ⠭ 筮 稢-
  - ᭥,  , 筮,    -
  ࡠ ନ஢  ⥩   䮣᪮ -
⥬.
     䮫᪮ ਭ樯 ⨢ ࠤ樮  -
 ⤥ ᫮; ਬ, ""  䮫᪮ ਭ-
 ᫥   "" -  ᫮ "" - ""  (-
 筮 㣫); 㪢 ""   ࠤ樨.
      ᫮,   ࠤ ᠭ   ९-
    䮫᪮  ⠢  ᫮   ᯮᮡ
᫮ࠧ.,  ᠭ  ᫮  ᫨⥫,  ஥
  ᢮ 訬 誮쭨 ,  
 쬨   ࠧ: "-", "-"  ..
     ᫨ 䮫᪨  ᠭ ᢠ  ஢ 
᭮  䮭᪮,  ᫮ࠧ⥫쭮    ࠬ᪮
 ᫮   ⠭,  ࠤ樮 ᠭ ᢠ-
,  設⢥ 砥,   ஢  ᫮.
       砫  ࠥ 祭  ஫, 
 ᫥ ७ॣ, , 㦭  ⥬ ⨢樨
 ஢ ⮤,    㤭 ᫮.
     ࠤ樮 ᠭ ஢塞  ⮬ ᫥,   

                                - 9 -

  ஢७,   䮫᪨, ᨫ ﬨ
ᮮ⢥   ᮣ 䮭.  ࠭ ᭮-
  ਧ 䮫᪮ ᠭ:  ࠧ ᠭ
 ᫮,  䥬.  ᠬ ,  த⢥ ᫮  -
஢塞 ୥,  ਬ,  "-設-":  "設", "設",
"設", "⮬設", "設", "設,- ࠭-
 ࠧ ᠭ ⮣ .   ,  ࠤ-
 ਭ樯  ᢮ 㭪樨 祭   ਭ樯  䮫-
᪮.

      2.        

     稭   ࢮ  ,  ஢ ﭭ ࠡ 
, 稢 ᫮  䮣ࠬ.  ᫮  
஢塞,   ஢塞: ᫥  樠⨢  (
㯯)  ஢묨 ᫮: "-㣠".
        ⫨稥    ࢮ  ,   ஬  
ᯨ᪨ ஢塞 ᫮,  ࠢ쭮 ᠭ    易-
⥫쭮;  5, ᮣ᭮ ணࠬ.  祡  ᫮  
ࠦ,   ⠪  ⤥쭮, ⠭ 㯭 쬥묨
㪢.   ,  ⥬᪨ 易  砥 ࠬ-
⨪-䮣᪨ ਠ.  ,   ⥬ "  㪢"
 ᫮ "஢",  "", "ᮡ", "த", "ॢ", -
  室  ᫮⠭  ᮡ⢥묨 .
      ᫮,   砫  ᢠ  ᫮-
୮ 浪  ஢塞,  ᠬ    ஢-
७   ᮪ ஢ 祭. ,  ᫮ "஢",
"",  "த",  "ॢ"     "--",   "--",

                                - 10 -

"--"  ᥣ  㪢 ""  "";   ⮬,    -
,    砩 ⠭,    㡥,  
஢ த⢥ ᫮:  "த-ࠤ" ( "--",।
 "--"),"  ॢ-ॢ,  ॢ"  ("--",  ।  
"--"), "-, " ("--", ।  "--").

     _       :
     ) ⮤ 몮  - ਥ 㪮-㪢  -
, 䮭᪮ ࠧ, 䮣᪮ ஢, -
 ணਢ;
     ) ⥫쭮  -   ⥧᪨ (祤-
⥫, 㪮⥫): ਥ ⥫쭮 ⠭, ᯨ-
뢠  ࠧ묨 ﬨ,  ஢ન ᫮  ᫮ਪ,  -
짮 ⮢  ⠡,  뤥 䮣ࠬ 梥 -
, ન   ࠤ, ୮ 쬠 ᫮;
     ) ᮯ⠢  ⨢⠢ ⥬᪨ 㯯 -
稢 ᫮ ( ਬ, ᮯ⠢  譨 -
:  "஢", "蠤","ᮡ"), ७ ᫮ ("ࠡ稩",
ࠡ, ࠡ"),  ᫮ ("⠪-⠪", "⥫--
"),  ࠢ  祭 ("設-設-設",  "ॢ-
-த",  "஧-"),  ਬ  ⨢⠢ ("祡,
祭"-"⥫")  ..;
     ) ᮯ⠢  ⥫쭮  客 ࠧ (⠢)
᫮:  ࠧ  客 ⠭⮢.  客 ⠭ -
騩 ਭ 饥 ᫮,  㪮 ⠢  ॢ-
  㪢, ᪨   뢠;
     ) ⠢  ᫮⠭  (ᨭ⥧)  㤭묨 ᫮,
ࠡ⪠ ᫮ 樠権:"" - "ᥭ ","

                                - 11 -

",  " "; "ப" - "ப-", "-
 ப", "⨫ ப", "ப 㫥⥫"  ..;
     ) ⠢ ।  㤭묨 ᫮,  祭 
 ⠭  ,  ᪠, 㣨  ⢥-
 ;
     ) ⥫  ࠡ: 祭 㤭 ᫮  ᫮-
 , ᢮, ॡ; ⠢ ⢮७  -
 ᫮,  ᮪,  ,  ⣠뢠 ; ஢
ਭ, ᮢ:    ᫮  㪢 "",  㪢
"",  ᫮  㤠묨 묨  ..
     ⠭ ᯥਬ⠫쭮,    ᯥ譮 
஢塞 ᫮    ᫥ ࢮ 祭:
१  ;   १  2 ࠧ: ⥬ १ 2  
楫 ஫ [13,.23].    ࠪ⨪  ⥫  -
 ᫮ ⠭,   ஢ ⭮  砫
 ப.    ⠭,  騥 2-3   (
 ),   ﭭ ঠ   ⥩ 㤭
᫮,   ⠪ ஢  ᢮  ࠡ  㠫-
묨  訡 .   -⠭  ஢
筮   ᫮,  ᯮ짮 祪, ஢ ந-
ᥭ  .

      3.         "
         "

       稭, 㤭 ᢮ "᫮ ᫮", -
 ,  ࠡ  ஢塞묨 㤠묨 묨 -
  ப ஢,   뢥  ᥩ 㣮  䮣-

                                - 12 -

᪮  ࠡ.  ,  ᠭ ஢塞 㤠 
ᢠ  뢥  祭 ஢塞,     ᭮  
ࠢᠭ        㬥:  㦨  
᫠ 樨, ..  㤠୮ .
     쪮   饭 㬥 ⠢ 䮣
,    쭥 ࠡ  ᯮᮡ  襭 
ᨬ  ࠧ 䮣ࠬ.
      㣮 稭  ⭥ ,      ⢥  
"᫮묨"  ᫮ ॡ ⢮,   ࠢ,  ᨢ
஫:  ᫮ ।   ᠬ ⥫. -
 ।  ᯨ   .  堭᪮
稢 ᫮ ⮬ 祭   ନ    
.  ⮫    䥪⨢ 堭᪮ 믨뢠 ᫮ 
ࠡ  訡.
        ᢮  ⠪ ᫮ ४ ந  -
쪮 ⠯,     ਧ   -
.
      蠣  ⮩ ࠡ      ᫮.
 ⮬ ⠯ । ஢  ࠡ.
     11.। ᫮.
      饥 ६ ᯮ ᫥騥 ᯮᮡ:
     ) ⥭ , ⣠뢠  騬;
     ) 訢 ࠬ  । ।,   -
஬  ;
     ) ᬠਢ  ।⭮ ⨭ (  "⨭
᫮");
     ) ᠭ  ਧ ।  । ᫮-ᨭ-
.

                                - 13 -

      ।, ᫮   . ⥬ 騥-
 稭 ࠡ  ⠪ 뢠 "客" ࠧ ᫮.
     12.  "客" ࠧ ᫮.
      誮쭮 ࠪ⨪ ࠭  ᫥騩  ᯮᮡ  
"᫮୮"  ᫮:  ᭠砫  騥  ⣠뢠   (
ᬠਢ ⨭). ⥬ ⥫ : "  -
   ᫮.  ᬮ,   , 
 ᠭ.    ࠧ६    ᫮!"  ஢
㪮 ,  㤠   ..
      冷 ࠡ 㤠祭,⠪  騥 ᨢ -
   ᫮,  ᭨ 䥪⨢  .
ࠢ쭥 ⠢ .
     騥 ணਢ ᫮ ஬, ⥬   -
᪨,  뤥 ᫮ । "㤭" .
      祭   ᥩ ᫥饩 ࠡ,  ⠪  
 ᠬ 쬨 ⠢ 䮣᪠ . ᫨  -
 祭 ࠬ    ਧ 䮣ࠬ (
᫠묨 ﬨ    ᮣ:   - 
 㤠७,   -    ᫮  । 㣨
ᮣ),  ᫥ ᪮ நᥭ  ࠧ 
   ⮬ ᫮ "㤭" .   ⭮,   
 ,   ,    ,   諨 ᠬ. ᫨ 
㬥  ।  "㤭"    ᫮  砫 쬠,  
 쬠 ⠭    ᮧ.
     13.  ᫮  "誮" ("મ").
     ᫥ ⮣   । 㤠    㤠  ᫮,
  뢠  "᫮୮"  ᫮  ࠤ.  襥 ᫮
⮨    ⮬,⮡  騥,  뢠  ᫮,ᠬ  

                                - 14 -

"㤭"    ய᪮  㪢 - ⠪ 뢠 "",  
"મ".  뢠 ᫮, ய⨢, ਬ, 㪢 -
୮ ᭮  ⠢ 㤠७.    ⠪ ଥ 
 ᮡ   ᫮:  ய饭 㪢 
६  ⠢  -  "ᨣ ᭮" - ਬ,
窠:" .१".
     ᫥ ஢ 室 ࠡ 騥  ᠬ⥫쭮
⠢ 㦭 㪢   ࠧ 뢠 ᫮, ।⥫쭮
ணਢ  䮣᪨, ..   ᠭ.
     ᪠ ଠ  ᫮  ய᪮ "㤭" -
 -  ᯮᮡ, ।   䨪樨 ⠢ -
䮣᪮ . , ⮡ 騥  ࠡ  ᫮
  ஢塞묨  ᠭﬨ  稫 ० ᥣ 㦨
䮣ࠬ, ᮢ襭⢮ ᢮ 䮣 મ. 
 ଠ  ᯮ   祭 䮣ࠬ,  稭-
 ࠢ:  "㦨 "㤭" ,    㣠,  
⠢ "" ⠬,    䮣 ,  
⥬ 㯠   襭".
      ⥫ ।  ,   ன ᫮
ᠭ  ய饭 㪢: ".१".
      ਥ   ࠢ業 ਥ  ᫮  "મ" -
 祭, ⠪  誮쭨    䮣᪮ -
祩, 㦥 ⠢.  , ⮡  ⠢  ᠬ⥫-
.
     ᫥ ⮣  騥 ᠫ ᫮  "",   -
  ஢筮 ᫮  । 㦭 㪢. 
 ᤥ  㤠,     ⭮ 筨-
.

                                - 15 -

     ᭮ ࠤ樮  ⮤,  ⥫  ᠬ 뢠 
᪥,  ।   뤥 䮣ࠬ  窥 
 ᬮ  祡  ᮮ⢥饩 ࠭.
      楫ᮮࠧ   ᮢ襭⢮.
     14.   "⥫" ࠧ ᫮.
     祭   ⢥  ⠢  (  -
 㪢),  ⨢  䮣᪮ ᫮ਪ (  ᫮-
 祡). 㤥  ᯮᮡ⢮,  -,  
  ࠡ    ᫮ﬨ,  -,  ନ஢ 㬥 
⮫쪮 ⠢,     䮣  ᠬ⥫-
.    襣  ᢮ 䮣᪮  ᫮  ⮩
⠤ ࠡ  ᯮ짮  ⨬᪮ -
 (᫨   ᭨ ᠭ ᫮).
      ⠯   ᫮ ࠡ  ஢塞  -
ᠭ 砥  ᥡ:  ⭮ । ᫮,  ⠭
䮣᪮ ,   䨪 ய᪮  ᮮ⢥-
饩 㪢,  롮 ᯮᮡ 襭  ᮡ⢥ 襭 䮣-
᪮ ,  ⮬ ᫥, ᫨  楫ᮮࠧ,  ᯮ-
 ⨬᪮ .  騩 蠣 -  ᫮-
, ࣠ ⠪, ⮡ ᯥ   䮣-
᪮ .
       ..좮, " ᠭ, 饥 ࠤ-
  ஢塞,   ஢७  ᭮  -
   ᪨      䮭⨪  ᪮  몠"
[13,.24].
     饭   ਨ  ᫮     祭 -
䮣䨨 ⤥ ᫮.  ⥫    ᯮ짮-
  ⮢ ⨬᪮   襭 䮣-

                                - 16 -

 ,  ਡ   । - ⢨  ᮡ⢥-
 ⮤᪮ ਨ 室 ਠ.
      ࠡ  ⠪ 뢠묨 ᫮묨 ᫮ ।-
 㤭  誮쭨 ।⠢ 筮  -
䮣᪮  ᫮. ⭮,   砥-
 祭    ࠧ ஢.  -
⥫쭮,  ࠦ    ࠧ  -
.
     襬 ᢮ ࠢ쭮 ᠭ  ᫮  ᯮᮡ
ᯮ짮   ⥬   ᯨ뢠,   ࠧࠡ⠭  宫
.. [16,.  ].  ᫮ ᯮᮡ   ਢ祭
᪨ ਥ.
      孨  ⭥ ⠪ , ᪠, 㭪,
ॡ,  㯯஢ ᫮, , 뢠 । 樠-
樨,     㤭 ᫮.  ਥ ᮡ
      ,       ⨬᪠
ࠢ.
        ࣠樨  ⥬᪨  㯯  ᫮  뢠
..ᥭ [15,.  ].
      ⥫ﬨ  ꥤ  ᫮   㤠୮ ᭮ 
ࢮ ᫮, ਬ,
     મ                 䥫
                      

       訥 ᪠  ᪨  ⥫,
ਬ,᪠  ."ப  ",  ᪠ .-
ᥭ᪮ "".
     ᫥ ⢠  ᪠ "" ⥫  :

                                - 17 -

     - 㦨  ᮡ   ᢮  㦡? ()
      ࠦ ᮡ ਪ९ , ମ -
 㪢 "".
      訬 ᮬ  ⭮  㭪,  奬, -
ਬ,

                        ( 㣫 )
                      (ࠪ   㪢 "")

          ᫮ "" ()   
ᬮ७ ⨭  ࠦ , ୨, ﭨ 
..    :  "     ।
 ᫮?" ()
     騥 뢠 ᫮  "".    䮣-
ࠬ । 㭮:   (㪢 ""  ࠧ  
 - ).
        ࠡ  ᫮,    ந-
ᨬ  ᮣ.  쬥    ਬ ᫮ "⭨".  ᫥
। ᫮ 騬 । (⭮) ஢  㪮-
  ⮣ ᫮. .
     । "㤭"   ᫮      "-
" 騥  ᬮ. ᫥ 㪮    祭-
  窨   㪢:  ;;;;,,,,    㦭
ࠧ  㯥쪠 ⭨ (. 㭮).
.
                                - 18 -


1
                                       
                                     
                                    
                                  
                                 
                               
                              
                            
                           
                         
                        
                      
                     
                   
                  
                
2

㤭    ࠧ饭 㪢  "".  -
⥫   ,  ᭨,    祬  ⮬
᫮ "㤭",   ⨬ ࠢ.

      4.  " "
               

     "⨬᪨  ᫮ਪ",    ᮢ  ⥫  
।祭  ࣠樨  ᫮୮-䮣᪮  ࠡ  
ப ࠬ⨪  䮣䨨  1  (ணࠬ 1-3)    2
 (ணࠬ 1-4).
     ࠤ樮 ᫮    ஢塞묨  ᠭﬨ,    ⠪
뢠 "᫮" ᫮,  ᢠ  訬  誮쭨
⥬ 堭᪮      ᪮  .  
  ०  ᥣ  ⥬,    ࠢᠭ  ⠪   ᫮
᭮  ᪮ ਭ樯 䮣䨨,    ᮮ⢥⢨  
  䥬  த⢥  ᫮     ࠧ,   
஢  ।⢮ ᮢ६ ୮  ந襭

                                - 19 -

,  ⮬  ᠭ ४  .    ⮩
楫  ᫮ 筮  뢠    ᪥    窥,
뢠,  ,  ᪮쪮   ࠧ   ணਢ
䮣᪨,  뢠     ࠤ,   ⥬   ⭮
  ᫥ ப. 
      ⮤, ਥ   ଠ쭮 稢
  ᫮,    ᯥ稢  筮      筮   
,  祬 ᢨ⥫ ⮩稢 訡, ᪠
訬 誮쭨   稢 ᫮, ⠪     ᫮,
த⢥ 祭: "_.", "_."; "_.쪨";" _.⮪",
 "_.祪";"१, "_.१"  ..
     襭  䥪⨢  ᢮   ᫮      ࠤ樮
ᠭ 宫, । ⥫  뢠    
ࠪ  :   ᪮    ᫮
     ᫥,      堭᪨.   ᫥
   ⨣   ᭮    祭
 砥 ᫮, 魮  ࠪ ᮤঠ饩   
㤭, ⠭ 裡  ᫮    ࠭  祭묨
᫮,  ᮮ饭  (⥫)      ᯮ짮   (騬)
ᯥ樠 ਥ ,  ⨢  祭  "㤭"
᫮  祢 ࠪ⨪ ॡ.
     ᭮,  訥 誮쭨,      ᥡ
 ஢塞 ᠭ, ।  ⨢,
ந쭮 ᪠        몥,    
몮 ⢨⥫쭮: "⮪   "",  ⮬  
⠬ ᮫誮 室". 
         뢠  묨:  "_.,    
_.襩 뢠, _.襭쪮"; "_.쪨 - ⮬         

                                - 20 -

_.⪥ _.⠥, ஢筮 ᫮ _.."
       ।, ᯥ稢  ࠢ쭮    筮
  ஢塞  ᠭ,    ⨬᪨
,  饭  ਠ  -  ⨬᪠  ࠢ.  
ᮤন ଠ   ந宦  ᫮,    ࢮ砫쭮
祭,  "᭨" ᪨ ⠢ ᫮. ।
饭  ਨ ᫮  ⨢஢   ᮢ६
ࠢᠭ. ਬ, "_."- ᭮      
ਧ  , 饣   ⥩.    ""
ࠧ  ᫮ "" - "쪨".
     "" - "" - "  쪨 ⥩".
         ᥣ  ⨬᪠  ࠢ  ᮤন
୮ ᠭ. 
     ਬ: "_." -  譥       ᠯ
宦    ,  㤪.    砩  ⮬  ᫮  "ᠯ"
ࠧ  "ᠯ" - "㡠, 묮室, ⢥⨥  ".
      拉  砥  ᪨  ७  (⠢,  䨪)
    ᪨     ,          ᮢ६.
ਬ: "_."-᫮   ⢮      ᪮    몠.
ࢮ砫쭮 ᫮ "⮪"  砫  -  "쪠  ॢﭭ
᪠". 
     뢠  ᪠,    ,         1   
楫ᮮࠧ ᯮ짮 ⨬᪨ ࠢ  ࠡ  
 ⥬ ᫮, 饭  ਨ      뤥
୮ ᠭ,         ᮢ६
᪮ .  ᮮ⢥⢨    ⨬    "⨬᪨
᫮ਪ"  뫨 ⮡࠭    ணࠬ  ᫮    ࠤ樮묨
ᠭﬨ  ᪮ ୥ (१, ॢ, ).    

                                - 21 -

 ६  ᫮ ᮤন 䮣ࠬ    ᪮  ⠢
 䨪 (த, ,   .).
     ୠ  ⮨  ᪮쪨 ⥩. 
      ࢮ  뢠 筮 ᫮    (᫮
뤥  訬  㪢)   ⮫  ᮢ६
᪮ 祭.   筮 ᫮   
祭,   ஬   ᥣ 㯮ॡ 訬 誮-
.
       ⠢ ⨬᪠ ࠢ,    ன
ᮮ頥   -筨   ந宦    ᫮,    ⮫
ࢮ砫쭮  祭  ᫮  (   祭      窨),
뢠 ᫮,  ᪨  த⢥  ,  뤥
᫮  䥬   ᠭ. 
       ਢ  ࠧ  ⪮    ⨬᪮
ࠢ  ᫮ਪ  ࠤ 誮쭨.    ந  
᫥饩 奬:
     - 砥 ᫮  (뤥  訬  㪢,    
㤠७,  祭 䮣ࠬ);
     - ந饥 ᫮, 䥬, ᪨ த⢥ ᫮
(᫮,   䥬        묨    ᠭﬨ    ભ;
⢮ ᫮ । 㪢 ᪮ 䠢);
     - ࢮ砫쭮 祭 ᫮ (祭  窨).
     蠥 ᫮  ⥪,  騩  室,
᪮ 祭 㥬 ᫮.
     ⨬ ࠢ ᫥  ᮮ      ப
⢠   ᫮.   ⮬ ந    ᫥饬
浪:
     1. । 楫.। ᫮,  ⥭,  筥

                                - 22 -

 祭,  㪮-㪢   楫  뤥
䮣ࠬ.
     2. 䮣᪮ ணਢ,   ᫮,  뤥
䮣ࠬ  ᠭ ᫮. 
     3.  饭  騬  ⨬᪮  ࠢ,   ⪠
奬筠        ᪥,    ࠤ    ᫮ਪ
. 
     4.  ७ ᫮. 
     5. ⠢ ᫮⠭   ।    祭
᫮, ஢      ᯮ짮  ⨬
 ᭥ ࠢᠭ.
      "⨬᪮  ᫮ਪ"   ।⠢   38   ᫮   
஢塞 ᠭ: १, ஡, ஭, ஭,  த,
ॢ,  ண,  ,  ,  ࠭,  ⨭,  쪨,
஢,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ᪢,
த, த, , ,  ,  ,  ⮪,  ,
䥫, 㤠, ࠡ,  ࠡ稩,  ࠡ⭨,  ᮡ,  ᮫,
ப, ࠤ,  ஦,  .  (  ࠧ  ᫮
⥩ ਢ  ਫ).

      5.       

     ६ 誮           ࠧ⨨
  諥 .      ⥫  ⢥  
祢  ࠧ  誮쭨  㦨  ⢮     ᫮୮
.     ᫮  祫᪮  諥  뢠   
ꥪ⨢ ⢨⥫쭮, ⠪  ᫮  砥  ।
⢨⥫쭮  ࠦ ⨥  .      ᫮

                                - 23 -

 ,  ⥫ 祭, "।⠢ ᮡ  
,  饭 ,  ࠭      
ᯮ 祫   諥  "[     ].
          ⨢   ᫮      ,   ⥬
ᮤঠ⥫쭥    筥    ⭠     쬥   .
ન  祭  ࠧ  "  ᫮"    ନ஢
᫨⥫쭮  ⥫쭮  ॡ       ᥣ   쭥襣
祭, ..設᪨ ᠫ: ", ஥  ਢ몫  
    ᫮,  ⥬             
饣  祭      稫  몠  ᯮ裂   
᢮  ⭮  쬥 ,  ᥣ  㤥  ࠤ  
⮣  ७  ⪠      祭   类   㣮
।"[28,.69]. 饭 ᫮୮ ,  ᫥⥫쭮,
 祢 ࠧ  ᯮᮡ⢮ ⠪ ࣠  祡-
  ⥫쭮,   㤥 ࠢ :
     1) ⨥  ᮧ  ᫮  ᮤঠ  砥
᫮  ७ ᫮,  ⥭ 祭  ᫮, ⮭-
᪨  ᨭ᪨ ⭮襭, ⠥ ᫮  ⮩稢
⮢;
     2) ࠧ⨥ 㬥 ᭨ 祭 ᫮  ᮡ  
㯮ॡ  ;
     3)ନ஢ 㬥 짮 ᫮    -
 ᮡ⢥ 祢 ᪠뢠 ( ⭮, ⠪  -
).
     " ᪮  祭  ᫮   ᨪ--
᪮ ⥬ 몠, -  । ..㯨, - ।-
⠢ ᮡ ᮢ㯭 ᫮ ਧ,   ⫨
 祭   㣨,  ᮧ  㠫쭮  ᪮

                                - 24 -

祭  ⮬    ७樠묨 ਧ-
 ᪮ 祭"[17,.112]. 稬   ⥩   
 ᫮?   ꥬ ଠ樨  ᪮ 祭 ᫮
ਭ ॡ?  ᯨ뢠      誮쭨
㬥  祭 ᫮? ,  ⮤᪠ 
 ᪠ ࠪ⨪   ࣠樨 ᪮  -
  誮 ⥫쭮 த㫠 ।,     -
    ⥫,  ⮤⮢,  祭.
      ॡ -᢮  ,    ९
 ᫮, 騬 - ॠ  ᫨  "祪"
⢨⥫쭮,   ᫮᭮ ᭥ 祭 ᫮ 
⥩ 㤭⥫쭮.    ࠧ  ⢥ত,    ᫮
ࠦ        ࠢ  ⮫쪮     
। ᯨ᪠ ᫮    类  裡    饩  ⥬
⨩  .     誮쭨  室  ᯨ뢠
㬥 ᫮᭮ 㫨஢  砥 ᫮,   ,  
᫮᭮ 뢠  ᮤঠ  ⨩,  祭    몥
묨 ᫮.
      ᭨ 訬 誮쭨 祭 ᫮?  ⢥ 
 ,  쭮 ᯮ ᫮ .⮢᪮. -
  ⮬,    ⠢ ᪮쪮  ᫮३ -
 몠,     ᮡ ᫮, 騥 ⭮襭 
த,  ᠫ: "  㤥, 筮, ⮫. 
᫮    ᭥,   ᫥  ᫥  -
쪮 뢪   ⥫, ⮢  祭,  -
  ᪮ ⥫⢮  ⮬ ᫮"[19, .96].
      ᮧ 祭 ᫮      ॡ  
⥪,  ஬  ᫮ 뫮 蠭 .  ⠪

                                - 25 -

⥪⮢  ⥫  ⮫쪮  ஢    ᪮
祭 ᫮,    । ⢨  祭,
 ୮ ।⠢  । 㦠饩 ⢨⥫쭮,
  ॡ ࠧ殬  㤮⢥  ⥪,  㤥
ᯮᮡ⢮  ᮧ饬    ⢮᪮  ࠦ  (.
ࠪ , ࠣ ப N4).
       ᪮쪮 ,     ᯮ짮  
⮣, ⮡ ࠧ  ⥩ 㬥  祭 祭
᫮,   ந         ७樠   ਧ
᪮ 祭.
     - ᪠   ⮬,   㧭  祭 ᫮.
     - ।⠢ ᥡ,   㤮.   稫  ᮢ
⮪. ᪠,   㤥 ᮢ  ।. 
     -  稫 ⠢ ᪠   .  ⠢  
᪠ ⠪, ⮡   ᬮ  ।⠢  ᥡ    ⠪,
    .
     - ।⠢ ᥡ,  ⥡ 㦭  ᭨  祭  ᫮
"" 祫,     ⮣ ।.  
᭨ 祭 ⮣ ᫮?
     - ᯮ 祭  ᫮  "१"    ⠢  ,  
ன      ᪮쪨  ਧ    㧭  
ॢ. 
     - ⠢ ᢮  ⥬ "⥭".
     訥   ᮧ  ᪮  祭
砥 ᫮  ஢  ⨩  ,  
訥  誮쭨     㪮⢮   ⥫   ᮧ   ᢮
ᮡ⢥ ᫮ਪ, ਬ,   ⠪  ⥬,    "  
" (1 ), "⥭      த"  (2  ),

                                - 26 -

"ᨨ" (3 )   .   ந室  ⮫  ᫮,
  ਬ   ਠ⮢ ࠡ  ᫮ "ப",
஢  筮 ⨨  1  (.  ࠪ
).
           ᫮   ।   "⢥"    
"⢥" 饭 ᫮    ⨢.,
 祭  ᫮ ⥫  ᮧ    ⥩  ࢮ
।⠢    ᨪ-ᥬ᪮   ࠤ,   ࠧ饩
ᥬ᪮  砥 ᫮.   ।⠢  
 ᮮ⢥ ନ     ப,      
⥯ 믮  ᨪ-䮣᪨   ࠦ   
ப ࠬ⨪   ࠢᠭ      ᭮  ࠡ  
᪮ . ਬ,  ࠧ ᫮ "஧"  ।
 裡  祭  ⠥ ᫮  㣨 ᫮. 
-----> -  :  1)  ஧-宫;  2)  ஧-宫
        .
         :  ஧,   ஧,஧,<- ஧,
       ஧, ஧. 
-----> : ஧, 宫, 㦠.
-----> : ஧-, ஧-.
  ----->    :  ,   ⮪,   ,
ﭢ᪨...஧;   ஧   㤠ਫ,   ᨫ,    ९砥,
...; ஧ ,  ஧ ,  ஧ ...
-----> : ஧     (    ᯨ<-)
 (-) -  ⭮ 饭   宫    
 .
       "஧"      ᫮      ஢塞
ᠭ,    ࢮ᭨ (ணࠬ  1-3).

                                - 27 -

 ப  ᭮  믮  ࠦ  N3    祡  
ᮧ ࢮ  祭    ᫮  (஧  -    
⥬ , 宫)    ᨭ᪮  
᫮ "஧" ᫮ "宫". ᫥ ப  1-3  
 祭 ࠬ⨪-䮣᪮ ਠ ⥫  १
⥬  ࠦ  (    祡     ⥫)
 ⥩  㣨 ﬨ    祭  ᫮  "஧"  
⠥ ⮣ ᫮    㣨  ᫮    ।  
᫮⠭
     ஢    ࠦ       ॡ
 ᪮ 祭 㦥   ᫮  "஧",  
  ᫮  (७  ᫮,   ᫮-ᨭ,   ⮭,
⠭ ᫮)    ࠢ쭮 ᯮ짮    ᫮
 ஥ ᮡ⢥ 祢 ᪠뢠.
     ⠥,    ᨪ-ᥬ᪠  ࠡ      砫
  ப ਬ,     ⮢    
  ⥬᪮       ।      誮,
ᯮᮡ ࠧ  ⥩ ᨪ-ᥬ᪮  鸞  
᫮, 頥  ⥩, 뢠  誮쭨  ⥫
  ᪮ , ନ  䮣  મ  
  ࠢᠭ "᫮ ᫮".

      6.   
               

     ⮤: थ  ..,   ..,  릨 ..  
९ ࠢᠭ 㤭 ᫮ ᮢ ᯮ짮 ,
..    த  饥    -

                                - 28 -

襣 誮쭨, ।⠢      㢫-
⥫  ⥫쭮.   ந ⠪, ⮡ -
騬 砫 뫠 來,  ⮫ 室  ନ஢
䮣᪮ 몠.   ,  ⠪  , 
 뢥  ࠬ ப.
     , ।祭     ᫮  ஢塞
ᠭ,  㤭 ᤥ  ᠬ.    ਠ-
⮢   ,   楫ᮮࠧ 짮  ⮫쪮
  ⥫  ,        㯯  த  
[31,.15-16].
        室 ᪮쪮  ⮢,  祭-
  ⪨,     㯭 ⮬ ᠭ ᫮
 ஢塞 ᠭ (⥫쭮, ⮡ ஢塞 -
ᠭ  ᫮ 뫮 - ࠧ 뤥), ਬ:
1

                 Ŀ
                     _.       _._.     
                 Ĵ
                     _.        _._.       
                 
2
      쪨 窠,  ᮢ  ࠧࠬ    ⪮
讣 ,  뢠 , ᮮ⢥騥 ᫮--
, ᥭ  ⪨. ⢮ 쪨 祪 
ᮮ⢥⢮ 饬  ⮪   .
     ࠢ   㣨 ࠬ  த.  -
   ⢮  ⮢ (1-2). 騩
 ᥡ 쪨 窨  뢠 . 騥 
 ᢮  ᫮-⣠.  ப,  ࠢ쭮 ⣠訩 ᢮
,   饣   뢠  ᮮ⢥
   .  먣뢠 ,    ஥ 窠
 ᫮ ᢮ .   ⠪  - ⥫쭮 ⨥

                                - 29 -

  ᫮  ஢塞 ᠭ.
     ᯮ짮   த⥫쭮 ६,  ⥫  
㣨 ਠ ,  ᫮.     -
 㪢  ய᪨,  誮쭨 㤥 
  ࠭讬    뢠  㪢  ࠧ१ 㪨,
ਬ:
1
               Ŀ
                   .   ..        
                            Ĵ
                   .    ...         
               
2

     ,  ᤥ  ⠪:   쪨 窠   -
 ᫥  奬 ᫮-⣠, ਬ:
1

          Ŀ
             冷 Ŀ 
                                               
              ᫠.  
          
2

     ப   ⠪ 砥   ⮫쪮 ࠢ쭮  -
쪨 窠 ⪨ 讣 ,      
࠭讬 ⣠   奬.
     ⮡  㯨 ⠪ ,   騥  
   (⮬  稫  ),  ᢮६-
  ᮤঠ 쪨 祪,  ..   
 ᫮ 㣨 , 뢠  ⮬   -
 ᮡ .      祭  ⮩
, , 祭 ᫮.
     ⡨ ᫮    ⮢, ᫥  
 㯯஢   ⥬᪨ 㯯:  --
-, -  ..   ᤥ : -

                                - 30 -

㭪, १  ୠ, ⪨  , ᤥ  -
 ਢ⥫쭮  ᭮.
      ॡᠬ 騥   㪢 ਮ.  
  ᫮ "஢",  "஭", ""  ., ᠭ-
   ॡᮢ.
     , ਬ,  ᢮,  ஢ ᫮ "". 
⠪ ᢮ 筮  .
1

               Ŀ
                                    
               
2

                 , 
                룠 ᮪, 
                 ...().
 ஬ ᪠뢠 ⣠.
     ᢮  ॡ  ⮬ 砥  ⮫쪮  -
,    ᯮᮡ  ࠧ ભ 㤭 䮣ࠬ   -
  ᠭ  .
1

                Ŀ
                                         
                
2

                   ""  "" . 
                 -, , 
                 祭  
                  ... ().
1

                Ŀ
                                         
                

2
                     ᫠ , 

                                - 31 -

                   ᮬ ᢮ ठ. 
                    ᮬ न
                     ... (襭)
1

                Ŀ
                                 
                

2
                   ᫮ , 
                 --  .
      ⮬  ᢮   ।  "᪠ ᫮-
".
           મ ᮫誥 
           ࢥ  窮 ... ().
                               (..)

          誠   ... ().

         - த  ,-
           浪 墠⠫ ... ().

          ਢ   ᮪-
           :
              ᮪
           ந ... (த).
                           (..)

          ॣ , , 
             ... (஧).
      ࠢ쭮  ९  ᠭ  "᫮୮"  ᫮

                                - 32 -

 ᯮ짮  , , ਬ:
     1.   ᫮  ࠪ?
        (␀, .)
     2.   ᫮ ⠫ ?
        (, , ண,  .)
     3.  ᫮,   ⠫ ᫠?
        ((1), ப(4) ) 
     4.  ᫮ , - ⠫ ""  "".
        (, .)
     5.  ᫮  ஭?
        (,⨭, 䥫.) 
         誠?
        (, ኂ.)
     6.   ᫮  ?
        (䅋, ⅋, .)
     祭  ਭ 騥   ଥ ࠤ.
                  ᫮ - ਪ .
                 㣨   㤠, 
                 楫  㧥
                  㤠. (⨭)
           :
               ਡ ப   ,
                  ८ࠧ. 
                ? 㬠  . 
                :   .
                                       ()
     ᫥ ⮣   ᠭ ᫮  ᢮    -
 訡,   ᯮ짮 ,    ⣠-᫮୮

                                - 33 -

᫮. ਬ:  "᪠ ᫮窮".
             1.  ஬   
                ࠥ  .
                   ᥬ 
                   ⮢.
                ,   ?
                筮  ...(஢).
             2. ६稩   ⥪  -
                ᮢ  ...(஧).
                                    (..)
             3. 頫  ᠬ :
                "! --!"
                   - ?   ப,
                  ... (ப).
                                     (.஢.)

      ᫥,  騬  ⠯  祭 ᫮୮ ᫮
 ᠬ⥫쭠 ࠡ     ९  㬥
ࠢ쭮    祭  ᫮   쬥 ࠡ.   ⮩
楫   ⠪ ࠡ, :
     1)   ᫮ ᫮,  ᯮ  ⨭-
;
     2) ⥫ ⠥ ⢮७,   騥 ᫥  -
訢    "᫮" ᫮, ਬ:
     ,  㤥  ,
        襫;  ᨫ ஧.
                                 (, ஧.)
    

                                - 34 -

      7.  -   

     ମ ஫  ନ஢  㬥  "᫮"
᫮  ⠭.  थ ..    .. 騫 
⥬⨧஢ ਠ  ࠡ  "᫮묨" ᫮,  
⠢ 奬-䨪 ᫮ ⠭⮢ [3,.16-18].
      ᫮ ⠭ ஢:
     )  ଥ ࠡ (  ⢮᪨);
     )    (客  ⥫).
      奬  ⥫,  ..     ⢮᪨
  ஢ ᫮୮ ࠡ,   ਥ஢ 
 ਠ  ᠭ  ப,  ࠧࠧ  ࠡ
  ᫮,  ᤥ     䥪⨢.⮤ ஢
᫮ ⠭⮢, ⠪,  롮, ⨭, ⪮-
,   ᯮ짮 ,  ஬ ᨭ  ⮭-
,  䮪⠬,  ⭠ ⥫.
     1.  ᪥ ᠭ ᫮.  ⥫ ।  -
⥫쭮  .  ⥬ ᫮ 뢠  ⥫  :
"    뢠 ⨭.  ᫨  ࠦ
 ⨭ । ᮢ   ᫮    ᪥,    
᫮ 뢠  ࠤ, ᫨  ᮢ- 뢠".-
   ⨭  ஢ઠ   ⮣.
     2.  ᪥ ᠭ ᫮  ய饭묨 ᫮.  -
⥫ ।    , ⠢ 室騥 ᫮-
.
       ... ,  ᭥ . (஧)
     ...  . (㤠)
     㦡 - , த - ... . ()

                                - 35 -

     ... 祫  . (᪨)
     3.  ᫮  筮 䮣ࠬ ( ਭ樯 "-
 ।".)
      ᪥  饭  ᫮,  ਬ:   .,   .ࠤ,
., ., ., .. ⥫ : " ᫮ -
࠭   䮣᪮ ਧ.  ,  
 ਧ?  ᫮, ⠢ ய饭 㪢".
      2-3 ᫮ 㦭 易⥫쭮  ,  ..
祭,   ᯥ訥  । ப ᠭ  ᫮,
   㣨 ᫮  訡       㪢
"".
     4.  ᫮  騬 ਧ.
     ⥫   뢠  ᪥ ᫮, । -
     .
     , મ ... , 䥫 -  (騩 ਧ.)
                                  
      -   .
1


    Ŀ   Ŀ
     -।।⥫             -।।⥫       
     -᭨⥫                -᭨⥫          
     - 롮                   -롮              
     -                      -⨭               
     -                    -⪮६         
     - ⥫쭮       -                
     - ᯮ짮 ᨣ-     -              
      祪.                  - ⥫쭮 
        - 䮪⠬          
                                     - ᯮ짮 ᨣ-   
                                       祪        
                                     - ய饭묨 㪢  
                                    
                                                    
                                                    
           Ŀ                        Ŀ
             客                          ⥫ 
                                   
                                                    

                                - 36 -

           Ŀ
                                                      
           
                                      
           Ŀ
                             ᫮ ⠭              
           
                                      
           Ŀ
                                  ⢮᪨                 
           
                                                      
           Ŀ                          Ŀ
            客                            ⥫ 
                                     
                                                      
Ŀ  Ŀ
-㯯஢  䮣-     -㯯஢  䮣-
  ਧ.                    ᪨ ਧ.        
 - த⢥ ᫮.         - த⢥ ᫮.
 - ᫮  騬 ਧ-       - ᫮  騬 - 
 .                            .                  
 - ᨭ, ⮭.    - ᨭ, -  
 - 楯窮 ᫮.            .                   
   - 楯窮 ᫮.    
                                    -  䠢.      
                                    -  ࠢ    
                                      訡.                 
                                    -ࠡ  ନ஢-   
                                     묨 ᫮.            
                                    - ᫮  -     
                                      筮 䮣ࠬ.     
                                    -⠢ ᫮-   
                                     ⠭.                   
                                    -ᯮ짮 ॡᮢ.   
                                    -ᯮ짮 誮쭮-   
                                     .                      
                                    -᫮                  
                                    -ᯮ짮 -      
                                     म.                  
                                    - ᫮栬.           
                                    - 䮪⠬.          
                                    -⠢   ᪠   
                                       ᫮.       
                                    -ࠡ  ନ஢-   
                                       ⥪⮬.            
                                   

