


             

              
















                            

                               娬

                     :    ᮥ








                     㤥 㯯: -96
                     䠪:   娬᪮
                                孮


                  ஧ ⨭ ஢


















                            , 1997

                 ९⥫: 業 ᫨ ..

                               <- 2 ->

                             ঠ.
                                                            .
        0. ঠ                                         2
        1. ᪨ ᢥ                              3
        2. ࠭  த.  ࠪ⨪
          த  ᮥ (ࠫ)                   4
        3. ᮡ 祭   ⮬            4
        4. ⢠ :
          4.1. ᨥ                                      5
          4.2. ᪨                                     7
        5.  ,  祭  ᢮⢠:      8
          5.1.   ᫮த                        8
            5.1.1.                                      8
            5.1.2. ம                                 9
            5.1.3. ४ ᮥ                     10
          5.2.                                        10
            5.2.1. ⠫ I 㯯                         10
            5.2.2. ⠫ II 㯯                        11
            5.2.3.  ⮢                  11
          5.3.  ᫮தᮤঠ ᫮                12
            5.3.1.                                   12
            5.3.2.                                   12
            5.3.3.                                   13
            5.3.4.                                  13
            5.3.5. ࠬ                               13
            5.3.6.                                    13
            5.3.7.                                    14
            5.3.8. ᥭ                                  14
            5.3.9. ࡮                                 14
            5.3.10.                                  15
            5.3.11.  ࣠᪨ ᫮                 15
          5.4. 쪮                                  15
            5.4.1. 䨤                                  15
            5.4.2.                                   16
            5.4.3. ਤ                                 17
          5.5.                                     17
            5.5.1. ਤ                                   17
            5.5.2. ਤ                                   18
            5.5.3. ஬                                   20
            5.5.4.                                     21
          5.6.   樠                       21
            5.6.1.                                   21
            5.6.2. 樠                              21
          5.7.   ⠫                      22
            5.7.1. ਤ                                    22
            5.7.2. 䨤                                    23
            5.7.3. ᥭ                                   24
            5.7.4. ⨬                                 24
            5.7.5. ਤ  ࡨ                         24
        6. ᮡ ᢮⢠    ᮥ,
          ਬ                                       25
        7.                                         29

                               <- 3 ->

                      , (. Gallium) Ga

                      1.  .

           1870   ,   㯠      ᥤ   ᪮
䨧-娬᪮ ⢠, . .   ᪠,    ⭮,
  ⮬  쥩 㯯  室       -
,  ᫮ 騩  த .  ⮬  -
 祭 ஡ ᠫ ᢮⢠ "-" (⠪ 祭 -
   , ᪮  ⠡  ⢮  
 )   ᪠ 㢥७,  "    㤥  
ᯥࠫ ᫥". (஭ :      㭧  ।-
,  ࠧࠡ⠭  ᯥࠫ    ࠥ    
  - ஢ন  訡筮  ᪮ய⥫-
  業  ਮ᪮  ?)    諮  ࠢ⥫쭮
.  1875  ࠭᪨ 娬       㠡-
࠭, ᫥ ᯥ᪮᪨ ⥬ 樭  -  -
 ࠫ, ਢ  窠     ७,  -
㦨 䨮⮢  -  ᯥࠫ , ᢨ⥫-
⢮  ⮬,   ࠫ   娬᪨
.  㢨   -   , ⥯  ।-
﫮 뤥  ࠫ       ᯥ.  
뫠   , ⠪  ᮤঠ ᪮     樭
  ࠩ ⥫.   娬  ᮯ⢮
ᯥ: ᫥ ᫥  ⮢    㤠    㯨
 ⠫ - ᥣ 0,1 ࠬ.  ⠪,  㤭  ,    
⪥   㦥 ᫥騩 :     ࠢ
ࢮ뢠⥫,   㠡࠭       "஦-
" .   ᢮ த 祭 訫   "  "
( - ⨭᪮  ࠭樨).  ࠢ,    모  ᪮
⠫ ਢ,   ⮬ ᫮ 娬  ஢  
᢮ 䠬:  " " - -뭨 "",  -࠭᪨  
 - " ", ,      㠡࠭,  -
, 㪮 .
     ᪮ ᮮ饭  ⨨  뫮 㡫  
࠭᪮  .  . .     ,
 ࠧ ,     ⮬ ᠬ -, ஬ 㦥
뫮 㣮⮢    ⠡ ⮢.  쬥, ᮢ
࠭᪮  ,  ᮮ頫: "...ᯮᮡ   
뤥,  ⠪    ᠭ  ᢮⢠  ⠢  ।-
,  ⠫ -   ,  -".
      ᠬ , ᢮⢠ ⥮᪮ -   ॠ쭮
 㤨⥫쭮 ᮢ. 宦     ⭮-
:   ,   뫠 ⠢  6  /3,
   㠡࠭  㪠뢠 㣮 祭  -  4,7.     
ࠢ? ,       ⠫,   ,    
⮫쪮  ঠ      㪠,      ஢        ࠧ
᫥?    ਨ 㪨 ⥮ ⠫  ࠪ-
⨪,  ᯮਫ  ᯥਬ⮬.
     ⮡  筮 ᢮ ࢮ砫 ,    
㠡࠭ ᭮ 뤥 㯨 , ⥫쭮 ⨫    -
 㫥 ᫥.    ᭨?
     ⭮  ⢨⥫쭮 뫠      6.  ࠭᪨
娬 㡫筮 ਧ ࠢ ᢮ ᪮ . "He 㦭, 
㬠, 㪠뢠  ᪫⥫쭮 祭, ஥  ⭮
   ⢥ত ⥮᪨ 뢮 ",
- ᠫ ⮣ ࢮ뢠⥫ .

                               <- 4 ->

                    2.   .

      ⮨   ⠡ ⮯  ᮢ묨  ᫠
69 (60,5%)  71 (39,5%).  ।  ᮤঠ      
 ⭮⥫쭮 ᮪, 0,0015%  ,    ࠢ  ᮤঠ
ᢨ  ,   ⪨ ࠧ , 祬,  ਬ,  ⠭⠫
 ࠬ,  ⭨ ࠧ , 祬   ॡ.    -
⨯ ﭭ .  த  砥  ᪫⥫-
  ⢠  (0,002%    ),  筮    -  ,
䥫, 䠫,  㣫,   .  ᭮-
   祭   ࠫ    ,    -  
, 樭,   㣨 ⠫.   ⮬,    
ࠪ᪨     ᮡ⢥  ஦,  ⠪    "-
ᮭ" ࠫ.
      ࠢ⥫쭮   -筮  ਪ   -
㦥   ࠫ,   稫   
- CuGaS2.   ᮤন  37% .  ⮣ ᠬ  
 ࠫ -  ଠ  㬡  -筮 ਪ. 
 ᮤন 0,6  -  0,7%  .    ᭨,  ࠢ⥫쭮
    㣫.  ᪨  祭  ⠫,
  ⮭ 㣫, ⮣  ⠭᪨ ஢,  ᮤন  
। 5 ࠬ .

                            3. .

      ⠪,  , ⮦ 業 ⮣ ,
    㣫,  ⠥    筮    
஬諥 祭. (   ⭮⥫쭮:    ,
 ⮭ ன 室 300 - 400  ࠬ  ,  ਭ
뢠 .)   ⠡ ந⢠ , אַ ᪠,
.  50 ࠬ ⮣ ⠫ 稫  ଠ  
1932 .  ਬ୮ ⢥  ந⢮  -
   350 ࠬ.   ᥣ    ⮭,  
⠪ ।砩訩 ⠫,  ७, ண    ᮤন
 ⪨  ࠧ , 祬 ,  ꥬ  ந⢠  -
⠢   .
      筨 祭  㦠...  室  -
 ந⢠.        室  ,  ᠬ
 祭  ⮫쪮 ᫮  (祣  ⮨,  ਬ,
  ⤥   !),     뢠    
ᠬ ண ⠫  ஢ 뭪.   ।  50-    1
ࠬ  ⮨ 3000 ஢  -        ࠧ  ஦
! 㬠 ⮫쪮: 让 ᫨祪 ⠫,    㬥-
騩  , -  ⠪ ᮫ 㬬!..
     ⮤ 뤥   祭    뫨  ࠧࠡ⠭  ᠬ
ࢮ뢠⥫      祭  䫥襬.    祭   
 ᫮  ᥣ ᭠砫 ᠤ     -
(II). ᫥    ᨫ쭮  ॢ  ॢ頥  
ᬥ Ga2O3  Fe2O3.  ᫮ ᯫ   ⮬  
ॢ  ⢮ਬ ﭨ. ⥬   ᮫ﭮ᫮  ⢮
⢨ 讣 ⢠   ᠦ    (
 ⢮ਬ  饫). ᫥ ⮣     뤥  
饫筮 ⢮ ஫᪨.  (Keil,  1926)  ४
ᯫ 樠(II)       ॡﭮ  ⨣,
⥬ ⢮    ( ⮬  뤥    -
ம)   䨫 ᫥ ᫥ ᮫ﭮ ᫮⮩  
ᠤ        ம.  ம    ப
室  ,  ன   ⠫, ᨫ쭮 ॢ
⢮  ⮪ த.  (Richards,.1923) ᠫ ⮤,  
஬ ᢨ, 祭    䨭஢  樭  ⨫樥
(뤥  , ᮤঠ ), ࠡ뢠  .

                               <- 5 ->

  ଠ          ⢥    
⮤ ࣠   (Berg, Keil, 1932),  ᭮   -
 ⢮ਬ GaCl,  .  宫      
⠫    ᪨ ᫮  ९  䥫-
᪮  ᫠. ঠ騥  ⪨,    
⠪  ⠫  ,२⢥     ⮢,
⮢  ⮢ (Feit, 1933) - ० ᥣ ࠡ뢠 NaOH.
⥬ 䨫஢뢠 믠騥 ம 殮 ⠫,  -
⢮ ࠫ. 믠騩  ⮬ ᠤ,  , ᮤ-
  樭     ⮢   ⮢.  ᠤ  
⢮  ୮ ᫮  ⢮ ࠧ .   ⮬  
१ ࠪ樮 ᠦ ஢த  ୮᫮ -
⢮ ᫥ 頥   ᫥⢨  ⤥  ⪮
  樭.
     ⥬ ⢮ ᬥ訢  ⢥  ஬, 祬  -
 ᫮ ⤥   ਭ਩,  ⢮ਬ
 . ⠢訩 ⢮ ࣠ ஫.   ⥫쭮
ࠡ 砥   .
      ஬諥   ⠪.  ࠡ⪥  ⮢
  ᯮᮡ  業      -
⢮ ᫥ 뤥 Al(OH)3.  ⠪ ⢮஢    뤥
஫  ⭮ ⮤.  饫筮  ⢮,  祭
᫥ ࠡ⪨ 죠 , ᠦ Ga(OH)3,  ⢮-
    뤥  ஫.
       ᮤ-⪮  ᯮᮡ  ࠡ⪨  ⮢   
䥫     ᫥ ࠪ ᠤ,
뤥塞   ࡮樨.   ⥫쭮  饭
ᠤ மᥩ ࠡ뢠 ⪮ .  ⮬  -
  Al   ᠤ,    室    ⢮,  
ண  ய᪠  CO2  뤥    業   (6-8%
Ga2O3); ᫥  ⢮    饫    뤥    -
஫᪨.
     筨  ⠪  㦨    ᯫ
 䨭஢ Al  ⮤ ᫮ ஫.  -
⢥ 樭 筨      (殪),
ࠧ騥  ࠡ⪥ 墮⮢  饫稢  樭  -
.
     祭  ஫  饫筮  ⢮     ,
஬   ᫮⠬ (HCl, HNO3), ᮤন 99,9-99,95% Ga.
       ⠫    㬥,   
  ⠫  ᯫ.

                            4. .
                         .
      - ⭮⥫쭮 ,  ⠫, 饣  ॡ-
⮣ 梥  㡮-묨 堬.    29,78  
(⥯  19,16 /).  ⮫쪮  - 2230 C.  -
 ⠫  嫠  뢠 , ᫨ ⮫-
   訢 窮;  ⠪ ⥫⢠   -
⠢  栬. ⢠ ,   ⭮襭  -
騥  ⠫ ⠫, ।     -
.  ⠫   ⮬  ᥤ  ᫮.     
ᯮ  ﭨ 0,244 ,    㣨  -    ⥫쭮
襬 ﭨ   㣠 - 0,271 . ﭨ  ᫮ﬨ
⠪   ⠢ 0,274 . ⮬  ,  -
⠫  ⮨   Ga2, 易  ᮡ ---
ᮢ묨 ᨫ. ⨬    ⥬ .
  㭨 ⥬  ࢠ    ﭨ  (
29,78  2230 C).  Ga2 ࠭   ﭨ, ⮣
     ⠫᪨    ᥣ ⮬. ᮪
⥬         ⥬,       

                               <- 6 ->

ࠧ ⭠ 㯠 ⮬  न樮 ᫮ 12,  
ࠧ襭 ன  ॡ   ࣨ.    ⭮  ⠪
஥   ⭮     ࠢ
 ⠫᪨.   ⭮ ᯫ   ,  祬 
⢥म  ⠫.    ⫨稥          (᫨  
筮 饭)   ᬠ稢 ⥪.   祭 ᪫
  ८嫠.    ᯫ      嫠,  
栬  ࠭      ﭨ    ⭮   
 ⥬.
       ⢥थ  ᨫ쭮  ८嫠  ᯥࣨ஢
⠫  ࠧ ⠫ ⮩稢 b-䨪樨 -
  ⥬ன  - 16,3 ,      ன  ⮬
 ࠧ ࠧ 楯窨. ஬ , 祭  
⮩稢 䨪樨 .
         ஬   (ᥢॣ)      
ࠬࠬ a = 4,5197 A, b = 7,6601 A,  c  =  4,5257  A.  ⭮
(/3) म ⠫ 5,904 (20 C),  6,095 (29,8 C), . .
 ⢥थ  㢥稢. ஬ 讣 ࢠ -
 ﭨ (2200 C),   ⫨⥫쭮 ᮡ 
        ⥬    1100-1200  C.
쭠 ⥯񬪮 म   376,7  /(*),  ..  0,09
/(*ࠤ)    ࠢ  0-24  C,    ᮮ⢥⢥   410
/(*), .. 0,098 /(*ࠤ)  ࠢ 29-100  C.  쭮
᪮ ᮯ⨢ (*) म  53,4*10-6 (0 C),
 27,2*10-6 (30 C). 離 (㠧= 0,1 *ᥪ/2):  1,612  (98
C), 0,578 (1100 C), 孮⭮ 殮 0,735 /  (735  /)
(30 C  ⬮ H2). 樥 ࠦ    4360 A 
5890 A ᮮ⢥⢥ ࠢ 75,6%  71,3%. 祭 墠  ⥯
஭ 2,71 ୠ (2,7*10-28 2).

      1

     ⢠   ࠢ   ।᪠묨  ᢮⢠  -

                               
    ⮬  ~68               ⮬  69,72
      6,0                5,9
    ⮬ ꥬ 11,5            ⮬ ꥬ 11,8
      ᫠ 5,5         ᫠ 3,9
    ⠫              ⠫
                                   29,78 C
    ⠫ ⮩稢      ⠫ ⮩稢  
    ⠫ ᯮᮡ  ࠧ  ᯮᮡ  ࠧ
     殢                       殢
      嫮ਤ     GaCl3 201 C;
     , 祬 嫮ਤ 樭       ZnCl2 730 C
    ⠫  砥       ⠫᪨  砥
                                   ⠭  ॢ
                                   ᫠  ⮪ த  -
                                   ஫᪨ ⥬  
                                   ⢮
    䨤   ᠦ       ᫨      ⢮  
     ஢த                 ,  ஢த  ᠦ
                                   䨤 .
     ( 䨤     ⢥  ᮮᠤ  
㣨 䨤, ᫨  ᠦ  饫筮  ᭮-
 ⢮.)
      ⠡. 1 ਢ ᢮⢠      ࠢ  ᢮⢠
 ।᪠    ᭮  ਮ᪮
.

                               <- 7 ->

                        .
        ⮩稢   筮  ⥬,  ⠪  
뢠,  , 筮 ᨤ 񭪮.  260  C
 宬 ᫮த   ᫥.    ࠧ-
.  ୮  ᮫ﭮ  ᫮    ⢮  ,  
 - ,   ⭮ ᫮    宫  -  ⮩稢.  
 ⢮ 饫祩   ⢮.

             2Ga + 6H2O + 6NaOH --> 3H2 + 2Na3[Ga(OH)6]

       ஬ ᨫ쭮   ⠫ 㦥  宫.    
 ᮥ  ॢ.    ᮥ-
  ᫮த  ன. ᯫ   ⥬  
300  C      ᥬ  樮묨   ⠫   
ᯫ.   ⢮        뤥  -
஫᪨,  ⢥  ᤥ 㤭.
     ଠ ⥭樠  ⭮⥫쭮  ଠ쭮  த-
 த ࠢ - 0,52 .
       ࠪ᪨   ᥬ  ⠫,  ஬
㯯 樭, ᪠  ⠭.
     ᫥ ᮮ⢥  ⥬,    -
⥪᪨ ࠪ,  ( 砥 殮 ⠫ - Cd, Hg,  Tl,
Bi, Pb) ࠭祭  ⢮ਬ   ﭨ.  
 ⠫  ࠪ୮ ⠪  ࠧ  뢭  ⢥
⢮஢; 襩 ⢮ਬ (0,85 . % )   
樭.
      ⤥ 㯯 뤥 饫 ⠫.  ࠧ  
 ࠢ⥫쭮 ᮪ ᮥ, 襩    -
⠢ M5Ga8  MGa4.
      ⢮஢     ⥬    ᮢᥬ.    ,
ਫ  饫  ⠫,    ᫠  (஬
⥬  ⨥ , ,  ਥ).
       ⠫  ⠫  (室,  ஬  㯯  樭,
筮,  ⠪ ⠭  ⨭) ࠧ    ⠫
讥 ᫮ ଥ⠫᪨ ᮥ ( 5 - 6     -
 ⥬).      ⥩  ᫮,      
ࠪ୮ 稥 ப ⥩ ⢥ ⢮஢  ᭮ 
⠫ ( 20 - 30 . %)  ⢨ ⢮ਬ    .
  ࠧ   ⥬  ଥ⠫  
᮪ ⥬ࠬ .  訩  ।⠢
ᮥ V3Ga     ⭮⥫쭮  ᮪  ⥬ࠬ
室  ᢥ஢饥 ﭨ.
       ⠫  ,     ⭮ ⥬,
뢠 .
      ⮩  ⢨     ॢ  ਫ
( 1000), ࠬ ( 300), ⠭⠫ ( 450),    (
400).
     ᭮ ⭮  3+,  ⮫쪮 ᮥ, ⢥騥
⮩ ⥯ ᫥, ⮩稢      ⢮.  ଠ
⥭樠  ⭮⥫쭮  ⢮    ᮫  -  0,56  .  -
⥫쭮 饫筮 ⢮,   । ॠ

         Ga+ 4OH-= Ga()4 + 3e, ⥭樠  -1:326 .

      ࠧ  ⮩稢      ⢮    -
  ந 頢,  ,  ,  ᪮-
  . . ᫮.
       । ࠧ     ࣠-
 ⢠, ᮤঠ騬  , ᫮த, ,    .  .
      業ࠫ쭮            ⨯
யᮥ.

                               <- 8 ->

      ⭮  ࠧ  ⢥ ஬筮
த  ⢮७ ⠫᪮     ᫮,    
ࠢ᭠ 業 祭  (1 * 10-4 /  30 C).  -
 ⥭  ᮢ,    訥 ⥯  -
.
      㦥 ᠭ ᮫ ࣠᪨ ᫮   ࠧ  த
ᮢ  ࣠᪨ ,  ⠪ ⮢    .  .
ᮥ  ᫥ ࣠᪨ ᮥ , 
  ।⢥ 易  㣫த.      
祭 ⢨ ᮮ⢥ ⭮࣠᪨ ᮥ  
⠫᪨   ᮥ   嫮ਤ .

                      5.  

      ᢮ ᮥ ,  ࠢ,   ⥫-
 墠⭮. 墠 ᮥ ,    -
⮩稢,       ᢮⢠  娬᪨  ᮥ
.  ࠪ୮ न樮 ᫮ 6, ० 4.  
 梥,   ⢮ ᨫ쭮 ஫, ᨫ쭥 ,
祬 ᮫ ,     設⢥  砥  宦  
᢮ ᢮⢠.
         砥 ,  ⢮ ᮫   -
⢨ , ᤢ ࠢᨥ ஫ ᫥⢨  
業樨  த, 믠   .
     ਡ    ᫮    ।   ᠦ
᫥⢨ ᮮࠧ (⠪     ).
      ᮥ 墠⭮     GaCl2,
GaBr2  堫쪮 GaS, GaSe  GaTe.   墠⭮  
    㤠 .    ⥬  㤨⥫쭥,    堫-
 墠⭮  ⭮⥫쭮 ⮩稢. GaO    -
㦥  ᭮ 祭  ᯥ஢.      -
ࠧ  ⮬ ⠢ ~58 /.    InO  ᫥
⥯ ࠧ ⠢ 25 /.  TlO,  -,  
  ࠧ ଥ.   墠⭮  ,
騥 ᮫ࠧ ࠪ,  ⮩稢.   
 ᯠ  ॠ ᫥  ᮥ  墠⭮
  ⠫.   ⮩稢 ᮥ ⭮  -
.  ᮥ ⭮    ,  -,
ᥫ Ga2O, 䨤 Ga2S  ᥫ Ga2Se.
 墠⭮  ⭮  .
     ᭮,    ࠢ      ਢ    -
 墠⭮ ,  ࠩ   ⢥म ﭨ.
 ⨧ ᫮ ⥬,    ⠫᪮  ⪥  -
 墠⭮  ࠧ饭      Ga  2+,    
(Ga4+)2.  Ga 2+    易  ୮  ୮  ,
 祬 ந室 饭 ᯨ ᯠ७ ஭.
     ࠧ   Ga  2+    ᮮ⢥  ࠧ
                  |
                       Ga 2+
     Hg+  .  ⬥ ⢮  ਤ  ,
     |
     Hg+ 祣  筮 ⥬.

                  5.1.   

     . 訩 ᥫ Ga2O3  梥, 砥 ᫥
⠫   ॢ ம,  , ,  ᠫ 
㣨  ᮥ .    Ga2O3  -
ࠧ   ᪮쪮      䨪権.    -䨪  
ன  ⨯  㭤      ࠧ     
ம      ⥬  400  -  450  .  ⫨砥

                               <- 9 ->

让 ⭮ - 6,48 /3.   ॢ ம  
400 - 500,  ⠪ ଠ ᨭ⥧   g-Ga2O3 
㡨᪮ ன ⨯ 诨.      200  -
230    d-䨪,    ⭮ (5 /3)  
,      .    䨪樨
⠡    ⥫쭮 ॢ   1000  室  
⮩稢  b-䨪   ன ⨯  O-Al2O3, 
⭮ 5,95 /3.    䨪    祭  ⠪
ଠ ⥬   300      .      
⮬   ,   室騥         ᪮,   ⠪   
᪮ 㦥 ⮬ ᫮த.
         1725 C, ⥯  ࠧ
260 /.   ᮪ ⥬    ⥫쭮
樨  뤥 祣  襣 ᫠ Ga2O.   
 .
     祭  ᮪  ⥬    ⢮ਬ
  ᫮   ࠧ ᮫ , ⠪    饫   -
ࠧ ⮢.   ॢ  ப     -
⢮ਬ   室 ᯫ     饫  ⮬
.
      ᯥ  ᭮묨 ᫠  ࡮⠬ 祭 ࠧ-
 ,   ६  ⥪ .     ᯮᮡ -
ࠧ뢠     ப  ⢥ ⢮஢  
᮪ ⥬.   810  C   ⢨   ᫮
祭 ᮥ AlGaO3, 饥  ⢥ ⢮  ᢮  -
⠬.
     訩 ᥫ  Ga2O   ॢ ⠫  
ࠧ० ⬮  㣫᫮    ﭮ  ,  ⠪
⠭   ( ᥣ ⠫᪨ ).
      ⥬-筥 (  ୮ 梥) ⢮   ⭮
4,77 /3, ⮩稢    ⭮ ⥬   
饥  ॢ,  ࠢ⥫쭮 让  -
    㡫஢  㬥  500 C.  ⥬
 700 ய樮:

                    3Ga2O <--> 4Ga + Ga2O3

        ⥬  1000    ᮥ  ⮩稢.
   ᨫ ⠭⥫. ਬ,  ⢮-
  ୮ ᫮,  ⠭   ஢த.
      ᠥ 墠⭮  GaO,       
 쬠 㤭    ⨢稢 ᢥ.    -
 ६  ⢮  ஢  ﭨ  
࣠ ᮬ.
     .  쪮  訩  ᥫ     ࠧ   
Ga(OH)3. ம   뤥      㤥⮣
ᠤ   ஦  ࠫ樨    ⢮஢  ᮫  
- ᭮, ⠪  ⢮஢  ⮢  饫  ⠫
᫮⮩.  ⢮஢ ᮫  ம  稭  ᠦ
 pH  3;  ᠦ ⨣     4,1.    -
⢮஢ ⮢ ᠦ ம 稭     9,7  
稢   6,4.
      ⢮஢  ᭠砫 ᠦ ⢮ਬ ᭮
᮫,   ⠢ ன Ga3()7SO4*nH2O.  ਡ-
 饫  ⢮ࠬ  嫮ਤ  뢠 ᭠砫  ࠧ
⢮ਬ  ᭮  ᮫,  믠  ᠤ 稭  
ᮤঠ 饫  2 -/ 嫮ਤ. 믠 ᭮ ᮫
Ga5(OH)4Cl ⥬ 室  ம.  ந ⢮ਬ
 1,4*10-34.
     ம  䭠.  믠訥  ᠤ  ।⠢
ᮡ ᫮ ப᮪  訬 ᫮    .

                              <- 10 ->

७ ᠤ   , ⠪      訢    
ਢ  ࠧ ࠧ  ⮢.  ம  Ga(OH)3  
 祭  20 C. 訢  80  Ga2O3*2H2O,   160
- 3Ga2O3*4H2O. ॢ  400    ⠫᪨  
GaOOH  ன   ⮢      -  ᯮ
(    ࠢ쭥  ᬠਢ    ⠣  ᫮
HGaO2).    뤥 ⠪ ॢ ம   
⮪  150 - 160 C.     ம  
ந室  550 C.
     ம  ୠ: ⢮   ᫮, ⠪ 
 饫. ᫮ ᢮⢠ ம    ࠦ  ᨫ쭥,
祬  ᭮.  ࢠ  ⠭  樠樨      ᫮   -
1,2*10-7,  ᭮ - 3,4*10-8.   ᨫ쭠 ᫮,  祬
ம . ⮬ ⢮ ⮢ ⮩稢  ⢮஢
ᮮ⢥ ⮢,    ᯮ짮    ࠧ-
.
     ᭮ ⬥,  ᢥᠦ ம   -
⢮ਬ  ;   ⢮ , -,  ࠧ
 ᮢ  室  ଥ .
      .   ⢨  嫮ਤ    
饫  業஢ ४ த    -20  C  믠
 ᠤ ४᭮  ᮥ  Ga(OH)3*22O2*n2O.    -
ॢ  2  -  4  C    ⥯  ࠧ    ࠧ
Ga(OH)3*2O2,  ⥬ 2Ga(OH)3*2O2. ᫥ ᮥ  ⮩稢
  60 C.

                        5.2. 

      饫 ⢮        பᮣ-
-.  ⫨稥     ⢮஢    ⫨
襩 ⮩稢    ᮤঠ 饫.  
⢮஢ 饫 ⠫   ⠫ ࠣ-
ᮣ ⨯ Na[Ga(OH)4], 饫筮 - ᠣபᮣ,
ਬ Ga3[Ga(OH)6]2.   ⫨稥    
 ⭮ ⢮ਬ (0,79%     ), 祬
   ࠧ.
      㪠   ⢮஢     祭   
㣨 ⨯. ᭮  ⢮ਬ ம    ⢮
  ,    業஢  饫  ⢮஢ ⠫-
  Na8Ga2O7*152O.  ⮩  ⥬    ᮪
⥬ 뫨 㦥  Na4Ga2O3*nH2O  Na3GaO3*nH2O.
        宫 饭  ⢮  Ca()2  -
⢮   믠 ⠫ Ca4Ga2O7*13,52.      
६  ⥬ ம  -    -    㦥
⮫쪮  ᮥ - [Ga(OH)4].   ⢮஢ ᮫
। ⮢  ⢨ ⢮  
믠 ᠤ ⨯ NdGaO3*2.
      ப 뤥  ⢮஢ ᮥ  
ᮮ⢥騥  : ⠣  -  GaO2,
⮣  - Ca(GaO3)2   .
      த ᮥ   ᨭ⥧஢  娬 ⥬ -
ப  ᯫ    ᮮ⢥騬  -
  ࡮⠬.      ᨭ⥧  ਬ  ᯫ
  ਤ  嫮ਤ  㣨 ⮤.
       I .  ࠭ ⨯ -
⮢  ⠣.  祭   饫 ⠫,
 ⠪   墠⭮ .
     ⠣    LiGaO2  祭  ᯥ  ᬥ  Li2CO3  
b-Ga2O3  600  1500   ᫥饩 譮  ࠧ殢.
  -ᯥ᪮, ⪠ LiGaO2  ஥    GaO4.  
⨯ 诨 ⠫  ⭮   LiGa5O8. 

                              <- 11 ->

⪥ LiGa5O8   GaO4      GaO6.  
 祭 ⠪   ⭮⥫쭮    ᮤঠ  
 ⠢ Li5GaO4.
      ⥬ Na2O - Ga2O3 㦥    Na2O*6Ga2O3,  
⠫  ᠣ쭮 ⪥ ⨯  b-    
⮫ த.  ᮥ (䠧 b), 饥  -
⭮  1475 C, ᯠ  嫠  ࠧ  䠧  b',
⢥饩 ⠢ 3Na2O*16Ga2O3 (⠫   ஬᪮
⪥).
      NaGaO2,   -ᯥ᪮  ,    
 䨪,   ,  -,  ⠡쭠.  
⥬୮ ࢠ 900 - 1000  ⠫᪨  ⪨  
䨪権 ஥  ஢ GaO4.
       II .  ⮢ 筮 ⠫-
  ᫥ ⠣,  ࠪ  ⠪  
墠 , ᢨ,  ࣠,  ,      .  .
ᮡ    ।⠢  ⠫騥    ⨯   诨
⠣    MgGa2O4    鸞  殮  ⠫,  ⠪   
    ஢    ᢮⢠ .  ஬
⠣⮢  饫筮 ⠫ 祭   ⠢
MeGa4O7, Me2Ga2O5  Me3Ga2O6, ᫥ -    ᬥᥩ  MgO  
Ga2O3  1450.  ⥬  - Ga2O3 祭   ⠢:
3CaO*Ga2O3,   *Ga2O3    CaO*2Ga2O3.     ⠢ 3CaO*Ga203
 ⭮  ࠧ       1263  C,
 㣨 - ⭮  1369  1504  ᮮ⢥⢥. ⥪⨪
 1245 C  3CaO*Ga2O3  CaO*Ga2O3 ᮤন 37,5 . %  Ga2O3,
 CaO*Ga2O3  CaO*2Ga2O3 -  57,0 .  % Ga2O3 (1323 ),  
CaO*2Ga2O3  b-Ga2O3 - 68 . % b-Ga2O3 (1457 ).
      ,   ⥬ SrO - Ga2O3  ⥬  1200    -
ࠧ    Sr(Ga2O4),          
 䨪権,  ⠪  3SrO*2Ga2O3    SrO*2Ga2O3.
   3SrO2*Ga2O3      ᫮   .     
SrO*2Ga2O3,   ⮬    㤠 ,   
䨪樨     ᫮  ன.   ᮪⥬ୠ   ଠ
祭      1200 .
     , ࡮   饫筮  ⠫,  樭,
,     ᯥ    ⮬  
 ⥬ 850-1200   ࠧ  ᮥ ⠢ MGa2O4,
஥  ᨬ   稭   ࠤ ⠫ ⠫-
     ⨯  诨  (  rk<1,00  ),      ⨯
஢᪨ ( 襬 rk).
      . . .      ⮣⮢,
⠫    ᪠  ஢᪨⮢  ⪥,  ࠧ,
稭  ࠧ,  ⠢  Ln3Ga5O12,  ⠫騥
 ⨯ ࠭  Ln4Ga2O9.  ⠭, , ࠧ  
 ⠢ LnGaO3 祭 ᯥ ᮮ⢥ ᫮  
1300   ᫥騬 뤥ন  950  C.    ࠧ
⮢ ࠧ    ।⠢ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

              Pr6O11 + 3Ga2O3 --> 6PrGaO3 + O2
              3CeO2 + Ce + 2Ga2O3 -->  4CeGaO3

     ⥬ CeO2 - Ga2O3 祭  ᫨⥫쭮   ⠭⥫-
 ।  ࢠ ⥬ 1100 - 1700 . CeGaO3 ᨭ⥧஢
 ᬥ CeO2, Ga2O3  Ga  㬭  楢  㫥.    -
ॢ    470 - 800 C  CeGaO3  ࠧ    CeO2  
Ga2O3.
     ⮤ ᠦ  ⢮஢ ⮢ ।  -
⮢    ⢨ ࡮  ப࡮    ᨭ-
⥧஢  ⠭, ,   ஧.  ⠫-
᪨ 䠧 祭  ⥬ 750 - 800 C.

                              <- 12 ->

     ᨬ  ⮣ ᮮ⭮襭 ⮢  ࠧ  -
  ன ࠭ M3Ga5O12 ( = Y, Gd, Dy)   ⥬
 400 - 600 C  祬  ᭮ (⢥म䠧) 孮.
     ஬ ᫥  ᠭ        ।-
  饫 ⮢ ⠢  MLnGa3O7,    
 ࠫ  Ca2Al2SiO7.       
ࠧ ⢥ ⢮  ⠬       筮
⠢.
     ,  ⠪ ࠭  ᭮   室 ப
ਬ  ࠧ  㪨  孨.   ਬ  
ந⢥ ஢,  ⢥ ᪮  ਠ  
業⭮ , ஭ ஢  . .

                5.3.   

        ᮮ⢥騥 ᮫  ,    
 ⮩稢  ஫, ᫥⢨ 祣  ⢮   -
 ॠ (pH < 3).
     -  ᫮⭮  ࠪ  ம        㤠
  ᮫   ᫠ ᫮, ਬ ୨⮩.
     .   Ga2(SO4)3   祭  
, ᨫ쭮 ᪮᪮ 誠 ⢨ 業஢
୮ ᫮  GaOOH  ᫥騬 㤠 ⪠ ᫮ -
ॢ.    ⥬    500  C  稭 ࠧ 
뤥 ୮ ਤ.    ନ᪨ ⮥,
祬     墠⭮ .
        ⢮  宫     -
 祩 .  ⢮஢  ⠫     ⮢  
18  20 㫠 . ⢮ਬ   20 C  ⠢-
 170   100   .    ॢ        -
ࠧ  讣  ᫠  ஬  ⮢.  稢
  ⥬  300 C.
      ⥫쭮 ﭨ,  ⠪  ॢ  ⢮஢
  ᫥⢨ ஫ 믠 ᠤ  䭮  -
 . ଠ ᨭ⥧   祭  -
⠫᪨ ᭮  H3OGa3()6(SO4)2    ன  ⨯
㭨.  ⠬ , 㡨  楧,  ⠪   ⠫-
      ࠧ  ,  ਬ   KGa(S04)2*12H2O,
   ⠫    ᫥  ᫥  -
⢮஢.    楧 ⢮ਬ 殢 㬥蠥,  ⠢-
 ⥫쭮  ⢮ਬ ᮮ⢥   -
殢.  ⮬   殢 ࠧ ᮫  㣨  -
⠢ - NaGa(SO4)2*7H2O  Na4Ga2(SO4)5*19H2O.
      ॢ   ⥫쭮  ﭨ  ⢮஢  殢,  
⠪      ⢮  ᮫    ⮢  ,
   ᠦ ⢮ਬ ᭮   ⨯
K(H2O)*[Ga3(OH)6(SO4)],  騥  ,     ࠫ
㭨.   ॢ ᭮   ,  ࠧ
  ⨯  Ga3O3*(SO4)2  (஬  ),  
 ᮪  ⥬ (700  C) ࠧ      
 饫筮 ⠫.  ᠦe ᭮ ᮫   ⢨
⮢ 饫  ⠫    ᯮ짮   ⤥
  ),    ᫮ ⠥  ⢮.
        祭.    ⢨      ⢮
᮫  ᮫ﬨ ୨⮩  ᫮  믠  ᠤ  ம
.
     .   砥    祭  ம
  ᥫ ᫮⮩   ᫥訬  㯠ਢ  ⢮  
㬥.  ⢮ਬ ᮫, ⠫     -
 Ga2(SeO4)3*162O.  ⪮ ᥫ ᫮ ࠧ  -
 ᥫ GaH(SeO4)2*102O, ⠪ 騩 襩  ⢮ਬ-

                              <- 13 ->

.  ।, ⠪   ᥫ    ॢ  ⥯
.    ⥬    300  C    
ᥫ 室  । ᮫,   550 C  ࠧ  
  ,
      ᥫ⠬ , 㡨   楧  ᥫ    ࠧ
, ⢮ਬ  㬥蠥  ⮬ .    ᥫ⮬
 ࠧ  ᮫ NaGa(SeO4)2*11H2.  ⥬  ᥫ
 - ᥫ  -  ஬ 殢 ⠫  㣨
 ᮫ -  K3Ga(SeO4)3*5H2O    K8Ga2(SeO4)7*162O.  筮
⠬ e ᥫ   饫묨 ⠫   -
᪨ ⮩稢  ࠢ  ᥫ⮬ .  ஫ 
殢, ⠪  ਥ  ᮫  ᠤ  뤥  ᭮
ᥫ ,   ᠭ묨 ࠭  ᭮묨  -
⠬   㭨⮬.  ⢮ਬ  ᭮  ᥫ⮢  ⥫쭮
 ⢮ਬ ᭮ ⮢,     뤥  
ᠤ  ⢨ ᥫ  ࠪ᪨     -
⢮.
     .  ⥬   - 㮪 ᥫ -    -
ࠧ । Ga2(SeO3)3*6H2O   HGa(SeO3)2*H2O  ᥫ.
 ᮥ  ⠪  ⢨ ᥫ⮩  ᫮  
⢮ ᮫  ,  ⮣      ⢨  ᥫ  
믠 ᭮  ᮫  GaOHSeO3*8,52.      ⢮஢
ᠤ 믠 ⮫쪮 ᫥ 뤥প  祭 1  -  3  ⮪.  
ᥫ   ।⠢  ᮡ    梥  ⠫,
ࠪ᪨  ⢮ਬ  , ᯨ   ,      -
⢮騥  ࠧ ⢮ ࠫ ᫮.
     .  ⢨    ⢮  ᮫    ⢮஢
⮢ 饫 ⠫  pH 5 - 12  믠    ᠤ
᭮   2Ga2O3*3MoO2*152.  ਡ 
 ⢮஢ ᠤ    뤥,    饫    ᠤ
믠 ᬥ ᭮   ம  .    -
ॢ ᭮         ⠤    ⥬-
 530 - 550 C.
      600 C ࠧ ᬥ    ।  ⮬,
  900 C ࠧ  . 娬 ⥬ - ᯥ 
ᯫ ᫮ - ᨭ⥧஢     -
 - LiGa(MoO4)3  LiGa(MoO4)2   ⥬ࠬ    ᮮ⢥-
⢥ 670  675 C.
     . ࠬ  ᠦ  ⢮஢ ᮫ -
   ᠤ ᭮ ࠬ Ga2O3*2WO3*82O, -
騩 ⭮ ⢮ਬ. ᫨  ᠦ  ᫥-
 ⢮஬, 믠 ᬥ ᭮ ࠬ    ࠬ
᫮⮩.  ॢ ᭮ ࠬ     
⠤, 祬  ३ ᫥     540  C  ந-
室 ᯠ ᮥ        ࠬ  ਤ.
⥬   -  ࠬ  ਤ    ⥪᪨
ࠪ.
     娬 ⥬ ᨭ⥧஢  ࠬ   ⨥ 
ਥ ⠢ MGa(WO4)2,    ࠬ.
     .     ⢮७ ⠫  
ம  祩 業஢ ⭮ ᫮.  嫠-
 ⢮ 뤥 訥 ஧ ⠫ Ga(NO3)3*9H2O.
     誠      㬥   (ᨪ)   ਢ        祭
Ga(NO3)3*72O.  ⠫ 祭 ᪮,  -
뢠  .  祭  ⢮ਬ   - 295  
100    20   ᯨ, ⢮ਬ  .    ॢ
 102  ࠧ 訩   4 - 5 㫠 ,   137
 - ᭮  Ga(OH)2NO3 ।⠢騩 ᮡ   ஧-
  ⠫.  170  ᮫ ࠧ     -
. ଠ   ᮤন -  譥 ,
   -  ७, ⮣     ᭮    

                              <- 14 ->

-,  பᨫ- ᮤঠ  ७ .
     ⢨ ⭮ ਤ  ᬥ ஬     楧
 ᨭ⥧஢   Cs[Ga(NO3)4].  ⮩
ᮥ,  ࠧ .
         ᯨ⮢ ⢮    뤥
ᠤ ᭮   Ga(O)2NO3*Ga(OH)3*22O,  筮 -
  .  ᮥ ᪮筮.
     .  ⢨ ⢮஢ ᮫     -  
㧠饭묨 ⠬ 饫 ⠫ ࠧ ᠤ ࠧ-
 ⮢.  稨 ⪠ ᠤ⥫    5  ந室
⢥ ᠦ 䭮 ।    GaPO4*2(3)2O.
  姠饭   ।    -
ࠧ, 믠訥 ᠤ  ᭮  ᮫  ⢮    ⪥
ᠤ⥫.  ࠢ  ⮬    ⫨砥
ࠧ  襩  ⢮ਬ,    ந   ⢮ਬ
1,0*10-21.  ॢ । ,      ண  
⢨⥫쭮   ᮭ 㯯, ⠪    ப-
ᨫ-,   140 ,     ⠫-
  ⮫쪮    540  C.  ⭮  ᪮쪮  ⠫᪨
䨪権 GaP04,      䨪  㮪
६.      1670  ,  ⭮  (-
⮡⮢ 䨪樨) 3,26  /3.    ⢨  ।
   35 - 75%- ୮ ᫮⮩  ॢ  -
ࠧ  ⢮ਬ ᫠ ᮫ GaPO4*H3PO4*2,52O.
     ஬ । ,  ᨬ  ᫮ ᠦ  (pH
 業樨 ᠤ⥫)   祭 ᠤ  , ⠪
 ᭮  ⮢      饫묨  ⠫,  -
⢥ ⨯ 2Ga(PO4)2*nH2O  MGaPO4OH*nH2O.
       뤥   ⢮஢  ᮫    ᠤ
᭠砫 ᭮,  ⥬  ।    Ga4(2O7)3*2OH2O.
 ᠤ ⢮  ⪥ ᠤ⥫,  १ ஥
६  ⢮ ᭮ 뤥 ᠤ  ᬥ蠭  ᭮  ᮫
NaGaO27*5H2O.     ⢮    ࠧ    -
- ⢮ਬ ᮥ GaHP2O7.
     ਯ 饫 ⠫  뤥      -
⢮஢ ᠤ ᭠砫 ଠ쭮 Ga5(3O10)3*2O2O,  ⥬ ᬥ蠭-
 ⮢ Ga3(P3O10)2*x2O.    ⢮    -
ࠧ  ਯ⮬ ࠧ    ,  ᮤঠ騥
-  ७ .
     . । ᥭ  ,  ࠧ騩  ⠫
GaAsO4*2H2O, 믠   䭮 ᠤ  ࠫ樨 -
 ⢮஢   ⢨  ᥭ.   
ᠦ  pH 3.  讬 ⪥ ᥭ ࠧ  ᫠
᮫ 㬬୮ ⠢ Ga2O3*3As2O5*nH2O.    ᨫ쭮饫  -
⢮஢     ⮪  ᥭ  ᠦ  ᬥ蠭  ᮫
NaGa(nAsO4)2*1,52O.
     . ଠ ࡮   x      祭.
 ᫥ ⥬   - 㮪  㣫த  -  
뫮 ᭥   20 C  ⢥ ⢥म 䠧 뤥  -
    ࠧ  ⢮ ࡮ .  
㢥祭  業樨  ᮤ   ⢮ਬ   ம   
㢥稢.   業 CO2, . .   ࠧ
 ⢮ ࡮ ,  ⢥  ⢥म  䠧  뤥
࡮    NaGa(OH)2CO3*2O.    ᮪  ⥬
(90 C)   ࡮樨 ⢮஢        ᠤ
믠  ᭮ ம .
     ࡮    饫  ⠫  (஬  )   뫨
祭    ⢮ࠬ  ⮢  ᮮ⢥  -
⮢.  ⮬  ᠤ  ᪮쪮 訬  ᮤঠ
:
    NaGa(OH)4 + 2NaHCO3 --> NaGa(OH)2CO3*1,52O + Na2CO3 + 0,5H2O

                              <- 15 ->

     ࡮    ࡮⠬   ࠧ   ,
ᮡ   祭,   ࠧ  ம    
⢮ ᮮ⢥騬 ࡮  ࡮.  ॢ 
200 C  筮   襭  ,    
 ᮪ ⥬ ࠧ   ࠧ  ᬥ  
  ࡮ 饫筮 ⠫,   ॠ   -
ࠧ ⠣.
      ⢨ ࡮   ⢮ ᮫   믠-
  ᠤ, ⢮騩  ⪥ ᠤ⥫.    ⠪  -
⢮      .
     .  ⥬ Ga2O3 - SiO2 ᮥ  㦥.  -
  ⢮ ᨫ     ⢮ࠬ  ᮫
 뫨  뤥  ᠤ    ᨫ⮢  Ga2O3*2SiO2*2O  
Ga2O3*4SiO2*xH2O. 娬 ⥬ - ᯥ   ᨫ⮬ 
  ம      ᨫ⮬  饫筮  ⠫  -  뫨
祭  ⢮ਬ       ᨫ   饫   ⠫
M2O*Ga2O3*2SiO2,  ⠪ 2Na2O*Ga2O3*2SiO2.
      ࠧ  ᨫ    ᨫ,  -
ਬ 楮 ,       ᨫ⭮
ઠ.
       . ଠ ନ     
 祭.  ⢨ ம    ࠢ쨭  -
⮩  ନ   ⢮ࠬ ᮫  ࠧ  -
⢮ਬ       ,    ᯨ            ᭮    ନ
Ga(HCOO)3*Ga2O3*5H2O.
      ਡ    ⢮ ᮫   믠
     ⠫᪨     ᠤ     ᭮      
Ga(CH3CO2)3*3Ga2O3*6H2O. ⢨ ᭮  ᫮    -
  ਢ  祭 ᭮  㣮 ⠢
4Ga(CH3CO2)*2Ga2O3*5H2O,      ॢ   ண    ࠧ
GaOCH3CO2. ଠ       祭,  ਬ,
⢨ ᭮ ᫮  䥭  Ga(OPh)3.   梥-
 ⠫᪮  ⢮,    ⢮ਬ      
⢮ਬ  ᯨ  .
     ம  ⢮   ⢮  ,  ,
筮  頢 ᫮   ࠧ  ᮮ⢥  ᮫,
   뤥  ⢮஢     ⠫⮢.
  ᮫ ⢮ਬ  ,  ᠫ   ⠪    ᯨ.
祭   ᠫ⮢  ⮢   饫묨 ⠫-
  , ਬ  Na3Ga(C2O4)3*2O    NaGa(C4H4O6)2*22O,
  ࠪ.    ⢮ਬ  .

                    5.4. 

     . ஢த    ᠦ      ⢮஢  
᮫, ⠪  䨤   䨤  ஫-
 .   ⢨ ⥫, ਬ 樭,    
猪,    ᠦ   䨤    -
ᮮࠧ.  ⢨ 䨤   ⢮ ᮫  
 pH 2-3 뤥 ᠤ, -, பᨫ䨤  GaSOH.
 ⢮   䨤  ᠦ Na[Ga(OH)2S].
     訩 䨤 Ga2S3   祭  ।⢥  -
⢨ ⠫  ன  ᮪ ⥬,  ⠪  -
⢨ ஢த   :

                  Ga2O3 + 3H2S --> Ga2S3 + 3H2O

           䨪樨   Ga2S3.   ⥬ୠ   a-
䨪  梥   ⭮ 3,65 /3 ⠫  
䥪⭮ 㡨᪮ ⪥ ⨯ 䠫   㯮冷祭  -
 ᨩ.  ॢ  550 - 600 C   室  

                              <- 16 ->

ᢥ⫮- b-䨪  ⭮ 3,74 /3, ⠫-
  ᠣ 䥪⭮  㯮冷祭  ⪥  ⨯  -
.  1020  ࠧ ࠭- g-䨪樨, ⠫-
    ⪥    䨤  .  
䨪樨 ⮩稢  宬 ,      -
ॢ.
      ⭮ ⥬ 䨤   ࠧ  ,
  - ᫮⠬;  饫  ⢮.
      祥 ᮥ.     樨    Ga2S  
 .  ॢ  㬥 Ga2S3 筮  -
  ࠧ  䨤.  ﭨ ⥬  -
,  ⮩稢 GaS.     ᨭ⥧஢  -
⢨ ⮢   ⠭  襣 䨤  . 
⢮ મ-⮣ 梥   ⭮ 3,75 /3, ⮩稢  
.    ࠫ ᫮ (஬  業஢ -
)         ,  ⮣       饫     
⢮.  祭  15%- ᭮ ᫮⮩  ࠧ
 뤥 ஢த.  ⠫  ਣ쭮  ᠣ-
쭮 ᫮⮩ ⪥,  ன     ⮬
⠫.
     ஬ 䨤 Ga4S5 ࠧ ᢥ⫮- ⨭
⠫ ⭮ 3,82 /3.    祭   ᨭ⥧
 ⮢, ⠪   ⠭    ନ᪮  樠樥
襣 䨤. ⢠ ⮣ ᮥ  祭.
     訩 䨤 Ga2S      祭  ⠭  GaS
த  ⠫᪨ ,  ⠪ ⢨  ஢த
   ᮪ ⥬    .    ⥬-
-஥  ୮ ⢮ ⭮ 4,2 /3, ⮩稢 
.   ࠧ  ᫮  ࠧ      뤥
஢த.  䨤  960 ய樮  GaS    S,
 室  ࠢᨨ  ஬ Ga2S,  ண  -
⨣ 60  . .  1200 .
        Ga2S3  த砫쭨 楫 ਨ
ந, ⠪ 뢠 ⨮⮢.  饫  ⠫  -
 饩  MGaS2 뫨 祭 娬 ⥬  ⮩稢
 , ⢮ਬ  ,  ⢮   ⢮  -
䨤 饫 ⠫,  ⢨ ᫮ ࠧ.   
⠢ ⨮, ⠫騥  ࠣ쭮 ⪥  ⨯
堫쪮, 祭  ॡ  .  ⥬ CuGaS2 -  Ga2S3
㦥  ⢥ ⢮஢  ᭮ ⨮ CuGa5S8.
     ⠫ 㯯 樭       墠  ⠫
ࠧ    䨤  ⨯   ZnGa2S4,   ⠫騥   
ਣ쭮  "⨯  ⨮",    ࠪਧ
稥 㯯 Ga2S4 2-,  ⠪   ⨯ 诨. 祭
⨮  㣨 ⨯.
      䨤 ।  䨤   ࠧ  ᮥ
⨯ LnGaS3, 騥 ந묨 ⨮ ᫮. ஬
⮣  䨤 ⮢ ਥ 㯯  ࠧ  ᮥ
⨯ YGaS3.
      ⫨ ࠧ 襩 娬᪮ ⮩  
ࠢ  䨤 .
     .  ⭮  ⮫쪮    ᥫ  .  筮  
  ᨭ⥧    ⮢.       ࠢ 
䨤 ࠪਧ 襩 娬᪮ ⮩   訬
⥬ࠬ . ⭮ 騥  ᥫ  Ga2Se3  
GaSe   த.  㣮    Ga2Se3
ࠧ ⥬- ⠫,     誥    ᭮  梥;
⭮  4,92  /3.            ⠫᪨
䨪樨:  a - ( 600 C)  g - ( 800 )  䥪  -
㯮冷祭   䠫;  ஬筠  b-䨪  
㯮冷祭 ன ⠫   ࠣ쭮  ⪥.

                              <- 17 ->

     ன ᥫ  GaSe ⥬-᭮   ᭮-ண  梥 
⭮ 5,03 /3.    ⭮    䨪-
樨.     ⠫  ᠣ쭮 ᫮⮩  ⪥
⨯ GaS, 㣠 -   ஬᪮ ⪥. 訩  ᥫ Ga2Se
୮  梥    ⭮  5,02  /3    饣   ६
᫥ .
     訩 ᥫ  Ga2Se3 -  த砫쭨  鸞  ᥫ-
⮢,   ⠢  ᢮⢠ ⨮⠬.
     .  ⥫஬  ࠧ  ᮥ, 祬  
ᥫ  ன, 祬 ࠬ ﭨ ⮩ ⥬ ⠭
  ⥫쭮. ⠥    ⢮ -
  ⥫ਤ  Ga2Te;  ஬  ⮣,    㪠  ⢮
஬筮 ⥫ਤ  GaTe  Ga2Te3.
      ⥫ਤ ᯫ ⮢.    ⥫-
ਤ Ga2Te3   த.  ࠧ  ⠫-
 ⭮ 5,57 /3  䥪⭮ ன ⨯ 䠫.
      ⮩稢  ⭮襭  , ⢮ࠬ ᫮  饫祩,  
ࠧ 業஢ ⭮ ᫮⮩,  ⠪ ᪮ -
.  ॢ   .
     ⥫ਤ GaTe , ᫮, ,  ᢥ⫮-ண 
⥬-筥 梥, ⭮  3,44  /3.  ⠫  
 ⪥.
     祭  , ⠡쭠 䨪   ᠣ-
 ⪮. ⠫ ⥫ਤ      ࠪ᪨  
祭.  ⥭    ⥫ண⮢   -   ந   Ga2Te3,
 ⨮-  ᥫ⠬.
      堫쪮   ஢.     -
襥   ᫥   ਢ  堫쪮,  
⭮ GaTe,  ⠪  ᥫ  ⥫ਤ.


                          5.5. 

     ।  ⠪ ,   ।  堫쪮,  ।⠢-
     ⥯ ᫥.     嫮ਤ
 ਡ஬  ࠧ   ᮥ 
㤢 ; ਤ     襩  .
     .  ਤ GaF3   祭  ஢-
  ॢ ⠫, , 䨤     㣨  -
.          ,  祭  ਤ  
 . 㣮  祭 -  ॢ  -
   ⮪ ࣮  600 C:

                   (NH4)3GaF6 = GaF3 + N4F

      ⮬ ࠧ ᠣ쭠 䨪 ਤ. ᫨
 ࠧ    ⥬ -  400 C (  -
⢥ ஬筮 த  ⮬ ࠧ NH4GaF4),  
⮩稢 ࠣ쭠 䨪   ⭮, 
 450 - 530 C  ନ᪨ 䥪⮬  ॢ頥    
a-䨪.   ⨬ 䭮  ॢ饭  ⬥祭
 830 C.
     ⠫᪠   a-ਤ    뫠  ᫥
஬, ⮭  㤣.
     ਤ  ७  ਤ     
⭮  ࠭⢥ 㯯  R3c.  ࠬ  ᠣ쭮
୮ 祩: =.5,00+-0,1 A, =12,97+-0,02 A, z=6; ࠬ
஬᪮ 祩: =5,20+-0,01 A, a=57,2, z=2. ⠫᪠
 ।⠢ ᮡ  㯠  ,  -
᪨  ன ᯮ  .    
  ᥤ  ᢮ ᫮  ﭨ 2,69 A    

                              <- 18 ->

ᥤ ᫮  ﭨ 2,67 . ﭨ Ga - F ࠢ 1,89 A,
Ga - Ga 3,16 A.  Ga - F  -  Ga  ࠢ  145.    ࠣ쭮
䨪樨 GaF3 ࠬ ⪨ =3,65 A, c=6,30 A.

     ਤ  -    ᪮筮  ⢮,  ࠧ饥
 ⠫.  ࠪ᪨  ⢮ਬ     ࠧ-
 ࠫ  ,   ⢮   饫.  
ॢ   ࠧ, 稭  200 C,    ࠧ
ਤ GaOF   .   ⭮  ⬮  
稭  800 C. ᨬ    ⥬ ࠦ
㫮:

           lgmm = - (12784+-524)/T + (12,596+- 0,102)

      ॢ ਤ  ࠧ蠥 ⥪,     㣨
 ਠ.
      ⢮஢ 砥 ⢨  ᫮  ,
   ம, ਤ  뤥      
CaF3*2O, ⢮ਬ ண   4,1%   25  C.    -
ॢ    ३  ந室  ஫.    -
⢮ ਤ  ᫠ 樨஢.
         [GaF3*3H2O] + H2O <--> [GaF2*4H2O]+ + F-
     ⭮ 讥 ᫮  ਤ (ண⮢) ࠧ-
 ⠫. ਤ   ࠢ⥫쭮   ,
祬    ਫ.     न樮  ᫮
 ࠢ 6. ண 饫    饫筮  ⠫
 ⢮ਬ  . ਬ,  ਡ ⮣ 
 ⢮ࠬ  ᮫ 믠 ᠤ    -
 Na3GaF6 ,   , 13NaF*5GaF.  ஬ ண⮢
祭   ᮫, ਬ K2[GaF5*H2O]  Cs[GaF4(H2O)2].
     ண  ॡ  Ag3GaF6*102O  ⠪  ,    ᮥ
樭 ZnGaF5*72O  , 祭  ⢮ਬ  , ⮣ 
ண  ,   ࣠       筮   ⠢
⢮ਬ.
      ⢨ ਤ    ਤ  㣨 ⠫
 ᯫ ࠧ ࠧ筮 த  ண.  -
⥬  ਤ 饫 ⠫  ᮪  ⥬ࠬ
  ண  3GaF6.        
ᯫ 㦨  㣨 ᮥ,     -
ண ⨯ LiGaF4.
      ᫥  ᨭ⥧஢ 讥 ᫮  ன  ਤ
, ਢ ᫥⥫ ᢮  묨  䨧᪨
᢮⢠. ।   ᮥ  ன ⨯ ஢᪨,
, ਬ, K2NaGaF6, ⨯ ࠭ - Na3Li3Ga2F12, ⨯ ⨫  -
LiMgGaF6  .
      ⥫쭮 ॢ ᬥ ਤ        -
䨤   㬥 ࠧ -  ᮮ⢥⢥ ⨮ਤ
.
     訥  ਤ        ஢   ﭨ   
祭. ਤ GaF ࠧ      䠧    ⢨
஢ ਤ     .

     .   ॢ 祭   嫮    -
ࠧ GaCl3.      ⢮,  ⠫饥    
 ⠫.
     ⭮  ⢥म  嫮ਤ,   ।   ᪨
⮤, ࠢ 2,47 /3.  ७⣥᪨   ᫥  -
 2,50 /3.
     ⠫᪠  嫮ਤ  뫠 ᫥  -
  ५.   ,   ਪ  ⪮  
᫥騬  ࠬ: a=6,94 A, b=6,84 A, c=6,82 A, a=119,5, b  =

                              <- 19 ->

90,8, g = 118,8, z = 1 (Ga2Cl6), ࠭⢥ 㯯 P1.
     ⮬ 嫮ਤ ࠧ    嫮ਤ    ᪠
ᠣ ⭥ 㯠  ᫮ﬨ,  ࠫ묨  (001).
  ᫮ 1/4 権 㯠  , ⠪    
᪨ ⮬ 嫮  8 ⠪⮢  ᥤﬨ   12.
⮬       ᪨
   ᫮ﬨ ⮬ 嫮,  १ 祣    -
      Ga2Cl6  ᫥⢨  ⭮
 権   ࠧ , ࠫ (011).  
᭮  祭 ᯥ஢ 樮  ﭨ  ਩
 뢮  ⢮  ⢥म 嫮ਤ    .
      ⠫,   Ga2Cl6  ᬠਢ   -
᭮ ᮥ  न樭-⭮ , ஥, ,
 ⥫쭮 ⥯ 樨஢   ࠧ    
 GaCl4. ७  拉୮  㯮쭮  १  ⢥म
嫮ਤ  ⠪ ஢  ᫥ ࠧ  
  ⥯  痢  - 嫮  50%.  ᫥騥
᫥ -ᯥ஢ ᯥ஢ 樮 ﭨ ⢥-
 ࠧ 嫮ਤ  ⨪  (  ᨬ-
ਥ D2h)   ⠫᪮ ﭨ, ⠪   ᯫ.
       嫮ਤ ,   ,  ࠢ 77,9+-
0,2 .  㣨  筨 ਢ  ᪮쪮  ⫨騥 祭
⥬    (  ):  75,5,  76,0,  76,65,  77,0,   77,5,
77,75+-0,05,  78,0+-0,3    ,  -,     ࠧ筮
⥯  嫮ਤ.  ꥬ   嫮ਤ -
 ⠢ 17%.    㤥쭠  ய஢  嫮ਤ
   㬥蠥   15*10-6  1,7*10-6  -1*-1,
  ॢ饭  ⠫  , 
 ࠧ    .    ࠡ ।, 
 १ ஫᪮ 樠樨  ᯫ 嫮ਤ 
ࠧ   GaCl4-.
      ய஢  嫮ਤ  ਢ  ⠪
祭 1,0*10-8  0,22*10-6 -1*-1.
     ⭮   嫮ਤ      ⥬  
ࠢ 2,0536 /3.  ᨬ ⭮  ⥬ (  -
ࢠ 71 - 196 )   쪮 । ࠢ

                 = 2,063 - 0,00205*(t - 78)

      ࠡ ਭ㤠    ⮣   ࢠ  ४
ࠢ

                 = 2,0531 - 0,00209*(t - 78)

       ᥫᮭ   , ⭮  嫮ਤ  
ࢠ ⥬ 78 - 240 C 뢠 ࠢ

          = 2,0546-1,985*10-3(t - 78)- 1,44*10-6 * (t - 78)2

      離    ⮩   ࠡ  ਢ  ࠢ-
 ( ࢠ 78 - 247 C)       ᯫ    ⠫,
 .
     ਤ  -  祭 ᪮筮 ⢮   嫮-
⮬  饥  . 祭  ⢮   
࣠᪨ ⢮⥫.  , (浪 6)  ⢮஢
ࠪ᪨  ࠣ ⠪ ࣠᪨  ⢮-
⥫ﬨ,  , ⨫   . .,    ⢥
⤥    ,  嫮ਤ ண    
᢮⢮.     ⠪    ⢮     
嫮࣠    ᫮    HGaCl4,           ࠣ
⢮⥫.

                              <- 20 ->

     ਤ   祭 ᨫ쭮 ᫮⮩ ( ).  -
⮬  ࠧ ᮥ  嫮ਤ 設⢠ 㣨  -
⮢.
      饥  ६  祭    ப    ⥬  
嫮ਤ   嫮ਤ 㣨 ⮢.   設⢥  砥
 ⢨  ⮢  ࠧ  ᮥ,  ⢮
      ⥬    ॢ蠥  .  ⠢  ᮥ
ᨬ    ⭮  㣮    ⢥砥   ⭮襭
嫮ਤ   㣮 嫮ਤ 1: 1  2: 1.     ᮥ
ᥣ  ⮩稢 ,  ⭮襭 ⮢ 1: 1.
     , ࠧ騥   ⥬    嫮ਤ  ,  -
  ᫥騬 ⨯.

     1. ண - ᮥ,  ᮤঠ騥    [GaCl4]-.  
 ⭮ 1[GaCl4],  1 -  ⨮  饫  ⠫,  -
, , ॡ,  , , ⠫.   
   ࠧ      ᮥ       嫮ਤ    
[PCl4]+[GaCl4]-,  嫮ਤ  ᥫ      ⥫,      ⠪,
-,  嫮ਤ ,   猪.    ᫥
ᮥ   室          ᫥  
㢥祭  ⭮ 裡.    ,    ᮥ
Cl2*3GaCl3,  M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, ⠪  ᮤঠ
     ᮥ [GaCl4]2.
     2. न - ᮥ    [Ga2Cl7]  ।⠢騬
ᮡ  ᪠   饩 設.   ⭮ -
 M[Ga2Cl7],  = N, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, In+, Ga+. -,
 ⠪ ᮥ ࠧ   ⥬  LiCl,    
ਯᠫ  ⠢ 2:3.   ⥬    嫮ਤ  ⥫  
ᥫ.  ।,  ⠪          -
  嫮ਤ  [BiCl2]+[Ga2Cl7]-.    
ନ᪠ ⮩稢 嫮न⮢ , 祬 嫮ண⮢.
     3. 嫮ண MGaCI5   ⥬  嫮ਤ -
, , ஭, ,   .   ⠪
⨯ 뫨 ।᪠ .   ᭠.
     4.  ⠢ GaCl8  嫮ਤ  ,  ⠭⠫
  ᪮॥ ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ   ,
  ᪫祭 ஥,  ᮥ  嫮ਤ -
.
      ᯫ  ⠫᪨   嫮ਤ  室  
訥 嫮ਤ,  ।⠢騥  ᮡ  嫮ண  ⭮
 Ga[GaCl4]  Ga[Ga2Cl7]. 嫮ਤ  GaCl  ࠧ  
 䠧  ⢨ ஢ 嫮ਤ   ⠫;    -
樨  ய樮  ࠧ 嫮ਤ.   ⢨
  訥 嫮ਤ  ࠧ  뤥 ࠭--
 ᠤ,  ⥯ ॢ頥  ம :
            3GaCl4 + 6H2O = 4GaCl3 + 2Ga(O)3 + H2

     嫮ਤ  ⢮ਬ   (4,6   100  ), 
⠪ ⮫㮫, 祬  ⢮ ஢ ᪨  ⮪.  
ॢ   300 C  嫮ਤ  稭  ய樮஢  
嫮ਤ  ⠫᪨ .
     . 訩 ஬ GaBr3    砥    ।-
⢥ ⢨ ஬   ⠫᪨ .  
ਡ஬  ⠫     ஬  GaBr2.    ᠥ
஬,     ⮬  ⮫쪮 ⢨ ஢
஬  ⠫   ⭮  ⥬.    ᢮⢠  ஬
祭  ᮮ⢥騥 嫮ਤ .   祭  -
, 祬 訥 ஬  ࠧ  .  ஬  
⥬ 158 C ࠧ   ⠫᪨      ᯫ,
ਡ騩  ⠢   ஬.          ⥬-
  700 C ஬  ⮩稢.

                              <- 21 ->

     .  ⥬  -  ࠧ  -,  -    -
 .  祭 -  ਨ    ᥣ  ᯮ-
 ᯫ    ᮮ⢥騬  ⢮    
ﭭ 㫥.  砥 ⢨  ⠫  98
C.   ᢮⢠  ᮥ   ᮮ⢥騥  ஬
( 嫮ਤ), ⫨ ᪮쪮 襩 ॠ樮 ᯮᮡ.
        ஬    ⠢  Ga2I3  
Ga3I5,    祭  ஬  嫠  ᯫ
ᮮ⢥饣 ⠢.  ᫥  ᯥࠫ  ᫥,
 㫥 Ga2I3,    裡  ⠫-⠫    ஥  ⮣
   ࠦ 㫮 2Ga+(Ga2I6)2-.
      ਨ   梥  ᢥ⫮-    --
⮣.    ॢ頥    -᭮  
࠭-筥 梥.
      ॢ  ⢨ ᫮த       ⥬-
 280 - 320 C 室  ᨨ GaOI.    ᮥ
  窮 梥  砥  ⥫쭮 ॢ ᬥ
   .  ᨨ    ⢮ਬ    ;  
⥫쭮 ࠭    ⠫ 訢 ᫥⢨
ࠧ.    ॢ    500  C    ⢨   ᫮த
室   .
      ⢨       ࠧ  ᬥ  -
⮢. ᪨  ᫥        㦨
⢮ ⮢  20, 13, 9, 7, 6  5  㫠  .
⪮  ஢ ⢨       
6 - 8  稫 ᠠ GaI3*6NH3.      ࠧ  
⭮ ⬮  ⥬ 220, 245  260 C ᫥⥫쭮
ࠧ -, -    . ᫥  -
 ⮩稢,   ࠧ   135    (  
  .,  140 C)    430 C.  ⭮    ࠢ
3,635 /3.    ⠫   ࠧ
⮫쪮 ࠨ MGaI4. ⠨  祭  ⮫쪮
  楧 CsGa2I7.  設⢮  墠 ⠫-
 ᮥ  ࠧ.  ⥬      墠
⮢  ᮥ ⠢ 1:1 뫮   ⮫쪮  ⥬  
SbI3,     ࠧ  ⥫쭮 ⦨.   ࠧ, 
ࠢ  嫮ਤ   ࠧ  ᪫  -
ࠧ.

                   5.6.   
     .     祭  ⢮ -
 ॠ樥  ⮬      த  .  ᫥
㯠ਢ  ⢮஢     㬥   ⠫   ᢥ⫮-
Ga(NCS)3*3H2O. ᫨  ⢮  த      த
饫  饫筮 ⠫,    ᫥  業஢
 ⠫ ᮮ⢥騥  த      
 ࠧ ⠫.   饫  ⠫  
  ⠢  M(NCS)4    3Ga(NCS)6  (    ),
饫筮 -  [Ga(NCS4)]2*nH2O.  ⢥騥  
 [Ca(NCS4)]-  [Ca(NCS6)]3- 뫨 㦥  ⢮.
      த ᫥ ⢮஢    ࠣ-
 ⨫  ஬    묨  㣨  ࣠᪨  -
⢮⥫ﬨ,    ᯮ짮    ࠧ    
.
     . 樠  ( ஢ﭠ ᮫)  ᠦ-
    ⢮஢    㤥⮣  䨫-
饣  ᠤ  Ga4[Fe(CN)6]3*xH2O      (   砥   ⪠
ᠤ⥫) ᬥ蠭 ᮫ KGa[Fe(CN)6]*xH2O. ⢮ਬ  -
   25 ࠢ 1,5*10-5 /.  訢    -
 樠 ਮ⠥ 㡮  梥      筮
ࠧ.  樠  ᠤ  ࠧ.

                              <- 22 ->


                  5.7.   

        ᮥ    襥  ࠪ᪮  祭
 ஢ ᮥ  ⠬  㯯  V
㯯 ਮ᪮ ⥬.  ࠢ   ଠ    ६
 ᮥ  襩  ⥫  ⮪    -
    ⮢  ࠧࠧ  ஢  -
ன, ਡ஢, ᯮ 䥪 ,  . .
      ᭮ ᥭ      㣨  ਠ  ⮩  㯯
ࠡ   , ⠪  ࠪ᭮  ᯥ.  
㣨 ஢ ᮥ  稭 室   ࠪ-
⨪ ᥫ GaSe.  室  ਤ   ⨬  ந室
୮ ⠭ ⠫᪨  ᢮,      
㬥襭 ਭ 饭 .    ᮯ஢  
⥬  .    ⠫     㡨᪮
⪥ ⨯ 䠫, ⮫쪮 ਤ ࠧ ᠣ -
 ⨯ 㣮 ࠧ 䨤 樭 - .
     䨤  ᥭ  ⠪ ,       ᮥ
,  ⢥  樠樨   ⥬
.  ᫥  ࠬ ﭨ ( न ⠢ -
 - ⥬) ᮮ⢥  ⥬, ⭮
  ᮥ , , ⠫   娮-
᪨ ᯫ  ⮫쪮   ஢ 祣 -
, ࠢ  樠樨. ⥫⢮ ᨫ쭮 -
  ᨭ⥧ ᮥ   ⮢,  ⠪      ⠫-
䨧 .
        ᮥ,   騢    -
⠫   ࠫ᪮,  ।०  樠樨
 ஢   ஢ 祣 . 
ᮧ  ॣ㫨஢ ⥬ ॢ,   ⢮
㦠 祣 .    ⥬ ன
    ⥬ 樨  ஢  祣  -
.
     㣮    祭  ⠫  -  ⠫   
 䠧  १ ࠭ᯮ ॠ権.  ப  
ᯮ  騢 ⠪ᨠ 񭮪 ஢
ᮥ  ⠫᪨    ଠ,  ६  
㣨 ஢.   ࠭ᯮ  ॠ権 ᭮뢠-
  ᨬ ⠭ ࠢ  ⨬ ॠ樨   ⥬-
. ࠢ ७  ⢠  ।    ⥯-
 䥪 ॠ樨:  ନ᪨ ॠ   
    ᮪  ⥬ࠬ,    ନ᪨  -  .
७  ࠧ  ⭨  ॠ樨    ⢫  
⮪ ⭮ -⥫ (     ⮩  -
⥬)    㧨  樨 ( ⮩ ⥬).
     . ⥩訬 ᯮᮡ 祭 ਤ GaN  -
ॢ ⠫᪮      ⮪    1050
- 1200 C:

                Ga2O3 + 2NH3 --> 2GaN + 2O

      ᪮७     ᬥ訢    ࠧ-
⥫ - ࡮⮬  ( ⭮襭 1:1) .  ਤ  砥
⠪ ⢨   讪 䨤  ᥭ . ⨬
⮤,   । ࠭ ⮤  ॢ  ண
  ⬮ :

             (NH4)3GaF6 + 4NH3 --> GaN + 6NH4F

 誮ࠧ ਤ. ⭮⠫᪨ ਤ  

                              <- 23 ->

  ନ᪨  ࠧ ⮢    
⮩ 孮 㭤    900 - 1000 :

                     GaCl3*NH3 = GaN + 3HCl

     ਤ ।⠢ ᮡ   ⮢ 讪, ⫨-
騩 让 娬᪮ ⮩.  ,   業஢
ࠫ ᫮ a   , 祭 ᫠   ࠧ-
 ᫮.  ⢮ࠬ 饫祩  ॠ 祭 .
 ॢ   稭   800 C  ࠧ
᭠砫 䠧 ᨭਤ,  ⥬  .  ஢ -
ਤ (ᯠ  २⢥    ) 㤠
  ⠫   ஧ .
     .  ।⢥   ࠬ 
 ᮪ ⥬  ࠧ 䨤 GaP.   
⮤ ᨭ⥧ ।  ᢥ ᯮᮡ, ਬ  -
⢨ ⮣ த  ᮪ ⥬    ⠫  
 , ⢨ ஢   ᬥ  த,    
, 嫮⮣     ..  祭 
⠫  񭮪 䨤  ॠﬨ   䠧,
⠪  ⢨ ஢    (  -
  ॢ ᬥ    ):

                3Ga2O + 2P4 --> 6GaP + P2O3

  :

                 6GaCl + P4 --> 4GaP + 2GaCl3

     騢 ⠫ ⮤ ࠫ᪮    娮-
᪨ ᯫ ந  ⮪   ⭮
 浪 60 .   㬥襭  ᯠ७  ४  -
뢠 ᯫ ᫮   (୮  ਤ).    ꥬ
ࠢ  2,5 /, ᪮ 饭 10 / .
       ⠫  䨤     業   ਡ஢
騢  娮᪨ ᯫ  ᮤঠ  10
. % ᮥ.   ᬥ ⠪ ⠢ ॢ  1200
C, 뤥ন  ⮩ ⥬ 1 - 2     ⢮७
䨤,  ⥬ ,  ᪮ 3 - 10 ࠤ/ ࠢ୮ -
  800 C. ᫥  嫠  䨫஢뢠  
祭 ⠫  1 - 3   ᮫ﭮ ᫮ .
      祭 ⠪ᨠ ᫮ 䨤      ᥣ
 ࠭ᯮ⭮  ॠ樥    ⮪  த    ᮤঠ
讣 ⢠ ஢  (筮    0 C).  -
 筨 䨤  1050 - 1100 C, ⥬ -
  20 - 100 C .  ⮬  ⨣ ᮪  ᪮
 񭮪,  祭 ⠪  񭪨  ᮤঠ  襭
⢠ ᫮த.   ⨬, ᯮ 㣨 ࠭-
ᯮ , ਬ 嫮 த:

               2GaP + 2HCl --> 2GaCl + 2P + H2

      ⮬  ⥬ 筨 860 ,    600  C;
業 嫮⮣ த  ᬥ 2 - 5 . %.
      祭 񭮪 䨤  ।  ᯮ짮  ॠ
࣠᪨ ᮥ   த. 䨤 
ࠧ ࠭-  - ⠫.
      ⮩稢  ,  ⢮   業஢
 ࠧ ୮  ᮫ﭮ ᫮,   ⢮  
ॢ  ⭮ ᫮.  ⢮ࠬ 饫祩  ॢ 
ॠ  뤥 䨭:

                              <- 24 ->

             2GaP + NaOH + 3H2O --> PH3 + NaGa(OH)4

     .    类 ࠧ  ⮫쪮    -
ᥭ - GaAs. ⥧  筮 ।⢥    ⮢,
 姮 ⮤.  ᫥ 砥  "宫  ",
஫饩   猪, ন ⥬  605
C ( 筮 +-0,5),  ᯥ稢    0,9  .  
"祩"  ⥬  1250 C.
     ᥭ  ࠧ ⥬- ⠫  䨮⮢  -
⥭.  ⮩稢  ⢨   ,  㤮  ࠧ
୮  ᮫ﭮ ᫮⠬  뤥 ᨭ,    ⭮  ᫮
ᨢ. ⢮ 饫祩  ࠧ.

     .  쬮  ࠧ    ⨬  -  GaSb.
 ⮣ ᮥ   ᮪  ,  -
⮬   ᯫ ⮢   ⬮  த  
࣮.  ⪨   ਬᥩ (樭,    ..)  -
⨬ ᫥ ᨭ⥧ ࣠ 㬭 ମࠡ⪥  800  C
 筮  1.0*10-4 . . .  祭 2 .    ⮬
ந室   ண ⢠      ᯠ७,
 樨    ᨭ⥧   ⮪   -  ਬ୮  5%
⨢ 娮ਨ.
     ⮤ ⪨ ⨬  ࠧࠡ⠭   筮.
 祭   ਬᥩ  ⠫䨧᪮ ⪥. 
१   ⨬ 砥 ਠ,  ᮤঠ騩
ਬ, த  ।    㤠.  ᫥⢨  ⮣
  ⨬ ஢ ⮫쪮  楫  樨  -
ࠧ殢.  ⮣ 筮 2 - 4 室      -
ࠢ  ᪮  2 /.
     騢 ⠫ ⨬ ஢   ⮤  -
ࠫ᪮  ⬮ த   ⠭, ਬ塞  
孮 ଠ.
     騢  ᯫ, 饭 쬮  (ᢥ娮-
᪮),  ⠫  ᮪ ⢠. -,
⮪  ᯮᮡ  祭  娮᪨ -
⠫,    ⠪,  ,    樥   ।
ਬ,   筮 ᯫ   .
     㦭   ,   ⨬ ᨫ쭥, 祬  㣨 -
,  ⠪ 뢠 "䥪 ࠭", 騩 
⮬,   ⠫樨 ⠫ 樥  ।
ਬ  ⢥   ⠫᪮  ࠢ-
.   ⮣ 䥪 ᯮ ⠪ 뢠  -
 ⭮襭, ࠢ ⭮襭 樥 ।   -
   祭  㣨 ᪮.
      ਬ ⥫  ⨬   ⭮襭 ࠢ  2,
 ᥫ 1,5,  猪 0,5 .
      ᬮ७     ᮥ  ⨬
⮩稢  ⭮襭  ,  ⠪  ࠫ ᫮⠬;  
⭮ ᫮  ⢮ 祭 .
       . ਤ  GaH3  祭  ॠ樨

          (CH3)3NGaH3 + BF3 --> GaH3 + (CH3)3NBF3
      ஢  - 15 C   䠧,    梥-
 ﭨ⮩ , ⢮ਬ  ,  嫮⮬
㣫த  ⢮ਬ  嫮ଥ.     
 -20;  -15   ࠧ  ⠫᪨    -
த. -,  ।⠢ ᮡ .
          ࠧ   ᫮  ਤ,
, ਬ, ⨩- ਤ LiGaH4 .   砥  (  
) ⢨ 嫮ਤ   ਤ     ୮
⢮  -10 C:

                              <- 25 ->

        4LiH + GaCl3 + (C25)2O --> LiGaH4(C2H5)2O + 3LiCl

       ⠫᪮ ⢮, 饥    ⨩-
 ਤ ᨫ ⠭⥫.  ॢ   ࠧ-
  ਤ ,      த,  祬    ⢥
஬筮 த 砥 Li3GaH6.
     ࡨ      祭,    Ga2C2  뫨
㦥  . ⥭   ࡨ   ࠧ筮
⠢  ࣠楬, , ⨭, , ஬  묨
㣨 ⠫.
      ६  ஬  祭.


    6.      ,  .

      ⮨     㪨 - ⥯  祫᪮  ⥫
筮, ⮡  ॡ  (   १  )
⠫ ॢ⨫  .
        砩  -  ᥣ 29,78 C.  
⮬  ⭮襭    㯠   ⮫쪮   ,      ᯮᮡ
宬    பࠤ  ஧,    -  -   楧,
饬  28,5 .   ⮨   㪨     ⮬,
  쭮 ⮪祭 (⮪筥 )   饭      
ਢ   祭  ᫥⢨.
       ⥬   -  ᭮  -
   ᯫ. , ਬ,  ᯫ  
(67%)   (20,5%)   (12,5%),     ⭮
⥬    ⢥:    10,6 . 
ᯫ ப ᯮ  孨,  ⭮  ன⢠ -
 ᨣ樨. ⮨   饭  ᫥  ,  
⮫  ᯫ, ஢  ५, 稭    -
  ⠫  몠  ᪨  ⠪    㪮   
ᢥ⮢ ᨣ 頥  ᭮.  ਡ  
.
       ᯫ (  ᠬ )    
 ᯮᮡ  ᬠ稢 ⢥  ਠ,    祬
 ᯥ譮 ਬ     ᮧ    ⢮஢  
㬭 .  ⢮   ࠭  ,
祬 .
            㦠    ⢥  ᬠ  
ப  ᮥ ⠫  , ⥪   ࠬ,  
᪫  ਠ    .  -  ᯫ,
ᥭ  孮 設, ⭮  த  ப  
㦡.      ᯫ   -
騥 祩 ࠡ⪥.  쬠 ⮪祭,    
   ⮬     ᢮  冷  ࠪ;  
ᯫ   ⮢  㡭    ⮢    ᮪
⢠.    ⮬ ਬ   ୮    㡮-
⥧ .
      樭 ப ਬ  䨮⮢  祭,
⮤  ࠭ 筮   .     -
   ࠢ  ⮩ ࠡ⮩: 砥  ᢥ
 楫묨 砬.
     設⢮ ⠫   뢠      ⮩  
⥬. 쭮 ᢮⢮  -    "㬥"  ⥫쭮
६ ( !)  ⢥थ  ८嫠 ﭨ.
     , ᫨   뫨  ,       㤥
⠢  ᯫ . ,       ⢥थ,
ꥬ ⠫ ⭮ ,  ⮬      
 ⠫᪨  ࠬ᪨  -   ࠧ  

                              <- 26 ->

⢥थ  ⠫.  筮     ࠭         
⨭ 㫠,   १ 稪.
      ࠪ   ( 稥 ⠫, ஬  
 ,  ⭮,  室   ﭨ  ⢥म
"㤥") । ᯮ짮  ⠭   祭  ᢥ-
᮪ .
       ⮨⢮   ⮬,   ⠥    
஬ ࢠ ⥬, ⥫쭮  襬,  祬    
㣮  ⠫. ᯫ  稭  
 ᫥ ⮣,  ⥬ ⨣ 2230 .
       ⨭  㤨⥫쭠  ᯮᮡ    ।-
।  襥   孨  -  ⮢  ᮪⥬-
 ମ஢  ஢.  ମ  
 ⠪ ᮪ ⥬ ( 1000 C),  ன -
 ମࠬ,  , 祣 :     
㦥  357 C.
       ⠭  ப  ࢠ  ⢮
ᯫ   ⥭樠 ⥯⥫  ⮬  -
஢.     ᥡ    -⮢᪨  
⭮襭  ⥬ 樮 ਠ,        -
㦠   ॠ:  襭 ⥬   ⢮  
⥬ ᠬ ࠧ蠥 設⢮ ⠫    ᯫ.  ᨢ
蠥   ⢥⢥  ⥯⥫ (  ⮩  ஫
ᥩ 筮 㯠 ਩  ). , , 祭  㤠-
    ࠢ: ⠪, 㦥 ⠭,  ⠭⠫    -
ࠬ  ७ ⠪       1000 C.    ⥪-
᪨ ᯫ Ga-Zn-Sn 뢠 襥 ஧ ⢨,  祬
 . ⭮,  訥 ( 5  %)    ""
     ⨪஧ ᢮⢠,     
筮.
     ᭠   ᮡ : 稭  ᪮
ᮯ⨢  ⠫ ᨫ쭮   ⮣,    
 (. .  த쭮  筮  ࠢ)  室  ⮪;
⭮襭 ᨬ㬠 ᮯ⨢   ࠢ 7 - , 祬 
 㣮 ⠫.   ᠬ  ᪠     樥
⥯ ७,     ᨬ    ࠢ-
 ⮪  ஥.
     來 ᯮᮡ    ࠦ  ᢥ⮢  
    ᯥ ஡  ᢮  ᨫ    ந⢥
ઠ, 祬  ઠ   ᪭      襭
⥬.  ⮣ ⠫ 室  祭 ᯥ樠-
 ⥪,   訬  樥⮬  ५,  
ய᪠ ࠪ .
       (  99,999%) ਬ   
ᠤ  ଠ  ६    襭    ஢
᢮.   ⠪   ,      ᠬ    ⮬  -
襭 " 몮 ":    ᮥ -  쬮, -
஬  ᮡ  类 - 㦨    ஢
.
     ᮡ  મ        ᮧ  ⠪  뢠
௥室, ᯥ稢 ᮪ ࠡ稥 ࠪ⨪ -
஢ ਡ஢. ௥室 -  ᮤ㦥⢮  ࠧ
 娬᪮ ⠢ ஢,  饭   -
⠫. ᪨ 祭 㦥  㬥 ,  ⠪ ᮢ-
⭮ "஦   襩" 㫨  ஢  -
    ᯥ⨢.      室   
 㤭 祩.
     ᫥⥫ ९஡ ⪨ ࠧ ⠭,  
 뫨     ,      ⢠  ஢  -
஢ ᢮ ᮢ⨬. 祭 諠       -
  ⢥ ⭥஢ ᥭ    ᥭ  :  

                              <- 27 ->

⠫᪨ ⪨ 宦,    ,      
 .        -  ᥭ
  ⮫쪮 ⮩稢,       ⬮  ࠧ-
 㪢쭮  .
     㦥  ᭮  㤠?      .  ⮬  ,
  ᥭ , ਤ ⮬ 㦭 ⮩稢.
     ஡ 뫠 襭 -  孨  ⨫  ⢮  
ᮢ襭 ਡ஢. ⨢ 祭, ᮧ 㤮-⠫, 
1972  뫠 㦤 ᪠ ६.
      ⥫쭮 娬᪨ ᮥ  ﭭ  -
.    ᥣ  ᫨⥫ ன⢠  
ࠤ ⠭, ମ  ᮫ ३    -
஢ ਡ ࠪ⭮ 孨.    ⮢
஢, ᮧ  業  (ᢥ)  ,  뢠
ᨫ쭮 ⠫᪮ ⢨         -
᪮ 娬.
       "࡮  ਭ" (  筥,  ⥫
 ⮣)  筮 䠭⠧,  ᥣ ᮢ६-
 "࡮" -  - 筮 諨  .    
 ਠ  ⠫  ᥭ  .    㡥  ,
  ᥭ  - , 䥪⨢,  - ।-
 ᯮ짮  ᬨ᪮ 孨,  ⭮  裡
 ᬮ⮬, 襤訬  ⮥ ࠭⢮,    ᬨ᪨
ࠡ    ⠭ﬨ, 室騬    -
. 砫 ⠪ ਬ ⠪   ਥ樨 ࠡ
 ᠤ  .
     ᬨ᪠  ᮬ  ᮧ  ਬ   ᫮   
஢ ࠧ 孮᪨ 権.     
騢 ஢ ⠫ ᥭ    ஢
 ਪ᪮ ᬨ᪮ ⠭樨 "".
     ᫨   ᫮   㤠    ⠫  ⮣
⢠ ࠧ஬  2 - 3 ஢,   ᮬ  祭
⫨ ⠫-   25 ஢.
      ᯥਬ   ᬮ  ᯥ譮  諨      
ᮢ᪮ 筮-᫥⥫᪮ ⠭樨 "-6 ".  ஬  ⮣,
 ᬮ ஢  ⠭ "  "      祭
᫨⪠, 饣    .   ⮬,    
  殮     ᫮  ⠫  
ࠢ୮ ६訢:  뢠 ᫨⪠  孨    ᫮
뢠 묨 ,   - .    ᬮ  
 ᮬ,  ।      ࠢ,  -
⮬ ᫨⮪ 砥 ࠢ  ⠢.
      ⭮,     祭  ⢥  
, 祬... ᢥ . -,  㤨:    
 㪠 ᯮ  ⥧  த  ᠫ쭮  -
,   뢭 砥 楬.
       ᠬ ࠭     ⥧  ⢥-
,    ᭮ ᢥ⨫ ﭭ     -
拉୮ ᨭ⥧.    ?
     묨 㡥⥫묨,   ᢥ묨 㫨    
ਭ - ,  ࠧ  ମ拉 ॠ.
       : ਮ       㫨  砩  㤭.
 ᠬ 䣠 㫨 - 袥᪨ 䨧,    1933    -
᪨ ।᪠訩 ⢮ ਭ, ,   
 ᬮ ᯥਬ⠫쭮 ⢥न 稥  , ⠪  
    ,  ᪮ 鸞.    ६ -
ਭ  । ࣨ  ஬  ஭饩  ᯮᮡ-
. ᢮   ,   ९⢥  室
१ ⮫ ᮫筮 ⢠  ᠫ ⮪  ࣠
  (, ࠧ㬥,   㣨  ⥫). 祭 -
,      ᠭ⨬  孮  襩  

                              <- 28 ->

ᥪ㭤  訢    60  म  ਭ.   
ॣ஢    ࠩ  ᫮:  १     ⢮   
室, ᫮ ᪢ .      䨧  諨  
ਠ,   ਭ ⠢ ᫥. ,  ⮬ 嫮
 ⮬ ᮩ 37,  ਭ, ᪠ ஭    ॢ-
頥  ⮬ ࣮  ⮩  ⮬ ᮩ.
      ॠ 䥪⨢ ⥪   ⨥ ਭ,  -
 让 ࣨ.   ⠪   ਭ ᮫-
 ⮪ १砩  (  筮).  祬
 ᯥਬ⮢, 易  ᪠ "㫮", 㦭 ⨭
ਫ ᫮.
     ⪠ ᮧ ⠪ ᫮ 뫠 ।ਭ  . ⮡  
 ࠭ ﭨ 㣨 ᬨ᪨  ,  ஬
  嫮⨫ (  筮 ਬ    娬-
⪥) 䨧 ⠫    㡨   -
஢, ᯮ짮  ⮣ 襭  㤭  
 . ᭮ ⥮᪨ ⠬,    ⮪  
୥  ⮬ 嫮-37  뫨  ॢ    ⮬  -
-37, 祬 ⠫,   ⠪ ॢ饭 ந  "
" ਭ,   -  ⢨ 㣨  祭,  -
 ஭  १ ࠪ஢ ⮫ .  ,
㦨 㤠        ⮬  ࣮-37,    
᪮॥ ᥣ 砫,  ᫠     祬.
       : ਭ  㯠      ,  ᫥⥫쭮
⥧  ମ拉୮ ந宦 ᮫筮 ࣨ ୠ?
     ᪨ 䨧 ,  㪠  ᯥਬ    
 ᭮ ⪠뢠  ᫮  ।⠢    
  ᪮  ମ拉୮  ॠ.  ,     
ॡ  襩 筮. ஬ ⮣, ⥮   ⮬,  
 뫠   訥 ⮪ ਭ  ⭮⥫쭮 -
 ࣨ,  䨪樨    嫮-࣮  ⮤  
ਣ.       ਩  ன  襣  -
⢮ - . ,    㦨 ⫨筮  襭
(,   䨧, ⥪஬)  ਭ   ࣨ:
 ⮯ -71 ⭮     ॢ 
 ଠ-71. । ᫮  ࠧ    襭  ⮬
ଠ-71, 祭 ᬮ  ⮪ ᮫  ਭ.  
 ⮫쪮 ⥮,   襩 ࠭ 㦥 ᮧ  -ଠ
⠭,    ୮  ( ᠭ᪮ 饫) ஡
㡮 ⮫  ਭ ࢠਨ.    ࠡ  -
⠭ ॡ   ⮭ ,  室 ᯥਬ⮢  
쭮 ண ⠫ ࠪ᪨ ⠭  楫    ।.
ன ᪮쪮 ,  , , ஫ ᢥ     
 ஡ ᮢ६ 䨧.

                              <- 29 ->

                      :

1. , ⮬. 6, "᪠ 横", ᪢, 1971
2. "  ࣠᪠ 娬", ..嬥⮢, " 誮",
    ᪢, 1988
3. " ࣠᪮ 娬" .1, ., "", ᪢, 1972
4. " ,   ⠫", ..஢, "㪠",
    ᨡ, 1977
5. " ।  ﭭ. ᪠  ⠫", ..檨,
    "⠫ࣨ", ᪢, 1981
6. "⥧  ᢮⢠ ᮥ । ⮢ III-V 㯯",
    . ⥩, फ, 1976 (  )
7. "쪮 室 ⠫  ᭮ , ଠ,
    猪", ..袨, , "歨ॡ", 1974
8. "쪮 ", ..⠬, , ⥫⢮ 
    ࡠ᪮ , 1967
