                        - 141 -    /砫  䠩 ma-01.txt/

     3.  ᭮  થ⨭. ᮡ -
         ⨩:  "થ⨭ ⠫", "-
          ᤥ"     ந.  ⭮襭
         ⨩: "뭮", "", "".

    ᬮ५    ।  થ⨭  諨 
뢮    ⮬,    ।  ࠧ묨  ࠬ    
ࠧ   ᭮,   ⮬      -   筮  讥
⢮.  ,   諨   ⮣,  ⮡   ⨬
।ﬨ - ࠧ, ,  , ਭ 樨
-  楯樨.
    ਭ ,    ୮  
楯  થ⨭    ⫥  [c.:         .
᭮ થ⨭.  .: ண. 1990,   㣨 -
]. ᫥⢨  祣 뫮 襭  ஠஢
  ᭮騥  થ⨭. ⠪, ࢮ-
砫쭮    㤥 ਥ஢  室 ⥣ થ-
⨭    ⫥,   ⥬  ⠥  -  
᫨   窨 ७ 襩 ⢨⥫쭮,   ,
  ᢮   "ᨩ᪨" 뭮  -
襭.   ,    ⮤᪮      ⠥
- ࠧ  뭮 楯 -    (,  
 ,     易⥫쭮) -  饬 (,  -
祬-   ᠬ ,  ⮣    ).
   ࠧ , ᥩ  த " ௨",  -
, 㤥  ந   ⥮ਨ થ⨭-
.     ⫥:            -   祫-
᪮ ⥫쭮, ࠢ  㤮⢮७ 㦤, -
ॡ⥩  ᮢ  ⥬ .
    ᭥  ⮣ ।  ⫥ ᬠਢ
᫥騥 室 : 㦤, ॡ, , ⮢,
,  ᤥ, 뭮.    ᥡ   㣨
⥣ਨ  ,  易  ॠ쭮 ࠪ⨪ થ⨭-
. 室 ,    ᠬ ᭮ થ⨭,  -  
 祫᪮ 㦤.
   ।:       -   ⢮  頥 祫
墠⪨ 祣-.
   㦤 祫   室묨 ⠢騬 ᠬ -

                            - 142 -

த 祫.  ᫨  㦤    㤮⢮७,      祫
 ᥡ   .
    祬        㦤 - ⥬ 㡦
 ०    ⢨,  ⥬ ᨫ쭥   ⢮
ᥡ .
    - 祭  室  થ⨭,   
     쬠 ਢ   
ᬥ. 祬 ? 㤨   ஡.
   ,  ,   㤮⢮७ 祫?
     ,   ࠢ:  1)      ᪠  ꥪ,
ᯮᮡ 㤮⢮ 㦤; 2)  ⠥  - -
 ! ("").
      饭 (襭) 㦤 뫨  樠-
 ?  ,   ਬ,  ⠫쭠 ᪠ ࠡ⪠, 
     (᢮ࠧ 㭨᪠
"४"),  । 㯮ॡ   ࠭祭  -
⢥  ᯨ  ⪮ (,  ਬ),  "㬠
" (ਬ, ७...; ॢ - ⮦ "ࠧ" 뢠,
    㭪樮஢  ୮  樠᪮ 뭪
.. "ࠢ", 뭪 મ⨪  ..).
      "ଠ" ꥪ,  ᯮᮡ  㤮-
⢮ 㦤?  , ਬ, - 筮 襥 ⠭,
襥 , 訥 "⮢ த ॡ"...
    ᨨ : ந⢮ 襣 ⠭  襣 
-  ,  ਭ樯쭮 룮    ⠫,
ᮡ  ᥣ.  祬?  (  ⮬  ਬ 筮
஡  襬 :  "  樮 㤠", -
 , , : "樠᪨ ⨬થ⨭").
   :   㦤 뢠  ?   
     ६   "ਬ⨢"  䨪 -
  㦤  堠 ᫮.    -
 ?  㦤 (needs):
   1. ᭮ 䨧᪨ 㦤 ( ,  ,  ⥯,
ᥪ  ᭮).
   2. 樠 㦤 ( 客    ,ਢ易-
, ﭨ, ਧ, , ).
   3. 筮 㦤 ( ᠬ㢠, , ᠬࠧ⨨,
ᠬ⢥ত, ᠬॠ樨).

                            - 143 -

                                                     . 3.1.
               㦤  (needs)  .᫮:

                          筮
                       ---------------
                          樠
                  -------------------------
                 ᪨ (ࢨ)
             ------------------------------------
        祭       થ⨭ ?
     ,  祭 - 祢.   :  "-
  㦤  (needs)"    .᫮    ⥮᪮
ᯥ । ࠪ᪨   ⮤  થ⨭
襭.   ?
   , :  室 ᪠  ᮧ ᯥ樠 -
⨭        -  㤮⢮७  
  /  /  㦤      (樠
). ⨬,  ᭮,   騩 થ⨭.
    뢮  :  "騩  થ⨭"  
"饭" 㦤,   襭  祫  ⢠
頥 墠⪨ 祣-.  "騩 થ⨭" - ᮧ
ꥪ, 㦠騥 㤮⢮७ 㦤 (ॡ⥩) 祫.
   "ன 室  થ⨭"  (.⫥)  -  
"  祫᪮  ॡ".    "㦤" ⫨砥 
"ॡ" ?
   ॡ -   "୮-樮஢
㦤".  ।:             -  㦤, -
    ᮮ⢥⢨      ஢
筮  ⢠   ᮡ⢥ 㡪ன, -
  । 樠쭮 ⮩.
   ਬ   ਢ ?  ਬ ( .⫥):  
⥫ ஢  - ॡ    ᮫;  ண-
襬 ⥫  - 㫮窠  㡫 ⥪ᮬ, -
䥫쭠 㦪, ७  ᫥, ⠪ -.
       砥: 㦤 -     (),
ॡ - ࠧ;  ꥪ 㤮⢮७ ॡ⥩
- ⮦ ࠧ.   ꥪ   ᮧ ଠ, ࠡ-
   ਭ樯 થ⨭.  ⠪,            

                            - 144 -

- ࠦ    ꥪ,  ᯮᮡ 㤮⢮     ,
祬                ,     -
  ⢠.    ⠪ ,  ࢮ-
砫쭮  .
                 -             .
    થ⨭:  㦤  -  㦥 ,   ॡ -
ᯥ樠쭮 ନ !  -  ࠧ稥.
   ਬ: ७ -  :  㦤  ॡ  ?  -
⨬,   祫  ᠬ ஦  㦤 -      .
७ - ࠧ "ਢ" - ࠧ.  -
⮬ ७ -   㦤,  ॡ.  ॡ
       ᫥    ஦.
 .,      㤠⢮  - ᯥ樠쭮 ନ 
ॡ,  ⮡ 몠稢  த 죨.  㤠⢮
,  ਬ, ନ ॡ           .  -
 ᯮᮡ -  ?   祭 : ,   , 
ࠢ  ⥬,   ,  砥  ࠡ⭮
 - 砥  ⢥  (६).
    ਬ, 易  ஬: ⮬,  ந -
 ⠭ - ,   㦭  ⠭.   -
   ᠬ  - ॡ⥫ 㦭 ஡७ ᪢.
 祬  "" ?  ਬ, ᫨  - , ࠡ騩
 ⮬ ᥣ ୥ "୥⥣"   -
 롨,   ਮ - ஢ ⠭ ᮢ᪮ -
⢠   設,    ᪢ -
॥   ⢥,  祬  ஢  ⠭  ᮢ᪮  ந-
⢠,    ᯥ樠, 쬥, ࠧ㬥, 
設.   , -   襣        - 
                 :     ⮢-,   
      - ⠥ ०: ᪢.
     ᤥ ।⥫ 騥 뢮.
    થ⨭  ஢  - ᭮  ⮬, 
ந⥫      ७⭮  졥  室
            ॡ    ।ਭ  ⢨
 ⨬㫨஢      ⥬  묨 ⮢ࠬ
(㣠),  㤮⢮ 祫᪨  㦤.  ,
᭮  થ⨭  ᠬ  祭 :  ,  
ந ("ந⥫") -  ନ஢ 裡  -

                            - 145 -

⠬:    ⥬,     ᪠ -  㤮⢮७
ࠧ 㦤 .
    㣮 ,  易  " ᮢ᪨ -
⨭",  ਬ,  ⠪:   㦭 ᥣ ⠭ -86,
᪠ ᪨  ࠭ᯮ⭮ 設஥  (⠭-
 ),  ⮨   . $  ?  ⮬, 
ਬ, -   ⠭  ﭢ 1995   த ஧
  祭᪮ 㡫 ᨭ  ?
   , 㣮  :    ᯮ,  ⮡  襩
ᮢ᪮      ᮢ᪮  ய  ਫ  
 㦤  ?
   ਫ: த,  ,  ,  - ࠧ㬥,  -
⮫쪮 "ᥣ   "   "ᥣ ᥣ  墠-
" (ࠦ ᫠ 㫠⮢      ࠭᫨㥬
 ⥫ ᨨ  ᨨ).
     諮 -  ᪮  ૠ .
     .   뫮   ⥮ਨ 筮 㭨 -
: "    ".   뫠 ⥣ - "ॡ", -
  "-᪮" ᫥.   : ॡ
   ꥪ⨢  "ॡ⥫᪨"  ࠪ:  
६ ⮫쪮  ॡ ᪨      .   -
㭨 㤥 -   ࠭祭 ॡ ᥣ, -
 :  ਠ쭮,  客.    , ࠧ-
,  㤠⢮;    ᫮ - ᫨  㤥  ᪮-
⭮  㤨    ("  ᥣ ⢠").  
⮣ - 㤠⢮ 㤥  ,    -
  ண   ᢮  ।⮢ - ᯮᮡ 㤮⢮-
  ਠ  客   ॡ;    ᫥-
⥫쭮 -  ஭ ࠧ  ॡ⥩;   -
 -  ஭  ମ᪨ ࠧ⮩ 筮  ("").
    - ⥮ ॡ⥩ ⥮⨪ 㭨:   ᪮-
    ⢠        㤠⢠  (
,     稫 -   襩 :  ⨩-
-宧⢥ ) 뫨 頭  ᥫ  ४  
 ॣ.  ⮣  稫,  ⭮, - ஢
४    ॣ -  㯮... ⬥⨬,   㠧-
 "" ਫ   ॡ " ",  -
,  , 㤮⢮ "㤠⢮",  -  -

                            - 146 -

  㦤 ⭮ 祫,   㤮⢮ ⭠
ᮡ⢥.  ⭠ ᮡ⢥ -  ਥ஢  
ந⢮ ⭮ ⮢,    , -
ਬ,       27- - த 
.  (।⠢騩, ࠧ㬥, ᥣ । -
樠쭮 ).  祣,  ⭮,  ஢ -
 થ⨭ ᫥.
   ,  ᬠਬ  ᫥饥 ⨥ થ⨭ - :   -
    .    ⠪?   - "訥 " ?
      뫠 ⠪ 㭨稦⥫쭠 ࠪ⨪ 祫-
: "  ᫨誮 訥 ".  ,     -
 ?    ""  થ⨭ ?
   ।:         -   ॡ,  ९
㯠⥫쭮 ᯮᮡ, ࠦ  ⮬   .
     ਧ  ࠬ  ?     ,
ࠬࠬ    ᫥騥 4 :
   - ॡ;
   -  롮 ⮢;
   - 稥 ᮢ;
   - ਥ 業.
     㣨 室   . ਬ, ""
   ",  ⥫  ॡ-
 室    ,   ࠤ権   ᮡ-
⥩"  [.:        . .   .  ६ :
祡... .  2. . 15].  롮 ॡ⥫ 㦭 
த  뭪  ।, ਬ, ᫥饩 -
㫮 [.: ⠬ . .27]:

   롮 =  +  㯨 + ⭮襭  ࣮
           થ

   ᫨ ਭ ।   ⮤ થ-
⨭  ।뫪,    ⮣ 室,    થ⨭ -
᪮쪮   ନ "", 祬  ਢ몫  ⮬
㬠, ਬ,  "ᮢ᪮ ⮩ ६".
   ⠪,  祬    ᭮    ନ  ""?    
,   ⮬,  祫 - 롨ࠥ ⠪ ⮢ ( ),
ᮢ㯭 ᢮ ண (ன) ᯥ稢   -

                            - 147 -

쭮  㤮⢮७   ॡ⥩  ਥ  
業,  ⮬ ࠬ  䨭ᮢ ⥩ (ᮢ).
   室  ᫥饬 :     .   ⠪ ?
   "த" ? "᪠ 㫠: --" ?
    饥 । ⮢ - 室    㯮
।:      -  ,   㤮⢮ -
,  ॡ  㦤,    । 뭪    楫
ਢ祭 ,  ਮ⥭, ᯮ짮  ॡ-
. , ࠢ, ।   -  筮   -
筮 ᨢ 㯠,  ⠪  "⮢஬".
   ਬ  ਢ ?      ࠦ: ⮢ -
" ⪠".    砥 ? "訩 ⮢" ? "祭 -
訩 ⮢" ? 祭 訩 ⮢  祭 襩 㯠" ?
    ᫥   થ⨭ । ᫥-
,    , 室  ⮣,   ᨨ  ᯮ짮-
    ନ  ᫥  室 筮 ⭮.  
⭮,    "⮢"     -
쪮 ⢥.  ਬ:  ᯥ樠 -  "-
"  祡 ,   ?
   ᫨ "⮢" - ⮣  ⮬᪨    
⮣,       ᯥ祭          -
 .    ⨬ 祣  :  ⠭. , 
㤥-襪᭨,   ᪠  -     㤥
㯠 ᫥ 砭  ?   ?  ?
    -    "㯠" ⮢ " ᯥ栫"?
  ?  ਬ ᫥, 祢, 뭥  㦤
 ᥬ᪨   થ⨭.
     ࠦ:  " ⮢".      
窨 ७ થ⨭?  " ⮢":  窨 ७ -
⨭, ⠪,  㤮⢮ , ॡ  -
 - .   ᮮ⢥ ⮢  ॡ-
⥫  (稪,  ) - ⥬ 襣 ᯥ  
ந⥫.
      ⥪                         -
    :  ந⥫ ⮢, 㣨  -   ᪨
ॡ⥫ (稪,  ⮢),   ॡ,
㦤  ;  ⥬  ᮧ ⮢, , -  -
  㤮⢮  ॡ, 㦤  .

                            - 148 -

                                                         . 3.2.
        થ⨭: "થ⨭ ᬥ"-""
       (" " - "product, price, place, promotion")
_______________________________________________________________
               
襭
_______________________________________________________________
                         㯭 ਠ    -
Product             ਠ  ᢮ ⮢, 㣨  
                         ,  ।  
                 , 㪢  ,  
                     ந
                         ⥫쭮,  墠뢠 -
                 ஢  ந⢮ ⥩
                          ⪨  ⮢
                         २⢠    㤮⢠,  
         㣨          ।    த  ।-
                         ⠢  裡  த ⮢஢
                         ⢥⢥ ந⥫    ,
         ࠭        ⮡ ⮢ ⢥砫 ᢮ ।-
                         祭
         ᫥-       ᫥த 㦨, ஥
          -      㤮⢮ ॡ⥫
         㦨
_______________________________________________________________
        ࠧ  ⥫쭮, 易  ⠭-
Price                     業  த
                    訢 業  த
_______________________________________________________________
        ।-  ,  室 த  -
                    ⥫  筮 ॡ⥫
Place   -   쭮  த⮢    
                  ந⢠   ॡ
_______________________________________________________________
                  筮  饭,  ஥   祭
Promo-                   । ࣮ ।⨥ 
tion                     த த  (⮢, 㣨)
_______________________________________________________________

                            - 149 -

                                              砭 . 3.2.
              થ⨭:  થ⨭  ᬥ  ""
             (" " - "product, price, place, promotion")
_______________________________________________________________
                  
襭
_______________________________________________________________
       筠 த    筮 饭  த殬  -
                         ⥫
Promo- ନ஢ -   饭, ࠢ ०
tion   ⭮ - ᥣ  ᮧ ⨦    襩
       ⢥   ९樨 ⤥쭮    ࣠-
                         樨
       ⨬㫨஢      ⥫쭮, ஬ ४,
                    筮 த   ନ஢  -
                         ⭮ ⢥  , -
                          ⨬㫨 㯪 ॡ⥫  
                         䥪⨢ 
_______________________________________________________________

        .   ⠪ ? ਬ  ਢ ?
    ⠪ :  祬 ⫨砥 㣠 -  ⮢ ? -
,   ⫥:    ࠧ  ᢮   祬-
⮢ ⮦⢫  㣮. 祬 ?  ࠢ쭮   ?
   ⮡ ࠧ  ⨬ ᮬ, ᬮਬ ਬ -
 થ⨭,  ।⠢  . 3.2,   -
⮩   ..  笥   㣨 ஢ "६
".  "ன થ⨭"    砥  -
      ⠭ ⮢ થ⨭,  ⢥饥
ᮡ  뭪 - product, price, place, promotion;
   ⮬  ࠢ쭮  襭    த  (product),  業
(price),      (place),    த   (promotion)
⠢  ⠪  ⠭  ६ થ⨭ (ਬ,
ᮡ⢥ ⮢,  ⮢୮ , 㯠, ࠭⨨, 業,
᪨  ..),   ᨬ쭮 ᮮ⢥ 㦤 -
ॡ⥫ [.:        . .  .  ६ :
祡... .  2. . 20-21].
     ᪮ ॢ ⮩  ⠪ ,     .⫥-

                            - 150 -

,   "த⮬" (product) ࠧ㬥    "⮢",
    ᬮ७  窨 ७ (.  3.2) 룫廊 㦥
쬠 ᯮ, ᪮ த   砥 ।⠢
  ப ⨥,  祬 ⮢.   ⭮,  ,
 ⮬ ॢ稪    ..笥    室,
樮  ⨥  "product" (ॢ   "-
"),    ନ "ᮡ⢥ ⮢" (  -
 - "த", ,   ନ, - "⮢").
   ୥  :    ⨥ "⮢" - ⮦⢫
 ⨥ "㣠" ? ,  ⭮,  ⮬ , ᮣ᭮
஬ ࠧ㬥,   .  ⫥ ⠥,   "⮢஬
  ,  ᯮᮡ  ,   㤮-
 㦤".   ⮢஬,  ⮬,    " -
⥫쭮, 筮, , ࣠樨, ".
     ᪮쪮 㣮  㣨,  ᭮  -
ਨ ⮣,  㣠  ⮢   ⮫쪮  饥 (-
㯠  ⢥ "த"),  ⠪  ⢥ ࠧ.
, ⮢ - , ਬ, ᥣ  ਠ쭮,   -
  㣠 -         "ਠ"  ᢮⢮
(ᮬ).  ⮬  ।  㦤 ᪮쪮 㣮
।, 祬    ⫥:
    㣠 -      㠫쭮 ⢨   㦤,
    ------     ॡ, , १⮬  ண -
                -  䥪  稪
               (ॡ⥫ ⮩ 㣨).
   ਬ: 祫 -  ᢮ ⢨  - -
.    稫 ?  祬 ?
   㣮 ਬ:      1995     -
᪮ த  -  ⠭    ࠡ    
110000 㡫.    - 㣠   ?  ( ᨨ   -
 ६  뫠 쭠 ࠡ⭠ ?    
१ ᨨ - 34100 㡫).
   㣮 ਬ:  㡨⢮ -  : ⮢  㣠?
( ਠ ⢥:  ᠬ 㡨⢮ - 㣠,   १
 () - ⮢ ?)
   ⠪,   થ⨭ "ࢨ筥" ?  "ࢨ筮" (࠭):
㣠  ⮢ ?     -     ⥪  
"㣠",   "⮢  ",  ,  ⭮, 

                            - 151 -

  ᭮ "થ⨭ ⠫".   , 
  ᭮  뢠    -  ᪫⥫쭮  筮 ( 
⮫쪮 "") ⭮襭.
   ⠪,   ᫥饥 ।:
   㣠 -  㠫쭮 ⢨    㦤,  ॡ-
            ,     砥 ॡ㥬 
            䥪   稪.
   ਬ: ᫨  ᫠  -    襫.  -  -
.    .  㦥 ⨬   뢠  .
   - 뢠  ଠ쭮 㢠.  ᫨  
                        .
   㣮 ਬ:
    ந室  "ᤥ" -   ᭮ ࠪ᪨ ᥣ
᪫⥫쭮  ⭮襭    㣠.  :  
筮  ⭮襭     ⮣,     砥
ᤥ,  " 㣠"    .  (  
⮬ ਬ  ஡).

   ਢ ᫥騥   ᥬ  ᪮쪮  ᯮ-
 ஡ "":
   1. ਢ ਬ ᥣ,    ᪠  
  㣨.
   2. ஠:  砥 ࠦ: " 
㣠" ?
   3.   -⠪ ᪠,   ᯥ樠 - 
"⮢"  祡  (   ।-
⠢  ᮮ⢥饩 㯠) ?
   4.    ନ "⮢"  ࠦﬨ:  "
㣨", "। -",  " -" (-
, , 樨) ?
   5.   㪠 ࠦ (ਬ 1-4) -  
। 業⭮ 祭  ࠧ ?  :  ࠡ⠥
  ਭ樯:  "⮢ - 죨 - ⮢" (,  ਬ, 
. ) ?
   6. ᫥ :  㭪樨 㣨 ?
   , 室      ᬮ७  ᮤঠ  ᫥饣
"᭮  થ⨭" -         .
    ⠪ -     ?  -   ।?

                            - 152 -

   । 㤥  堨  ୨:  " -  -
⢨, ࠢ  㤮⢮७  ᮡ⢥ 㦤 - -
⥬ 㤮⢮७ 㦨 㦤".     㣨 ਠ -
। "" ?
   ᬮਬ "ଠ쭮 ।"  ( ⫥):
    -   祭   -    ꥪ
   -----    ।  祣- .
   ਬ  ⮣ ।  ਢ ?   砥,
ਬ, "" ?   㣨 ਠ । "-
" ? ਬ:  ⠪: " ⨦" ?
   " " ? " ⮬" ?
   㤥    -  "થ⨭묨 ﬨ" ?
    ਬ:   ,   ᮢ   મ
-    砫  ન 类 ᪫⥫쭮  "-
 ⨦".  ᮣ ?  ᢮ .
   " " - ᥣ  ஬   "-
᪨ ".   砥  窨 ७ થ⨭ ?
   ⠪,         -   ᯮᮡ 祭  -
                           ।⠢塞 㣮
                         ꥪ.
    " 믪":  ᪮쪮 ᫮ 室   -
 ᮢ襭 ஢쭮  ?
    ⫥ ⠥,  -   .    ᫮-
?
   ᫮     ᮢ襭  ஢쭮 ?
     - - ᫨  ⮬ ?
    ᫮  .⫥ ᫥騥:
   1. ஭     .
   2.  ஭  ᯮ  祬-,      
      ।⠢   㣮 ஭.
   3.  ஭   ᯮᮡ  㭨樨  (-
      )   ⠢ ᢮ ⮢ (㣨).
   4.  ஭   ᮢ襭 ᢮  ਭ⨨
      ᢮ 襭  । 㣮 ஭.
   5.  ஭      㢥७    楫ᮮࠧ
         㣮 ஭.
   ਬ  ਢ      ᫮ -
쭮  ?

                            - 153 -

     ᠬ :   ,   ࠢ,   
室   ࠢ 㣨 ,   - -
 - ਬ,  쥩- ⢮⥫쭮,  祭 
 窨 ७ ⥮ਨ થ⨭.
     -  ᪮業஢  ⮬,     㬥
 祭 ,   ⥬ ⮡ ⥬    ,  
 , , ᮢᥬ  㬥,  ⥡ -  㦭.
    १  - ᮢ㯭 ந⢮ - த    -
⠥. ⢮  ⮣ ⠭  .
   ᬮਬ ᫥騩 :    ᯮᮡ 祭 -
 ꥪ  ?  "" ?   ?
    ⠯    뫮   400 ᯮᮡ 祭
.  /  騥 㤥   ⮬  
  ᮢ ஥ ?/.    ᯮᮡ ?
     ᯮᮡ 祭  ꥪ  ?
   "" ?
    ( . ⫥):
   - ꥬ  (ਬ,  ࠡ  襭⢮ ⨯:  "
              襫?"  216      뢠  
             ଠ쭮 ("६") ࣮: "-⮯").
   - 蠩⢮    (ਬ,  ᪨  ⥫䮭;  
                          ᪨   䮭:  졠 
                          ਨ  ।ਭ⥫  㦤 类-
                           த).
   - 饭  (""  :     
                    "ᥤ" ਤ).
   - ᯥ祭 (" ࠡ⪨":  ᥣ 1/2 稭 
                      1/3 騭 - ࠡ뢠  "஭",
                          ⮬     - 
                          1994 ).
       祭    
 ᮢ६ ॠ쭮,     "⨭ થ⨭-
 ".
   室  ᫥饬  થ⨭:      .
     ⠪  祬  ⫨砥  "" ?      -
"㯫-த" ?  㣮  "ᤥ" ?
   ⬥⨬ ᫥饥 ⥮᪮ ,  饥 ᪫-
⥫쭮  થ⨭:   襯ਢ ᫮  -

                            - 154 -

 ᮢ襭 ஢쭮  - ᮧ       -
          ⭮     ⢫       .
⮡ ⥭樠쭠 ⭮ ᤥ ⠫ 㠫쭮 ⢨-
⥫쭮, -    楫                 
 ஭.
   । ᤥ:
           -     ᮢ襭   業ﬨ  (
                     㣨 ᠬ, , ᠬ) 
                     :  ᫮,     ६.
   ᫨ ᤥ 﫠,   ,  ⥮᪨  ࠪ᪨,
㯠  ⢥  ७  .
                     ᮢ襭  -
         ?    ; :
   1. 稥  ( ) ࠧ 業⥩ (,  ⮨-
), ࠦ  祬- ⭮.
   2. ᮢ    ⥫⢠  ⢫
ᤥ.
   3. 稥 ⭮    ਭ  "ࠢ
".
   4. ᮢ ६ ஢ ᤥ.
   5. ᮢ  ஢ ᤥ.
       㣨 ᫮ ᤥ ?
   ᫨      ᫮ 襭,   ᤥ -
.
                    થ⨭   ⠥,  :
               -             ,      -
  ᤥ 뢮  ⮬,   १  -  
⭨          ,    ࠩ   -
 ࡠ.
   祬 ?
    ।,  - ⮬,     ⭨ ᤥ
   ⪫,   ਭ ।   ᫮
ᤥ.
    :
    ᫨  ?
    筮  砥   ᥣ ?
     ⮬ 砥    ⢥ ?
    ⢥: ⮣,   ᥣ譥 ᨨ, - 稭-

                            - 155 -

 "ࠧન"  ५졮.
   ਬ:   1917  ᫮ ᪮  -    ᥬ
  ஢  ,   "頭 ࠪ᪨  
᫮ ᥣ   믮﫮".
    ᥣ -  㬭  ᨫ ᬥ 稭
祬- ਤন  ⮣,    㣮 ࠢ -
襭 ᤥ.
     ᥣ  ᤥ ᮢ   ⥫-
,  ᫮ ।ਭ⥫ -  祭  業.
     :      ᨫ쭮 ࠧ⮥   ᮢ᪮
ࠧ  諥 㦤,   -  ᫮ ᢮ -
७樨  祭 ⭮ ᤥ  "       " 
类   ⮬ 砥, ᫨ 㣠 ஭  ⮬ 易⥫-
 நࠥ.  諥,  "⠫" - ᢮ࠧ -
 "㫥 ਠ".   ᭮  - "ࢠ ᥡ  -
,  -   㣮".   ⢨⥫쭮 -  먣-
譠 ⥣.
   ।:
      "饬   "                     
- ⠪,   ன                  (  -
 業,  ਡ, , ) -  ஭.  ࠡ-
⠥  ਭ樯 ⠪ 뢠 "ᨭࣨ".
   ⠪, ᤥ ⠪ ⥮᪨ 뢮:
   " ᤥ" -  ᪨  業ﬨ -
                            ( ) ஭,  
                          ஭  砥  
                        稭 ,  ࠦ  
                        ७.
   :  ⠪ "騥 ᤥ", ᮢ蠥  ࠪ⨪
?    ᤥ "ਪ" (  ⮫쪮  ⥮᪮-
) થ⨭ ? ।   ?
   ।:                 ,   窨 -
 "ਪ" થ⨭,   - ⠪ ᤥ,   
 ஭:
   1) ⭮     㢠;
   2)  騥     祬-;
   3)  ⮬ ⫨:    ᮤঠ,  ⠪   ࠢ-
 ᢮ ⥫쭮.

                            - 156 -

                 ⭨ ᤥ   ⥬
 楫ﬨ (ᠬ),       -
⢫   ⨣,  -                 -
              ᨬ㬠 룮   -
蠥 ᤥ.  ,   뢠,  " 믪": 
砥 "ᤥ  ᮢ" ?
    ⢥:  "   ,  ᮢ - 㤮⢮७"
(쭨 ᨫ, 㤥 . -312).
   㣮  ⢥: " ,   ⮫쪮  
室 ,    -    -   -
稢" (ᯨ࠭  ⠭⨭ ).
       ⢥:  "⪠       
 ⥬  ᪥  ᠬ ".
   㣮  " 믪":    ᤥ  -
砥,   ஭ ( ) "  ᮢ" ? -
 ⢥:  ,  砥, ᫨ 䠪 "  ᮢ" 
  ஭   "業"  ᫨ 믮 ⠫
 ᫮ ᮢ襭 ᤥ.
   ⠪,   ᭮  ⮣  ᬮ७   "⥮ਨ
  ᤥ"   ⮣ :
   ᫨        ஭             -
                          ᪮쪮  
⮣, 祬   ⤠ ᠬ,  - ⮣   ⮨
( 業,  ),   ஭ ਭ
業 룮 ( ਡ).
    ᪠  祭 ᪠,  ᫨  - ᭮
⨥ થ⨭  筮 樯,  ᤥ - ,
  ,  ᭮ 楩 ७   "ਪ
થ⨭".  -砥  ப ⨥, 祬 ᤥ-
.
    ᤥ 蠥,   "।稢" (.), -
   ࠧ  業,    ஢  ﭨ
⢠ ⮣  楫 ⠥.
   ਭ ,   ॠ ,  , - -
 ࠧ த ᤥ.     ⠪ 룮-
 ᤥ ᮢ蠥 㪢쭮      
 祭 筮 ⪮ ६.  ⮬ ⠫-
 㤠⢠  뭮筮  ⠪ .

                            - 157 -

    ᫥騩 :   㦭 ⢫ ⠪
ᤥ,    ஭  ,  祬 ⤠ -
 ?   ⮬  -  ?
   ਬ,    뫮 ࠭ ?  樠:  - ᥣ-
 ਪ " ⨪",   ண 먣뢠,   ࠢ,
⮫쪮  -  "" / ஡ -  믮  "ਪ":
  ᭥ :   ਪ   ,  -   -
஭, 室 ᮬ  ࠦ /.
    뭮   ⭮襭:   祣          -
  -   㦥 .
      ?  ,    , ॠ쭮 㭪樮஢
  室 ⥣਩ થ⨭ - " 㢠".
       ⠪ ?  -     । ?     -
                -  ᥣ  易   ᠬ -
ᮬ ᤥ.
   । (   ᨪ થ⨭ - . ):
                       ࠦ  ॠ樨
᫥ ६:
   1.  ਧ ࠧ稩   ( ) ஭  -
६  ஦⥫쭮 ⭮襭  ⨬ ࠧ.
   2.  ਨ  ᫠ (  饩) ஭  
ᨫ쭮 ( 饩).
   3.  ⠭ ⢥⢥ ᨫ쭮 ஭  ⭮襭
 ᫠ - ய樮쭮 ᨫ   (ﭨ).
   ਬ  ਢ ?
     ॡ,  ⮡,    ,           
ਭ樯 " 㢠",   㬠 ?
     ,   ⮣, ⮡ ᮡ ਭ樯 "
㢠", ॡ,  : "⭮ "; "
ࠧ";  ,  뢠 "      " ,  "   
  " -  ᮭ (।⠢⥫).
   ᫨ 室  । 楯樨,   㤭 ,
祬  㢠騥 ᥡ 쥧 ,   뢠, "-
"  ᮪ ९樥 ᢮ ,   (஬ -
,    㦭   祭 ᮪   ᮪ 
ਡ뫨,  祬  ஡ ᬮਬ ).
   : 祬,  , 㦭 ࠪ᪨ ᥣ ᮡ-
 ਭ樯 " 㢠" ?

                            - 158 -

      祭 ⮩ 稭:  ᥣ,  ᫮ -
樮 ᯮᮡ ந⢠,    ᮤন   -
        ࠪ᪨  ᥬ,   ⮣, 
 ᤥ   -  ࠧ 룮     
஭, 祬  娭樨.
   㣮 ਬ:  ᥣ ।  -  ᬠਢ  㣨
  ⮫쪮  ⨢,  ᪮쪮   ⭥-
஢.   㬠,  祣 ?
    ਬ,    ᮧ ᮢ । (),  
।⨩ (),  ..     ?
    ,    ⭮,    䥪⨢ ࠡ 
䮭 뭪,   뭪 業 㬠 ,   ⮣,   "१
" (  㢥祭  ꥬ ᤥ) ଥ,  
  筮  - "梥".
   㣮 ਬ:   ᥣ ᬠਢ ॡ -
  ॡ ⮢-ॡ⥫ ?  (  㫠⮢:
 "த -  ,  ᥣ  " -  ᮦ,
訩 ᯨ ᪠   ⠪ ⨯ ࠦ).
   ॡ ⮢ -  ਭ  㦤  -
  魨 - 魨  ॠ樨  ᢮  .
ॡ ॡ⥫ (⮢) -  㦤   , 
묨 㦭 ந ६ "      "  -
襭. ,  ⭮,   ᫥饥 ।-
 ⠪ ⥣ਨ થ⨭,  ᮢ६ "થ⨭
⠫". ।:
   "થ⨭ ⠫" -  ਥ     -
                                稪  楫 ᨫ 業
                                ᮢ蠥 ᤥ   
                                룮    ᭮ ᯮ짮
                                ⥣ 㤭⢠.
   ਬ  ਢ ?
   "⭠ " ?  "⭠ " ?   ?   ? "
થ⨭  諥" ?  " થ⨭ 諥" - 
ਥ஢  ,    㬠 ?   ⢥: "
થ⨭  諥" - ਥ஢  ⥣ 樨
  ᨬ쭮    ⢮  ⥭樠   ⮢
(" ஢ ७樨");   "⥣ ᥭ
ࡠ" ᯮ ⥣ - 㤭⢠".

                            - 159 -

   ⠪,  뢮  ᤥ   :
   ६ થ⨭ ⠫:  ᭮  ⮬,  ⮡
 ⮣,  ⮡ "࣮"  ॡ⥫ﬨ  ⮢
 業 - ,  ࠧ᫨,  ᪠ ,    業-
  稬 ᤥ  稪,   , -   㢥-
 ਡ   ᠬ ᥡ.
      ⨬  ᫮ ᮢ襭 ᤥ ?  
࠭ ࠧ⮣ ⠫ (⨯ ,   ..) ࠪ᪨
 ᫮ ᤥ - ন   .
     , 騥:
   - ⭮ ७樨,
   -   ⪠  த;
   - ⭮ ४ (ਬ  : "", ""  "-
     ᨩ᪨  " -  몠窠   ᥫ ⥬
     ⭮ ४);
   - ન஢ 饢 த⮢;
   - "뢭"  "" 業;
   - ᪨ ( ᠬ  "᪨ -  쪨 ஢  -
       讬  ਡ뫨");  ..
   ਬ: ਧ ?   ⠪ ?
   ਧ -  ⢮  ॡ⥫.
     㭪樨  ࠢ ?
    ⢥ ਬ  ᪠,    ୠ: "" -
⠬  ⥩  ⮬  (,   ᭮,  
४ /"" -   ⨢ ய㥬,  -
 ४,    㯫祭  죨/ -  ⠬  
 !   "⮩ ४" - 筮 讥 ⢮).
   ⨥ "ᤥ"      "뭮".  
⠪ "    " ?   ,      ।-
 ?   ⮣ :   ⠪  ?   -
 - । ?
   ᬮਬ ᮮ⭮襭 ᫥ ⨩:  "뭮",  "",
"".  㤨 ஡:  ⠪  ?
   ""   -    ᨫ쭠  ᮢ
(ᨫ쭮 ) ॡ⥫ ()  ⮩    -
樠쭮  㯯  ()  ॡ⥫  ⮬   ⮢
 㣥.  ᮬ   (᫨ ᬠਢ  -
     ⢥ ୠ⨢ ।) - ⠪

                            - 160 -

ᮢ㯭 㦤,  ॡ⥩  ᮢ 楫 ⮢ 
   ⮢  㣠,  ࠦ  ⢥
. ਬ  ਢ ?
   , " 祫 㦭" -    ᮬ ?  -
  ਠ ਬ  ?
   騩 :   뢠  ?
   , ,     ⢫  ⢨  뭪  
 ?  ⬥⨬,  ⢥     ன -
   㪠    ⫥     1
  १  2:  "ﭨ     થ⨭,  ᮮ-
騥 ⨬ ﭨ".  ⢨ 뭪   ,
 .⫥,    쬨 ࠧ⢥ ஢, 
,  : 1. ⥫ . 2. ⢨ . 3.
 .  4.  騩 .  5. ॣ . 6.
業 .  7.  १  .  8.  樮
.     ?
       ᮮ⢥ ࠪ⨪  
ନ . ⫥:
   1. ⥫  -  ।,  , -
 "  뭪  ⮢  ᮣ᭠  
। প,     ". ਬ,  -
⮤⥫  頥 ⥫     -
祭  .   " થ⨭ - ஠-
஢,  祬  뭮 뢠 吝  ⮢  
 ணࠬ થ⨭   ⨢  ⭮襭  뭪
।⢮  । ⮢,  ᭨ 業   ⨢
⨬㫨஢".
   2. ⢨  -  ।,   , 
"楫 ॡ⥫    ᮢ묨   ⮢
 ࠧ묨  ".  ਬ, ଥ   -
ᮢ  孨᪨ ਥ,   㤥 
-  祭  ࠭ 몠.   " થ⨭ -
᪠ ᯮᮡ 離  ⮢ 룮   ⢥묨
ॡﬨ  ᠬ 祫".
   3.   -  ।,   ,  "-
 ॡ⥫  뢠 ᨫ쭮 , ஥ -
 㤮⢮     뭪 ⮢஢  -
".  ਬ,   让    ।

                            - 161 -

ᨣ,   ࠩ    -
.  " થ⨭ - 業 稭 ⥭樠-
 뭪  ᮧ  䥪⨢  ⮢    㣨,  ᯮᮡ
㤮⢮  ".
   4. 騩  -  ।,  ,  楫-
  ॡ⥫  稭 ⪠뢠    ᪮쪨
⮢஢ (),   ࠭   ୮. -
,  ,  .⫥, ᭨ 頥 ઢ, 
᫮  㯠   .    -
⨭ - "஠஢ 稭  ,  ।-
,    ᭮ ⨬㫨஢  ⥬  ᪠  
楫 뭪,   ࠪ⨪ ⮢  ⠭
 䥪⨢ 㭨樨;    筮   -  
  ⥭    ⢮᪮ -
 室  । ⮢.
   5. ॣ  -  ।,   ,  
"   ᥧ,    ᮢ ᭮,
 뢠 ஡ 㧪  ॣ㧪".  ਬ, -
  ⢥ ࠭ᯮ  㦥  ६ -
       ࠢ  ॢ   .  
" થ⨭ - ᪠ ᯮᮡ ᣫ   -
।   ६    業,  ⨬㫨-
   ਥ 㦤".
   6. 業   -  ।,   ,  
楫 ॡ⥫ 㤮⢮ ᢮ 㦤, ॡ  -
      ᥣ 뭪,   ଠ  "࣠
㤮⢮७ ᢮ ࣮ ⮬".  " થ⨭-
 - ন 騩 ஢ , ᬮ  -
騥 ॡ⥫᪨ ।⥭  ᨫ ७.
࣠  㪮᭨⥫쭮   ⢥ ⮢ 
㦨,  ﭭ  ஢ ॡ⥫᪮  㤮-
⢮७, ⮡ 㤨  ࠢ쭮 ᢮ ⢨".
   7. १  -  ।,   ,  "
鸞 ࣠権 ஢  ,  祬      
 㤮⢮". ਬ,  ⢥ত .⫥, ⥭ᨢ-
    " "  ᮫⭮ -
 ஢,  ⮭᪨ 樮  ९  -
 ६.  " થ⨭, 㥬   砥

                            - 162 -

"થ⨭",  -  ᪠ ᯮᮡ ६  ﭭ
᭨ .   饬 થ⨭  ᡨ १-
 , ਡ  ⠪ ⮤,  襭 業, ᫠-
 ᨫ  ⨬㫨஢  ᮪饭 ࢨ.   롮-
  થ⨭  ६  ᮪  ஢     
⪠ 뭪,   室  ॡ  ࢨ-
 .   થ⨭ -  ஢ ,   ᥣ
 ᭨  ஢.
   8. 樮 ,  ।, -  , -
 㦤,  ॡ   楫 ॡ⥫ 㤮⢮-
 ꥪ⠬,  ᠬ  ।묨   ஢. 
" થ⨭",   .⫥,  - 㡥 ⥫ 祣-
⪠  ᢮ ਢ祪,  ࠭ 騥  ᢥ-
,  १  業  ࠭稢 㯭 ⮢. -
⨢⢨   ⮢, ।  ஢, ॡ -
६ ᨫ.  ஢  ⨢ ࠭-
 ᨣ,  ᯨ ⪮, મ᪨ ।, 뢠-
 ਢ몠,  ५쭮 㦨, ୮᪨ 䨫쬮,
⨢ ᮧ  ᥬ".  㣮 ஭,  -
  楫   ᢥਡﬨ "ᮧ 㦭 ॡ-
,  ࠦ  ⢮ 筮   楫  冷  㣨
ॣ襭" [       . ᭮ થ⨭... . 19-21].
   ⬥⨬,    祢 ⮤ થ⨭ - "arketing
reserch" - "  뭪"  -  稭    
祭    業 .  ,   㦭 㯠⥫
ᥣ,   । ,     (㯨), - 
    થ⨭.
   ⠪,    ᬮ७  ⥪  ᥡ ।⠢-
  ?   -  ⥦ᯮᮡ ॡ, , 
  ᠬ, - ࠢ쭮 業  ⮩   .
   ⬥⨬,  "     " -   ⫨砥  
"    ",     ⮫    ࠧ  ⥪,
᪮  -  ॡ,  ९ 㯠⥫-
 ᯮᮡ, ࠦ  ⮬   ,   -
 ॡ    ⮬    ⮢ (㣥) ⮩  
樠쭮 .
   室  ᫥饬 ᭮ ।:  ⠪ -
 ? ।   ᫥饬 ⥪ ( .⫥):

                            - 163 -

           -    ᮢ㯭  () 
                    ⥭樠 ()  㯠⥫ -
                       .
      ⠪ ।?   , 易-
  "㯫-த" ?   - 㣮 ?
    ᥣ   뭪 ?
    뭪 ᥣ ,   :  த    㯠⥫,
   ।.  .  ⫥   ⠪ ꥪ⮢,
 - "㯥"  "뭮筠 頤".     ᥡ ।⠢-
?
    筮 :  ⮢  㣨 -   ,  
뭮筮  頤 ந室  ⮣,   ॡ -  ,
 .   : 祬  -⠪ 㦭 "㯥" 
"뭮筠  頤" ?   樠:  室   ⮣?
  ? ᫨ ""? - ⮣: 祬   樠 ᥣ-
   ..  " 뭮" ?   祬 " 樠"
(.  . ࡠ祢), ⥬ "" -  "୮ 뭪" ?  
 ᪨ ,   -  થ⨭,  筮-
.    ,   ⢨⥫쭮, - १ ᭨
饥 ᫮ ᤥ,  ᫨   室  .
    ᤥ  ᮢ   ⠪ 뢠 "뭮筮 頤"
  ᥡ ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ "뭮筠 頤"  -  
,   ᮢ蠥 ᤥ.    易⥫쭮 - 䨧᪮
" ",  ⢫ ᤥ  栬  -
⥫ﬨ.  ,    稨  ᮢ६  ।  裡 
࠭ᯮ, 㯥  - ஬  ४  ⥫, 
᫥騬  ஬    䠪   ⥫䮭 ᮡ ⭨  
⮢;   ⮬ ࠢ ⮢ ( ⢨ 㣨) - 
㯠    䨧᪨  ⠪  㯠⥫ ⮢  㣨.
 ᠬ - ॠ   ⮢  .
   "㯥"   "뭮筠 頤" - १  ࣮--
樮 䥪⨢ , ᫨  ᤥ ⥪  
.    㢥祭 ᫠ ,  ⢨ -
,   ᫮ "殢"  ᫮ "뭮 頤".
    ⠪,  ᤥ ᫥騩 뢮: 뭮   
;      ।,  뭮  
  ""      "뭮筮 頤" - ᪮ ᫥
१  ࣮-樮  䥪⨢  ,

                            - 164 -

 ᫨    ᤥ ⥪   .
    ᥬ᪨ ⨩:  ᬮਬ  ᫥騩  ਬ  
  ⫥:   ᪮ ᮮ-
  4- ꥪ⮢ 뭪:  - 론,  - ⭨,  - ,
 - ଥ.  :  ᪮쪮  ᯮᮡ    
㤮⢮७  㦤 ?
                                                    . 3.3.
              N1                        N2
       ᯥ祭              (  -  ⥡)
       ---------------             -----------------------
     ( 䥪⨢-            ( 祭 ᮪ 䥪⨢-
        ⨩)              ⨩  )

                                                    


                                                    

                             N 3
                               
               (१  襭  䥪⨢
                   ᭨ ᫠
                ࠩ  樮   ᤥ)

                                              

                           㯥
                      뭮筠 頤

                                              

   ॡ ᮢ થ⨭ ⭮襭   -
 ⨭.   騥  ᤥ ?  祬  ⠪
  ந室 ?
     ᫥騩 뢮  ⮬,    ⠪ -
⨭ ( .⫥):           -   ࠡ  -
 ࠤ ⢫ . , ᮡ⢥   ,
-  " 뭪" (ࠤ 祭 ਡ뫨).

                            - 165 -

    뭪 뢠 ?   ⮬ 㦥 ਫ,  ⥬  -
 ? " ᮤঠ" 뭪   ᥣ ?
   "० " ? "箪" ? "" ? "㫨-
" ? 뭮 ࠧ ? 뭮 㤠 ?  祣 ⮨, -
ਬ, 뭮 㤠 ?
    ,   । ᢮ ࠡ ᨫ   
௫ ?
     뭪  ?  뭮 ?  祣  -
 ?   ?
    뭮 -  ,    ,
㦠,  죨  ࠭஢  ࠭.    -
 ,  ⠪ ६,   ᪨ ⠫, -
樮 ,     ..  樨;   -
 ᤥ  죠,   ⮬ ᫥   ⮩,  ਭ騥
ਡ.   襬 㤠⢥,    讬  ,  "
 ᬥ" - 䠪᪨  .
   뭮 業 㬠 ?   祣  ⮨ ?  樨, ,
ᥫ,  樮,  䨪, 樨 ?
    饥 ६ 뭮 業 㬠 - 祭 ᭠ -
筠  ࠪ᪠ ஡.     ⠭⭮ ।-
: ⥬,     "⠭ ᮢ"  -
⨭,  ⮬     ।  ᫥ "뭪
業 㬠"  ,   ࠧ ᥣ  "䨪⨢  ⠫"
(.)  ଥ 権 ࠭ନ  "⢨⥫ -
⠫" (.)    ॠ쭮  ࠢ᪮    ,  
᫥⢨, ॠ ਠ .
   ⠪, ।  ᬮ७ ,    ⠪    㣨
뭪,   ,  ,  "થ⨭"  㭪樨 祡
樯,  祣 ࠧࠡ뢠 ᮡ⢥  ⮤--
⮤᪨ 㬥਩    ਪ  㪨.   ࠡ 
뭪  " 뭪" -   "騩" થ⨭.
    室  ᫥饬 ( ࢮ ਡ) ।-
,  -⠪  ନ .⫥, થ⨭:  祫-
᪠ ⥫쭮,  易   뭪,  ࠤ ⢫
, 楫  - 㤮⢮७ 㦤, ॡ⥩  -
ᮢ  ( 㫨  ⮬,  祣 砫).
    ࠧ,   ᪠,  થ⨭ -  ࢮ ਡ-
   ᢮   .

                            - 166 -

     - ॡ ࠡ.
   ,   த - 㦭 ᪠  㯠⥫,  -
  㦤, ॡ  ; ஥஢ ᮮ⢥-
騥 ⮢  㣨,  த   뭮; ᪫஢, -
ॢ  ⮢;  ਢ  業.    -   ⠪
뢠 "ࠪ᪨ થ⨭".
     ⠪ થ⨭ ?
     ࠧ ࠭ - । ⮢஢    -
     ,   ⮬- થ⨭ ⠬ 樨 
த栬,  -  㯠⥫.
   ⮬- ⠬       ᭮ ਪ થ⨭
⠢ ⠪ ,  : થ⨭ ᫥ (-
祭: , , ,   ᪮쪮, 祣 㦭?); ࠧࠡ⪠
⮢ (㣨);   㭨権;  । ;
⠭  業;  ࣠ । ( ⮡  ᥡ 
 ?); ࠧ뢠 㦡 ࢨ (᫥த 㦨-
).
         ,   ᥣ,  ਬ,
  ᠭ        -         ᠬ ᫠  -
⮬     ࠧ  ⮣ 뭪,   ஬ ᮡࠥ
ࠡ ।ਭ⥫.
   뭪  ᨩ᪨  ॠ쭮 - ᮢ襭    -
. ⮬ -   ᥣ    "ண-
".    㣮 ஭,  ᨩ᪨ 뭪   -
⮫쪮  ,    ,   稭 ࠡ 
 樨  ,   쭮  ।,
 뢠, "  㡮" .
   室, ,   ஡ ᬮ७ ᭮ ਭ樯
   ࠧ⮩ "魮 થ⨭".

               /த  䠩 ma-03.txt/

