

                   .

     ᯥਬ⠫쭠  ᪠ ⮫  뢠 
 ⮫⨥ ᢮ ⢮. 祭 䨧  ⮫-
 ஢ 饭  ᫥,  祬     -
  ஢      ᮢ६ -
.  ᫨ 䨧 ᤥ  ᯥ  祭 堭-
  ॣ樨  ⥫쭮 㭪樨 ஢    䨧-
娬᪨ ᢮,    祭 ࢭ ॣ樨 ஢⢮-
   .   ஢⢮७ ࠧࠡ뢠-
     ᭮   䮫᪨ 権.  -
  ⭮襭  ଥ ⮢  筮 -
  㡮, ⮣ ᮢ襭  ᪠   ।⠢,
 ࢭ ॣ樨 ஢⢮७, ⪠ .. -
 ஢, ࣠ ஢⢮७  ஢ࠧ襭  --
ࠫ  ,  ॣ㫨騥 ,  ந室騥  
࣠,   ⨥ "⥬ ஢", , ᫮, -
  蠣  ।.     ࢭ ॣ樨 
⥬ ஢      襭.    ⥬,  ᯮ୮,
 ⢮ - 騥 ॣ㫨騥 ﭨ, 稭-
騥 ᥡ  ⥬ ஢  ਢ騥  ﭭ  ᮮ⢥-
⢨  ࣠   楫.  .., 稢訩 ᭮-
 ୮ ࠡ  ਩  ,  
⥫ ࠧ ⮣,  室  ﭨ -
 ⤥ ࢭ ⥬  ⠢  ஢.  ᫮-䫥
  ᫠ ⮢  ⢥  ⠢ 뫨 -
     ஢  .  ।⢥
箬    祭  堭  ॣ樨 ⥬ ஢ 
祭  㭪樮 ⭮襭      
७ ࣠, ᮧ  ..몮  饥
쭥訬 ࠧ⨥   ...  ஢, 㫨 
஢ 㤠,  ᥩ ᫮ ᮢ, ࠧ뢠-
   ᠬ,     १ ࠡ 鸞 ᯥ-
 ࣠  ࣠.   ᮧ ,  ࠧ蠥
     ।  ࣠.
      ६ 䨧,  ᭮뢠  ᫥ -
 ..,⢥म ⮨  ⮬,   ⠪ ࣠,

                               - 2 -
 ⠪ ⪠  ࣠,    ॣ㫨஢  ᢮
ࠡ ࢭ ⥬.   ⭮,   ⠢ ஢ -
 ॣ㫨஢ ࢭ ⥬.  ࢭ ⥬,  ᮬ-
,    ॣ,   ࠢ ࠢ ᥩ -
 ஢.



        2.      
                  .

      ⠡ N1 ।⠢ १ ᪮ ࠡ⪨
, 祭  ࠫ쭮    ⮫  ५-
 ஢  祭 筮 ⠢ ⭮   197
ࢨ  ஢ 稭   騭    20  45 ,
 ⠪ ᪮ ஢  3414 稭  騭   
20  58  .  ᫥ 뫮  ஢  ᮡ ॡ-
,  易⥫  ࠡ⪥ ଠ⨢:  筮  -
让  ⨭  ᫥ , ஦ ਡ⥫쭮 
ࠢ ᫮    ᪮ ,  ண 
஢   ࠡ⪠ 祭    ⮤
ਠ樮 ⨪.   ᭮  , ।-
⠢  ⠡, ଠ⨢ 筮 ⠢ ⭮ -
  ᭮ ⥫ ᪮ ஢.  ࠢ⥫쭮
祭  ࠬ  㭪⮢ ⭮ , 祭  ࠧ-
 椠ମ ஢⢮७ ,    ⠢
祭. ⢥ ࠧ稩   筮 ⠢ ⭮
  稭  騭 ⠪  ⠭.  祭 ⠢
᪮ ஢  ஢ , ᭮  讬 -
ਠ, 믮塞  ਬ ਠ樮-᪮ -
,   ࠢ⥫쭮  ,    室 
ଠ쭮 ⠢ ஢     뢠 ᮬ. -
᪨  ᪮ ஢  -     ᠬ -
  ᫥.
       ⠢ ᪮ ஢  ஢   ࠢ-
⥫쭮  ,  業   㤭  -
⢨ ⪨ ।⠢  ଠ쭮 ⠢ ᪮
஢.  ࠪ⨪ । 㦨 ⥫ ᤢ 
⠢ ᪮ ஢,     ஢

                               - 3 -


                 ଠ⨢ 筮 ⠢ ⭮
                          ஢ .
                                                    ⠡ 1

                      㤨         譠 
--------------------------- ------------------- -------------------
                                                           
⨪ ⪨ ஬ |0.3*0.02  0.2*0.03   0.2*0.01  0.2*0.03
            ᢮騥|0.1*0.01  0.1*0.02   0.1*0.01  0.1*0.02
७஢ |1.4*0.08  1.3*0.09   1.0*0.03  0.8*0.07
                |0.1*0.01  0.1*0.02   0.2*0.02  0.2*0.02
஬               |1.8*0.12  2.0*0.13   1.3*0.03  1.3*0.10
 䨫    |12.3*0.46 12.6*0.64  11.4*0.20 11.1*0.60
             䨫 |1.3*0.09  1.1*0.11   0.7*0.02  0.7*0.10
⠬ 䨫|15.0*0.36 14.6*0.50  13.4*0.10 12.0*0.03
              䨫|0.2*0.02  0.3*0.05   0.2*0.01  0.2*0.03
窮拉   䨫|17.0*0.49 16.0*0.63  15.0*0.22 16.0*0.50
                 䨫|0.4*0.03  0.4*0.03   0.1*0.01  0.1*0.02
 ᥣ拉 䨫|19.0*0.62 20.4*0.99  22.0*0.33 25.1*1.00
                䨫 |0.6*0.05  0.7*0.11   1.0*0.05  1.0*0.09
                  䨫 |0.2*0.03  0.3*0.03   0.3*0.03  0.2*0.01
                  |11.0*0.45 10.4*0.57  11.4*0.25 12.2*0.70
                   |1.4*0.13  1.2*0.11   1.2*0.06  1.0*0.10
஡            |0.6*0.06  0.6*0.06   1.1*0.03  1.1*0.06
஡    䨫|2.2*0.14  2.6*0.02   3.0*0.10  2.1*0.20
         ஬䨫|11.0*0.34 11.4*0.56  12.0*0.25 10.0*0.40
               䨫 |0.6*0.05  0.5*0.06   0.5*0.02  0.6*0.06
ମ    䨫 |0.5*0.04  0.5*0.07   3.0*0.11  3.0*0.15
        ஬䨫 |2.0*0.19  1.7*0.19   0.4*0.01  0.5*0.07
᪨ ⪨      |1.0*0.08  1.0*0.08   0.5*0.02  0.5*0.04
ਮ  1  |90000*4000 97400*6500 112000*3000 80100*6000

                               [ 1 (.148,149,150,151)]





                               - 4 -
᫥ ᬠਢ  ⪫  ,    㣨
-  䨧 ᮡ ஢ 祫 (⠡. N2).



                    ⠢ ᪮ ஢
                               稭  騭.
                                                   ⠡ 2


                 %               14.7*0.03
                                           13.1*0.03
                ,  1      4.7*0.01
                                           4.3*0.01
                梥⭮ ⥫         0.93*0.001
                                           0.90*0.001
                ⨪㫮,%             4.0*0.01
                                           5.4*0.10
                ,/                   4.0*0.01
                                           7.0*0.10
                ஬,  1      228.0*1.9
                                           236.0*1.4
                ,  1       6.4*0.02
                                           6.2*0.04
                    窮拉,%        2.5*0.04
                    ᥣ拉,%       59.5*0.2
                    䨫,%            2.5*0.04
                    䨫,%              0.5*0.01
                    ,%             28.0*0.1
                    ,%              7.0*0.10

                                                [ 1 (.151)]








                               - 5 -

ப   ⥫ ⠢  ᪮
஢  ஢   ᬠਢ,  䨧
ᮡ, ᢨ⥫  让    ⨢
ᯮᮡ ⥬ ஢⢮७.   ᫥ 䠪஢
譥 ।,     ஢⢮७  ⠢ -
᪮ ஢, 襣  㦨 ᥧ -
 ⠢ ᪮ ஢.      
  ᫮  ।⠢  ᥧ  -
᪮ ஢  ஢ .  ⠢  ᪮
஢  ஢   ࠧ ᥧ ,  뫮 
⫨ ࠧ稩  ⢥ ⮢, ⮢  ᮤ-
   ᥧ  ᫥  稭, ⠪ 
騭. ⥫   祭 ⠪    祭
୮ ,  ⢠ ஬⮢, ⨪㫮⮢ 
᪮ ᥤ ⮢ ().(.. ஢"ଠ쭠
ॣ ஢⢮७")



          3.     
                 .

     ⮬  㦥  砫 ࢠ ⭮ ⪠,
ᬮ  १砩 㤭  த ᫥.
 鸞 ࠡ 室 뤥 ᫥ .誮(1926.),
 ,  設⢮ ࢮ 室    
ᮯ஢ 㤮. ࢭ 砭   祪  뫨 -
㦥    ⭮     .஬ /1928/.
      1929   ᢮  ꥧ ᨩ᪨ ࣮
..ᥫ 㪠,  ࢠ ⥩ ⢫ -
⭨筮-묨  㤨-묨 ࢠ.  ᮡ -
頥  ᥡ  ,   䨧  ⥩  
⮣ ஥, ..   訬 ᮤঠ ᭮
⭮ ,   ⥫쭮    ࢠ, 祬
䨧  ⥩. .  (1930) 㦨  ⭮
   ᨬ᪨    ॡ-ᯨ  ,
   ᬠਢ  業६⥫.  ࢭ -


                               - 6 -

   ᨬ  㤮 ஭  ⠬ -
 .
     ..ਥ (1941) , ந ᪮᪮ ᫥-
 窮  祢  祫᪮ 㯠, ᪫-
  ਧ  ࢮ  ⭮ ⪠.
     ..㫠  (1952)   ਨ,  㪮 -
஬ ..-஢, ந ⮫᪮ ᫥
ࢠ樨 ⭮   㦨  ࢭ   ⮫쪮
 ஢ 㤠,    ᠬ ⭮- ⪠. -
 業  ⭮襭 ⥫⢠ ࢠ樨 ⭮ -
  ⭮ ⪠ ।⠢ , ᢨ⥫騥  -
⢨⥫쭮 ⥩.  ⭮,  樭  䨧 -
  ᯮ⢮ , ᮡ ࠧ訩 .஬,
 ⢨⥫쭮   ⭮ ⪠. .. -
ন ⨢ , 㪠뢠,    -
⨢ ,    .    稫
쭥襥 ⢥ত   ࠡ . (1930)  . ६
(1917),   ᮡ ન  ⢨⥫쭮 ⭮ -
  ,  ।  ᪠ 室 ⭠ -
⥧.  ᫥   ..ਭ ⮤ ਦ  ᫥-
 ⭮  ⥬ 㭪樨 㤨  㪠
    饭,       楤. ࢮ
㯮   ⮬ 砥    1928 ,   -
砫,   "     㤨  ॡ"   -
  뢠  ⢠  ⭮  .  ⥫쭮
  .. ਭ (1946)  ᭮ ⮣  ᨬ⮬
אַ 㪠뢠,    稨 ࢠ樨 ⭮ 
  襭  ⥫쭮.  ࠡ, 饭 ਪ-
  ࠧ ⢥   ஢ ⠪ -
 㪠  ,  砫  ⬥砥 .
      1928  . 㦨 ࢭ 砭   -
祪  쯥  ᥫ,  ..ॢ  (1950)   ਨ, -
  . ..ᮢ  ⮢, 䮫᪨ 
稥  ᥫ ࢭ ⢨⥫ 砭.  1950 
.. 稫 ⥫⢠    楯஢ 
᪨ 㧫.
 ࠧ,      稥 ࢭ -
砭  ⭮  ⭮- ⪠, ⠪    ⢨-

                               - 7 -

⥫쭮. ᭮ 䮫᪨ ᫥ ᮮ⢥騥
ࢭ 砭  易  ⮫쪮  㤠 ⭮ , 
 ᯮ  ᠬ ⭮  ⪠.



         3.I.  ,    
                    .

    ୨᪨ ..  襢᪨ .." ࢭ ॣ樨
஢⢮७" 뫨 祭 䫥, 砥  ࠧࠦ
楯஢ ᥫ.
   ⥫ﬨ 䫥ᮢ, 砥  ࠧࠦ 楯஢
ᥫ, 뫨 ࠭ ஢ﭮ   堭.  
 ᥫ     娬᪨  ࠧࠦ⥫  ਬ﫠
㧨  ࣠  ⥫ ⢮஬. 室 뫮 㡥
 ⮬,   ࠧࠦ⥫    騩 ஢⮪, 
࠭稢 ᢮ ⢮  । ᥫ,  ⮬ 
뫮 ᪫  ᥫ  ଠ쭮 ஢饭, ࠭
 ⮬  ࢭ 裡  ࣠.  ⢫ 㤨-
⮩ 樨 ᥫ ॢ뢠  १  , 
  ⮬ ࠭﫨. ⠭ ᥫ ⢫﫮  -
 ⢮ த, 㯠襣    ⥪襣 १
.   । ᫥ ﭨ  楯 ᥫ-
 㣫᫮   ⪠  ᫮த.  ⮣ ஬ 
㤠  ⥫쭮 , ⠭ ன, ᮤন
ண 頫 㣫   ⮬.   ன-
  뫮  ४ ⠭   㤠  㣮.
  ᫥ ,  ઠ᪨ ⢮, -
  楯 ᥫ, 뢠  誨 ꥬ  ஢ﭮ-
  , 饭 楡, 饭  㣫㡫 堭.
᫨ ந ࢠ ᥫ  ய १ ᥫ-
 ⢮ ,     祧 -
襣 ,   祢   䫥୮ 
ࠪ.
     ⢨⥫쭮  楯஢  ᥫ   ,
祬 㣨 ७ ࣠.   1  ⢮ ⨫宫 
業樨 10   㦥 뢠 ⫨ 䥪,   業-

                               - 8 -

樨 I0    䥪 ⠭ ﭭ.  e -
⥫쭮  䥪⨢   ⨭. ஫ ᫥-
 ⢥न  䫥 ࠪ  ஢ﭮ -
  堭,  ⠪  ᫥ ய᪠ १ ᥫ -
   ६ 祧, ⠭ ᫥ -
 .  ࢠ ࣠ ਢ      祧-
  ᠭ ॠ権.
      쭥襬 뫮 ,  楯 ᥫ,   
㣨 ७ ࣠ ॠ  楫  娬᪨ ࠧ-
ࠦ⥫.    ⮬ ⬥砫 ⢥ ࠧ  -
ࠪ 䫥 ⢥⮢.   ६  ⨫宫, ⨭
 嫮  뢠 ꥬ ஢ﭮ ,  㣫㡫
 饭 堭, ணਭ  ⮪ ਩ ᭨
  㣭⠫ 堭.  ᪮쪮 ᮡ    
᫥  ७,   뢠  -
䥪,  ⢮ ⥫쭮 ᫠ 㣨 ࠧࠦ⥫.  
த ᫥    ⠭,  ᥫ-
 אַ 楯⨢ .
      ஬ ⮣, 뫠 ஢  ⮢,   ᥫ
  ⭮ 砫   ஢饭 㣮 -
,  ࠭  ᮡ⢥ ࣠ ⮫쪮 ࢭ . 
  ᮭ  ⭮- ᮥ﫠  ᥫ-
筮 ਥ ⭮-樯,   ᥫ筠    -
㦭  ६  .  ᯥਬ 㡥⥫쭮 ,
   ஢  ⨭ 뢠 ᮢ襭 ⫨-
  䫥୮ 襭 ஢ﭮ   饭 堭
樯.       䨪ᨨ -
,  ⠪    堭    ᬥ,  ᮤঠ饩   10  15%
㣫᫮ .



            3.2. ,   
                     .

       ࠬ 뫨 祭 䫥, 砥  ࠧࠦ
楯஢ ⭮ .
     祭 楯樨 ⭮  ⠫ ०

                               - 9 -

ᥣ    ⮤᪨ 㤭,    
⭮襭 㣨 ࣠,        娬-
᪨  ࠧࠦ⥫. ᫨  娬᪨ ࠧࠦ⥫ १
९樮 ⢥⨥  ⭮- ,  䫥-
 ࠪ 뢠 ॠ樨 ⠥  ᮬ, ⠪  
 ᫮   ஭ ࠧࠦ⥫  -
騩 ஢⮪, , ᫥⥫쭮,  ᪫  १⨢
⢨.⮬ ਬ﫠 ⮤ 㤨⮩ 樨. 襪
⥫쭮 ९஢뢠 㤨-ࢭ 箪  孥 
.   ७     , ⥬
ந    孥  .   
७ ,  ⠪ ७    ⠢ -
०묨.   ॢ뢠  १,  -
 १ ⠢﫨 , १  ந -
 筮  த ⥬ 39, 饭 ᫮-
த.
     ⠪,  ᠭ ⮤ 筮 뫠 易  ࣠-
 ⮫쪮 १ ,    ,   ⭮-
    㧨  娬᪮ ⢠
    騩 ஢⮪.
      ⢥ ⥫ ࠧࠦ 楯஢ ॣ஢-
 堭  ஢ﭮ   饩 ᮭ ਨ. ࠭-
 ਬ ⨫宫, ⨭, 樠 ᮥ 
७. ⢮  ⢠   ⨭
 0,1   業樨 10    0,3    10    ,   ⨫-
  0,3  10      0,1   10    ,  樠⮣  
0,3   10      0,1   10     .   ࠧ,   -
  뫠 १砩 .    ,
  ⨭ 뢠 ⫨ 䫥 
堭  ஢ﭮ . ஫쭮  0,1 - 0,2 
䨧᪮ ⢮ ⥬ 37 - 38   ॠ権 
뢠,  ᢨ⥫  ࠧࠦ   ࠧ
ଠ᪨ ⮢ ᯥ樠 奬楯஢. 㣨 -
訥   ⢠ - ७, ⨫宫 - ⠪ -
뢠 ⫨ ⢨.
     ।⥫쭮  0,5% ⢮   -
 0,3   ਢ  ६ 祧 ॠ樨  ᫥-
騥  ࠧࠦ⥫. ᫥ 뢠 ࠧࠦ⥫ ॠ,

                              - 10 -

 ࠢ,  ⠭.  ஬ ⮣, 䫥ୠ -
   뢠 १ ࢮ, ᮥ-
 筮  ࣠. ,  १  ७
ࢠ  孥    﫠  ॠ ஢ﭮ -
  堭. ⨢ १ ᥤ魮 ࢠ ᥣ  
 祧  ᠭ ࠭ .
     ᠭ    ᭮ ,  -
訥   ஢ﭮ   堭   
ࠧࠦ⥫  ⭮-   ࠪ ⨭
䫥ᮢ, 業६⥫쭠   䫥୮ 㣨 
室  ⢮ ᥤ魮 ࢠ.  㪠,   -
 ਬ襩 ⮤  ந  ॢ離 -
७ 㤮,  ⥬   ᫥⥫ (.ᮢ,
1936 ) ,  ७  室  樨 -
 㤮.  ⥫   ⮣,   窠
७  ୠ, .  뫠 ᤥ ⪠  ᭨ ஫ ᨬ-
᪮ 譮 楯窨  ⢫ 砥 䫥ᮢ.
 ⮩ 楫  譮   ࠧ ஢ ᨬ᪨
⢮ ࠧ뢠. - ﭨ ⮩ 樨  ࠪ
䫥ᮢ    祭  뫮 ⬥祭. ᫥
 १ ᥤ魮 ࢠ     㭨⮦ 
ॠ樨.
       ஢  㣨 . ࠭ ᯥ-
⠫ ਠ  ᭮ ⢥ত,   ,
  ᥫ,   楯 , ࠧࠦ
ண  뢠  䫥 ᤢ  ᥬ ࣠-
.



         3.3.    ,   
                       .

      ⠢  祭   楯୮ 㭪樨 -
 㯯 ࣠, 室  ⥬ ஢, - ᪨ -
.  祭 奬楯樨 㧫, ୨᪨ ..   -
襢᪨ .." ࢭ ॣ樨 ஢⢮७", ᯮ짮
᪮ 㧫  ୥ 릥 ⮭ 筨, ᯮ 

                              - 11 -

᭮ 裡  ﬨ 孥 릥筮 ਨ.   -
᪨ 㧫   ਢ騥  ⢮騥 ᪨   ,
஬ ⮣, ᭠ ஢묨 㤠,  㧨  
१ ஢ , ⠪  १ ᪨ .
     ந ॢ離 ஢ 㤮 릥 ⮭
  ⮫⮣ 筨  殮  ⨯⭮ 
筮 誨  ᫥騬 㤠 筨  ࠭
 ࢮ,   ᪮ 㧫.
       ᫥ ,    -
᪨ 㧫 ⨭, ⨫宫  㣫᫮ 뢠 ⫨-
 ॠ樨  ஭ ஢ﭮ   堭.  ॠ樨
 ⥬,  ࠭   ࠧࠦ 奬-
楯஢ 㣨 ७ ࣠.
       ⬥,  ॠ  㣫᫮ ࠧ -
१ ⥫ ⥭ ਮ  ࠢ  ॠﬨ  -
⨭  ⨫宫.
       1   1% ⢮    ஢, ⠪
  ᪨    ⭮  ஢ﭮ -
  ६ 祧  㬥襭 䫥 ॠ-
権,     ᪨ 㧫 娬᪨
ࠧࠦ⥫.
       ࠧ, 뫠  楯ୠ 㭪  
࣠, 室饣  ⥬ ஢,  -  ᪨ 㧫.




              4.    
                   .


            ﭨ ࠧࠦ 楯஢ 㤪
           ⢮ ⮢   .

       ᫥ ୨᪮ ..  襢᪮ (1953)
,  ࠧࠦ 㤪 ࠧ   
35-40  .. 뢠 ᮢ襭   ⮬ 祭
⥫  ⢠ ⮢.   5-10 

                              - 12 -








































                              - 13 -

㯠 㢥祭 ᮤঠ ⮢  ᪮ ஢,
ᬥ饥 १ 30-60  ,   ஬  -
 ࠦ  த騬  ⮧. 
ண饥 㢥祭 ⮢  ४頥  
砭 ࠧࠦ ( १ 2 )   १ 3-4-5 ᮢ
⨣ ᨬ쭮 稭.
      ᫠ ⮢  १砩 訬, ⠢
91,5%  室 ஢.  襭   䫥୮ -
த 뫨 ந   ६  ﭭ 몫祭
楯஢.
      ६ 몫祭 楯஢ ᯮ짮 ⮤ ᬠ-
뢠 ᫨⮩ 㤪 2-3% ⢮஬ .     ᠬ
,    樨  १ ᪮쪮  ᫥
 ࠧࠦ 堭楯஢ 㤪 뢠 ࠦ -
 ॠ, ᫥ ࠡ⪨ ᫨⮩  
த    㤠.  ᫠ ⮢ 
ॢ室  ࠧ ᠬந.
     ﭭ 몫祭 業६⥫ ⥩,  
। 楯⨢ ࠧࠦ, 騥  㤪, -
⨣ 筮  ࢠ樥 ࣠.
      ࠦ 堭楯஢ 筮 ࢨ஢ -
  筮 ⮤ - १   㤮  -  -
뢠 ⥫  ⢠ ⮢, ᮡ 
 ᫥.   拉 砥   ⠢ ஢
     ᫥,   ᭨
᫮䫥 ࠪ஬ .
        ⮣  ࠡ⠭  樨 䫥 㣠ᠫ,
祧  ୠ ॠ; ⨯  ୮  ਢ -
  ⨯ ਢ ᠬந  ⢠ -
⮢.   ⢠  ॢ蠫 15.5%,   㢥祭
12.5%,  ࠢ  室.
     ஢ ஫    ࠢ ⢥ত, 
 ࠧࠦ 堭楯஢ 㤪  ⢠ -
⮢  ᢮ ᭮  䫥 ࠪ.
      ୮   ࠧࠦ 楯-
஢ 㤪 ।⠢ ᮡ ᮡ , ⠪  ᢨ⥫-
   ⢥ ᤢ  ⠢ ஢ ﭨ
楯⨢ ᮢ.   ⬥砫  設⢥

                              - 14 -

砥  ࠪਧ 騬 䨫񧮬  㢥祭 -
⢠ 窮拉 ⮢  (⠡ N3).   㯠
筮 १  ᫥ 砫 ࠧࠦ,  2-3  뫨 -
 ࠦ.
      ⬥,   ࠧࠦ ।⥫쭮 ࢨ-
஢ 㤪,  ࠢ, ⢮  -
 ୮ ; ⠪ ࠧ, ᤢ ୮ -
 , 訩  ࠧࠦ 堭楯஢ 㤪,
ᨫ ⠪ 䫥 ࠪ.  ᬠ뢠 ᫨⮩ -
窨  뢠   50% 砥   -
祭 ⮩ 㭪樨.
     筠 ࢠ 㤪  ୮ ਢ  -
⢨ ⢥  ⮢,  ᤢ  -
୮ 㫥  ⫨稥  ⮧  ⬥砫 㦥 
 , ந ᫥ ࢠ樨 㤪.
       ࢠ樥 㤪 ⢥ত, ⠪ ࠧ, -
 த  ୮ ⠢ ஢, -
  堭᪮ ࠧࠦ 㤪.





















                              - 15 -


           ⢠ ⮢  ୮
                ࠧࠦ 堭楯஢
                              㤪.
                                                    ⠡ 3


        |       ||窮|ᥣ|||.⨪㫮
        |       |       |         |          |      |     |  ⥫.
६   |- |       |         |          |      |     |  ⥬
᫥  | |                          
--------------------------------------------------------------------
      |20650  |2.25        7         66      17.5    4      3.25
ࠧ.  |       |
        |       |
30   |19050  |2         10.25      67.25    18.25  1.75    0.5
        |       |
1    |27000  |2.5       13.25      70.25      11   1.5     1.5
        |       |
2   |28000  |2           15         67     10.75   3      2.25
        |       |
3   |26400  |3.25        13         70      8.5    2.25     3
        |       |
4   |36900  |2.5         14       68.5     11.5    2.25   1.25


                                          [ 2 (.65)]












                              - 16 -


             ﭨ ࠧࠦ 楯஢
               㤪  ⢮ ,
                   ⮢, ⨪㫮⮢.

      ਢ ࠭ ୨᪨ ..  襢᪨ ..(1953)
 ᠫ  ୮  ஢,    ॠ-
⨢, , १砩  饩   
ࠧ筮 த ⢨,  ⮬ ᫥   楯⨢ .
     ।⠢﫮  ᫥, ࠭  -
楯⨢ ﭨ   㣨 ଥ  ஢.
       ᫥ ,   ⢥  ࠧࠦ
堭楯஢ 㤪  75% 砥 ( 288 ⮢) ࠧ-
  ⨯   ᫥ ⮢ ( ⥯
⠭  ।饣 ). ⥫ ⮧
⬥砫 㦥 १ 30  ᫥ 砫 ࠧࠦ.  ।
᫮ ⮢ 㢥稢  20-30 %  ⭮襭  室-
 ஢,   ⤥   㢥祭 뫮 ⥫쭮
訬.
     ᫥  ࢮ  ꥬ ⢮ ⮢  
ࢮ   ᫥ ᭨, ᫥ 祣 稭 
 㢥祭 ᫠ ⮢  ᪮ ஢, 
⨣ ᨬ㬠  4-5-   砫 ࠧࠦ. ।
業  ⠢ 40-50% 室 ⢠  ॢ室,
 ࠢ, , 訩   ਮ ࠧࠦ. 
   頥  ᥡ  ⥫-
 ࠧ饩 ॠ樨:  १ 4-5 ᮢ ᫥ 砫 ࠧ-
ࠦ 㤪 ⢮ ⮢  ᪮ ஢ -
⨣ ᢮ ᨬ㬠,  頥  室 ஢ ⮫쪮
   ⮪.
     室   ⥬ ⬥,   25% 砥  饣
᫠ ⮢  ᮢᥬ  㤠 ⬥   -
⢥ ⮢,  ॠ ᨫ ᮢ襭  ࠪ -
 筮  ⮧ ⬥砫 㬥襭 -
⢠ ⮢ .
     ᫨ ᮯ⠢  ᮤঠ   -
ﬨ ᫠ ⮢,  뢠,  ⢮ 
㢥稢  ⥫쭮 襩 ⥯, 祬 ᫮ ⮢.

                              - 17 -








































                              - 18 -

,    ⮢  ⮢ ⠢ 40,4%,  -
業     ६    4%  , ᬮ
 ࠭訩 ⮧, ᭨  室 .
     ⢨   ࠫ  ⠭ ᫠ -
⮢  ᮤঠ  ᪮ ஢ ,  ⠪
 ⢠ ⨪㫮⮢ ( 㢥祭  0,5-1%) ⠢-
 ᪠ ।,   ࠧࠦ 楯-
஢ 㤪  ⭮  㯠   ஢
 ୮ 鸞,  饭 , -
 ᫮,  ⠢ ஢,    -
楯⨢ ࠦ, ந室  ⨨ ⭮ -
.  ⮬  拉 砥 ࠦ    ᮡ -
⥫묨,   ஢ ࠧ, , 㦥  ᨫ ࠧ-
 㦥 ६ 痢.
       15-⭮  ࠦ 㤪 ⢮ -
⮢ ᫮   1-   45%,   ⮢ -
 110,5%  ࠢ   ⢮  砫 .
        祭  ⮢,   ਨ -
᫥ 뫨 ।ਭ ஫ , 訥 楫 -
⢥न 䫥 ࠪ   .
       ।⥫쭮 樥 㤪  -
,  ,  ࠢ, ।頥  -
᫠ ⮢   , 祬   ᫠ 
ﭨ ⠭ .
     筠 ࢠ 㤪,   , १ 㬥-
蠥 楯⨢ ﭨ  ⮣ ࣠  ⠢ ஢ ,
 ⭮,  ⢮ ⮢  , 
 稭  ॢ ,     -
஫쭮 㯯. ⥫⢠ ⢥ত 䫥 -
ࠪ 뢠 .









                              - 19 -

               5.   
                      
                         .

     ⢮ 業ࠫ쭮 ॣ樨 ⥬ ஢ ⢥ত-
 ਥ ࠡ, 믮   ᯥਬ, ⠪   ,
 室 ࠧ ⥫, ந  ᪮ -
,   뢠 ।⢥ ⢨  ࠧ-
  ⤥  .
       ᫥⥫    ⥬ ஢,
騥  १ 䠫 -  ਪ㫮䨨, 
⠪ 筮 쭮 㭪樨.
        ..㣫  ᮠ஢ ( 1935)   ..譥-
(1935)  १ 䠫䨨 ࠧ 䨫
⮧  ᤢ .  ࠦ ᤢ 
᫥ 쭮 㭪樨.
      ..客  .. (1935)  ஬ ⮣  -
⨪㫮⮧.  뫮 ⠭,  䨫 ⮧
   १ 15  ᫥ 쭮 -
䨨, १ 3  ୠ ॠ ⨣ ᢮ -
ᨬ㬠     ⮪ 㯠 ଠ ୮-
 ⠢ ஢ (..⠬ " ન 㭪樮쭮 ⮫-
"). ..⠬ (1939) ,  㢠   -
  㤮窮 뢠    ࠧ⨥ ⮧,
⨪㫮⮧ .
       設⢠ ᫥⥫, ⮫᪨ ᤢ,
  㪠 ⥫⢠,  ᫥⢨ -
 ९   ।⢥ ࠧࠦ
業ࠫ ⨢ ⮢, ਫ  ⥭ 쥣
 ⢥⮣ 㤮窮 .
      ⮤, ,   ⭥ १ 
᫥ ᪫⥫쭮   ࠧࠦ  - ।-
   .  ⭮,  
⨭ ஢    ।⠢ ᮡ ᫮ ॠ,
   ࠧ ⤥  , 
  ਩.

     Rosenow (1929), ந "⥯ 㪮"   -

                              - 20 -
 ⥫, ⥫쭮   㣮,   ஫  -
 䨫 ⮧, ⮧  㢥祭 ᫠ -
  ⮢  ⮢.  ࠭  Borchardt (1928)
 ࠦ ⮧   ૥⮧  -
   ࠧ  襪  ஫.    饥
⢮ ⮢ 蠫    13 .  35 .
 1 .   Avarques (1952),    䨫-
 ⮧   ⨨ ⭮ . ந
㪮   ⠫  ,   㢥祭
᫠   ⮢ ᪮ 鸞. ᫥ 㪮-
   ஬筮  Da Rin u Costa (1934)  -
設⢥ 砥 ⬥砫 襭 ᮤঠ ⮢  -
㫮⮢.   ..⭨ (1937), ⮧  ஫
 ⠪ ᫥ ࠢ⨧樨 ண . Riccitelli(1933)
㪠뢠,    ⨭ ஢    -
 ࠧ ⪮ ண ⢠, ᯮ  -
 쥣  ⢥⮣ 㤮窮  .  裡 
⨬  室  뢮  ⢮  ⮩  -
᪮쪨  ᪨ 業஢.
      60-  ࠪਧ 襭 ᮬ  祭
⠫᪮ ॣ樨 ⥬ ஢   ᮡ ய-
.  १ ᫥  ਬ 鸞  ⮤-
 ਥ  㤠  ⮫쪮 ⢥न ⨥ ⠫ 
ॣ樨 ,   ⠭ ७஢ 祭
⤥ 拉   न樨 ᮢ ஢⢮७.
設⢮  ᫥ ᠫ ய.
      ஫ (Halvorsen,1964)    (Mirand & Bernardis,
1967) 뫮 ,  ०    ⠫-
 ਢ  প ࠡ⪨ ய⨭  ﭨ -
ᨨ.
    .. ॡ,  .. 誮 "   ⢨
६ 䠪஢" ⢥ত ⨢ ﭨ ⠫
 ய,  祬 ᢨ⥫  Feldman  ᮠࠬ (1966)
 Medado  ᮠ. (1967),  ᮯ஢ ᫥ ⨬樨
 ⠫   ⨪㫮⮧, 㢥祭  -
⮢  ⥭䨪樥 祭 祭 ⮬   .
       .. (1966), ஫᪮ ०-
 ࠢਪ  ࠮᪨ 拉 । -
 ⥫쭮 ᪠뢠  ⥬ ॣ樨 ஭

                              - 21 -

᫥ ஢. ᫥ 㪠 ०  ஫ ॣ-
 ⨪㫮⮯  ஢  㣭⥭ ய.
        ஫᪨ ࠧ襭,  ⠪  ࠧ-
 ⢮஬ 孨  拉 ⠫᪮ -
 뫨 㦥  ᤢ, ᢨ⥫饥  -
⢮  樯ப ⭮襭 ।   ⠫ᮢ
 ﭨ  ⭮襭   ⨭ ஢ (..-
ࠫ,1969).
     뫮 ᪠ ,  । ⤥ ⠫ -
  ॣ樨 ⢠ ⠢  ⮢ ஢, ⮣
   ⤥ ⨬㫨 ࠧ⨥ 䨫쭮 -
⮧  䮯.
     쬠  ୮ 뫨 ⠭ ..
(1970)  ஫. ⨬ 拉  
⠫  設⢥ 砥 ᮯ஢ ⮧,
⨪㫮⮧  ஬. ⨢஢ ஫ 
ᮧॢ ஡⮢. ⨢, ࠧ襭  ⪠ 
 ⠫᪮   ⥫ 맢 ⫨-
 ⮯.  ⭮  㦨 প -
ॢ ஡⮢.  १  ᫥ 
 ,  襫  뢮,  拉 
 ⠫᪮  뢠 ⮭饥 ﭨ 
ய, ⮣  ।  ⠫  業஬ -
 ﭨ  ॣ ஭.   뫨
祭 ⠪ Feldman  ᮠࠬ (1966) .  ⠪   㤠
窠 ࠧ ࠧ ⥪ ୠ
  ᪮ ॠ樥 ⭮ ,  ⮬
᪨  ᮯ஢ ⮧,   ⭮ 
⬥砥 প ᮧॢ ⮪  ᭮, ⠪  
鸞.
        ଠ 䨧᪨ ᫮ ⥫쭮
 ⤥ ⠫ ⥪ ᮣᮢ   㭪-
樮쭮 楫. ⢨⥫쭮,  ᯥਬ⠫쭮  -
 ७஢, ࠢ筮 ﭨ ⤥ 拉
,  ࠧ ⥫쭮 ⠫ 㯠
楫⭮  ⥣஢  ⥫쭮   ਩ 
㣨 ⤥ 業ࠫ쭮 ࢭ ⥬. ᬮ   
䠪 易    㭪樨 ⥬ ஢  ।

                              - 22 -

拉୮ ன, ࠢ      ண㬮ࠫ
ﭨ ⠫  ⥬ ஢    ।⠢
. ,  ﭨ ⠫  ᯮ⥫ -
堭 ⥬ ஢ ॠ १ ⨢ ⤥  -
 ⥬  १ ।⢮ ମ  ᯥ᪨ -
ࠫ 䠪஢. 堭 ।⢥ ⢨ -
⠫  ஢⢮७ 祭  筮.  
  ᢨ⥫ ⨢ ⮣,  ﭨ -
 ⢫ १ 䨧. ਬ, ⨬ -
   ᫥ 㤠 䨧 ਢ    -
襭 ᮤঠ ய⨭  ,  ⮬  
  ⠪  (Mirand,1968).
     -, אַ ண ﭨ ⠫ -
  ஫  ॣ樨 .   ⮣ -
 ० ᥣ ⢮  ࠧ⮩ ࢠ樨 ஢-
⢮ ࣠. ᪨ ⥫⢠ אַ ७-
 裡 ⭮    ਢ  ࠡ ..襢᪮-
  ..୨᪮ "  ࢭ ॣ樨 ⥬ ஢"
(1953).
     ⭮ ,  ⭮,  ⥫쭮 મ
業஢ ⢫  ﭭ ﭨ   -
਩. ஬ ⮣,  ᫥⥫ 室  뢮,  ॣ-
 㭪樨 ⠫    뢥  ஫ ⮩
  ॣ樨 㣨 ᮢ, ᮯ殮  ⥫쭮
⥬ ஢ (.., 1970).




                6.      
                       .

       , 饭 㦤 ᠬ, 筮 -
 १     ⮫᪨ -
⥫  ࠢ᪨ ० : 㧨, ,
   ࠢ ९  ..
      ᫥ ..寧 㦨 ᮡ . -
஬ 砫  ⠢ ஢  ⭮   -

                              - 23 -

 ५ ९  ० ,  ⠪   -
 㯭 ⥩ 筮⥩    ᯥਬ⠫ -
.  ⮬  訬 ⢮     -
 .    ⪨ 㯠 㣭⥭ ஫-
樨  ᮧॢ ஡⮢,   ᪮ ஢ - 㬥७-
 .   㤥ন  祭 2-3  ᫥
ࠢ.       ࠢ 뫨 쬠
室묨,  ᮡ  ஬ ਮ. ⬥砫 ᪮७ -
ॢ  ᨫ ஫  䨫.  -
᪮ ஢  䨫 ⮧  窮拉
ᤢ , 䮯  .  3-4-  㯠-
 㣭⥭ ய.  ᪮ ஢ ॣ஢
 ᫥⢨ ᮫⭮ ய  .  -
஬ ਮ ࠢ  拉 砥  ஬⮧.  -
襬 㯠  ஬⮯   ଠ ᮤঠ
஢ ⨭. 뫨 ⬥祭 㠫   ॠ-
樨 ⥬ ஢, ,   ..寧 , ᫮ -
ﬨ 㠫쭮 ॠ⨢      -
   饩 ࠢ . ᭮,  
 㯠  १ ⢥⭮ ॠ樨 ࣠ ( -
 砥 ⥬ ஢)  堭᪮ ०   -
 ⥬  ⮩ ॠ樨 ਭ  ஫.  ࠡ
⮣   ⤠ ᢨ⥫   業ࠫ쭮
ࢭ ॣ樨 ஢⢮७   ᯮᮡ  -
 ⮩ ॣ樨.    襭  ᫮ ᮢ 
᮪ ॡ ।  ⮤᪮ ஢ ⮫-
᪨ ᫥.  ᪨ 㬥⮬   ॣ-
୮ ஫   ਩  㦨  -
ந ࠧ ⮫᪨ ॠ権  ⨯ ᫮
䫥.
     ᫥  ⮬ ࠢ 砫  , ਬ,
⢮  ᫮䫥୮ ⮧ 뫮  -
⭮ 㦥 ..,  業  ,  䠪 -
 ᪮ 祭.  쭥襬 뫠  
᫮䫥୮ ந  㣨 ⮫-
 ॠ権.
        㪠 ࠢ 뫨  ᤥ 
裡  祭 ⠪ 뢠 饢 ⮧  

                              - 24 -

 ୮ ⠢ ஢.
     ⥫쭮 祭 ᫮ 饢 ୮ ॠ樨
뫮 ஢  50-  ( ..饭, 1952, ..㥭⮢,
1953).     ..饭 ,  ⥫-
 ᮡ 饢 ०    ࠡ ᫮-
䫥 ⮧  ६ ଫ.  砥 
饢 ०  䫥  㣠ᠥ ⮫쪮 १ 12 . -
   㯯 ࠯᪨  뫨 ஢-
 ..ᥫ.     ६ ࠪ   -
   㢥祭 饣 ⢠ ⮢.   -
, ஬ ⮣, ⠫ ⢮ ⮢,  ।
 11%.   ୮   設⢠ 㥬
᢮  ᤢ  ஭ 䨫  䮯.  -
饭 ६ ࠪ  1-2   13   㣮 
ᮮ⢥⢥ ६頫  ᫮ ୠ ॠ. 
⮬   ஫ ன ᨣ쭮 ⥬, ⠪ 
 㭥 ।०  ७ᥭ ६ ਥ .
..ᥫ ⨫  ⠪  ,  ࠦ -
୮ ॠ樨 﫠  אַ ᨬ  ࠪ  -
ᮢ  ,  ⠪  饢  饩 㤨 -
 ⥬. ,  14   ᫠  -
饭 饢 ᫮䫥୮  ॠ樨  䮭 -
⮧ ᭠.  祢, ࠧ⨥ ମ    -
਩  , 室  ﭨ ᭠   祧
᪮  ᨭ᪮ 㭪樨 ,  
⢫ ᫮䫥୮ ॠ樨 , ᫮ -
 । ⤥  .
     , ⨬ ᮢ 㦤 䥨 ᯮᮡ-
 १ 襭 ᫮䫥୮ 饢 -
 (..㥭⮢,1953).
     ᫥ ..୨᪮  ..襢᪮ (1953) ᢨ-
⥫  ⮬,   業  ଠ  堭
⨪ ﭨ    ६ ஭᪮ ,
᫥ ﭨ  (஢,  )   -
ࠡ⪨ ⥫  ⥫ ᫮ 䫥ᮢ.
      ᫥  ᫮䫥  -
୮ ⠢ ஢  ஭᪮   4 ᮡ  ਬ-
 ᫠ ண ப ࠧࠦ, 뢠饥

                              - 25 -

ᨢ-஭⥫ ॠ,  筮 ⫨ -
  䮫᪮ ⠢ ஢  (..ﭮ,1962).
     ᫮ ࠧࠦ⥫ ( ஭) ⠫  -
  ࠧࠦ⥫  ⪮⠢ ᯮᮡ. -
ਮ᪨ 뢠 ஢ ⢨ ᫮ ࠧ-
⥫  ।,  﫮   ⠭-
 ᫮ 䫥. ஬ ⮣, ᫥  㣠ᠭ
 ᫥饣 ⠭ ࠡ⠭ ᫮ 䫥ᮢ. 
砫 ࠡ  묨,  ⠪  ࠧ ਮ ᯥਬ-
, ᮡ ࣠ 饬 ⮫᪮ ᫥ (-
ࠬ, ࠬ).  ᫥ ஢ , 
  ࠧࠦ   ⪮६ 襭 -
⢠ ⮢  ⮢. ⮧, 騩  
 ᫥ ࠧࠦ, ᫮  ࠧ 襭
᮫⭮ ⢠ 䨫.  ⤥   ࠧ-
 襩 ⥭ᨢ   ᮡ⥩. -
 ⢮ ⮢ ⮫,  ᭮ 䨫  
襩 ⥯ ⮢: 砫 㪫  襭
䨫 (⨧樥) ⮯. ᫮  ⮢, 
⠪ ⨯ ᪨ ⮪  室  ⭮ -
⠫.
     १ ப ९ ⢨ ஭ 
 ࠡ뢠 ᫮ ஭⥫ 䫥. 
 ᫮䫥  䮫᪮ ( -
 ୮) ⠢ ᪮ ஢ 뫨 ⬥祭
᫥ 4-9 ⮢. ⥫쭮 ନ஢ ᫮ 䫥
  १ 5-14 ⠭ ப ࠧࠦ-
  ⢨ ᫮ .  ⮬ ६ ᫮䫥-
  ୮  ୮ ⠢ ஢
 ᮮ⢥⢮ ᫮䫥.
     ⢨ ᫮ ࠧࠦ⥫ 䮫᪨ ᤢ 
⮫쪮  ⢥,    ⢥ ⭮襭 뫨 宦
 ﬨ,    ⢨ ᫮ ࠧ-
ࠦ⥫.     ⮫쪮  ୮ -
,  ⠪ 㢥祭 ᫠ ⮪ ⮫. ᫮ -
 ⮪    ᫮- ࠧࠦ ⠪,  -
, ⠫.  ,  ᫮-䫥
 䮫᪮ ⠢ ஢  ᮡ  ८⨯

                              - 26 -

᫮   筮 ⮩ ࠪ. 饥 ⮫-
᪮ ᫥   ⠭,   -
 ࠡ⪨ ᫮ 䫥ᮢ 䮭 稭 ᭮ -
᪨ ⥫ ௥ ⥫ .
     ⠡ N4 ।⠢ १ ᫥ -
 ஢  ⭮      ᮡ.  ⠡
,  室  뫨  । 䨧᪮ .
 ६ ࠡ⪨  祭 ᫮ 䫥 ⢮
⮢  ⨪㫮⮢ ⥫쭮 㢥稫.  ⮢ -
⥫ ᭨. ࠬ 뢠,  ⢮ -
⮢ 㬥訫. 樠쭠 ஡⮣ࠬ 㦨



                    
                       .
                                                      ⠡ 4

 ⥫           |室        㣠ᠭ.   ⠭.
                      |     ࠡ⪨   ᫮    ᫮
                      |           ᫮   䫥     䫥
                      |           䫥
                      |
    .஢     |
   ---------------    |
 ,%         |84            89          71            85
  /   |6.94        7.9          6.28          7.0
 梥⮢ ⥫  |0.61        0.56         0.57          0.6
 ⨪㫮,%       |0.35        0.8          0.2            -
  /    |14.4        4.5          8.2           10.0
 䨫           |6/864       8/760        4/328         8/800
 䨫:          |
      窮拉  |2/228       9/855        5/410         6/600
     ᥣ拉  |69/9936     54/5130      72/5904       60/6000
             |19/2736     23/2185      16/1312       21/2100
              |4/576       6/570        3/246         5/500



                              - 27 -


                         த ⠡ 4



   
  ------------
ਮ,/|200         180          -             100
,%         |-           0.1          0.25          1.0
஬,%        |1.5         1.2          1.0           2.6
:            |
  䨫,%     |2.5         3.0          1.25          1.0
  䨫,%     |1.5         0.7          0.75          0.4
⠬:        |
  䨫,%     |6.5         13.0         3.0           10.6
  䨫,%     |0.75        0.7          0.25          1.2
窮拉:       |
  䨫,%        |29.0        30.8         28.0          20.4
  䨫,%        |1.75        1.5          1.5           1.6
ᥣ拉:      |
  䨫,%        |16.5        8.0          16.0          15.8
  䨫,%        |0.25        0.5          -             0.2
䨫,%            |0.75        -            1.0           -
,%           |1.25        1.0          0.5           1.0
,%            |0.75        1.0          0.5           0.2
஡,%     |0.25        0.1          0.25          0.6
஡,%        |32.75       25.3         40.25         30.8
⨪ ⪨,% |1.5         6.8          4.0           6.0
⪨ ,%      |1.0         2.5          0.5           2.0
᪨ ⪨,%1.25        3.7          1.0           4.0
ਮ         |4.0         11.0         2.0           9.0
 /   |1.9         2.4          1.3           1.7







                              - 28 -

                         த ⠡ 4



  1䨫ࠬ0    |
  1-----------------0   |
,%           |7.5         15.5         4.5           8.5
⠬,%       |18.0        15.5         8.5           17.0
窮拉,%      |49.0        42.5         39.0          33.0
ᥣ拉,%     |25.5        26.5         48.0          41.5
                      |
  1஡⮣ࠬ0  |
  1------------------0  |
஡,%     |1.0         2.0          1.0           1.0
஡:         |
   䨫,%      |26.0        22.0         28.0          14.0
   ஬䨫,%45.0        28.0         40.0          46.0
   䨫,%      |28.0        48.0         31.0          39.0


                                           [ 1 (.531)]


















                              - 29 -

१ ⠭ ᫠ ஬ ஡⮢ (3 浪).
   㬠  ⨢樨 ய  ᫥ ⥭-
䨪樨 ᮧॢ ()  室 ⮢ ᭮
஢  ᪮ ᫮. 饥 ᫮ ⮢ ⠢
ଠ.   ⥬  ᮫⭠  ய 
ᤢ .  ᫥ ࠬ  ࠬ ᢨ-
⥫  ⨢ ࠪ ᮧॢ 䨫 
࠭ 䠧 室 ५ ࠭㫮⮢   ஢.
     ࠢ⥫쭮 祭 ࠬ 㦨, ஬ ⮣,
⫨ 㢥祭 業⭮ ᮤঠ ⨪,  ⠪-
 ᪨ ⮪ -   3,75%    13%.   ଥ,  
..寧(1956) ⢮   ᮡ   0,5%  7,4% .
      ࠧ, ६ ᫥ ᪮ -
  ୠ 㭪⮢ ⭮   ⠭
२⢥ ⨭ ࠪ ⮫᪨ ᤢ, -
   ࠡ⪨ ᫮ 䫥.   ⥬, -
᫥ ⭮  㦨 讥 ࠧࠧ  㡨-
 ⮫᪨ , ᢨ⥫  ᮪ ॠ-
⨢ ஢⢮ ࣠.
       ᭮ , 㪠   -
⮬ ⢨  ࢭ ⥬ ⭮  ᭮ 易
 ८ ᮢ 㦤  .
       ࠢ쭮 ⠪ । 㡥   㣠-
 ᫮ 䫥.    2- ᮡ  -
⥯ 㣠ᠭ ᫮ ୮ 䫥  -
 ஢ ਬ 㪠 ஭  ९.





                 7.   
                          .

     ६ 䨧 ᯮ  ⢮
䠪⮢,  ᬠਢ ⢥ ॠ ࣠ 
ࠢ   ࠧࠦ   ᢮ࠧ 䫥, -
騩  ࢭ  㬮ࠫ 쥢 (..ᨫ, 1969).

                              - 30 -

     ᥮ꥬ騩 ࠪ   ⮬ , 墠-
뢠  , ⠪  ⨢ 㭪樨, 㦨 ਬ-
஬ 楫⭮ ࣠樨 ࣠, 塞 ⥫쭮
業ࠫ쭮 ࢭ ⥬. ᮢ  ॠ  -
,   ࠤ樮 㬮ࠫ H.Selye,   -
 㬮ࠫ쭮.  ⢨⥫쭮   ନ஢ ⢥ 
 ࠧࠦ  ஫ ਭ . ,  
⮩ ॠ樨 ਭ ⨥ ⠫, ⨪ୠ ଠ
   ਩ .
     祭 ࠧ  䥪⮢  ࠧࠦ -
饭  ࠡ ..ᮢ (1958,1963)  㣨.  
ਢ  ਠ  ﭨ  ࠧࠦ  -
⥫쭮 ࠧ ࣠  ⥬ ࣠. ⥬ ஢ ⮦
  ⢥ ॠ ࣠   ࠧࠦ.
  ..客 (1957,1958) ⪮६ ࠢ-
 ᥤ魮 ࢠ  ᮡ  㣨 ᯥਬ⠫ -
 뢠 ⮩  ᭮ ஢.
     ⮧ ⭮    ﭭ ᨬ⮬
 ॠ樨. ⥬   ࠧࠦ   ࠧ-
    ..ਠ (1945)  㣨.
   㢥祭 業樨 ⮢  -
᪮ ஢   쬠 ⥫. ⮧ -
     ᫥  ࠧࠦ  ⨣
ᨬ㬠  15-30 .  த⥫쭮 ୮
ॠ樨  ᨬ  ࠪ  ⢨,  -
⭮  㣨  ᫮    ப
।. ஬ ⮣, 蠥 ᮤঠ   -
᪮ ஢ (..ਠ,1945). ⥫쭮  稭 -
 ୮ ॠ樨 , -,   稭
 易   楫⭮ ⭮ ॠ樨,   ᮬ-
  ⨢묨 ﬨ. 襭 業樨 -
⮢   ᯥ稢  ᮪ ॡ  -
த.  堭 ⮣     ᮡ ᫥
ᯫ⮬,  ஢ 諨  뢮,  ⮧  -
  樮쭮 㦤  ந室 ᫥⢨ -
饭 ᥫ   ஢ ⮢  㫨-
 ஢.   ᮣ  묨 䠪⠬  -
饭 ᥫ   .   堭 

                              - 31 -

 鸞 ஢ (..ࠢ殢,1960, Nice & Katz,1934)  
 ਧ ⢥ . Nice & Katz ⬥⨫ 䠪 -
饭 ஢  楯⨢ ࠧࠦ   ஫. 
  饬 ꥬ ஢   㬥襭 -
᪮  㬥襭 ୮ ꥬ.   ஢
  稭 業樨   砥  -
஢   ⠫쭮 ⥬,    譮
.  ⨪㫮⮧    ࠧࠦ  (..-
ﭮ, 1962, 1966)   㯫  १ࢮ
 ⭮- . ⥫쭮, 堭 "" -
⮧ ।⠢ ⥫쭮  ᫮,  ⥪
 ⮣ ᮯ⠢ 㦥  .
     ⥫쭮 楯⨢ ⢨, 맢 ஭᪨
ࠧࠦ ᥤ魮 ࢠ  ⢨⥫ 誮 ᯨ-
    ᮯ஢ 筮 ⮩ -
 ᮤঠ ⮢   (..ࠢ殢,1960). 
⮬ ⢮ ⮢    ᫥ 樨 -
 710   - 810     1 ஢. ⢥⢥ 㢥稢
 ᮤঠ . , 稭  ண  -
業   梥⭮ ⥫ ⥯ ᭨.
  ਮ  ᮡ ⬥砥 ⨪㫮⮧  ᤢ ⨪㫮-
୮  .
     ᯥਬ⠫  ᢨ⥫  ⮬,   -
 楯⨢ ⢨ (  ஭᪨)   -
⢥묨 ᤢ  ⠪  ⢥ 
᭮ ஢, ᫮, -, 襭ﬨ ய.
..쨭᪠ (1955)  㣭⥭ ஫樨  
ᮧॢ ஡⮢  ᪮ ࠧࠦ ᥤ魮
ࢠ  ஫.
     ஬ ⮣,  ﭨ  ࠧࠦ  ᫮-
   ୮ ⠢ ஢,  易  -
 쭮 ୮ ⪠ ஢   ⮩ 让 ஫,
     ॠ ࣠.  設-
⢥ 砥  ⢨ 뢠 ࠧ⨥ ⮧.
 뫮 த஢  ᫥  ࠧ -
 : ᮡ, , ஫, ᪨ ᢨ  ..
      ᥣ ந ࠧࠦ 孮  
 ࢠ ᪨ ⮪.  ਬ﫠 ⮤

                              - 32 -

ம  堭᪮ ⢨  . ࠦ, 
ࠢ, 뫮 ⪮६ (ᥪ㭤, )   設⢥
砥 筮 ᨫ, ⠪   ⮬  饥
⥫쭮 㦤 .  ஡ ஢ 筮 -
뢠 饥 ⢮ ⮢, ० -  .
   ᪠,   ⮢  
ࠧࠦ ࠪਧ 襩 ୮, 祬 -
 ୮ ⠢ ஢.
       騬 ᫮ ⮢  ﭨ  ⨬-
権  ⠪  ୠ 㫠. ᯥਬ⠫
᫥  ᪨  㪠뢠  ,  
⮬   䨫, 䨫 ᤢ , 䮯-
,  (..ﭮ,1962-1968). ⮧  楯-
⨢ ⢨   ᫥⢨ 㢥祭 ᮫-
 ᫠ 䨫,  ᮯ஢  䨫-
 ⠢ ஢  㢥祭 ᫠ 窮拉   .
   ..  ᮠ஢ (1954) ⥭ᨢ 
⢨  맢  १ ᤢ    -
⮢.
     騩 ਭ樯 ७஢ ⨢ ॠ権, ⭮, 
 ⠥  ᨫ,   ⤥ 㪠  -
   ॠ権   ࠧࠦ.
 ࠡ ..ࠢ殢 (1956,1957,1960) 뫮 ,  
ﭨ ⥫ ஭᪨   ᮢ 
 ⮩ 蠥 ⢮ ⮢  ᪮
஢,  ⭮⥫  ᮫ 䨫, 㢥-
稢 ⢮ 窮拉 䨫  ⠬⮢.
 ⤥   ᪮ ஢ 㦨  -
  .
      ⥬  䨫쭮 ⮧  
ࠧࠦ 室 㢥祭 ⢠ ஬⮢  -
᪮ ஢ (..ਠ,1945, ..મ, 1966).  
..મﭠ ⮧      ᫥ -
ᥭ  ࠧࠦ ஫  १ 15-20  ⢮
஢ ⨭ 室  室 ஢.   
 ஬⮧   楯⨢ ࠧࠦ ᫮-
 堭 ।.   砥 ⥫쭮 -
᪮ 楯⨢ ⢨  ॠ ⢫

                              - 33 -

 ⨨ ⭮ (..મ " ஬⮢").
..ࠢ殢 (1960)     ௫ ਮ-
୮  ⭮ .
     ਢ  䠪 ᢨ⥫  ⢥ ﭨ
ࢭ ⥬  ⥬ ஢.   ᨣ 
⢨ ᨫ ࠧࠦ⥫, ᯮᮡ 맢 ० 
 ⪠ ⮢  ⠢ ஧  ࣠ 
楫.    ⮬ 砥 讥 ⭮-ᯮᮡ-
⥫쭮 祭.  ॠ ᫮  ९  室 -
樮 ,  訩  ᪮ .
  ᭮ ,  䫥 堭 ( -
६ ⨨ 鸞 㬮ࠫ 䠪஢)  ᭮ 
ॠ樨 ⮬䮫᪮ ⢥   ࠧࠦ.
  ⥫ ⮣   ந
⮬䮫᪨  ᫮-䫥 ⥬.




                  8.       .

      ⪮ । 魮  ᮤঠ ᠬ ॠ樨
㤭. 裡  ⨬ H.Selye  殮   ࠧࠡ-
 ᢮ 楯樨  , ਢ ࠧ 㫨஢. 
  ᫥ ࠡ  । ᫥饥 ।:
" ᮬ 뢠 ᯥ᪠ ॠ ࣠  
।   ॡ".
      뫮  ᫥묨 ࠡ⠬ H.Selye   -
㤭, ᭮ ஫  砥  ᨫ -
 ⥩ ࣠, ᯮᮡ ࠭  -
஢,  ।  "".   
⥫⢠, ᮡ  ⢨ ᨫ  ⥫쭮 -
 ࠧࠦ⥫ ॠ  ਮ ஫ ⮣
䠪,   砥 ନ "".
      裡  ⠪ ⢥ ஫  ॠ樨  ﭨ
࣠ ஡  ਢ  讣 ᫠ ᫥-
⥫   饭 ஬ ⢮ ࠡ.祭 -
ॠ樨   易  ஡ ⠧, ..  ⥬ -

                              - 34 -

,  ᯥ稢 ⭮ ⢮ ७ -
 ࣠.  ᨬ  ᨫ ⢨  ঠ
⠧  ࠧ ஢ ॣ ⥬.

                                            
                                                |
    ।  >>>>>>>>>>>>  ⭠ ॣ
                                                |
                                                |
  ⢨     >>>>>>>>>>>>  ਣ饥 ⢨
                                         襣 ஢
                                                |
                                                |
  १砩 ࠧࠦ⥫,             ਭ -
  ६쭠    >>>>>>>>>>>>  ॠ,  
                                         ⥬

      ᮬ ਭ    樮 ॠ権, -
 易  祭 ਭ , 뢠饣
  ⥬ ࣠,  ࠦ ࠩ 殮-
  ᨫ.
     -ॠ     䨧᪮ ⢨ -
 ⠪ 뢠 樮쭮 . -ᯥਬ⠫-
 ⨥   祫 뫮 ப 祭 袥᪨
ࠬ. 뫮 ,   ⮪, ⠪   몫祭
樮쭮 ⢨  ਢ  ﭨ -
 (L.Levi,1972).



             8.1.     
                      .
     砫 (७) , 뢠騩 , -
⥭,    樮쭮 㦤, 襭 -
, ﭨ - ⠡᪮ 䠪  ⠪ . -
ᨬ  த ࠧࠦ⥫   "ࢮ ",
饥 祭  ७⭮ ⢫ -ॠ樨 
 :

                              - 35 -

1)  १ ⠫ >>䨧 >>  筨
2)  १ 㦤 ᨬ᪮ ࢭ ⥬, ஥
    ⥬ 뤥 宫 - ७  -
    ᫮ 筨, ࠤ७ -  業ࠫ쭮 ࢭ
   ⥬  ७ࣨ᪨ ᨭ.
     ᮡ ஫  ࣠  砫 ⠤ -ॠ樨 -
ࠥ ᨬ⨪-७㫫ୠ ⥬. 祭 ᨬ᪮
ࢭ ⥬  樨 ࣠ ⥫쭮   室
 । ஡ .   ஫   ᬠ-
   ⢥   ᪮ 堭 ᨫ ᥪ-
樨 䨧.  樮쭮 ⢨  祫 㢥-
祭 ஢ 宫  ஢     -
⢨⥫ ⮬  - ॠ樨.   ⮬ 祭 ⥬
䨧 -  筨    .
     ᫥묨 ࠡ⠬ H.Selye   ᫥⥫ -
,  ᭮ ମ 堭  ॠ樨 -
ॠ樨 ᪠  ⠫,  ⭮  㣮ࠧ
.   ﭨ ࢭ ᮢ, 㯠  
 , ⨪୮ ଠ樨, ᪮ ⥬, -
   ,  ᫮ -㬮-
ࠫ   (H.Selye,1979),  騥  ⨯ 
痢.
      ⠫ ᬠਢ  訩 業 ॣ樨 -
ਭ 㭪権. 㯠騥   ७ ᨣ ॠ-
  ⮫쪮  ﭨ ࢭ ᮢ,   ࠧ ମ-
 (..設, "⠫  ⮢ ", 1981).
     ⠭,   ࢭ ⪨ ᯮᮡ  ᥪ-
୮ ⥫쭮.  ਭ ७ ࢭ 
 筮,  뫠 ᢮ ७    ମ.
ମ ⠫ 稫  ५-䠪.









                              - 36 -

            8.2.    
                  
                           .

     ⭮,  ।   ஭  ⪠ 㣮
⪠ ⢫   ,  ᢮
 砭 ࢭ     ᯥ᪨
楯ࠬ ᨭ᪨ ࠭. , ࠭ᨭ᪨
 । ࢭ 㦤  ⪠   ⢥-
.  易  ⥬,    ᨭ᪨ 饫 -
     ஢ , ⠪ ࠧ, ॢ-
  ⠭ ࠧࠦ⥫.  ᨭ᪠ ।
ࢭ  ᮡ   ஢⢮ ࣠, 
⪨  ᭮ 室  襭 ﭨ    -
।⢥ ࢠ樨. ⮬  ᫥騥  砫
ﭨ  ⥬ ஢ ஢ ࢭ ⥬  뤥-
   ﭨ ,  ⠪ ९⮢, 
楯 ⪠. ਬ ࠧ ய  -
  筮  ⤥ 堭 ࢭ ॣ樨 -
  樨  権 ⥬ ஢  ( ..-
⮢ "  ⥬ ஢").
     Komiya (1956) ।⠢ 㡥⥫ ⥫⢠ ஫
業ࠫ쭮  ࢭ ⥬  ॣ樨 .   
ࠧ ࠧࠦ, 뢠騥      ⨭
஢,  ० ᥣ  ࢭ 業ࠬ, 㤠 㦤-
  ࢭ  ।  祭  ᥫ,  ࠧ-
 ⨭, ⨬㫨騥     . ᭮-
뢠    ॢ離 ॢ  㦤饣 ࢮ, 
襫  뢮,  ᨬ᪠ ࢠ ⨬㫨,  -
ᨬ᪠ ମ .    窨 ७ ਤন-
 ..ॡ,..誮  ."    -
⢨  ࣠ ६ 䠪஢", 뫮 ,  㬥-
襭 ᫠ ⮪  ᥫ ॣ㫨 १ -७-
楯, 㢥祭 ᫠ 䮨 ⮪  ⭮ -१
-७ࣨ᪨ 楯,   १ -宫楯  -
।  䨫  ⭮ .



                              - 37 -

                    8.3.  

.. ਧ⮢"  ⥬ ஢" 뫮 :
  裡  ⥬,  㢥祭 ⮭ ᨬ᪮ ࢭ
⥬  뤥 宫 ᥣ    砫
䠧 -ॠ樨, ⢥ 뫮 ।,  
  騥   ⥬ ஢   १-
⮬ ⢨ ᨬ᪮ ࢭ ⥬.  襭 ⮣
 뫮 祭 ⢨ ७,    
1 /  ⥫ .
     ᪠ ஢:
᫮ 䨫 㦥 १ 3  ᫥  ७ -
⥫쭮 蠫, ⨣ १ 6 ᮢ 400%- ஢ -
.  쭥襬 ᫮ 䨫 㬥蠫  १ ⪨ 뫮
⮢୮  . ঠ 䮨 ⮪ 㬥蠫
१ 6 ᮢ  12 ᮢ,  ⥫쭮  ⮢୮;
       :
१ 6  12 ᮢ 뫮 ⬥祭 ⮢୮ 㢥祭 ᫠ -
⮢  ஥ 㬥襭 ᫠  ५  ࠭㫮⮢ (-
ᨬ쭮 १ 6 ᮢ). ঠ ⮪  ᥫ ⠪ 㬥-
蠫, ਬ୮ 30%,  ᫮ ⨬⮢ ࠪ᪨  﫮.
       ࠧ  筮 ⠢ ⥬ ஢ 
ﭨ   ७   ⫨砫  ,
  -ॠ ᫥ ⢨ ࠧࠧ
ࠧࠦ⥫ (⠡.N 5).














                              - 38 -



         筮 ⠢ ஢  १ ࠧ
             ப ᫥   ७
                          1 /
                                                    ⠡ 5

 ⤥  |   | .   |    ப ᫥ ()
         |    |祭. |   3    |   6    |   12   |   24   |
--------------------------------------------------------------------
. |.    |1.7*0.2   5.4*0.5  6.7*0.6  3.4*0.3  0.5*0.1
  ஢  |            |
         |.     |4.8*0.4   4.2*0.4  4.0*0.3  3.4*.04  4.9*0.9
         |            |
  |䮨.    |37.2*1.9  45.7*6.2 50.2*0.4 55.6*5.4 51.3*8.3
     |⪨      |
         |            |
         |.    |
         |窮. |42.5*2.6  38.0*3.6 37.6*0.3 38.5*3.8 41.2*5.8
         |ᥣ. |
         |            |
         |+|
         |.    |5.7*0.4   6.6*0.7  6.9*0.6  4.9*0.6  6.8*1.1
         |஬.|
         |  |
         |            |
ᥫ񭪠|.᫮   |930*44    600*46   640*43   820*88   920*83
         |            |
⨬    |.᫮   |1340*63   1240*83  1170*52  1384*52  1322*92

                                  [ 3 (. 87)]








                              - 39 -

        8.4.      
                  
                  ().

..ਧ⮢  .,  த  ⮢.
       ⢥  ਬ﫠 ஡஢ H.Selye (1936)
 ࢭ-筮 殮.    -
樮 ⮫  祭 3-6 ᮢ ⭮. १ 3,6,9,12,24,
48  72   砫 樨  ஢, ᮡ-
ࠫ ஢.  ,⨬  ᥫ  ஢
⢥ ᫥  権.
      ᪠ ஢:
१ 祭 ᪮ ஢ ,  6-ᮢ
 뢠 १ ࠦ 䨫,  ஬
ᮤঠ 䨫 㢥稢  6-7 ࠧ १ 6  9 ᮢ
᫥ 砫 ⢨. १ 24  ᫮ 䨫 १
᭨  ਡ  ஢     , -
࠭   ।   쭥襬. ᫮ ⮢ १ 6,
9  12 ᮢ १ ,   ଥ १ 24 ;
       :
祭 筮 ⠢ ⭮  ,  㦥 -
१ 3   砫 樨 ⬥砥 ⥫쭮 㢥-
祭 ᮤঠ ⮢, ࠭饥  殮 6-9 -
ᮢ. ᫥  ⨬ ᫮ ⮢ १   १ 24 
⨣ ஢ ,    ࠭. ᫮ ५ -
㫮⮢  ⭮   ਮ  3  9 ᠬ 뢠,
   㦥 १ 12-24 . ঠ  -
⮪ ࠭㫮୮ 鸞 (-)  祭 24 ᮢ
  । ⥫쭮 ࢠ   १ 48
ᮢ 㢥稢.  ᠥ ந ⮪ ⭮ -
,    㦨  㤠,   -
  ᫥⥫ ᫮  ࣠ ⪮६-
 㢥祭  㬥襭.   ப   -
  ᮢ,  稭   ᭮ 뫠 ⮢୮.
       ᯥ樠   -ਤ 砫 ᮤঠ
஢⢮ ⮪  ()  3  6-ᮢ 樨
(..,1974).  ⮢ ,    
10   ⮪ ⭮  ⠪ ஢  ᥫ 樯-

                              - 40 -








































                              - 41 -








































                              - 42 -

⮢ ⠥ 14,2+0,9 .    ६ ᫥  -
⮪ ⭮   襩 ,  樨 ᫮
  ᥫ 뫮  21,3+1,15 (.., 1974).  㣨
   ⮣  ⮤,   ⮬ ᮤঠ ⮪
 ⭮  ७  뫮 ,  ᫮  
ᥬ  ७  㢥稢 १ 12 ᮢ  砫
6-ᮢ 樨   2779+192    2141+46,6   ஫
(..ਧ⮢  ., 1981).





             8.5.     
               6- .


..ਧ⮢ 뫨 祭 ᫥騥 :
       ᪠ ஢:
१ ᫥ ॠ権 ᪮ ஢ ᫥ -
୮ ⢨ ⮣   ,   ஢ -
 ⨯ -ॠ   䨫  䮯.
 ⥯ 襭 ᮤঠ 䨫  ᪮
஢  ୮ ⢨ १ 5 ⮪ 뫠  ࠦ-
, 祬 ࢨ筠.   ⥫ 뫮 㢥祭 ᫠
䨫  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ ୮ ⢨ 
஢ १ 11 ⮪ ᫥ ࢨ筮. 䮯 ᫥ -
୮ ⢨ 뫠  ⪮६  ᫠ ࠦ.
頥  ᥡ  ,   㯯  ࢠ  -
⢨ﬨ  14 ⮪ ᫥ ⪮६ ࠧ 䮯
 24 ᠬ ࠧ ⮢୮ 㢥祭 ᫠ ⮢ 
᪮ ஢.
        :
ॠ樨     ⭮  ⢥ ⫨-
  ࢮ砫. ᫥ ࢨ筮 6-ᮢ 樨
१ 6-12 ᮢ  砫 ⢨  ⭮   筮
 䮨 .  ⭮  , 筮 -
 樨 १ 5 ⮪, ᮢᥬ   㢥祭

                              - 43 -








































                              - 44 -

᫠ 䮨 ⮪.
    䮨     ,   -
﫠 १ 14 ⮪.  ⬥,  㬥襭 ᮤঠ-
 䮨 ⮪  ⭮  १ 48 ᮢ  -
⥫쭮 ࢠ  뫮 ࠦ    ࢨ-
, ⠪    ⢨.
       ୮ ⢨ ஢   12 ᮢ 
ந室 㬥襭 ᫠ ५ ⮪ 䨫쭮 鸞.
  ⠪ 㢥祭 ᮤঠ  ⮪ ⮣
鸞  ୮ ⢨  १ 5 ⮪.  
 㭪, ᫥ ࢨ筮 ⢨  ᫮ 
⮪  2- ⪠  60% ॢᨫ ஢ .



























                              - 45 -


















