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     11  1991  ᯮ 135  (1856-1918)  
஦ ࣨ ⨭ 堭,  ᭮⥫
,⥫ ᨩ᪮  㭠த 樠-᪮-
 ,䨫,ਪ,⥮⨪  ய ᨧ.
 ᪠ ⥫쭮 砫  1875 , ..-
堭 ⠭ 裡  ॢ樮ࠬ-த.ᯨ⠭ 
ࠧ ᥬ  ।묨 鸞  ᢮⥫ 
..業,..᪮,..஫  堭  
  ஭  ᪮  ⮣ ६. ⭮
ॢ樮 த᪮ ࣠樨 "  "  ࠫ
㯭 ஫, ய । ࠡ ࣠. -
᪨  ,堭 ⠭ ᨮ
ॢ樮஬, ࠪ⨪  㡫⮬ ॢ樮 -
த⢠. 1879  ᫥ ᪮ "  "  "த
"  " ।" 堭  ࣠ "
।". 㯠 ⨢ ⠪⨪ ᪨ ஢  -
㠫쭮   ।⢠ ᢥথ ᠬঠ. ﭢ
1880 .,᫥㥬 ࠢ⥫⢮,堭 ஢  ࠭-
    1917   ਨ,࠭樨  㣨 ࠭.
      樨 堭 砫 ந ૠ   ਤ-
 ,  -ய᪨ ࠡ稬 ,
⠭  ⠪  묨 ࠬ 樠--
  : .᪨,.⮬,.  㣨, 
1889  ⠭     ਤ宬 ᮬ.
     ..堭 ॢ  ᪨  " 㭨-
 ⨨" ૠ   ਤ . ࠡ ⠢,
 ਧ ᠬ 堭,   ,  ५-
 ⠯    ࠧ⨨.
      1883  堭 ࢠ  த⢮  ⠫  -
樨 ᨧ.堭 ⠫  ᪨ ⮬,
⥮⨪,騬 ਧ஬  ᬥ ⭨ 筮
樠.᫥ த᪮ 砫 ன - ᪨
⠯    ⥫쭮 堭.
     ᥭ 1883   ᭮뢠   .㫨,.祬,
.ᥫத,.⮢      -
 - 㯯 "᢮ 㤠". 㯯  砫
࠭ ᨧ  ᨨ. ॢ  ᪨ 
 ࠭﫠  த 訥 稭   .
 ⮣,⮡   樠-᪮ ࠢ
 ᨨ,堭   㯯 ࠧ㫨    த-
⢮.堭 ६ ⢮᪨ ਬ ᭮ -
 ᨧ  ᨩ᪮ ⢨⥫쭮...堭 㡫-
뢠  "樠  ᪠ 졠"," ࠧ",
   権 ᪮ ਠ  ⥫-
 ⨪  ࠢ த⢠    
..஢,..祢,..㭨. 㡥⥫쭮 뢠 -
⥫쭮  訡筮 த᪮ ਭ  楫.
 ࠡ ⠫  ᪮  ਨ "⥪ ᮢ६-
 樠", 砫 童 樠-᪮ 㯯
"᢮ 㤠".
      ࠡ "樠  ᪠ 졠" 堭 ਧ뢠
த     -  筮 樠.
ᬠਢ த  ७  ⮬,  ᨨ
⢮,  ஫ਠ   ॢ樮 ᨫ,
  ॢ  ᪮ 樠᪮ ॢ-
樥,堭 ਥ஢ ᨩ᪮ ॢ樮  
ࠡ ० ᥣ । ஫ਠ.  砫 -
⪠  ॢ樮  । ⢠,堭 -
   , ᪨ ॢ樮ࠬ ॡ  -
饬  讥   ஡㦤 ॢ樮 -
  ⢥.堭  訡筮 த᪨
⥮਩  ⮬,  ᨨ  ந ࠧ  樠-
᪠ ᪠ ॢ, ᪨ ⠯ ॢ-
樨: "뢠    ⠪ ⢥ ࠧ ,
থ ᮫⨧  樠᪠ ॢ, ॢ-
樮   ⮬  ,   ⢥
ࠧ ᮢ  ਨ 襣 ⢠,- ⤠ -
㯫  ⮣  㣮".
     뢠 樠᪮ 祭    ⮩ "ਠ-
 ",  뢥 ॢ樮஢ ᨨ " -
ਭ...⮣譨 ᪨  ࠪ᪨ ⨢稩" -
 㡥⥫쭮 뢠  ஫ ,   -
 ⢠,ᮡ ⮣,   ࠡ稩 .
"...⠫ ६,- 堭,  ਥ ࠡ-
稩  襫  ᪮   㠧 諮  
.  ⠫ , ⥬   訩  -
稫 "", ன ,ᬮ  ࠪ  宫 ᢮
,⠫ ⥯ 㦥 ᨫ  襭.-  -
樠  㠧 ⥮ਨ  ࠭ ⮩ ᪮
, ᪮ ஫ਠ   ,   -
쭮 ⢮.    ᥡ ୮  ⠫
  㠧 "᪮쪮 㪠  ⢠".
      ࠡ 堭 ᫠ ⮫쪮  㤠  த-
᪮ ,  ᠭ  뫠   ६, 堭
 㡥 ஭ த⢠   樨 -
ᨧ. 堭 "樠  ᪠ 졠"  -
  "...prjffession de foi ᪮ 樠-⨧".
 ᫥饩 ࠡ " ࠧ" 堭 뢠, -
⠫  ᨨ ࠧ 묨 ⥬,  ஭ 
  宧⢠,ࠧ ᥫ 騭. १  ࠧ-
 ந室 ନ஢  ஬諥 ஫ਠ,
 ॢ  ७樠 ⢠, ண 뤥
ᥫ᪠ 㠧,直  ࠪ. 窨 ७ ᨧ -
堭   ⮩ ࠡ  䨫᪨  -  ஫
筮  ਨ, ⨪ ᢮  室  㣨
஡,⠢訥 ।⮬   ᨧ ⨢ -
᪮ 䨫䨨, ⭮ ꥪ⨢ 樮 த-
⢠, 室  ⮣,  ⥫ ਨ
  த , 騥 , ந,ॢ-
-⥫,"᪨ 騥 筮".
, ᠫ   ,  室,
 ᮧ ꥪ⨢ ୮⥩ ⢥ ࠧ.
" 㡥,-ᠫ 堭,-  ⢮ 㯨  ᫥
⢥  ᢮ ,    ᪮
⢥ 䠧 ᢮ ࠧ, ࠭  ⠬. 
 ᮪   祭 த".
     ⨪ த᪨ ।⠢  ᨧ   -
 ⠫᪮ 楯樨, - "뢠" 
᫥ ⠫,   ᮡﬨ  ᪮
ࠧ (८ ⢠,⪨ ᥫ᪮ 騭),-
堭 뢠 । ᪨ ॢ樮ࠬ ,ॢ-
樮 魮 䨫䨨 ᪮  ᪮ -
,ᥩ ⥮ਨ ᨧ. 㪠뢠 樠᪮ -
, ᨧ -   ॢ樨,  ᢮ ਢ-
楢 짮  蠣 ⢥ ࠧ  -
 ࠡ祣 .
     樠,⠢訥  樨 筮 ⥮ਨ   -
,訥  䨫᪨ ⮤ - ⨪,㡥 
"᪮ ୮" ⠫  ᨨ, ⮬, "-
 ᪨ ᮡ  ࠭    
⢨  樮᪨ ".
      뢮  堭 " ࠧ" -  
室 ᮧ ⨨ ࠡ祣 : "... 
᪮஥ ࠧ ࠡ祩 ⨨  ⢥ ।⢮ ࠧ-
襭  ᪨  ᪨ ⨢稩 ᮢ६
ᨨ. ⮩ ண   ᯥ  ,  㣨 
   ࠦ  ᨫ".
     ..堭   ᨨ ᬮ५   ࠪ
।饩  ᨨ ॢ樨, ᪮ ᨨ ஫ਠ
 ᪮ ॢ樮 ,뤢 । ᪨ ॢ-
ࠬ  ࠧ ࠡ祩 樠᪮ ⨨.
ᬮ   㤭,஥  堭   
⥫쭮 㯯 뫮 ਯ⮥,஥.᫥   -
 ᪠,  ,  .
 1884-1888 .. 堭 㡫  ஥ ணࠬ
᪮ 樠-⨧.ࢠ "ணࠬ 樠--
᪮ 㯯 "᢮ 㤠" 諠  1884 .    -
ࠦ   .   ६  堭   ஭
⠭   ॢ樮 ࣠樥  ࣥ
"⨥ ᪨ 樠-⮢". 堭, 稢 砭
 ஥ ணࠬ  ⮩ 㯯  㣨 樠_⮢ -
ᨨ, ࠡ⠫   1885 .   뢠 "஥ ணࠬ
᪨ 樠-⮢".
      ஥ ணࠬ 㯯 "᢮ 㤠",  -
ᬠਢ 堭  ⮫쪮   冷 㯯,
   ணࠬ ⢨ ᥩ ᨩ᪮ 樠-⨨,
⠢ 訥  ⥮ਨ, ⥣  ⠪⨪ ⨨ -
ਠ,  ।   ᪨ 樠--
⮢.
      ஥ ਫ  ᢮ࠧ ᪮ ࠧ
ᨨ, "騥  室    - ࠧ-
饣 ⠫  ⦨饣 ਠ堫쭮 宧⢠".
      ⮬ 㬥 뫮 ஢襭, 筮 楫 -
-⮢  㭨᪠ ॢ, ᢮-
 㤠   ⠫,஥ "  ⨣ ⥬
室  ⢥ ᮡ⢥  ।  ।⮢
ந⢠".堭 : "...᪨ 樠- -
 ࢮ  襩 ᢮ 易 ࠧ ॢ-
樮 ࠡ祩 ⨨...  ࠡ祩 ⨨  ᮫⨧-
   ᪮ 樨".
     ஥  ணࠬ- ᨩ᪮ 樠--
⨨,  ॡ,   뤢  ⢫-
  室 襩  ᨨ 㠧 ॢ樨.
       ஥ ணࠬ  ॡ ࠡ祣 ,-
   饩 ᨫ ᨩ᪮ ॢ樨,堭
⬥砥, " ॡ ⮫쪮   ᠬ
⢠,  ᠬ ஬諥 ࠡ,⮬,-
  ⢫,ࠡ  ஫ ᥡ ப 
 ᡫ  ᪨ ᥫ".
        蠣 㯯 "᢮ 㤠",த -
樨   ,﫠   ஫᪮ ୠ-
樮,ᬠਢ ᪮ ॢ樮   
㭠த ࠡ祣 . ஬ ஥ ணࠬ -
᪨ 樠-⮢ 堭 ᠫ,  樠᪠
ॢ 㤥  㭠த ࠪ." ⥪,-
ᠫ 堭,-᮫୮ ᮢ ந⥫  ࠭,
ਧ  ஢襭  㭠த ⮢⢮ ࠡ-
".
     ᫥ ᪠  1876  1 ୠ樮,  ண
 , 祭    뫮 業, ꥤ
 樠⮢  ࠭.
     14-21  1889   ਦ   
 ୠ樮.⮬ ᮡ ।⢮  -
  ࣠樮 ࠡ ⮢ ய᪨ ࠭  
 .ᮬ.,訩  -᪨ 裡 
᪨ ॢ樮ࠬ,६  ⮬,⮡   뫠
।⠢  .
     堭   ᪮ 樠-⨨ 㯨  
 ⮬ . ᯮ짮 ਡ㭮,⮡ 㯨 
⨪ த᪨ : "  ᠬ⢥থ  ॢ-
樮       ⨢ ३
 筮⥩,  ᫨誮     ਧ  -
᪮ ⥬". 祭 堭 ᪠: " 襩 -
樮 ⥫樨 ᢮...,  ᪨ 樠-
⮢,  ᫥饬:   ᢮  ᮢ६
筮 樠, ࠭   ࠡ祩 ।   
ࠡ 㯮  ⢥ ᠬঠ. 樮 -
  ᨨ  থ⢮ ⮫쪮  ॢ樮
 ࠡ. 㣮 室       ".
      砫 90-  ⨢஢  졠 -
ᨧ ⨢   ⠪⨪ ᪨ த.  ⥯
 㦥 뫨  ॢ樮 த,  ࠫ. , -
  ࠤ権 ॢ樮 த⢠,  ਪ-
  ⮬, ⠫ ᯮᮡ  ᫮ -
   ᪮ ᨨ.
      1892 . 堭 ⠫ 㯨 ⨢ ࠫ쭮
த⢠  쭮 .   " ࠭ ࠧ㬥-
"  ⢥ত,  ⮫쪮 ᪠ 冷   ⠭-
楩  鸞 த  ᭨ ⠪ " ࠭
ࠧ㬥". 堭  ⥮ ᪮ ਠ-
  뢠,  ⮥ 쬮  ( ஫ 騭 
᪮  ᪮ ࠧ⨨ ᨨ)   뢮
  ࠬ 襨᪨ ,  ࠧ -
⢠. "⮡ 㤨  ⮬, ਬ  ਬ  ᨨ
 ,  ० ᥣ  ᥡ   
   ᬥ訢 " ⠫᪮ " 
饩 ⥮ਥ, 饩   祫⢠".  
    ,  ⮣ 堭 訫 㯨 ⨢
ࠫ த  쭮 .  । 
,  訫  "  ࠧ.  .".
訢 ᤥ ᪨   ,   筨
 ᨧ, 堭 㢫 ⮩ ⥬  ࠡ⠫   
祭  .
      砫 90-  ਫ ॢ樮 裡 堭
  㯯  ⥫ﬨ ய᪮ ࠡ祣 .  -
  ᪮ (1893.), ठ᪮ (1904.), ᪮
(1910.) .
     த ⨢   த⢮,   ᭮-
뢠  樠, 堭  90-  㡫  ᢮
 㯭 ࠡ: "  ⨤⮩ 騭 ᬥ "
(1891), "..襢᪨" (1894), "ન  ਨ ਠ-
" (1896), "   ஫ 筮  ਨ" (1898), " -
  ࠧ⨨ ᪮ 鸞  " (1895).
     ᫥ 諠  ࣥ 쭮  ⠫ ⮫쭮
 ᪨ 樠-⮢.  ਫ,   
"...ᯨ⠫ 楫  ᪨ ⮢".  ࠡ
⠢ ᢮ 楫  ॥⢥  ஢७ 
⮤ " ᮢ६ ਠ",   ᨧ,  ।-
騬 祭ﬨ ਠ᪮  ᪮ 䨫-
䨨.   ⥬  ⮩  䨫᪨ ᭮뢠 -
୮, 室 樠᪮, ॢ樮 ८-
ࠧ   ᭮ 筮  ꥪ⨢ 
த  樠쭮 ࠧ.    뫠 ࠢ
⨢  ⨢ ᨧ  ᨨ - ࠫ த-
, ⢥न,  ᨧ "䨫᪨ ᭮"  -
  ᨨ. ४ த᪨ 諥  ⮬,  -
ਠ᪠ 䨫,  ⮬ ᫥  ᨧ,   ࠤ-
 ⠫, "ਣਢ"  ࠭,  , 
뢠 㪨 ⠫    类   
᢮ ⥫쭮 , 堭 㡥⥫쭮 , 
 ᮢ६ ਠ - ᨧ - ࠭ ⠫-
᪨ ࠪ. 堭,   祭 , 뢠,
 "᪨ ਠ  ࠭   祬  ਣ-
ਢ,    㪠뢠 , 饣  "易⥫쭮" 
 த  类  ६,  쭥襥 ࠧ⨥
⢠ ᥣ   ᮮ⭮襭 ⢥ ᨫ 
...".
       1895 . 堭   ਨ    -
⠭ 裡  ᪨ "   ᢮
ࠡ祣 ".  ⮬ ६  ᨨ  ࠭-
   ᫥  ࠧࠧ ந 堭 
 ⮢饩, ᨫ ய 祭    
ᮢ蠢襣  ஬諥 ࠧ ࠭,  ஬-
 १.। ࠡ   諨 ⪫   80-
,  । 90-   ⮣ ࠭,  뫮
樠쭮 ਧ ᠬ ࠢ⥫⢮.   ⨣
"த",।稢訥  ᢮   㡨⢥,
⮣  ய ᨧ:  ᨨ  ⥫
⨭ ࠡ,  ᢮ 㪨   -
 ࠢ  ᥣ  ࠧ ᥫ. ࠧ,
ࠢ뢠 ।᪠ 堭,ᤥ   1889 .,
"᪠ ॢ   ࠡ ॢ    
㤥". ⮣  ⠫ 室    ᢮ ந-
,஬ ࠧ ᮢ ᮧ ஫ਠ ⠪ -
  ᪨ ᨫ ࠭,  ஢
⥫쭮  ⮫쪮 ࠡ" - ⠪ ᠫ  堭
.., த,⥫ ᨩ᪮ 樠-⨨,
  ᮧ⥫ 㯯 "᢮ 㤠".
      1900-1903 . 堭 ਭ ⨥  ࣠樨  㪮-
⢥ ⮩ "".堭      த
 ࠡ  ࣠樨 ᨩ᪮ ॢ樮 ࠡ祩
⨨, ᮧ ணࠬ  ⠢ ᪮ ⨨, ᮧ
 ஢ ண ꥧ .堭 뫮 祭 ⨥
ꥧ.    ⮢ 堭  ࠭ ।஬
  ""  童  ⨨.
        ६    堭 㦨 -
 宦   ᠬ ࠡ祣 .堭
㯨 ⨢ ᪮   ⠭ 㠧--
᪮ ॢ樨  樠.  樠쭮 -
   ६, 堭,⮩  権,-
   ꥧ,襫  ਬ७  襢,⠫ ஬
襢,㯨  ᨧ   ணࠬ  ⠪-
᪨ ᠬ,  ᮡ⥩   -ਠ 
஫᪨ ॢ権.
          堭 ... 㡥, -
   㪫  ࠧ ࠭  . ࢮ -
 "樠  ᪠ 졠",ᠭ  ⢥ -
 ,  ᫥ ,த⮢ .
 ᢮ ந,ᠭ 騬 ᫮,堭
६ ᮤ⢮ ࠧ ᮢ ᮧ ࠡ,
 ⠪ ।ॣ ᢮ ᫥⥫  类 த
  楫ᮮࠧ .堭  ७ 
᪮ ᨧ  ⮬, ஥ ⢮ 㯠 
 樠쭮   ⮣,  ௠ -
 ᮡ⢥ ࠧ,    ᮧ ।-
  ⮣  .,뢠 ,ࠤ  ⮫쪮
 ⮣,"    ⠫, ⠪  ⮣,   
筮 ࠧ". ⠪ ᫮  ਧ뢠 ࠡ,
  ⢠  থ ⠫  -
  ᪮ .樠쭠 ࣠ ந⢠
  ꥪ⨢ , ࠢ⥫⢮,஥  ⠫
 ⢨,㦤 㤥 ਡ  ᨫ   筮
  த   "樠 ", 
⢮, 㤥 ᬥ饭 ⨢饩 娥.堭
ਤন 饯ਭ⮣  ᪮ । 鸞  -
 ᫥⥫쭮: ⠫ - ।뫪 樠 -
樠᪠ ॢ - 樠.堭  室 ᫠
 த᪨  ᪨ ⠭,⬥  ᯫ 
 ॢ樮.    堭   ।-
 ॢ樮  ⢠.த᪮ ⥧-
  墠  騪 堭 ⨢⠢ -
᪨     ࠡ稬 ᮬ   襩
ଥ ᮢ .  ⢥ ⭮襭 ᤥ
뢮  ⮬,  ⮨ 㭥  樠᪮, -
-᪮ ॢ樨.
       1905-06 .. 襢 ᪠  
 㤠⢥ , 襢, ᥣ ,ਧ
   ঠ,堭 ࣨ筮 ⠨  -
室 ᠬ ⨢ ࠧ ⢮   䠧 -
⥫쭮 , ⠪   ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 -
⢥ ,饩  ᢮ ਡ㭮  ய
樠 ப ᠬ ᥫ.  ,ࠢ 
堭, 祬 ᪮ ᮣᨫ  " " " 㯥".
室  樨,  ।⢥ ,堭
।ॣ ॢ樮஢  ⠪ ᯥਬ⮢, 뫮 -
⭮ 㦥 ⠭,맢  ᪢   1905 .
襢᪨ ࠬ. " ᫨    ᯠ ᠬ-
"-,ᠫ   ,-⠪  ᠬ  ॢ樮
᢮६묨 㦤ﬨ  㦥 誠".
      ࠡ ⮣ ਮ ᪮ ॢ樨  ન "-
 ⮩ , 뢠 㦥 ⠭".
堭 ᠫ: "...㦥 ⠭  筮, 
  쭥 졠 , ⮬ ᫥
⮢   ⠢ 饥 㯫 । ॢ樮-
 ஫ਠ⮬. ⥬   ⮢ 㦨 
⮬ 砥  ⭮ ᫨.  ॢ⨫ 
᢮ த "࣠稪",뢠騥  ⮫쪮  㦥
⠭. ⮬ ⠭   砥    ᥩ
⠪᪮ .   ⮬  ⠪᪠
 ⠭ ⠪᪨ ⢮".
     ᫥訥 ᮡ - ࠧ ࢮ  ன 㤠⢥-
   㯨 ⥬ த⥫쭠 ॠ(1907-10..),
ᮯ஢ ⮫믨᪨ ஬  ୮⥭묨 㢥-
, ⢥न ࠢ쭮  । ⥬ ᤥ
堭 ண.
      ࠧࠧ襩 ⮪ ᥬ୮  堭  -
஭ . ⮬ 砥,஬ ᮧ 室 
 ஭ ࠭, , 㪮  㡮
㡥  २⢥ ⮩ 樨  ᮢ 
  ⮫쪮 ࠭,  ,  ࠫ,⠪  -
 죥쬠 砫  稭  ᪨
㤠  ଠ,  ⮣ ᨫ ᯫ-
  ᫮  ࠭ 栬, ⠪   -
騥   ᪨ ०.
     " ᠬ ,᫨  ࠡ稥  ࠭, -
 楢,᫥ ਧ뢠 "ୠ樮⮢"  -
, 뫮  ⮫쪮   죥,- ᮬ ঠ 
⮣     ᥬ ய᪨ 㤠⢠" - -
⠥ ...
      ਮ ࢮ ஢  "ୠ樮⠬" 뢠
 ।⠢⥫ 㭠த 樠᪮  (
⮬ ᫥  襢),,  ਠ᪮
 ஭  ⭨,ॡ   ४饭
 祭   ᨩ  ਡ権.堭 ⭮
१ ⨪ ⢨  㭣 "ୠ樮⮢",,
  ॡ  祭   ᨩ  ਡ権 -
砥  ⭮-᪮   ⮬ 
⨣  楫 - ࠭ 稭,ᯮᮡ ਢ 
,   ࠧ⥫쭮 .쭥訥 ᮡ ⠪
  ⮬ ஬   ⢥न ࠢ쭮
冷 堭.
        ६ 堭 ⮢  ᢮  :
⮬ ࠡ " ᪮ ⢥ ᫨".堭
  ⮬,    ࠧࠡ ਨ
᪮ ⢥ ᫨,ᮡࠢ  ⥬⨧஢  ⮬ -
 ஬ ਠ. ⮬ ࠡ   ᢮-
 騬 㤮, 墠뢠  ⢥ ᫨ 
ॢ ६   18   ᠭ  ᪨ -
権.   㡮  樠쭮-᪨,䨫᪨
 ᪨ 冷 ᪮,襢᪮,஫,-
業.堭 ,   ᪮ ॢ樮 ᫨-
 ⪨  ⠪ ணࠬ ⢨, ᯥ稫 
ॢ樮ࠬ ⢨  প  ஭ த .
堭 ⠭   ᪨ ᨧ,ᨩ᪮
樠-⨥    ।⢥ - ॢ樮ࠬ
60-70.. 堭 ᤥ   ⥬⨧஢ -
 ਨ ॢ樮 த⢠ 70-   砫
 ᪮ ॢ樮   ᨧ, ⠪
砫 ᪮ 樠-⨨ 80-90 ..
     ᭮ 䨫᪨,᪨  ᪨ 冷 -
堭 ।⠢ ᮡ 㡮 筮 ,쭥
ࠧࠡ 鸞  ᮢ ᪮  ᪮
ਠ. 䨫᪨   ⢮᪨ ࠪ  -
⠢ 楫 ⠯  ࠧ⨨ ⢥ ᫨ ᨨ.堭
  䨫᪮  । ᮧ ᮬ 
ᮬ ᪮  ᪮ ਠ  -
砩訩 ॢ樮 ॢ  䨫䨨. , ஦
 ⠭ ᨧ     १-
⮬ ᥩ ਨ ࠧ ஢ ⢥ ᫨, -
ᨧ ਭ  ᪨ ࠡ⠫   業  -
檮 䨫䨨,᪮   ࠭᪮ ⮯-
 樠.
     堭 ⢥ত, ᪨  ᪨ ਠ-
  䨫᪨-⥮᪨ 㭤⮬ 筮 樠-
,䨫䨥 ࠡ祣 , ਧ뢠  ⢨,
졥, ८ࠧ饩 ⥫쭮. "᪨ ਠ
 䨫 ⢨" - ન 堭, ᨧ--
砩襥 㦨  㪠 ஫ਠ   졥  ᯫࠬ.
堭, 뢠 ᨧ,ਠ ⨪ ன
ॢ樨,ન ஬ ஫ ॢ樮 ⥮ਨ,஫
ணᨢ   ८ࠧ ⢠. "  ॢ-
 ⥮ਨ  ॢ樮 , ⨭ ᫥ ⮣
᫮..." - ᠫ 堭.
      稭 堭 諨 쭥襥 ࠧ⨥ 訥
 ᪮ ਠ.  㬥⮢ 堭
ࠧ ᭮  ᨧ  ࢥ饩 ஫ ᫮-
 ਠ쭮  ⢠   㯠⥫쭮 ᪮
ࠧ⨨.堭 ⠫,, 筮 , ᪠ 
客  ⢠ ᪫뢠  ᭮   ᨬ 
஢ ࠧ ந⥫ ᨫ ⢠  ࠪ ந-
⢥ ⭮襭, ⮬ ࠦ᪮ ⢠ 㦭 -
   .
     ਬ ਭ樯 ᪮ ਠ   -
᪮ ᪮ 諮  ᮢ६  ᪮ ⢨-
⥫쭮,堭  㬥஢ ⨪ ᪮-
㠧  ⥮ "ᠬ⭮" ᪮ -
᪮ ,ᯮ   ਮ  ᪮ ⢥-
 ᫨.  ଥ ᨨ,堭 -
뢠,   ᢮ ᪮ ࠧ⨨ 諠    ⮬
 , ஬ 諨  㣨 ய᪨ ࠭,   -
  ⠫,  "...⥮ ᪮ ᠬ⭮ -
 ᨭ    ॠ樨".
     堭  業       
஫ 筮  ਨ, ᮮ⭮襭   , -
⭮襭 ࠧ  ⢥ ᮧ. ࠡ " -
  筮  ਨ" 堭 頥  -
, 蠣 ।  ࠧࠡ⪥   業ࠫ -
 ᪮ ਠ -  ஫ ந⥫ -
 ,த   筮  ਨ,ᮡ ࠡ祣
  ᮢ 졥.堭 㯠 ⨢ ਧ
 ⠫  ਨ.  ஫ ꥪ⨢ 䠪  -
ਨ,  ᮧ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮 த ,ᮢ,-
᪨ ⨩,뤠 筮⥩.堭   -
᪨ ਪ ᪮ ᢮⥫쭮  ॢ樮 -
.堭 㪠  ᪨  ࠧ稭 ਮ  -
᪮ ᢮⥫쭮 ,,⨩ ਮ ࠪਧ
,  ,묨 ᮢ묨 ⭮襭ﬨ ஫ਠ 
㠧".
     ⨥  ࠫ᪮ ॢ樨 1917 . ⠫ 堭 
⠫,   ࠤ訩 㡥㫥,  ஢  -
. ᬮ  ࠩ ⭮ ६   -
 ஢, 堭, 稢 ਣ襭  ᮡࠢ襩 -
  ࠢﬨ 樨 ࠭᪮ 樠᪮
⨨      ,ᨫ  ᢮ ࠡ  ᮡ-
ࠫ  .ᬮ  宥 ﭨ ஢,堭
⢮  ᥤ  த ⮢, 
⨭, 室 ⪫    .
堭 ⮢ ᢮   ।㥬   "-
".  " ⥧    ⮬ 祬 । 뢠 
ᥭ" 堭 १ 㯨 ⨢ ५᪨ ⥧ᮢ -
   襢  ⮢  ஢ 樠᪮
ॢ樨,⠪    ꥪ⨢ ᫮  .
   ᫮,⭮騥   1917  :"...-
᪠    ᬮ ⮩ 㪨  ன 㤥  ६
ᯥ祭 襭 ண 樠...".    ᪠뢠
堭    ⥬ :"樠᪨ ன । 
ࠩ   ६ ᫮ :1)᮪ ⥯ ࠧ
ந⥫ ᨫ (⠪ 뢠 孨), 2)쬠 ᮪
஢ ᮧ⥫쭮  饬 ᥫ ࠭". ᨨ 
 ⮣, 㣮, ⮬ "⮫  ࣠樨 樠-
᪮ ⢠  뭥譥 ᨨ    ᮬ
 ⮬ ࠩ । ⮯".
      ᮢ頭  ᪢   1917  ( ।⠢-
⥫ ࣮-஬諥 㠧  ᪮ ॢ樮 -
⨨) 堭 ᪠ ।⠢⥫ ,樠᪨ -
⨩ :" ० ⥯ ⠫ ॢ, -
 ࠡ祬  墠뢠   ᪮  -
襭 㬥⭮.   ⠪ ⠫᪮ ॢ-
樨, ன  뫮  ⠫⮢.ࠧ  ⨬  -
.  ।⮨ ०     
ਮ ⠫᪮ ࠧ,  ,  -
  ஭,祬   ஭ 㤥 -
 ஫ਠ,  㣮 - 㠧.  㣮  -
 ᪠   ᪮  ᪮ ᮣ襭".
     堭 㪠뢠   ⥫⢠  থ-
⢮ ॢ, ࠭  ᯠᥭ  ࠧ஬,頫
 ⠪ ਧ뢠 :" 樠 ᭮ ᢮ -
᪮ ,ਢ  ᢮ । ⢨⥫ ।⠢-
⥫ ࣮-஬諥 . !"   " -
  ". 뫠 ᠭ 堭    1917 
᫥  ୨᪮ ⥦. ᮤঠ  
室 ᮫樨 ᪨ ᨫ । 殬 -
 ⪨ 㤠⢥ ॢ  ஧饩 ᨨ -
᪮ ࠧ. ⢥  ᫥⥫  
 堭 ᫥  ᢮ ⥫ﬨ ⠫ 室
,ࠧ ந⢥ ᫮  ᪠  
஫ਠ.⮬  ᠫ :" 㦭   ࠦ-
᪮ . 㦭  祭 ⮣, 뫮 
ॢ樥. 㦭  ࠭ ⮩ ஧ 宧⢥
ࠧ,졠  ன    ᯥ譮  ᨫ 
ॢ樮 ⨨". 堭 "宧⢥ " -
﫠  㭤⮬,⮬   ࠢ, ᠫ,
"ࠧ ⮣ 㭤 ஧  ᥬ ⢥ ,
 ० ᥣ,饩  ࠭ ᪮ ".
     樠᪮ ࠢ⥫⢮  ᨨ,⠫ 堭,-
  祭 ,⢮  ,  
㫮   ॢ樨  ਭ᫮  訩 ।
ᠬ ஫ਠ. ਭ 堭  ਠ,᭮
    " 襩 ॢ樨" :᭠砫  ,
 ⮬,ᯮ   ᢮ࠧ 娬 砣,-
஢ ⮪ 樢     ।
࠭.
        㣨   ୠ樮,堭 ⠫,
  ஫ਠ ⠭   ⮣, -
 ࠡ稥  ⠢ 設⢮ ᥫ ࠭. -
⨢ 砥  "㬥⭠  ᭠",  ᪮쪨 -
⪮ ," 쭮 " - ⥬ .
     ᪠ ଠ 堭   ६ ᢮  ᫥-
饬 :-,প ६ ࠢ⥫⢠,
襢  ஢  ⠬,㦤 ୨騭, 
.,筮 ,堭 १ 㦤 襢. -
ᠥ  ४  ⮬,  ᮡࠥ  ᢮  "ࠧ-
㧤 ୮ࠡ ",ந ᢮ ᥢॢ樮
  ࠧ ", ஫ਠ".
 뫮 ,   ⬮ ᨨ 1917 
 ᮢ   ᯥ.
     28  1917  堭 㡫뢠 "⮥ 쬮
 ணࠤ᪨ ࠡ稬", ।४ ࠦ ,
⠢ 㯨    権,  䥢ࠫ-
 1917 . ⮬ 堭 ਫ, ஫ਠ ⠢-
 ⢮ ᥫ ࠭, ⢮  㦤  -
 ⠫᪮  樠. 쭥襬 堭
㤨 ⠪ 蠣  ᪮ ࠢ⥫⢠, 
।⥫쭮 ᮡ࠭  祭 ᪮ . -
 ⨥  졥  ᪮     ⠢ -
ॢ樮 ࠢ⥫⢠, ।  .,१
⪠.
      襤 ⨫⨩ , ।० -
  ᭮   樠᪮ ᮧ  
뫮 ᯮ碥.뫮   ।᪠   "-
᪮ ",     뢠  -
த,訢  ᢮  ।⥫⢮ 樮 
樠 ᮢ ⢠.

