砫  䠩: vdv-0020.txt

                      1II. ⨢ થ⨭

          10 1(⨯) થ⨭. ᭮ 楫  㭪樨
          1થ⨭. ஡ 롮 楫  0 1ᯮ0-
          1  ⨦

    ᫥饥,  ࢮ ਡ, ।:
   થ⨭ -    祫᪠ ⥫쭮,  ⠪  
 ⭮襭  뭪.
    ⠪ 뭮,   㦥 , 筮 ⪮ ᬮ५.
   ⠥ ⢥ ⥯  :  ⠪ "થ⨭" 
,  ,  - 楯 થ⨭ ?  ०  ᥣ,
஥  ⮤᪮  砭,  易   ⢥⮬ 
 .
   ᫨ 室    䨪樨 ⥮ਨ "ࠢ થ⨭-
",  । ஬ થ⨭ - 㭨-
    ⫥஬,    "楯樥 થ⨭"

                             - 94 -

 "ࠢ⥫쭮  室  ।ਭ⥫᪮ -
⥫쭮",    "⢥ত,    ⨦ 楫
࣠樨  ।  㦤    ॡ⥩  楫
뭪   ᯥ祭  㤮⢮७  䥪⨢-
묨   த⨢묨,  祬  ७⮢, ᯮᮡ" [.:
       .  ᭮ થ⨭. -:  "",
 " ". 1994. . 24].
   ᫨ 室    㣨 䨪権 楯権 થ⨭,
   ஡,       ஡  
᪠ .
   ᬠਢ 魮 ⠢  ("  楯-
 થ⨭ ?"),   ,  .⫥, " ஢ -
" ।   ࠦ ⨯: " ॡ 
㤮⢮ ",  "ந ,    த, 
⮣ ⮡  த ,    ந", "
,    ⮢", " 㤥 -襬", " -  ",
" ,     ᨫ,  ⮡  ᨬ쭮  
  祭 ⮬  業⭮ 稬,  -
⢮  㤮⢮७".  㣨 ᫮, ꥪ⮬ ᭮-
   "楯樨 થ⨭" .⫥  -
 楫 ⮢    㦤,  ᠬ  ॡ-
ﬨ.  ଠ  ⥣  न  ᢮ ⥫쭮 
⮬  ᯥ祭 ᨬ쭮 㤮⢮७ ⮢,
 ᮮ⢥ ਡ   ᮧ  -
ঠ ॡ⥫᪮ 㤮⢮७.
    ࠧ,  ᮣ᭮ .⫥,   ᢮ 㡨  
楯  થ⨭ -  ਥ  㦤,    -
ॡ ⮢, ९ 묨 ᨫﬨ ࣠-
樨 થ⨭, 楫묨  ᮧ ॡ⥫᪮ 㤮-
७  ⢥ ᭮  ⨦  楫  ࣠樨.
 鮬,  室 "楯 થ⨭" ࠦ ਢ-
  ⥮ਨ 㢥७ ॡ⥫ [.:      
. . . ... . 24-25].
   ,   ,  "楯 થ⨭", ।-
  .⫥஬,    ࠢ  㣨 楯ﬨ,
 ( ⨯) થ⨭. ⠭ ࢮ砫쭮  -
 (⨯) થ⨭,   ᪮ ⥪.


                             - 95 -

                 2.11  (⨯) થ⨭
                 1----------------------------
   ᭮ 䨪樨,  -⠪  ⫥஬,
ᥣ   ਨ  (    ⥮ਨ   ᠬ " ࠪ⨪")
થ⨭ ( "⥣ ")      ,
"㭤⠫쭮-᪨", 楯権 થ⨭,  ᭮
 ᪨ ࣠樨  ( ) ᢮  ⮢
⥫쭮,   -    楯樨:  1.  襭⢮
ந⢠.  2.  襭⢮ ⮢.  3.  ⥭䨪樨
᪨ ᨫ. 4. ⢥ થ⨭ ( 楫 -
⨭). 5. 樠쭮-᪮ થ⨭.
    ⫥ ⢥ত,   楯樨 (1) ᮢ襭⢮
ந⢠  (2) ᮢ襭⢮ ⮢ -  ⥣ -
  ਮ  砫 ன ஢ ; 楯樨 (3) ⥭-
䨪樨  ᪨  ᨫ  (4) ᮡ⢥ થ⨭ (
楫 થ⨭) -  ࠧ ᫥ ன ஢ -
;  楯  (5)  樠쭮-᪮  થ⨭ - 
ᮢ६  ணᨢ,  ᪮    䥪⨢
   "ࠢ ᨫ ᮭ   ⨦ -
 ஢   ࠧ 뭪" ,  ஬ ⮣, ।⠢-
 ᮡ  ᠬ ᫥ ६.
   ᬮਬ ᭮  楯樨 થ⨭, 易 ᭠-
砫  "묨" 室 (1-2).
   1. 楯 ᮢ襭⢮ ந⢠.
   襭⢮ ந⢠: ᭮  ⮩ 楯樨
砥  ⢥ত ⮣,   ॡ⥫   㯠
⮫쪮  ⮢,  ப ࠭    -
   㯭.  ⥫쭮, , ਭ騥 襭
( ᮪饭 - "")  ࠢ ᢮ ᨫ  
।  ᮢ襭⢮ ந⢠  ⥬ -  襭
䥪⨢ ⥬ ।.     "ࠡ-
"  楯 ?  ()   祭 ᮪,   ।
ࠩ  //.  ()  ᥡ⮨ ⮢ ᫨誮
᮪   室 ᭨ (  ⮣,  ⢥,  ᫥
⮬᪮ 襭 ந⥫쭮 㤠  ஢ -
 ᪠ த).
   ਬ ⮩ 楯樨   ᬮਬ  ᭮  ⮬-
 ஬諥.  , ⮨ "த ⮬" 

                             - 96 -

ठ"  1917  ⠢﫠 360 $  ᪥  785432    
;   1921  - 335 $  ᪥ 1250000 . [.:    
.  ,  ⨦. . . 1989. . 119].
    ᨨ - ᪮쪮 ᥣ ᪠  ⮬? 
1992  뫮 - 900000  ᥣ- [.:  .  1994.  25
,  - ४ ⮂],    1994  - 
800000 .  ⢥ મ ਬ  ਧ᭮ -
 ந⢠ ᪠   ⮬    ᨨ  
। , ।⠢  . 2.1.

                                                     .  2.1
     ⮬  ᨨ  1990  1994 .
. 
 1200
       _____
 1000          _____
                       _____     _____
  800                                  _____
                                           
  600                                      
                                           
  400                                      
                                           
  200                                      
                                           
    0 _________________________________________
       1990 .   1991 .   1992 .   1993 .   1994 .

   筨: ᠭ. 1995. N 16 (127). 2  1995. . 15.

   쪮 ⮨  ⮬  ᨨ ?  -  ஢
஢ ⠭⮢ ⮬  筮    /ਬ,
த  業 "" -31029  1995    த
뫠 浪 $7500  ஢ 1$=5000 㡫    1995
,    ᪢ 業 筮 ⮬ "" -31029
 1995  - 60 .㡫),  "⮬ ᮢ᪮ 祫"
  ।筮 ௫ 浪 300-400 .㡫  -
 ($60-80) -    ଠ.  (⬥⨬,   "-

                             - 97 -

 ਮ" ᮢ᪨ 祫,  ᫨ ⥫ ਮ 
⮬,   , ᨫ쭮 ࠭稢 ᥡ  ᥬ, 
 죨 浪 15-25 ,  ⮡ ⢨ ᢮ . -
⥭ ⮬,  ࠢ, ⢫﫮  ᢮ -
  (।⨨) ᪫⥫쭮  ᯮ殮 饣 -
砫⢠).
   2. 楯 ᮢ襭⢮ ⮢.
   襭⢮ ⮢:   楯 થ⨭ "-
  "    ᫥ ⮣,   ॠ ࢠ 楯
થ⨭ - ᮢ襭⢮ ந⢠.
   楯 ᮢ襭⢮ ⮢ ⢥ত,  ॡ-
  㯠 ⮫쪮  ⮢,   訥 ᯫ-
樮  ᢮⢠,   訬 ⢮ ,  ,  -
ଠ  뢠   ,   ᭮ -
   ᮢ襭⢮ ⢥ ࠬ ⮢.  -
⥫쭮,  " 室" 饥 㪮⢮ ମ ()   ⠫쭮
ᮭ    ।  ᢮ ᨫ  -
 ᮢ襭⢮ ⮢, ᮣ᭮  ⮢.
    ⢥ত  ⮩ 楯樨     ᮡ
祭  ᫮:  饭 뭪.   饭 뭪
-    ⢥  ਬ.
   ᬮਬ ਬ,  த騩 楯㠫쭮 ࠢ  
뭪    ⮬   .  ,  ᫨  ࢮ 砥
(楯 ᮢ襭⢮ ந⢠)  ਢ ਬ 
襢 ⮬ " த"  ठ,   ᮡࠫ
  ᮢ 筮 ந⢠  ,  ⭮,
४஢  ન ਧ:  "  設 㤥 
梥,     梥  ";   ஬ 砥 (-
楯 ᮢ襭⢮ ⮢)  ଠ - "ࠫ
" - ।  ᭮ ⮩   "த ⮬-
" 楫  梥⮢  ⮬設, 㤮⢮ -
 ࠧ,  ᠬ ᪠    㯠⥫.  
⮬  "ࠫ " 뫠   業 -
 ⮬  "",  롮  梥⮢  ⮬-
  "ࠫ  "  ॢ室  
⮬  "", ᫥⢨ 祣  񥬠 த -
 "ࠫ " 諠  ࢮ .
   3.  થ⨭ 楯:  ⥭䨪樨 -

                             - 98 -

 ᨫ.  楯 ⢥ত,     -
 ⮢  筮 ⢥, ᫨ ࣠  ।-
ਬ  ᮮ⢥  ()  ᨫ   ⨬㫨஢
  ⨬㫨஢ .   -    -
⢮  ⢮ ⮢஢   ,     -
⢥ ᯥ  த - 䠪 "⥭䨪樨  -
᪨ ᨫ".
   த ਬ  ⮬ 뭪  .   -
 ⮬,   "ᢠ"  , 砫:  ࠢ-
⥫쭮  襢  ⮬  த,     梥⮢,
 ,  ஬ ⮣, ࠧ ࢨ᭠ 㦡 - 楯 -
⥭䨪樨 ᪨ ᨫ (஬ ⮣,   ᮮ⢥-
 宫᪠   ᪠  ४  ࠡ⪠:
⮬  "ᢠ" - "" - ன ⮬  -
᪮ ᥬ,  뫮 祭 ⨦ ).
   ⠪,   ,   ᭮ ⥭ ࠧ -
 થ⨭ 易  ७ᮬ 業 થ⨭ ᨫ
  ᮡ⥭ ந⢠,  孮   ⮢ -  -
᪨ ᨫ ࢨ,   "ࠡ ॡ⥫",  ९-
,   殢, 樠쭮  ᪮ 
ॡ⥫ ⮢஢  .
   4. 楯 ᮡ⢥ "⨭",  ,  筥, -  
ਭ   ᨨ - 楯 楫 થ⨭.
    楯 ⢥ত,   ⨦     
࣠樨  ।  ⮫쪮 㦤,  ॡ⥩ 
ᮢ ⮢,    - ᯥ祭    㤮-
⢮७  䥪⨢묨,  祬  ७⮢  ᯮᮡ,
 楫 뭪.   ᬮ५   楫 થ⨭
(ࠦ  ਧ ⨯:  " 㦤  ᮧ -
ॡ   - 㤮⢮ ";  " ᢮ ,
  ᢮ ⮢"  ..);  ,  祢,   த
   뭪  ⮬  .
   ਬ ॠ樨 楯樨 ᮡ⢥ "⨭", -   -
  ࠧ  ﯮ᪮  ""  -  ࠦ
"".   ⮬設: (1) 뫠  த  ⭮⥫쭮 -
襢,  (2)  ࠧ   梥⮢,  (3)    ࢨ
㦡,  , ஬ ⮣ (4) ⠪  ⠪ "",  樮-
, -TV, ࠤ, ⥫䮭,   - -  楯.

                             - 99 -

   ⠪,  ⢥  ।⥫ 뢮    -
ਢ    뢮    ⢥ত  ᫥饥:  
1920-   ,     ᥬ ,  ࠪ᪨   뫮
"楯樨  થ⨭"    ⮬  ,    ।⠢ 
.⫥;   : 뫨 楯樨 ᮢ襭⢮ ந-
⢠  ᮢ襭⢮ ⮢.    楯権  -
  ਬ ⮬쭮 뭪.   -I 襫  -
  ᢮ 襢 ⠭ ⮬,   ⠫ -
  . ⥬  ࢮ   த 襫
"ࠫ ",   ந    -
⮬,    楫  ࠧࠧ 梥⮢, 㤮⢮-
 ࠧ   㯠⥫.  ,  㦥 ᫥ 2- ஢
,   ਪ᪨ 뭮 ࢠ 檨 "ᢠ"  -
襢  ⮬  த   ᮧ ᮡ⢥ -
᭮ 㦡 (楯 ⥭䨪樨 ᪨ ᨫ).
    ,  ⢥ ਬ 楯樨 "ᮡ⢥  થ⨭-
" (, 筥, "楫 થ⨭")  ਢ 䠪 -
,  ﯮ᪠ ଠ "" ࠧࠡ⠫ ᯥ樠쭮  ⮣
ਪ᪮  뭪  ࠦ "",   設 ⮣
  樮஬  㣨  ਢ묨    ਪ᪮
⮬ ਡ⠬   ⮣  20%  뭪 
⮬.
   ᫨     5-  ⨯ થ⨭,   ,   ନ
.⫥,  "樠쭮-᪮ થ⨭",    楯
થ⨭ ⠥  ᠬ ᮢ६. ,  ⭮, -
ত,   祩    ⮫쪮 믮  
᫮, ⭮  楯 થ⨭ 襯ਢ -
 1-4,    ⠪ -  ६ ࠭  ९
  ⢠  楫    ⤥쭮 ॡ-
⥫  ⤥쭮.
   ⫨稥 樠쭮-᪮  થ⨭    ⠫ ⨯
થ⨭ -  ⮬,  ଠ,  㤮⢮ 㦤, -
ॡ   㯠⥫,  ⢮  ⮬ -
६  ⢠  ॡ⥫.   ⠪  த
ࠢ        ਢ 㯠⥫ 
⢥ 䠪 ७⭮ᯮᮡ    ।  -
⠫.
    ⢥ 饣 ਬ ⮬쭮 뭪  -

                            - 100 -

 ⨯ 楯樨 થ⨭  ਢ ப ࠧ४-
஢ 袥᪨ ஬: 袥 ࠧࠡ⠫  ࠪ᪨
㦥  ਫ  ⠪ ,   㤮⢮ ᥬ 㭪⠬
楯権 1-4,   ⢨ 嫮 . 楯 -
쭮-᪮ થ⨭  ⮫쪮  稭  室  ᢮
뭮   ࠪ⨪ થ⨭ ⥫쭮,    -
筠 ᯥ⨢.   祢 뭮筠 ᫠    
⮬,   業 ஬,   ࠢ,   ࠧ , 祬
業  ⮬   ⥫.
   ⠪, 楯 樠쭮-᪮ થ⨭ ॡ  ᡠ-
஢   䠪஢: ਡ뫥 , 㯠⥫᪨
ॡ⥩  ᮢ ⢠.
    祭  ࠧ 樨 ⬥⨬,   .⫥
ਢ ⢮ ਬ஢ ⮣,  楯 "楫 થ-
⨭"   㦥 ⠪ ,  "ப  ",
"  ", "", "". ⫥ ⠥,   -
楯  ᯮ  ᢮ ࠪ⨪ ,  ந騥 -
 த ॡ (), 祬 , ந騥 ⮢
ந⢥ 祭 ();   ⠪  楯  
ᯮ  㯭,    .  ⫥ ⠪
஭᪨ 砥,     ,   ᯮ-
  楯,    ࠪ⨪   ਬ.  ࠭-
稢 ଠ묨 ⠬ થ⨭, ⠪,  
⥩  -१  થ⨭,  ࠢ  ⮢-
ࠬ, ࠧࠡ⪠  થ⨭, ஢ થ⨭ -
,  室   [       . . . . 26].
    ⠭ 祢,   ᨨ 設⢮  
ᨫ ࠧ 뭮 ⭮襭 ⠪ "室 " થ-
⨭.   ⮬ ⮨  ᭥, ⮣, 祬   -
⢨⥫쭮  祬  ⠪  ।  "ᠬ  㡮
魮 થ⨭". ,  ⭮,  ࢮ ਡ 
 ।  "ਢথ   ⥮ਨ  㢥७
ॡ⥫"  (.⫥),  ,     ᠬ,  - ਥ樥
ᥣ ந⢠    㦤, ॡ⥩  -
ᮢ  ॡ⥫-⮢. ᬮਬ  裡  ⨬ ᫥-
騩 : ᭮ 楫  㭪樨 થ⨭.  ⠪ ஡-
 롮 楫   ᯮᮡ  ⨦.


                            - 101 -

     21.021. ᭮ 楫  㭪樨 થ⨭. ஡
          1롮 楫   ᯮᮡ  ⨦.

   ᭮ 楫   㭪樨 થ⨭ 筮   
뢠  筮   થ⨭.     ,
᪮    ࠡ ।⠢ ᪨ ਠ -
ᨨ ⮣ ,  ,  ஬ ⮣,   ⢥   稭
믮 ᮢ ஥  થ⨭,   ᮮ⢥-
騥 ᭥.
   ⨥ "楫"    ᭮騬    થ⨭,
⠪   ࠢ થ⨭ ( ⠪  㣨 㪠    -
ࠢ,  ਬ,   ⠪ 樯,  ⥬ -
). ⭮,   90 %  訡  ࠢ ந⥪ -
⢨  ॠ᪨ 楫  訡  㫨஢ 楫
.
    ࠬ஢  楫 ਢ    樨
  ॡ   ⥫쭮  ⥬.    
஡, 易  ன 楫 (楫) .
                      (,  㣨 ନ,  -
"롮 ᨨ")   (।,  ࣠樨) ਧ 
⢥  ᫥騥 :
   -  ।⠢ ᮡ ଠ (।⨥, ࣠) ?
   - 祬   ?
   -     ⢥  ᢮ த    뭪
(  )?
   㣨 ᫮,    ࠫ 楫 -  ⢥
 ᭮ :  "    祬  ,
⮡ 릨    뭮 ᫮,  ଠ쭮 㭪樮஢ 
ࠧ?"
   ,   楫 㭪  ᯮᮡ ⥫쭮  (-
樨)  뭪,    ,   㯠 -
ਥ  ⠪ 業ࠫ ⨩ થ⨭,   "
 뭪"  "஫ 뭪", ᪮ "楫"   ⥮-
᪮ ⥪  ⮫쪮  ਧ "饯ਭ",
"᭮", "᫥",   -   㦨 
⢥  ᭨⥫쭮  (筮)  "⮣,  ࠤ
祣" (⥫) ᮧ, 㭪樮, ࠧ , -
, "㬨ࠥ"  "" ଠ (࣠).

                            - 102 -

    ⮬     (࣠)  ᫥,    
, ᬠਢ ० ᥣ  楫 魮.
   ⮥   楫,    ⭮,
 । ⥫,  楫, -,  -
⨥,  ࠦ饥  ᠬ 魮 祫, -   -
 稭;  -,  ࣠樮 ਭ樯, -  ",
ࠤ 祣";  -,   "" - ,    ᥩ  த
  "襥" ( "㪠  襩  ...
  楫, ࠤ ன  ⢮  
⤥쭮 砥;  楫    砥    -
,   ᥩ த  - 襥...  ,  ", ࠤ
祣"     稭") 510.     ६  ⥫
ᠬ  ᥡ "楫  类:   , ࠤ 祣"  "
,  " 520.
      ⮣, ⮡ ଠ (࣠) 릨  梥⠫, 
室  ᮧ⥫쭮    ﭭ ᬠਢ ᢮
ࠫ 楫 ("᢮ ");   । "-
ࠫ  楫"  " ",  뢠   
⥫쭮  (࣠樨). " " -  
 뭥譨  騬 뭪 ,  䥪⨢
ॣ㫨஢ ⥫쭮 .
   ভ "ࠫ쭮 楫"  -  㯠  ⠪  孮,
ᯥ䨪 த樨, ॡ  .
    㪮⥫,  ࠡ  ᮢ᪮  ६,  ࠡ⪠
ࠫ쭮 楫 筮 뫮  쬠 㤭, .. ࠤ-
 楫  । ।﫠 ᢥ  ।⠢﫠  
ଥ ⢥ত ந⢥ .
    饥 ६ ⠪ ,   ᠬ楫, 㦥 稭 -
  ᪨ ,   室 ᠬ ਥ஢ 
 ⠭  ࠡ뢠 ᮮ⢥騥 楫, ।-
騥  ᢮ ⥫쭮.
   । ࠫ 楫,  ᢮ ,  ᢮ ,  
 ⥫쭮, -  㦥 ⮬,   । 
 ᭮ ⢠ 襭,  ࠣ 饥    饥
________________________________
   510          .  䨧. .  4- ⮬. . 1. -
.: . 1975. . 68-69.
   520   . . 402.

                            - 103 -

.        ⠭ ࠭ ⨬ 롮
     襭,   ⠪   ᪨ ᨬ,
 ண  ᯫ ᮭ .  ଠ,  -
  㦤 ࠫ 楫, ࠪ᪨  稭-
        뫮 ᮣ -
 㤭 ⭮⥫쭮 ᭮ ࠢ  ࠡ.
   ࠡ⪠ ࠫ쭮 楫  -  ⨢  (騩  
⮬  ᫮ 楫) .  ।⥫쭮 襭
 ࠫ쭮 楫 㦨 ਥ஬   ਪ -
,  ணࠬ  ⥪ 楫 .  쭥襬,   ࠧ-
 ᮡ⨩  祭 ᮮ⢥ ॠ  १⮢,
१  ᮮ⢥騥    痢,  ࠫ쭠 楫
  ᪮४஢. ,  ࠭ ࠧ⮣ ⠫
 ᫮ ன ७⮭ , ७饭 ஢
 樮 뭪 ᮢ६묨 ⮢ࠬ  㣠, -
 孮ﬨ  楫 ⠭ - 릨 .
     ⮬,   ணᨢ   ᢥਡ, -
   ࠭  ( ⮪),  ᤥ    
᪨ ᫥,  -  ᪮  ⭠ ᮪
ᢥਡ  ࠭ 릨.  室 -
  楯樨 ⥣᪨  宧⢮ (), -
᪨ 宧 業஢ ()  ⥣᪨ 宧-
  ࠧ  (),    ⠪ 楯樨  横
孮 (),   横 த (   
横  (),  ᬠਢ  ஡ .
   ⠪,   ࠭ 릨 (稥) ?
   -, 稥     ᯥ祭    
砥  ⥣᪨  ୮ ⠭  "᢮"  -
⢮.
   -, 稥       ᯥ祭  
⮬ 砥,   ࠧ  横 த樨   
  - ४뢠  㣠  ६:    -
 饭 뭪  ⮢஬ (㣮)   
 뭮  ⮢ (㣠).
   -, ࠧ  横  ६,   ⮢
稫 ᢮ ""  뭪,   ᫥騩    砫,  -
砥  ᥣ  ।ਭ⥫ ᢮ 権, -
 ᪨ ⥫ ,  ।  ⢮.

                            - 104 -

    ࠧ,  થ⨭   楯樨 ,   
,    ⠪ ,    ,     騥 
ࠪ᪮ 祭  ⮢ ꥬ  뭮  ᥣ⮢,
業 䠪஢ 譥 ।, ꥬ ந⢠, 業 -
, । ६ 室  뭮   ⮢஬  ..,
-  ⢨⥫쭮 易  ࠡ⪮ ࠫ 楫 -
   饭.  ᮪ ⥬  ⮢஢    
( ⮢   ᮢ६ 뭪 1-2 ) 
  ⪮,  ᫠ ࠡ  ⭨    -
᮪ ᨮ.
    ७    㣨  ꥪ⨢  稭 㦤
।ਭ⥫ ﭭ   ᢮   
த⮢,   孮  ⢥  ᫮
릨  ,  ᮮ⢥⢥,  襩  ᪮
楫.
     室  ⭮ ᯥ樠樨,  ﭨ  ⥭樠
 (࣠樨, ।),  ⠪ 䠪஢ 譥 -
饩 ।,  㫨 ࠫ쭠     楫  
(࣠樨, ।) (. ⠡. 2.2.1).
     
                                                    2.2.1
                 થ⨭ ।
---------------------------------------------------------------
                                ᯥ稢騥
--------------------------------------------------------------
 1. 饭 ਡ뫨           1. 릨
 2.  㤠                  2.  த樨  -
 3. 믮 樠            
    易⥫                  3. ᨮ  -
 4. ⢮७ ॡ⥫      ⥭,  ᯥ稢騥
 5. ॢ室⢮  ७⮬    樮 ࠢ
 6.  뭪              4. ᫮ 㤠 ᮭ
----------------------------------------------------------------
   筨:        .  ⥣᪮  ࠢ. -  .:
. 1989. . 15.

   । 楫  થ⨭  ।  "" 
"ᯥ稢騥" 筮 ᫮.  , ..  .ଠ

                            - 105 -

। "楫 થ⨭" : (1) 뤥騩 ࠧ ()
,  (2) 쭮  ࣮ થ (楫 ),  (3)  -
,  (4)  ⫨⥫ २⢠ ( த  
ࠬ஢, ⢮, 㯭, ⭮⥫쭮  業, -
⢥ 㦨  .).  [C.:         .,    -
    . થ⨭:  . .  . / . ।.  .
।. ..祢 - .: . 1993 - .31-32].
    ⠡ 1.4.2. ।⠢ 楫 筮 ஢
 ਮ⠬  ࠧ ⠫᪨ ࠭    .  -
 .
                                                    2.2.2.
          筮 ஢  ਮ⠬
               ࠧ ⠫᪨ ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------
                                         ⠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------
              :                  :
1. ꥬ த                             1        4        5
2.   ꥬ த                 3        3        1
  3. ਡ   ந:
3.1.  ਡ뫨                         2        6        4
3.2. ଠ ਡ뫨   ⠫          9        8        2
3.3. ⭮襭.ਡ뫨  樮.⠫  17        6       17
3.4. ⭮襭 ਡ뫨  ꥬ த      4       10       10
3.5. ।.筮 ⪫ ਡ뫨 19       21       23
3.6. 室                      18        8       11
4.   뭪                           10        9        6
5.  ⠫                      14        1        9
6.                                 8       13       16
7.  権                              22       15       23
8. 樨 ࠡ⭨                  11       16       22
9. ஢ ⢠ த樨              20       17       14
10.  ⨪                   6        2        7
11.  ⨪ ⮩稢          13       14       20
12.  ⨪ 祭 ਡ뫨     5        5        8
13.  ⨪  ⭮襭 樠-
     ⢥⢥                    17       19       18


                            - 106 -

                                        த ⠡ 2.2.2.
          筮 ஢  ਮ⠬
               ࠧ ⠫᪨ ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------
                                         ⠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------
            :             :
1.    ⮨        15       22       19
2. 樨   ࠡ饣        21       20       21
3.   ந⥫쭮
   㤠                                    7       19       12
4. 樥 稢 ⠫    16       13       16
5. ⨪   ᭨ থ    12       11        3
6. 㣮                                  23       23       13
------------------------------------------------------------------
    筨:      . ⥣   ﯮ᪨ ।-
⨩: .  .  .: ண. 1987. .87.
     ⠡ 2.2.3  ⢥ ਬ  ।⠢  ਮ
楫 ﯮ᪨  (࣠権).

                                                      2.2.3.
                    ﯮ᪨  (࣠権)
                      ਮ⠬  
--------------------------------------------------------------
    ਮ, ࠪ⨪ 楫                          %
--------------------------------------------------------------
                     
    1. 㦥 樨, த. ⭮ 梥⠭      55%
    2. 訩 த  ࠧ㬭 業.  ⢮        49%
        ।
    3. 㪫 ண,               15%
    4. ﭨ ࠡ⭨, 㢠  ᮭ     13%
    5. ࠢ ਡ                                 3%
                    
    1. ணᨢ, ⨢, ᮧ⥫쭮        45%
    2. ண 孮                            39%
    3. , ᪨ 室                       17%
    4. ᮪ 䥪⨢ (ந⥫쭮)          12%

                            - 107 -

                                     த ⠡ 2.2.3.
                    ﯮ᪨  (࣠権)
                      ਮ⠬  
--------------------------------------------------------------
    ਮ, ࠪ⨪ 楫                          %
--------------------------------------------------------------
                   
    1. 㤭⢮                                      55%
    2. ।                                         31%
    3. ⢥⢥, ᯮ                    21%
    4. 吝  ⨢                                 21%
    5. ०, ⭮, ௥            19%
    6. ࠫ쭠 ⮩稢                              18%
    7. न                                             15%
    8.                                             10%
    9. ୮                                        8%
    10. ਫ                                          6%
    11. ⢮ म  ᢮ ࠡ                     5%
----------------------------------------------------------------
   筨:       . ⥣   ﯮ᪨ ।-
⨩... .85.

    "㭪樥" થ⨭ 㤥   "ᯮᮡ  ⨦
楫" થ⨭. ᪨ 㭪 થ⨭ -  ࣠-
 થ⨭,   "饭  " ஢ -
ய⨩ થ⨭ (.⫥)   ଥ (।⨨).
    ⨥ "࣠ 㭪権" થ⨭  ଥ  㤥
 ⠭ 冷 (孮) "饭  "
 થ⨭, ଫ १ ୮ (⨪쭮 
ਧ⠫쭮) ஥.  室  ଠ쭮  -
ଠ쭮 ࠢ   ⨦  ᭮  楫  "
뭪",  ⠭饥  ॠ  稭,  易,
ࠢ  ⢥⢥ ᮭ,  ⢥饣  થ⨭
⥫쭮.  ᪮    ࣠    楫
魮,  ⨢ 楫⨦ ॡ  ᮮ⢥-
饣 ᪮ ஥  । ஢ ࠢ-
.
   ᪮ ஥ ࣠樨 -  ⨪쭮  -

                            - 108 -

।   ⮢  楫    ⥯  ॠ樨
㭪権 ,  । ⥯ ⨦ ࠧ -
  楫.   砥: 業ࠫ-業ࠫ,
 ᨬ-ᨬ ᮭ, ᮮ⢥騥 -
   ..  (  ﬠ   ⥮ਥ ࠢ-
 ࣠樨).
    ⨦ 楫 ॡ ⠪    -
ࠢ થ⨭  ⭮襭 ᮭ  (।).
   堭 ࠢ થ⨭  ⭮襭 ᮭ,  -
饬 砥,   ᫥騥 : (1) ࠧ 楫-
ࠢ ⢨ (१ ,  ,  業  㪠,
騥   ப ࣠樮 ⥬,   ⠪ ਬ-
 ⥬ ⨢樨, ⨬㫮  ᠭ権, ᯮ㥬  -
 ࣠樨); (2) ࣠樮 冷 (ꥪ⨢஢
裡,  ଠ 業   ࣠樨, ࣠樮
);  (3)  ᯮ⠭  ॣ㫨஢ (ᠬ࣠  
ଠ   業⥩,  樠쭮-宫᪮  -
ࠫ쭮 );  (4) ⢨ 樮୮ । 
࣠樨,  .
   ⥣ "ࠢ塞"  㭪樮쭮 થ⨭ 易
 ⥯  / ன/ ஫ ꥪ ࠢ  ꥪ-
⮬ ࠢ -  ᫥ 䥪⨢ ॠ樨   -
 ࣠樨  ଥ ॠ १⮢ ࠢ. ࠭
ࠢ塞 ⠢ ।  ᫮  ⢨
ꥪ  ꥪ ࠢ,    ࠧ ᮮ⭮-
襭  ଠ쭮  ଠ쭮  ࠬ,  
ଠ樨  ਭ⨩ 襭, 樮쭮 ਭ -
襭,   䠪஢ ⥯ ⢨ ࠢ᪨ -
襭.
    ஥,   ⠪  ஥  ࠧ 
 ࣠樨 થ⨭  㭪 - ᭮뢠  -
 ଠ樨  痢,  業⥩, ᮢ, , -
祬    "ଠ",  ⠪  "ଠ".  ⭮⥫쭮
 ଠ쭮   ࣠樨  ⢮
 室  ⥮਩.
   , ..  ਣ ⠥,  ଠ쭠 ࣠樮
    "樠쭮-宫" (᭮ 
ࢨ筮 ⥫쭮 ⭮襭)   "ଠ"  (-

                            - 109 -

 㦥 ⭮襭),   ᠬ ଠ쭠  -
樨  뢠 १ ⥣ "⨥   ࠢ-
",   १ ᮮ⢥騥 ଠ ਧ "-
  ࠡ⭨  ࠢ ࣠樥" 510.
      ६ "ଠ" -  ९ ⮢ -
樨 (痢,  )   ࠧ - ⠭ 㦥-
 .  ⨬ ᯮᮡ ࣠  ந
 筠 .
    ⮬,   ࠢ,    ᯮᮡ ଠ樨:
९  ᫮ ⮢ ।饣   -
஢ 饩 ⥫쭮 (⥣᪮  ஢);
      ଠ 砥 稭 ꥪ⨢
 - 筮 浪.  ଠ쭠 ࣠ 樮쭠 
筠.    ६ - ଠ쭠 ࣠ - 樮-
  㡮 筮⭠.
   ,    ᫥ 祭 ,   襩 窨 -
,   ⥮ਨ ࣠樨  થ⨭  -    襭
஡ ᨭࣨ,   - 筨 ࣠樮 䥪.
   ਭ ,   筨 ࣠樮 䥪 -
ࣨ 㦠: (1) ࠢ ᨫ ᮭ; (2) ᯥ-
 ᮭ;  (3) ஢ ⥫쭮 ᮭ;
(4)  㤠 ᮭ -     ᮮ⢥⢨  ॠ-
樥 楫 ࣠樨.  ࠧ,  楫 -
  ࣠樨 - ࢨ筠,    ।  
થ⨭ 㭪樨,   ⮬ ᫥  㭪樨 "   -
".
   騩  易  ஡ 롮 楫    ᯮ-
ᮡ  ⨦  થ⨭.   砥 室 -
  ᫥騥  ( ᠥ  ᮢ ஥):
   1.     ᪨ 楫 襩  ?
   2.    । 楫 ?
   3.    ⪮ 楫 ?
   4.      楫 易 ?
   5. ࠦ    楫  ଥ,  㤮  ஫ 
_______________________________
   510           . . ⨪-⮤᪨ ஡
樮 㤮 ࣠権.  -  .  ᮨ᪠-
 祭 ⥯  䨫. . - . 1986. . 9-10.

                            - 110 -

ਡ    ⢥ (ࠦ  ᫮ ᪠-
뢠 - ।)  ⢥ (஢) ଠ ?
   6. ⢥    楫:
      - ७⭮ᯮᮡ ⮢ ?
      - ⨦   (ࠧ)  ?
      - ᠬ  ?
      - ந⢥, ⮢    ?
   7.   쭠 ⥣  ?
   8.  ⭮ ⨦ 祭 楫 થ⨭-
?
   9.  ।  ।⢠    ࠧ묨  뭪,
ᥣ⠬, 㯯, ⮢ࠬ ?
   10.  㬥 ⨦ 楫 થ⨭    
"ࠡ" ?
    믮 ᮢ ஥  થ⨭ ⢥   
       த஢  " ଥ" -
 ᠭ ࢮ  ᮢ ஥.
   ஡ 롮 楫   ᯮᮡ  ⨦  થ-
⨭  ࠧ    筮 ⪮  த஢
 ਬ 믮 ᥣ ᮢ ஥  થ⨭.


         21.031.0 1楯 થ⨭  楯 
         1------------------------------------------

   ० 祬 ३  ஡ । થ⨭  -
裡   롮஬ 楫   ᯮᮡ  ⨦  થ-
⨭,  ᫥ ᤥ  ਭ樯  砭  ⭮⥫쭮
  ਭ樯쭮 ⨢ 楯権:  楯樨 થ-
⨭  楯樨 .
   ᭮ ࠤ樮  楯樨     ஥
த,  ந⢥ ࠧ  ⠢, -
ᮭ,  騬  ⮬,    "" ("த",  
࠭,    ࠧ⮣ 樠,  -  ""  ᮣ᭮
ࠧ浪, 㯠饩  鸞 "ᢥ").
    ࠢ, ⮢ (ࠤ樮) ࣠ ந⢠
ࠪୠ   ஢ ࠧ ந⢠   
樨 "뭪 த" (.  .  1.5.1: ⮢ ਥ

                            - 111 -

ந⢠).  ⠪  뭮 ᥣ ⥭:    -
饭 ⮢ࠬ.

                                                      . 2.3.1
               ⮢ ਥ ந⢠
                     ______________________
                              
                    ______________________
                               
                     ______________________
                               
                    ______________________
                               
                     ______________________
                                      
                    ______________________


   ᭮ 楯樨 થ⨭,   ⥫쭮 -
 稭  뭮 ᫥  ண த, 
ਧ  ᯥ    쭥襣 ஢
  権.  ⠪,  ᫨  - ᥣ      
㭪権 ,  㭪 થ⨭ - ᭮ ᥩ 宧⢥
.
    ᭮  ࠡ ,  ਤন饩 થ⨭,  -
  䥪⨢  窨 ७ 뭪 ਭ樯:  ᭠-
砫 㧭,  ⮢,   ॡ⥫᪨ ᢮⢠
( ⢠),    業,   ⢠   -
         ਮ  ⥭樠  㯠⥫,
।⠢騩 ᮡ ᥣ ⮣   樠쭮 
(""),  ⮬ (  ࠭) - 㬠  ࣠樨 -
⢠: ந  த ,  ᫮
""  뭪,  ᫮ ॡ,     
, ᫮    ⭮ ⢥.
   ⭮,   ⮣ 㦭 ଥ     孮,
ᮮ⢥騥   ந⢥  魮,  ஢
ᮭ, ਥ騩  楯 થ⨭.


                            - 112 -

                                                        . 2.3.2
            થ⨭ ਥ ந⢠
      _______________________________________________
         ,  ,   
            (-)      ___
      ______________________________________________   
                                                        
          ___________________________________           
                     ,                     
                              
              __________
          ___________________________________          
                                                        
                                        _____________________
                                         
                                       (,,)
                                       ______________________
                                                        
      _______________________________________________   
        , ,      
            (-)      ___
      ______________________________________________

    ࠢ  ⮢    થ⨭  ࣠樨  
ᬮਬ  ⠡.  2.3.2.   ᫥騬 祢 :
騥 ॡ  ࠡ ଥ,   ਧ  ᯥ⨢
஢  祬  㤥   ,   ᭮ 祣
஢  ᫥;   業 ⨪ ଠ;
 ⢫ ࠧࠡ⪠  ⮢஢;   ⢫
ந⢥   ଥ  ⨪ 㯠  -
  ଥ.
    ⬥,   "楯  થ⨭"    "楯
"  ଥ ⫨   㣠  ⠪  ࠧ,
 "뭮 㯠⥫" ⫨砥  "뭪 த".   砥
뭪  㯠⥫ ࠪ୮ ॢ襭 ।  ᮬ;
। 㯠⥫ 뢠   롮  ⮢
(㣨);  ࠢ  ᮡ ࠧ  ⮢஢, -
饭 ࠧ묨 ଠ-ந⥫ﬨ, 業 ᮮ⢥-

                            - 113 -

                                                   2.3.3
    ࠢ ⮢   થ⨭ ࣠樨 
________________________________________________________________
 ⮢ ࣠      થ⨭ ࣠樨 
_______________________________________________________________
                       騥 ॡ
1.  ॡ⥩     1.  ॡ⥩ 㯠⥫
2. ᭮  -   2. ᭮   -
                     , થ⮫,  
                                  樠 䠪
3. த ,  㤠  3. த ⮫쪮 ,  㤥
   ந                    㯫  뭪
4.  ⨬          4. ப  ⨬
5. ᭮ 楫 - ७-   5. 祢 楫  譨
    䠪              䠪 - 뭮
             ਧ ᯥ⨢ ஢
6.  楫,      6.  楫,  ࠢ,
   ࠢ,  ⢨⥫쭮-      10-15-20  (⭨ -
   ,               ७ ।  : -
                                  ⨢ 宧⢮)
7.  (䥪⨢) 7.  (䥪⨢) -
   ᪠窮ࠧ - -  -    ﭭ  -  -  ॠ樨
     뭪    । ⨫⭨ 楫
8. 樮  - 8.  ⪮ -
    - -      楫   1-1,5 :
   室      १  - -
    痢  ॡ-      楫, 室  -
   ⥫ﬨ-⠬               ॡ⥫-⮢
                   㤥:
9.  থ ந-   9.  ᯥ⨢ ᮢ
   ⢠  ᨬ          ॡ⥫  ᮮ-
   ॡ⥩ 㯠⥫       騬 ᥣ⠬ 뭪
           ᫥ ஢  ᭮:
10. ᮢ襭⢮ -   10.  뭪, 㯠⥫, -
    ᪠ த樨       ७⮢   ꥪ⨢ -
     ७樨            ਥ ࠧࠡ⪨  த.
                                  ७⭮ᯮᮡ
                                  뭮筮 த

                            - 114 -

                                         砭 ⠡ 2.3.3
    ࠢ ⮢   થ⨭ ࣠樨 
________________________________________________________________
 ⮢ ࣠      થ⨭ ࣠樨 
_______________________________________________________________
                       ⨪
11.  ᭮  থ 11. થ⨭:    ⮬
    ந⢠                 ⢨ ᭮ ७⮢
                  ࠡ⪠  ⮢஢
12.  ᭮ ᮪饭 - 12.  㦤, ॡ⥩, -
    থ ந⢠. -     ᮢ 㯠⥫  㣨 뭮
      ஫  ਭ     䠪஢, ᮡ - ७⮢.
    ࠬ-孮      ⮬     -
                                 থ ந⢠.  ஫
                                 ਭ ࠬ
                   ந⢥ 
13. 筮  ⪨:     13. 筮 :  ।
    । -         । ॡ 
    騬 孮ﬨ           뭪
    ⥬,   㦭 ந-   
                       
                         
14. ᪫⥫쭮  ।-   14. ।⢮  (ନ஢
    ⢮ ࠭ ⮢        , ⨬㫨஢ ) 
                                    ᫥ । - 
_________________________________________________________________
   筨:   થ⨭:  ୨ ਠ  㪮-
             ⥫ ।⨩, ᪨  ᪨
             㦡. - .: -. 1992. . 10-13.
__________________________________________________________________

⢨ ॡ⥫ ᢮ ⮢஢ - ᢮   ᠬ,
業 - ⨬ ᢮⢠.   ⮣ ।⥭ ⤠  ⮬  
 ⨯ () ⮢  થ ⮩ ,  ।⢮
䥪⨢ ࣠樨 த ⮣ ⮢ ॠ ᢮  -
 楫.



                            - 115 -

      21.041. ᭮ । થ⨭0. 1 ᭮ 楫
           1 㭪権 થ⨭  ।ﬨ થ⨭

   த ᬮ७ :  易 ᭮     
           થ⨭                   -
          થ⨭?
    筮  祡    ⢮ ࠧ-
ࠧ । થ⨭.  ࠧ  - ⥯-
  ࠦ   ⠯ ࠧ  楫  㭪権 થ⨭,
⠪  ꥪ  । ᫥ ⮩ 㪨.
   設⢮ ⠪ 뢠 "ᯥ樠⮢"  થ⨭ -
 થ⨭ ⮦⢫ ᪫⥫쭮: 1)  ⮬, 2) 
⨬㫨஢,  3)  த ⮢஢,  4)  ४.  
 ( ⠫ 㪠 㭪) - ,  ᠬ , ⮫쪮
誠 ᡥ࣠ "ࠬ  થ⨭" (. . 2.4.1).

                                                       . 2.4.1
               "ࠬ (ᡥ)  થ⨭"

                             
                         ------------
                        ⨬㫨஢
                  ---------------------------
                 䨭஢  ந⢮
               -----------------------------------
              ࠧࠡ⪠  ⮢஢  孮
        -----------------------------------------------------
       뭪   (筮-᫥⥫᪨  ⭮-
 ᪨ ࠡ, ᭮  १  뭪)
------------------------------------------------------------------

    ᮢ६  થ⨭  㪥  ⠥,   
 ⮬ થ⨭     (  ⠫-
 㪠 㭪) "ᠬ  ᥡ".  " " -
⨭ -  墠뢠  孮  ந⢮,  ਥ-
஢  筮 뭮筮 ॡ⥫.   祬  易-
?
  ⮡ ⢥   ,   ।:  -

                            - 116 -

,   ,   "뭮" ?    ࢮ  ਡ,
祢,  ,      ।. -
          ஡:   ॠ  㭪樨  
  뭮筮 । ?
    ⠪ 뢠 ᮢ᪨ ਠ " 뭪",  
ਠ "ࠧ⮣ ⠫" - "⠫᪨",  "-
㠧", ਠ થ⨭,  " 뭪".   -
砥 ࠧ                       થ⨭.
       ࢮ 砥 ?   砥 "ᮢ᪨ ਠ"
" 뭪" ?
   : (1) 뭮 த  -  (   - ᬮ
 " 뭪") - ⮫ ,  ⠦   襢
⮢ ( ⮫쪮  ,   "襢 ⮢" - -
 ⪨ ।),        .  
ਠ  -    த   ,  祬 㯠⥫
().  ।   ப ⭮ ᮢ᪮
ਭ樯:  "  ⨩-宧⢥  騪  ( 
ନ ..㦥- "堭") -  ".  , -
, ᪮쪮  "ᨢ", - ,   , 筮 -
ࠦ  ..  "ᮢ᪮ થ⨭".  ᮦ,   -
 .. "ᮢ᪮ 뭪" -                -
           ⠫.   -⭮,  
 ⥬  ᥮饣   (  ),      ன:
" 堯  ॥ 㡥".
           ६   (2) 뭮 㯠⥫ -  
⥬   ⮢ࠬ   㣠,    稪,
 㯠⥫ () -  ᫮  "ࠢ " "-
"  ᮮ⢥饬 뭪.   뭮 "ࠧ⮣  -
" - ࠪ᪨  ⨬,    饭 -
.   ⠪ "⨬ 뭮" ?
    ᮢ᪮   饯ਭ⮣, 筮 -
 ।  ⠪ 뭪.    ⮫쪮 뭪,  
। થ⨭  ⠪.   ᥣ    筮
⪨ ।,  ⠪ "ᮢ᪨ થ⨭".
      ६ 뫨   ࠧ "⥭", "" 
"" 뭪. ਬ,   ६ ࠢ . . ⠫-
 ᮫⭮   । ⢮ "  壠-
ਨ".   -                          

                            - 117 -

       -   쬠 ࠧ.   -  -
筮   "            ".
     ,  ᢮  ᫥饬: 祬 
⮫ 筮  "થ⨭" ?  "뭪" ?
    ,    ,    稭,  
 ᫥騥.
   1.  ⢮ ᮤঠ⥫ 뭪.   ?
 - 뭮 㤠 ( 㣨 ନ - 뭮 ࠡ祩 ᨫ),  -
 ⠫, 뭮  (ਬ, 뭮 ࠧ), -
樮-⥫㠫 뭮 (ਬ, । ଠ樨 
 ),  뭮 ,  뭮 業 㬠, "
뭮",  " 뭮", "ᢥ 뭮", 直 ᫥ 뭪
(뭮 ,  뭮 ,  뭮 ᨭ  ..) -  ᫮,
,  㯠  த,  室  - 뭮.
   2.  ࠧ ஢  뭪:  -  (஢
ᥣ  ⢠);  -  (஢ ਩);  - (஢
।⨩,  ,  ࣠権,   ..);  㠫쭮--
 ஢ (, ᥬ, 㯯  ..) .
   3.  ⢮ 室  祭 1-  2-:  -
筮-᪨ 室 (-   -  
- ⮣,       ); ⥣᪨ 室;
樮᪨ 室;  宫᪨ 室;  ࠢ᪨
室;  ࣠樮 室; ந⢥ 室; -
樮-᪨ 室;  "⭮-⥩᪨" ( 窨 -
 ࠢ ᫠) 室,    㣨,   ⠪   ࠧ-
 樨  "ᮢ" ⠭.
   ⢥⢥ -      楫  ᯥ  ࠧ
"થ⨭". ਬ:
   1) 뭮筮-᪨  થ⨭ (થ⨭  窨 ७
 -,   - :  ਬ,     襭
७樠 ࠢ  ६ 㭪権,  뢠-
騥  䥪⨢ ⠭ த       ⨩
        ᮮ⢥饩 筮 業  ⭮
ॡ⥫᪮  ⮢);
   2) ⥣᪨ થ⨭;
   3) 樮᪨ થ⨭;
   4) 宫᪨ (⨢樮, ᪨) થ⨭;
   5) ࠢ᪨ થ⨭;

                            - 118 -

   6) થ⨭ "ந⢥";
   7) ଠ樮-᪨  થ⨭;
   8) થ⨭ "⭮-⥩᪨" (થ⨭ ࠢ ᫠);
   9)  㣨,   ⠪ ࠧ 樨    "ᮢ"
⠭   (1-8) "થ⨭".  ,   ࠧ筮
६ ਮ묨 ⠭ ࠧ ⨯   થ⨭-
.    ⠫᪨ ࠧ ࠭  ࢮ 
室 ⥣᪨  ⨢樮 ⨯ થ⨭.
     ,       ⢥, 易
 ᬮ७ ନ᪮             થ-
⨭,                 .    ਤন-
  -  ।,  ᫨   ࠨ,  
  - ,   易    । -
⨭   㭪ﬨ  楫ﬨ.
   ।   ᪠뢠      ஡  
ਭ樯    " ⢥",    㤥 -
 ᠬ⥫쭮  ,   " 室".
   ࢮ砫쭮 થ⨭ ᫥ 砫     
  XIX      墠뢠 ⮫쪮   ⮢ -
⥫쭮.   業  뫨 :  ࣮,  ४,
業, ।, த ⮢஢.
    ந⢠ ⮣   뫠 ।⮬  祭  થ-
⨭.      ⮪,    ⠫ 祢,
 ࠭.  ࠧ,                   
 ᪮ થ⨭ ⢥ 﫨.
    砫   થ⨭    ⠫  祡  樯.
樮   ⠪    稣᪮,  -
୨᪮  ᪮ 㭨.
    1950-       ⥮ થ⨭ ᮬ㫠  ⥮ਥ
ࠢ.  १  ਪ 㪠  ࠢ
ﬨ    ਭ樯 થ⨭,   稫 
"뭮筠 ⥮ ࠢ".    ⮣  ਮ  砫
ᮢ ᯮ짮 થ⨭  ࠪ⨪,   ࠧ 
ன 㭪樮  ࣠樮  ਪ-
 .  楯 ⠫ ᬠਢ ந⢮ 
   楫,   ந諮 ७  ࠬ -
 થ⨭. ꥪ⮬ થ⨭ ⠭  ⥫쭮
 ࠧࠡ⪥  ⮢஢  孮,  ஢  믮-

                            - 119 -

 ந⢥ ணࠬ,  䨭ᮢ  ⮢ ⥫-
.  祢 ᮬ ⠫  뭪.  ந⢮ 
⠫ ਥ஢  १ ⮣ .
    ⢥               ,   ਡ,
뫮  ஢襭 㤮⢮७ 㦤  ᮢ -
.  ⠪ 室  த ⠢    䨫䨨
ᮢ६ .
                          થ⨭ -
    ᥢ묨               ?    筮 
祡    ⢮ ࠧࠧ  -
   ⮬ ,   ⠪  - । થ⨭.  
ࠧ  - ⥯ ࠦ  ⠯  ࠧ  થ-
⨭, ⠪  ꥪ  । ᫥ ⮩ 㪨. 室
 ᬮ७ ⮣  - ࠧ ।  થ⨭
 ᪠ ⮣ 饣,  ।   魮.
      ᨨ  ᥣ    થ⨭ ⮦⢫:
 ⮬,   ⨬㫨஢,   த ⮢஢,   
४.   ( ⠫ 㪠 㭪) - ,  ᠬ
  ᮢ६ 窨 ७, ⮫쪮 誠 "થ⨭
ᡥ࣠".     ⮬ થ⨭  
  ( ⠫ 㪠 㭪) "ᠬ    ᥡ".  
  થ⨭,   ⢨⥫쭮,  㦥  墠뢠 
孮  ந⢮, ਥ஢  筮 ॡ-
⥫,  "".
     ⠪ "થ⨭" -   襬  ?
   ନ  "થ⨭"  ந室  ᪮ ᫮  "m a r-
k e t"  (    )      ᫮  ᪮  ॢ 砥
"            ".    ஢ "
뭪" ?
   " 뭪"  -   ᮧ    ⮢ (㣨,
  㣨 த த),      ᯥ
    ਡ   ॠ쭮 १ 襩 -
⥫쭮  ᮮ⢥饬 뭪 ( ᥣ 뭪). ୥-
  :   ⠪ "뭮" ?
   , 祢, ,      ।.
   "ଠ쭠  ஡":    ॠ
    ।? , -,  㤥 
  ଠ ⢥⮬  :  " 뭮"?

                            - 120 -

   ભ  ࠧ:   ⠪ 뢠 "ᮢ᪨  ਠ"
(ᥣ  -  "ᮢ᪨" ਠ) " 뭪",    -
ਠ " 뭪" - "ࠧ⮣ ⠫",    "-
⠫᪨",  "㠧 ਠ" થ⨭.   
, 室   ⠫쭮 ⢥  ⠢  
:  । થ⨭ ?
   讥 ⮤᪮ 砭:  ᠬ ਨ 祫-
⢠,   ⠯ ᠬ  ஦, 㦥  "
ࠪ⨪" થ⨭, 易  ﬨ .  -
,  " થ⨭"  " ᢮ 뭪" , ࠪ-
᪨,    祫⢠.   
 "।"  ࠧ "⥮ਨ" થ⨭ (,
  䨫䨨).
   室  ।⢥ ᬮ७ ஡ ࠧ
। થ⨭.  筮  祡   ᮢ᪮
     ⢮ ࠧࠧ ।
થ⨭.   ࠧ  - ⥯ ࠦ    ⠯
ࠧ  થ⨭,  ⠪   ꥪ  । ᫥ ⮩
㪨.
    1948    ⮭ ()  ।      -
       " ⥫쭮,   த-
  ⮢஢    ந⥫  ॡ⥫".   -
,  ⠥,  - "࠭祭" ।,  ࠪ饣
થ⨭    ।ਭ⥫  ⥫쭮   .
 ।  뢠 "ࠤ樮".
     㣨               । થ⨭
।,   ᠬ    - 䨧᪮  ६饭
⮢஢  .
    ।,   ⪠ ᪮ ⨯ -
 થ⨭   ⮬,  : 1)   㢥-
 ஫ ⮢᭠    ,    ,
  થ⨭ ⥫쭮   ᪨  -
㤠⢥ ।, 2) ᪠  ⢨
㯠⥫  த殢, 3) ᪠ ⠪ 䠪,  ᨫ쭮
⢨  થ⨭ ࠧ 樠 㯯 - ⠪  
㦠騥,  , 樮, ꥤ ॡ⥫, -
⢥ ࣠.  [.:        .,        . -
⨭: . .  . - .: . 1991. . 16-17].

                            - 121 -

   ਪ᪠ થ⨭  樠 () 楫  ᯥ-
쭮 ⨫ 祭  ⭮⥫쭮 樠쭮 -
  祭  ᫮  "થ⨭",  ᬮॢ  25 䨭権
[.:        . .,        . .,       . .,
     . .  ६ :  祡  2- ⮬: . 
. - .: 㡫. 1995. . 2. . 14-15].
    । ਪ᪮ થ⨭  樠樨  (),
ਭ⮬    1985 ,  "થ⨭ -  ,  墠뢠騩
ࠧࠡ  ॠ થ⨭  楯樨,  業ࠧ-
,  த  뭮   , ⮢஢  ,  ਧ-
 ᯥ ,  ⢥騩 楫 ⤥   ࣠-
権 [ ].   㣮,  ,    ॢ:
"થ⨭ - ।⠢ ᮡ  ஢   -
 ᫠, 業ࠧ, த  ॠ , -
஢  , ।⢮ , 㤮⢮饣 楫 ⤥-
    ࣠権" [       .,         .  -
⨭... .  16-17].  ਬ -  ⠫஢ -
, ࠪਧ饣 થ⨭  窨 ७ ப ஡-
⨪  楫.
    ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨬ ।, થ⨭ 砥  ᥡ
ப   ⥫쭮.  ஭  ⮬-
 祡 "६ " ..  笥,  ..  ᪮,
..  㢨, .. , ᫨  쬥 믮  㭪樨
થ⨭,   㤥 ᫨誮  ࠡ.  ⢨⥫쭮
  設⢥  㯭  ࣠権   ࠧ 
᢮ ⤥ થ⨭,   ࠡ⠥ 楫   ᯥ樠⮢.
 ஢ ᫥,  ⮡ ।,  ⮢ -
ॡ⥫  㯨;  㣨, ᯮ १  ᫥-
, ࠧࠡ뢠  ⮢  㣨;  ਭ
襭  業  ⮢ ;  ⢥  ᠬ
࠭ᯮ஢,  ࠭  । ⮢஢,  , ,
 ⢥  ४, த ⮢஢   த.
   室  ।,  ਪ᪮ થ⨭ -
樠樨 (),  ,   ਭ樯, 童 ।, ꥪ 
।⢠ થ⨭  窨 ७ .
                㪨,   ⮬ ᫥  થ⨭-
, 㤥  ",  砥  ஢ 魮"; -
⮬  । થ⨭,    ,  室 ᫥-

                            - 122 -

騥  ,  易   ᮬ ஢  饭
뭮筮 ⥫쭮:  ᥫ, 業, த  ॠ.
                㪨    
᪨ ਠ,  ஬ 砥 "魮" ⮩ -
,   襬 砥 ꥪ⮬ થ⨭   ᠬ 뭮筠
⥫쭮,   ⠪ ⠪ , : ⮢, 㣨, ,
࣠樨, , ਨ.
                  㪨     ⮤
(㬥),     ॠ ⠢ 楫
।  㪮.   થ⨭  ⠪  ।⢠,    
,  ⥪ ।  ⮤ 뭮筮 ⥫쭮-
,     ᫥騥  :  ⮤    (ᤥ);
।⢠ 㤮⢮७ /ॠ樨/ - 楫 (⤥
,  ࣠権; த, 㯠⥫);  ⠪ ।⢠ 㤮-
⢮७  (-㯠⥫).
   ,  થ⨭  ࠭稢 ⮢ࠬ   㣠,
⠪   ꥪ⠬   ࣠樨 (ਬ, "
"),   (ਬ,    ⨥ - -
),  ਨ (ਬ, ),  (" -
 ६"), ⠪ ᨪ થ⨭,     -
  ଠ ।  ᢮  ᫥饥 ⪮ ।-
:  "થ⨭ -  ।,  ࠢ  㤮⢮७
  ⮢,  㣨, ࣠樨, , ਨ  
।⢮ " [ ].
     ᯥ樠 ,   થ⨭ - 㤥
 ⮫쪮 த殢,    - ᠬ ⮢-㯠⥫, 
  ᪠  㦭 ⮢  室饩   業.
⥫쭮,  થ⨭    ⮫쪮 த
⮢஢  ,   - ᠬ .
   ⠪,           થ⨭ (  魮 ࠪ-
⨪), ᮣ᭮      襩 樨,   室
᫥騥 ,  易  ᮬ ஢  -
饭 뭮筮 ⥫쭮:  1) ᥫ;  2) 業; 3) த-
; 4) ॠ.
            થ⨭ ( ⮣,  祬  砥
뭮筠 ⥫쭮),  ᮣ᭮   襩 樨, -
 室 ⠪ ,  :  1) ⮢; 2) 㣨; 3) ;
4) ࣠樨; 5) ; 6) ਨ.

                            - 123 -

              થ⨭ (  ⮤ 뭮筮 ⥫-
) ᮣ᭮   襩 樨,  室: 1) -
;  2) 㤮⢮७ - 楫 (⤥ ,  ࣠-
権;  த,  㯠⥫);  3) 㤮⢮७   (-
-㯠⥫).
   ᬮਬ ⥯,   થ⨭  ᮢ᪨
 ?  ,  ,  室 ?
   ,   ,  業 : (1) "ࠪ᥮-
" (ਪ) 室;  (2) "᥮᪨" ("⥫-
) 室;  (3) "⥫쭮" 室; (4) "᥮-ࠪ-
᥮᪨" 室.
   1. "ࠪ᥮᪨" 室 (楯 ࠢ થ⨭-
  窨 ७ ࠪ⨪):
   ॢ .  ., 루窮 ..: "થ⨭ -  뭮筠 -
楯 ࠢ ந⢥-⮢   筮-孨᪮
⥫쭮 ।⨩, ࠢ  祭 뭪  -
᪮ ,  ᮢ ॡ⥫  ਥ-
     ந ⮢஢    "  [       
. .,          . . થ⨭:    뭪.
- .: , 1991. .5].
    祢 ᫮:  "ࠢ (ந⢮,  ⮬  
㪮  ।)",  "祭 뭪,    ᮢ"
ॡ⥫.   ⠪ ᨬ:  (ࠢ), -
⨭  (뭪),  ࠡ  ।    ﭨ ᪮
.
   2. "᥮᪨"  室:  "થ⨭ -   -
ய⨩  祭  䠪஢, 뢠 ﭨ  -
 ந⢠  த ⮢஢    ந⥫
-  ॡ⥫" [६ થ⨭ /  ।. ..檮.
- .: . 1991. . 27].
   3. "⥫쭮"  室  ("⥬-⥫쭮"  -
室):  "થ⨭ - ⠪  뭮筮 ⥫쭮,  ஬
ந⥫ ᯮ ⥬ 室   ணࠬ-楫-
  ⮤ 襭 ஡,   뭮,   ॡ  ࠪ
ॠ樨 -    ﬨ 䥪⨢ ⥫쭮"  [ -
       . .,         . . 㫠 ᯥ:  થ-
⨭ / ᮢ -  ⢥⮢  ⮬,   䥪⨢ ⢮-
  譥 뭪/.  - .: 㭠த ⭮襭. 1991. .

                            - 124 -

9].   થ⨭ -  " ⥫쭮  襭 ஡
 뭪".
   4. "᥮-ࠪ᥮᪨" 室.
       ᮢ६ થ⨭  (  -
,   ⭮,    ᮣ), ஥ ।⠢
 ᪨ , , 童 ᯮ ய᪮
 થ⨭. . 祢: "  થ⨭ - 㥤-
  騩 室.    ஭,  ⥫쭮
  ஭ 祭 뭪,  ,  ᮢ  ॡ⥩;
ਥ ந⢠   ॡ,  ᭮ ᪠-
  த樨;    㣮 - ⨢ ⢨  뭮  -
騩 ,   ନ஢ ॡ⥩  㯠⥫᪨
।⥭.  ⨬  । ᭮ થ⨭,  ᮤঠ
  ⮢  㭪権" [.:         . . -
᫮  ᪮ .  .:        .,      
.  થ⨭...].
   騩 뢮  "ᮢ᪨ । થ⨭"  ᤥ-
 ⠪: "ᮢ᪨ થ⨭",  ᭮,    -
⨭ - ஢,  ࠪ᪨  室  -  -
஢,     ஢ ⤥쭮 祫  ਨ 
஦.
   ᬮਬ ⠪ 뢠 "ᮢ६"   ।
થ⨭,   । ࠧ 1990- ,  ᭮
 ࠪ⮢ થ⨭.
    ࠢ,   ᢮   㬥⠫ ।-
 (⨯ ࠣ᪨-孨᪨  ⮤  祭  뭪).
 ᥣ   ਮ ⠭, ஬ ⮣, -
⨭ - ⥣᪨,  થ⨭ - ⨢樮,   ⮫-
 ࠧ 孨᪨ ᯮᮡ  ⮤ 祭 뭪.
    ଠ  (" 뭪") ।⠢ ᫥饥 -
 થ⨭ - :
   1. ᪨ , ਭ騥 ਡ;
   2. ⥣᪨  ;
   3. ᮡ ⮤  祭  ⨢  -
⮢,  㦤 - - ਮ   祣- ⪠-
;
   4. ⮤    稭  ⮣    ,
⮡ ⢮  ,   ;

                            - 125 -

   5.  孨᪨ ⮤,   ࠢ  㤮⢮-
७   宫᪨ ᫮  ॡ⥫   
  䨭ᮢ  ᫮   ਡ஢ ⢥
 ⢥ 맢 ॡ⥩.  [.:   뭪:
થ⨭:  .  ./ ଠ   . - .: , 1993.
. 7-8].
   " । થ⨭" ⠫   ࠭᪨
થ⮫ . : થ⨭ -  "᪨ , -
  ⮤ ᮢ ந⢠... થ⨭ 砥 ᮢ-
६  ⥫쭮,  ᭮   뭪,
⢫塞  奬 ।⥫ 業,  筮 -
஢  樮 楫,  ⠭ ⥬ -
 ࠭  ᪮न஢ ।,   ண ஫-
㥬" [ . .8].
    窨  ७   檨 ஢ થ⨭ .
  . 裥,  饥 ६  䨫䨨 ।ਭ-
⥫⢠ થ⨭ ⮫   祢 権:
   1)  ਭ樯 ࠢ  ।⨥  ("ਭ樯  
।⨥,  砥  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠢ
  뭪 襭  ॡ  㦤 ॡ⥫
 㯠⥫");
   2)  ।⢮ ("ᨫ  祭 २   ॡ-
⥫   ࠢ  ७⠬    ᯥ樠-
 뭮 ய⨩");
   3)   ⮤  ("⥬᪨,  騩  ᮢ६
㬥⠫  襭");
   4)  ࠢ᪨ ⨫ 諥,  ਥ஢  -
 ("⠥,  筮  ॠ஢  ࠧ⨥
⠭, ॣ஢ ࠬ 㦠饩 ।, 室-
 ६ ᠬ   ࠬ") [.:      
.,         .  ࠪ᪨ થ⨭:  祡.  ᮡ /
.   .  ..஢;  ।. ..쪮. - .: . .
1995. C. 8].
    ⠪ 祭 ⪨  ⥬   - 筮  -
 । થ⨭,  ਬ: 㭣  IBM: "થ-
⨭ -  筮 㤮⢮७  ॡ ". 
૮: "થ⨭ -  ⥫쭮, ࠢ  ᮧ
"  [.:         .   楫 । .    -

                            - 126 -

      .   ⥣: 楯, ᮤঠ, ᨬ.
- ,  ᪢.  (㭠த  ). -
. 1993. . 313].
   ஬ ⮣, 室 ⬥,     -
  묨  ࠬ "ᠬ ᮢ६" 楯 થ-
⨭ - 楯 ⠪ 뢠 થ⨭-"IS".
    ஢뢠   ॢ:   થ⨭ - -
, 㯠⥫, ⥣஢, ⥣᪨, 䥪-
⨢  ᯮ:  PROFITAIBL (ਡ) - ঠ -
⭮   ॡ   ਡ뫨   ॡ-
   ⮢; OFFENSIVE (㯠⥫) - 墠 -
⢠  뭪,  ⠢騩 ७⮢ ᫥  "ࢮ-
室栬";  INTEGRATED  (⥣஢) - 墠 થ⨭
室 ᥩ ⥫쭮 ;  STRATEDIK (⥣᪨)
- ஢ ।⥫쭮   ᫮ ࠡ⪨ 먣-
譮 ⥣;  EFFECTIVELLY EXECUTED  (䥪⨢  ᯮ-
).  થ⨭-"IS"   ᢮  । 楫
  ⢮    ᯥ:  થ⨭ - -
騩, ⢥騩  ⨦ ७⮢ ⠪,   騩
᫥  .
    ᥬ ᭮ થ⨭-"IS":    ᮪-
 ⮢,  ,   ண,  樨,
ﭭ  ⠪,  ᪮,  । [ ஡ .:
        .  ࠪ⨪ ⥣᪮ થ⨭ //
ᨩ᪨ ᪨ ୠ.  1994, N 4. . 121-123]. 
䠪஬  ॠ樨  થ⨭-"IS"  ﭭ -
㡫 ᥣ樨 뭪:     ⨬  ᯮ짮
ᮢ    ࠧ 뭪  ᥣ.
     祢 ᭮ । ᥣ⮢ 뭪 -  -
   䨪樨 㯠⥫,  ᯮ짮 ࠧ-
    㠫  㯠⥫    㯠-
-࣠権.    થ⨭  -"IS"  ᥣ 室 
஢ ᥣ樮 ⥣ "筮 ".
   ⮡  뭮,  㦭  㯠⥫:  -
 । -     㤥  㯠.  ᭮  થ⨭-
-"IS"  ⠭  ⠪ ᯮᮡ    ७
㯠⥫.     ६  ⨭  த  થ⨭-"IS"
砥  ⮫쪮  ⢥  ஬ 㦨 -

                            - 127 -

,     ⮬,   㬭, , ࣨ筥 -
७. "६ 楯 થ⨭" - , ஬ ⮣, -
४祭 ᪮  ࣠樮 ࠡ ᮭ -
  த (), ॡ⥫  ७ (ࠡ, 易-
  ᬮ६  ᮬ " 뭪"),  -   譥
㦥 .
    ᫥ ६ 室     થ⨭:  
窨  ७  楯樨  "⢨ 䠪஢ 譥 । 
".  ᭮   祭  ⮬,   饥 ६
 ,  ⮫쪮    - ⠭ 㦥 -
.   ⮣ ⮡  ᯥ,    ⠪   
譨 ᫮,    : ࠢ⥫⢥ -
⨪,  ᪨,  , 樠 ᨫ, ।騥
 뭪,   . .  䠪 - . . 1.6.2. ⬥-
⨬,    ᠭ ⮩ 奬 (. 1.6.2)  稭
 믮 ᮢ ஥  થ⨭.
    ᭮ । 奬 . 1.6.2  ᮢ ஥ 
થ⨭ ॡ  ᭮    -
 ,  㤥 ࣭ થ⨭ ; -
 䨪஢ ᭮ ࠬ  ஠஢  -
祢 ६   (ਬ, ७ ।  
 㦥), ᬮ ⢨  痢,  ⠪ -
  ⥯  ﭨ     ࠬ ।⠢ 
䠪஢ 譥 ।.
    "䠪ࠬ  譥 ।"  筮 "஫-
㥬  䠪" - ,  , ⥬  , -
    ᯥ    ࣠樨  થ⨭ ⢨.
  ,  ᮣ᭮ ..  .ଠ:  ॡ⥫,
७,  ࠢ⥫⢮,  , 孮, ᨬ
।⢠ ᮢ ଠ樨. ਬ,  ᨫ    䠪-
஢  ⮢ (㣠)   짮 ᮬ  ॡ-
: - ᪮५  ਢ祪 (ਢ   -
,      ⮢  襩   -  ᠬ  "訩"),
- ਢ襩  ७樨  (ਢ襩    ᭨  業),
- 襣 ⥫⢠ (ਢ襣  ⢥
⢨  ),  -   樨  (襩  
த); - 墠⪨ ᮢ (ਢ襩  ⮬,   ⠫
ॡ㥬 ⮢  孮);  -  ।  ᮢ

                            - 128 -

                                                     . 2.4.2
                    
     
     譥
     ।:
᪨    Ŀ   Ŀ
--------------------  ७ ।       : 
ࠢ              :            ___ -           _____
--------------------  -                     -                
᪨          -                     -                
--------------------  -                         
஢  樨      -                                       
--------------------  -                    Ŀ  
                -                     થ⨭:  
--------------------  -                 ___-                 
㭠. ⭮襭   -                    -               --
--------------------                       -                 
樠쭠 ।           
-------------------                         Ŀ      
㣨 -                               ஢      
䠪:                                        ------
-------------------                               
             Ŀ     Ŀ    
                      થ⨭륳    
                        襭:         
                                ----
                                                             
                                               
                                            Ŀ    
                                                      
                             _______________ ஫        
                                                          ----
                                                 
                                 Ŀ                 
                                                     
                   ______________ 裡     _________________
                                             
                                  

                            - 129 -

ଠ樨  ( 祬- ᮧ ⨢   襩
ଥ);  ..
        㦠饩  ।   
騥 樠     ॡ    
२⢠  ७⭮ 졥 [.:        .,   -
   . થ⨭... . 21]. ⬥⨬,   "⭮ "
 奬 . 1.6.2     ॠ ।⠢⥫
  ⢨ 䠪஢ 譥 ।,  ,   ᢮ -
।, १ ᢮ 襭 ॠ  ,  "ਭ" -
 "譥 ।"  ࠧ .  ⭠  
,   ଠ ⠥ ᫥  ஫㥬묨 䠪-
ࠬ  業    ᨫ  ᫠ ஭  [       .,
       . થ⨭... .27],   - ⭮ ॠ-
஢  ஧   ⢨ ᨫ  ᫠ ஭
 楫 襭 ᢮ ७⭮ .
    ஡ ᠭ ࠡ  奬 ।⠢ 
 ࠧ,  ஬ ᬠਢ ᭮  믮-
 ᮢ ஥  થ⨭.


      12.5.   થ⨭ ( .⫥)  
           1⢨   㣮.

    "  ⠬ થ⨭" .⫥஬ 
᫥騥 :  (1)  뭮 ⥩; (2) -
 楫 뭪;  (3) ࠧࠡ⪠  થ⨭;  (4)
⢮७   થ⨭ ய⨩.
      ⥯    ନ .⫥-
    :  "᭮ થ⨭",    ᮤঠ
ᮮ⢥ :  2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17.  ⮬,  ,  "  -
⨭"  ᬠਢ   窨 ७ 楯樨 "
ࠢ થ⨭".  ⠭ ⪮  祢 -
 " ⮢ થ⨭".   祬,   ,
  ᭮  ?
   ᭮    楯樨 "4- ⮢ થ⨭" -
  ᫥饬.
    1-    થ⨭ - " 뭮 ⥩"

                            - 130 -

室, ᮣ᭮ .⫥, ᫥騥 ਧ,  ६
(᫮ ,  ६ 㦠騥 ᮮ⢥騬 -
 襭  ):  ⥬ થ⨭ ᫥-
  થ⨭ ଠ樨;  થ⨭ ।;  뭪
㠫 ॡ⥫  뭪 ।⨩.
    2-    થ⨭ - "⡮ 楫 뭪" - -
,   .  ⫥,  ⠪ ६,   "  ꥬ
", "ᥣ஢ 뭪, 롮 楫 ᥣ⮢  -
樮஢ ⮢  뭪".
    3-   થ⨭ - "ࠧࠡ⪠  થ⨭-
" 室 ᫥騥 ६:  "ࠧࠡ⪠ ⮢஢", "-
  業    ⮢",  "⮤ ࠭ ⮢஢",
"⨬㫨஢  ⮢஢".
    4-  થ⨭ - "⢮७   થ⨭-
 ய⨩" 室  ᫥騥  ६:  થ⨭
ଠ (ࢮ砫쭮  .⫥ ⮩ ६ : 
祬-  ⥫쭮 ), ⥣, ஢-
  ஫.
     ,  ᭮  " ⮢ થ⨭"
-  뭮 ⥩, ⡮ 楫 뭪, ࠧ-
⪨  થ⨭,  ⢮७   થ⨭
ய⨩  - "ন"   ࠢ થ⨭
  ( ନ . ⫥).
    ࠧ    થ⨭ -
   㣮 ?
   ᭮ .⫥,   ଠ, ᮢ  䥪-
⨢ ࠢ ᢮  થ⨭  ⥫쭮,  
,   ஢ ᢮ 뭮 ,  ⡨-
 室騥   楫 뭪,   ࠧࠡ뢠  -
䥪⨢  થ⨭,  ᯥ譮 ࠢ ⢮-
   થ⨭ ய⨩  ᢮  .  祬
ࠢ  窮  થ⨭  ⥫쭮,   .⫥,
㯠   뭮 ⥩.
        뢠   ਢ⥫  窨
७  뭮 ⥩,    ॡ-
 ᮮ⢥饣 祭.  室 ,  ᫥-
   뢠  ,     
  ਢ⥫   ⥫쭮.  ⮡ 㡥 

                            - 131 -

筮 ਢ⥫쭮 뢠饩 , ଥ
室  ஢  筮  ⥫ 業 ⥪饣 
⥭樠쭮 , 祬 頥    뭪
㠫 ॡ⥫, ⠪   뭪 ।⨩.
     ⥫쭮  १  業    室 
쭥襬 襭 ஡ "⡮ 楫 뭪" -  ᥣ-
஢ 뭪   㯯 ⮢,  㦤, -
ॡ⥩  ᮢ,   ଠ  㤮⢮  -
訬 ࠧ,  롮 楫 ᥣ⮢  樮஢
⮢ (㣨)  뭪.  ⬥⨬,      
筮  । "ᥣ" 뭪;     -
⠭  । .⫥:   ᥣ⮬  -
 "ॡ⥫,  ॠ      -
 㤨⥫ ⨬㫮 થ⨭".
   樮஢  ⮢ (㣨) -  ᯥ祭 ⮢-
  (㣥) "᢮ "  ᮮ⢥饬 뭪,   -
 뢠饣 ᮬ,  ⪮ ⫨筮    㣨  ⮢஢
(),  祬  ⮫쪮  뭪, ᪮쪮 -  ᮧ -
 ॡ⥫.   ⮬ ଠ, ந  ⮢
()  ᥣ   ⮢ 㯨    -
饩  મ,      ᮧ  楫  ॡ⥫
।⠢    ⫨  룮 ᢮ ⮢ (-
)  ⮢஢ () 㣨 .
   ਭ 襭  뭮筮 樮஢, ଠ, ᮣ᭮
.⫥,   ࠧࠡ   ঠ   -
 楫 " થ⨭".   થ⨭ - 
⠭  ⠢: ⮢஢ (६ "ࠧࠡ-
 ⮢஢"),  業 (६ "⠭ 業  ⮢"),
⮤ ࠭ (६:  "⮤  ࠭
⮢஢"), ⮤ ⨬㫨஢ (६: "⨬㫨஢
 ⮢஢").  ᭮ ஡  ,    
⢨⥫쭮 ⭮⥫쭮 "᪠ થ⨭" -  
䨭஢:    ਭ  襭    饩  㬬
ᨣ   થ⨭  । ⮩ 㬬
 ᭮ ⠢騬 .
    믮  ᥩ  ⮩  થ⨭ ࠡ ଥ,  
.⫥,  ॡ ᮧ  㭪樮쭮 ⥬  -
㦡  થ⨭  ଠ樨,  㦡 થ⨭,  㦡

                            - 132 -

஢ થ⨭  㦡 થ⨭ ஫.  
⮬ ⥬ ஢ થ⨭,  .⫥, 砥 
ᥡ  ⥣᪮,  થ⨭ ஢.
    ,    થ⨭  ⥮ਨ  ࠪ⨪ ਭ
,   ⥬ ⥣᪮ ஢  થ⨭
 ࠧࠡ뢠 ᢮ ⥣᪨  宧⢮ (
쭥襬 ᮪饭:  "")    ᢮  ⥣-
᪨ 宧⢥ 業஢ ( 쭥襬 ᮪饭:  "")
 ⥣᪨  宧⢥  ࠧ  (  쭥襬
᮪饭: "").
   ଠ   ᪮쪮  ந,  -
 , , ,  㦥  室饩.  -
  ࠡ  ,     ᯮ ᯥ樠 
(ਬ,  ⮭᪠ ,    "ࠫ  -
ਪ",  " ",   㣨).  ࠬ ⥬ થ⨭-
 ஢ ࠧࠡ뢠 ᯥ⨢    
   ⭮ ,  祬  ,  ⠪  
⮢஢.
    ⫥    ᢮   ᬠਢ 筮 -
஡ 孮 ⥣᪮  뭪, ⥬  ᯮ-
     뭪   ਢ ப  -
 ⮤ ⥣᪮ .   ਢ ਬ  -
짮  ⪨  ࠧ ⮢  뭪 蠬㭥  "
",  - ,    㣨 筨  ⠪  
㣮 ,  ਬ: " ⥩  ⮢ࠬ/-
". ᭮   室  ஢ ⥣ -
砥    ⮬,   ଠ ⤥쭮 業  ᯮ 
᢮ , ⮢  ࠢ ⥫쭮.
     㭪  2.1:  "    뭪  ᯮ짮
⪨ ࠧ ⮢  뭪 ( .⫥)"   થ⨭-
   ⮢ࠬ-뭪  ।⠢  -
⥣ ࠡ  뭪:   㡮 ஭   뭮,
ࠧ⨥  뭪  (७ ࠭ 뭪),  ࠧࠡ⪠ ⮢ 
䨪.
   祢,  " 㡮 ७  뭮" -  -
祭  த 뭥 饩 楫 㯯  㯠-
  ᥭ -   ᠬ ⮢.    祣
筮 ந室 ७  뭮 ?

                            - 133 -

                                                      . 2.5
          뭪  ᯮ짮 ⪨
            ࠧ ⮢  뭪 ( .⫥)
--------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            
                  騥 ⮢     ⮢       
             ---------------------------------------------  
騥 1.  㡮      3. ࠡ⪠        
뭪        ஭  뭮    ⮢            
             ------------------------------------------- 
        2. ७          4. 뭪    
뭪        ࠭  뭪                          
             ---------------------------------------------  
                                                            
--------------------------------------------------------------

    뭮 ந室 ७  :  ᭨ 業, 㢥-
祭 室  ४,  ࠡ⪨ ४ 饭, 㢥-
祭 ⢠ ,   ⠪ ਬ   㣨
 ਥ.
   ७ ࠭  뭪 -  ந室   祭
 祭  ᪨  뭪  (⨯:  "",
"஢",  "ᨮ஢");  뭪 ࣠権 (㡮, -
, 쭨  ..); ᪨ 뭪.
   ࠡ⪠  ⮢   뭪 -   
⠪, ⭮  ᠬ . 䨪 -  ࠧ-
⪠  ⮢   뭪.    ஡  
 ⥩  ⮢ࠬ/뭪  ᬮਬ  ࠧ
"⥣᪨ થ⨭".
   ⬥⨬,  , ।⠢  㭪 2.5, -
 ଠ쭮 ,   ந室, ਬ, " 뭮-
 ⥩"  ᬠਢ ⥪:  ᫥ -
㬥 ᯮ짮 ⥬ થ⨭ ᫥  -
⨭ ଠ樨, 祭 થ⨣ ।, 뭪 -
㠫 ॡ⥫, 뭪 ।⨩.  ନ "⡮
楫 뭪"    ꥬ , ᥣ-
,  롮 楫 ᥣ⮢, 樮஢ ⮢  -
,   .  .,   祬 㦥  ਫ.  ᭮ ஢

                            - 134 -

業  ᢮  ⥩,  ⮢஢  ࠢ ⥫쭮
  । ᨫ  , ࠧࠡ뢠 ᮮ⢥-
騥 ⥣ થ⨭.
    ⮣ ⮡ ଠ,  ࠡ    ਭ樯  થ⨭,
ࠧ ᯥ譮  ⠡쭮,   ᬮ७  "
 થ⨭" - (1)  뭮 ⥩; (2) -
  楫  뭪;  (3) ࠧࠡ⪠  થ⨭;  (4)
⢮७   થ⨭ ய⨩,   ᭮
易묨   ⢮  ᮡ ࣠ -
ࠧ, ᮧ । 楫⭮.
     ࠧ  "  થ⨭" -
   㣮  ஢  ?
    .⫥,    ⢨  ᭮:  -,  
㭪樮஢ ᪢ થ⨭ ଠ樨,  -
     ⮢ થ⨭:  -
 㦭   ࠧࠡ⪨  થ⨭,      
楫  뭪,     樮஢ ⮢஢,    㣨
㦤 ᠬ ;  -,  ᠬ  ,   ᢮  ।,
⢮   㦡 થ⨭;  -,  १
⮩ ⥫쭮 業  ஫,   ଠ-
樮 㦡 ᮧ   痢,  業 䥪⨢-
 ⥫쭮  ࠧ .
      ଠ樮 ⥬ ଠ ଠ,   筮
⮣,  ᫥ ࠬ 譥  ७ (饩 
।, ⠢騪, ⠪ 㤨਩  ..) થ⨭-
  । (.  .  1.6.2)  ᯮᠡ   ⭮-
⥫쭮  ਥ 䥪⨢.
    ⠫쭮  ᬮ७ ⢫ ࣠筮 -
⢨ " ⮢ થ⨭" ( ᥬ  -
)  ⠢,  魮, ᠬ  "થ⨭".
   ᬮਬ 祭  ,  易  믮  1-
 ᮢ ஥  થ⨭:   ᠬ  -
 ⥫쭮  ⢫  ⤥ થ⨭ ?
    ᫨ 室  "楯樨 થ⨭" .  ⫥,  -
ன    " ⠬ થ⨭"  ⠪ -
 :  (1)  뭮 ⥩;  (2) ⡮ 楫
뭪;  (3) ࠧࠡ⪠  થ⨭;  (4) ⢮७ 
 થ⨭ ய⨩, -  ᠬ   ⥫-

                            - 135 -

,    ⢫  ⤥ થ⨭, 
 ନ .⫥ ।⠢ ᫥騬 ࠧ.
    ⤥ થ⨭  ⢫     -
쭮, ᪮ ଠ, ᫨  릨  뭮 ᫮-
,   ࠧࠡ ⠪  㦡 થ⨭, -
  ﭨ   ᥡ  થ⨭ ࠡ,  
஢.
    ᫨ ଠ 祭 쪠,   થ⨭ 易
 易⥫⢠      祫.  -
 祭   થ⨭묨 ᫥ﬨ,  ࣠-
樥 ,   ४,   㦡 ࢨ   ⮢  
..  થ⨭묨 ࣠樮묨 யﬨ.  ᫨ ଠ
,     筮 ࠡ ᪮쪮 ᯥ樠⮢   -
 થ⨭;  㭪樨   ⥫쭮   ᫥-
騬: த, ࠢ騥 㦡 , ᫥⥫ -
⨭,  ᯥ樠    ४,  ࠢ騥  ந⢠
   ⮢஢,  ࠢ騥  ᥣ⠬ 뭪, -
⭨ 㦡 ࢨ  ⮢.  ⢫  થ-
⨭ 㭪権 㪮 ⤥ થ⨭ [       . -
 થ⨭... . 99].
     ⠫쭮 ࠧ࠭祭 "ᠬ   -
⥫쭮" ᮭ ⤥ થ⨭ ,  ᪠,  訬 㪮-
⢮ ମ -  (栬, ਭ騬 襭), ।
.     .ଠ  [       .,        . થ-
⨭: . .  . - .: . 1991].
   ᭮ 楯樨 .   .ଠ, 襥 㪮⢮
-  - ਭ  ࠧࠧ 襭,   થ⮫-
   ⮫쪮 :   ⥫쭮, 騥 -
,  ஫  થ⨭,  ஫  㣨 ।ਭ⥫᪨ 㭪権
(⢨)  ௮⨢ .
   ⨥ " ⥫쭮" 砥: 騥 ⥣ਨ -
樨 (),  㭪樨,  ਠ ࠭ ⥫쭮,
      ⥫쭮 .   ⥣
த樨 () 砥  ⨯ ⥫쭮,   ଠ
६  ⢫.  㭪樨  ।    
⥬  થ⨭   (⠢騪-ந⥫-⮢   ࣮-
-஧筠 ࣮),  ⠪  ⢨,   ᮡ-
 ।ਭ.  ਠ ࠭ ⥫쭮  

                            - 136 -

墠뢠 ࠩ,  த, , , ॣ, ࠭, -
㭠த 뭮.    -  筮 ᮡ⢥, -
⢠, ࠭訧 -  ௮樨   ⤥ﬨ.
  ⨥ "騥  楫"  砥:  ⠭ 㪮⢮
,  ⥯ 믮    ⢥-
.    筮 । ᯥ  㤠 -
.  筮  ⠭ । ⠭ -
 த,  ਡ뫨  㣨 楫  ⪮筮 ( 
 )  筮 讣 (  ) ਮ.
ਧ  ॡ⥫  -    楫,  ⥫쭮
  ,  ਡ뫨  ᠬ ⢮    -
筮 ᯥ⨢.
  ⨥ "௮⨢ " 砥  ⥬  業-
⥩,      ࠢ ⥫쭮,  । 㤭
,     ᮡ.  ,  ⭮, 室:
६   (ਥ   ⪮-  
௥⨢),   ࠡ祩 । (ॡ  譥 -
,  室  ࠢ, 樠쭮  ⭮襭 
稭묨  ..), ᯮ짮 業ࠫ / 業-
    ࠢ  ( ﭨ  ਭ
襭 뢠 㪮⥫ । ஢),  ஢ -
 ⠪⮢ (᢮   㤭   -
), ᯮ짮  뤢 ⮢  ᮡ⢥ -
樨 (  㤭  २⢠  -
 뢠 ᨩ),  ..
   , ⨥  "஫ થ⨭,  ।塞  ",
砥: ⠭ 㭪権 થ⨭    "᪢"
ࠨ      ⥫쭮 . 
થ⨭   祢,      騩  ,
 ; 㪮⥫ થ⨭  ᢮  ࠢ
㪮⥫ 㣨 ஭ ⥫쭮  (筮    ࠭  -
-१)   ।⠢ ᮮ⢥騥 .
   祢,  થ⨭  ।⠢     ,
᫨     થ⨭ ᮭ ⨢ ,
稭 થ⨭ 㣨 㪮⥫ (ਬ,  -१-
  ந), ࠢ થ⨭    묠
, 室  ᫥, ४  ⢫
㣮 થ⨭ ⥫쭮.

                            - 137 -

    㭪樨 થ⨭,  થ⨭ ய -   -
     ⥫쭮,    ⢫ 
⤥ થ⨭,   ଥ        쬠  ப
( 祭 뭪,  ஢  த樨, ࠢ-
 ᠬ  ..),   ࠭稢 ४  த 
   祭 뭪,  ஢,  業ࠧ 
।.
      ஫  થ⨭  ଥ,  ⥬  ⭮
⮣,   ଠ  ⥣஢ થ⨭ ࣠
( ஡ .  ⢥  :  ࣠樨 થ⨭,
஥  ਭ樯 㭪樮쭮  ⥣樨.    
஫ થ⨭  ଥ,  ⥬  ⭮ ⮣,  ଠ
⢫ ᢮ થ⨭ ⥫쭮   ਮ-
 ,  ਧ᭮  ࠣ୮ ᭮.
   ⨥ "஫ 㣨 ।ਭ⥫᪨ 㭪権" 砥
뤥 ⪨ ࠭ ⥫쭮     ࠧ
  室 ଥ  ⮣,  ⮡  ࠫ,
ॢ  䫨⮢. ந⢥, 䨭ᮢ, 壠-
,  ᪨,  ᭠᪨  筮-᫥⥫᪨
⤥  ࠧ ᯥ⨢,  ਥ樨  楫,  ᭮
"易"   ᯥ⨢,  ਥﬨ  楫ﬨ ⤥ થ-
⨭.
   ᫥ ⮣,   ⠭ ᢮ 楫, 㦡 થ⨭-
 稭 ࠧࠡ뢠 ᮡ⢥ ⥬ ᠬ  
參쭮 ,  㣨 ନ, - ⥬ .. "஫-
  䠪஢"  [       .,         .   થ⨭:
. .   .  - .:  .  1991.  . 22-24].  .
  . ଠ, ᭮ , 묨 ࠢ -
 થ⨭, -  롮 楫 뭪, 롮 楫 થ⨭-
,  ࣠樨 થ⨭  㪮⢮ ⨬  (.  .
2.6).
    롮 楫 뭪 (।, ⭮ -
 ॡ⥫-⮢) 砥   襭:    
祭 让 楫 뭮 (ࠪ⨪ ७஢ -
⨭),      (ᯮ ᥣ 뭪);
  ࢮ  砥 ࠧࠡ⢠ 饭  થ⨭,  
஬ -  થ⨭ ᯥ樠쭮 ᯮᠡ   楫-
 ᥣ⮢.

                            - 138 -

                                                      . 2.6.
               ⥫쭮,  ⢫塞 
            ⤥ થ⨭,   䠪, ஫㥬 -
            ⨭ ( .  .ଠ)

 Ŀ                       Ŀ
  롮 楫                          ஫:    
    뭪:                                             
 *                                * ᥤ 
 * ࠪ⨪                       * ਮ᪨
                        
                       Ŀ
                           
                       
 Ŀ                       Ŀ
   થ⨭:                         થ- 
  *  (ࠧ)                         ⨭:           
  *                                   *  (㣨)
  * ਡ                               * த 
  * ⫨⥫                         * த    
    २⢠                          *            
                        
                       Ŀ
                        ࣠ 
                        થ⨭: 
                       *        
                       

     ⠪ 祢,   楫 થ⨭   થ⨭
㦡  "  ਥ஢"  ᠬ ॡ⥫,  祬 楫,
⠭  㭪樮஢  栬,  ਭ騬
襭 ().
    ਬ, 㦡  થ⨭  祭  ⥬,  
  (ࠧ)      ⤥  ⮢஢  ()
ନ஢  ॡ⥫, 祣     ⮬ ⥪-
,  㦡 થ⨭    ﬨ  -
饥.
    ஬ ⮣,  楫  ࠦ 祭 㦡 થ-

                            - 139 -

⨭  (ࠧ  )  쭮  ࣮ થ (
⢫  㯮),  쭥訬 ⮬ १ -
७   ⮢஢   室  㤮⢮७ ᥣ-
 뭪.
    , 楫  ਡ뫨 ( ࠧ  䨪: 
ਡ뫨,  ਡ뫨  ..) - ⠭  ⭮⥫쭮
७    㦠  ⠪  業  ⥫쭮 થ⨭
㦡.
       ,  થ⮫  ᮧ ⫨-
⥫ २⢠  ⮢ࠬ  㣠 - ॠ  ⠪
થ⨭ ணࠬ ,  ⮡  㭨 ࠬ
⠢﫨 ॡ⥫ ।   ,    
 ७⮢. ( ⨢  砥  ࠥ -
 "ࠦ"    ﭨ  ।  ॡ⥫  -
-  ᭮  ।  த ⮢ࠬ ७-
⮢,   㤥 ࠦ   ᠬ ⢮-
    뭮筮 ।).
    ⫨⥫쭮 २⢮   ⨣   
뤥饣  (ࠧ),  த樨   ࠬ-
஢,  ⢠ ⮢஢,  㯭, 㦨,  業
  㣨  ⫨⥫  ࠪ⨪   [.:        .,
       . થ⨭ ... . 25].
     ,    ᢮  ਭ樯  ⭮⥫쭮
롮 "ᠬ   ⥫쭮" ⤥ થ⨭, -
楯 .   . ଠ - ࠪ᪨  祬 ⫨砥
 楯樨 . ⫥.
    ⠪,   ᠬ   ⥫쭮 ⤥ થ⨭ 
ଥ  ⭥ ॠ ᫥ 楫 થ⨭: 㤮-
⢮७ 㦤, ॡ⥩  ᮢ ⮢ , ᯥ-
祭 ᮪ ꥬ த,   ⥬ த,   -
७⭮ᯮᮡ,    ।     ᥣ⮢
뭪,   ਡ뫨    ந,    (ࠧ)
,  ⫨⥫ ७ २⢠.



   த  䠩:  ma-02.txt


                            - 140 -

                     ᭮ :
                     -------------------

     1.  뭪:  થ⨭:  .  ./ ଠ  
. - .: , 1993. - 574 .
     2.        .  ⥣᪮ ࠢ. - .: -
. 1989.
     3.             . .  ஡  㭠த
થ⨭. - .: . 1984.
     4.   뭮 :   ।.  ..,
..㫨. - .: . ., 1994. - 447 .
     5.    થ⨭:  ୨ ਠ  㪮-
 ।⨩,  ᪨  ᪨  㦡.  -  .:
-. 1992. - 367 .
     6.         .,             .   ࠪ᪨
થ⨭: 祡. ᮡ / .  .  ..஢;  ।.
..쪮. - .: . . 1995. - 255 .: .
     7.           . .,           . .  -
 ᯥ:  થ⨭  / ᮢ -  ⢥⮢  ⮬,  
䥪⨢ ⢮  譥 뭪/. - .: . 1991.
     8.        . ᭮ થ⨭. -: 
"",  " ". 1994. - 699 .
     9. ࠢ  뭪 /  ।.  .  ..⨭.  - .:
㭠. ⭮襭. 1994. - 352 .
    10.        . .,        . .,        .
.,       . .  ६ :  祡   2- ⮬:
.  . - .: 㡫. 1995.  . 1. - 431 .: . . 2.
- 478 .: .
    11.       . 뭮筠   : .  .
- .: . 1994. - 333 .
    12.        .,          .   થ⨭:   .
.  .  / .  ।.   . ।. ..祢 - .:
. 1993 - 335 .
    13.        .  㭠த  ७:  ७
२⢠ ࠭: .  . - ., 1993.


                            - 141 -

                  ⥫쭠 :
                  -------------------------
     1.             .  .  ⮢ ࣮: થ-
⨭  . - .: . 1990.
     2.      .     譧.    ⠪? -  .:
ண. 1990.
     3.          . .  ࠢ ࠧ⨥ ந-
⢠:  . - .: 㪠. 1989.
     4.            . .    થ⨭  㭠த
᪮ : 祡    ᮢ . - .: -
ࣨ. 1990.
     5.          . .  祭 譥࣮ 뭪.
- .: . 1984.
     6.                 .   ਪ   ⥮
⥬.  2- .: .  . - .: . 1981.
     7.             .  .,             . .
થ⨭   ७⭮ᯮᮡ ஬諥 த樨.  -
: - ⠭⮢. 1991.
     8.          . .   ࠢ    ௮
. - .: 㪠. 1988.
     9.      .  ⥣   ﯮ᪨ ।⨩.
- .: ண. 1987.
    10.            .  ᪠  ஬諥  ⥬.
- .: ண. 1988.
    11. થ⨭  譥᪮ ⥫쭮 ।-
. - .: ࣨ. 1989.
    12. થ⨭  ஬諥 ⮢஢:  .   .  / 
।. ... - . - ண. 1978.
    13.          . .,          . .   થ-
⨭:    뭪. - .: , 1991. - 304 .
    14. ६ થ⨭ /  ।.  ..檮.  - .:
. 1991.
    15.             .      楫  ।   .
            .  ⥣: 楯, ᮤঠ-
, ᨬ.  - ,  ᪢.  (㭠த  -
). . 1993. - 367 .

                            - 142 -

    16.          .   . -  .:  ண.
1990.

                    த  䠩 ma-02.txt







