(C)                       ..,...
                            .

                             .
     , 祬  㤥    (ୠ  ,襭
᪨ ࠢ,᪠ ᨫ⨪,ᨫ⨪ ⥫--
,ࠧୠ ᨫ⨪) ࠧࠡ⠭  ᨨ   ⭮
஢  㪥.  ஢࣠  ᨫ-
,࠭ ⢮ 㦭 ࠢ,,譨 ନ,-
頥   ।    ᨭ⥧ ᨫ,楤 -
 ᪨ ࠢ.   ந  ॢ    -
,ॡ   ⮬ ᫥ ७ ன ९ ⮩ ᭮-
饩 樯.     ᪮  ࠬ⭮-
,⮬  ਧ뢠  ⥫ ਭ  ᠭ ࠩ
᪨  易⥫쭮 ஢  窨 ७  ࠢ  ᫠  
⥬⨪.    5- ᨩ᪮ ७樨  [13]
 맢   ᪮ 砭,   ॠ樨  -
⥪襥 ६  ᫥.
      -  ,ࠧࠡ稪  ⮢   ஢ ⥬
ࠢ,⮬  ⢥ ६    
⮤  㬠 .  쬠 ਧ⥫ ᥬ  ⠬
 ⨢ ⨪.

               . 

       ࠧ    ᨫ⨪. 
㭤⮬ ⢥  ⥫(),஥  ண ⠭
    21 . ஢ 襭 ஡   
筮 ⥭樠 ࠭.  饥 ६ ⨫  ⢮
    .襭  ஡  ᨫ⨪,    ,
 ⨦ ᪮ 㪨.
      뢠  㬮祭,  ஬     
㦤(뫮),易     騬(।)     ନ,砥
(뢮, 祭).饨⭮ ᪠뢠 " த -
,   쪠"   ᨫ  - ⢨
। ନ.த  祭 筮    ࠧ  ।
ᠬ  ᨫ.
     㬠ୠ ᨫ⨪  뢠 㤮⢮७  
᢮ ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥫  [1,3-6,9-15,18,21],⠪   
  ⢨  ⥬᪮(୮)   襭
 ᨫ⨪. ஢  ࠭  ஡( -
  ?).⮬ ।ਭ  ।ਭ ⪨ -
 ⥫ ᨫ⨪.ᮡ    ᯥ⨢  
窨  ७ 襭    ᨭ⥧ ᨫ ࠡ -
 [6,9,18].
     ࢠ⨢,     ࠬ⭮ 㬠-
୮ (ન ਬ -  )  த  ⠣  
    ୮ ,  ᯥ譮 饩 ࠪ᪨  -
쭮 ᨭ⥧  ⮬⮢.祢 ᪥樧  ஫
  "⠪ 뢠 "   ᢮    21 -
. ᪨ 祭(䨫,,⥬⨪),  ᭮-
饣  㤠    ⥬᪮    "᭮ ⥬⨪"
࠭ ᥫ(1872-1970)  ᢮  ࠡ  "⢮  ᫨"  -
ਫ:"  砩 ࠤ樮 ଠ . ६ ⥫
 뫮  ⨦, 뫠  ⮫  ஭.
   㣮    -  ᬥ譮 ⨪ਠ⨧".堨 㬠-
୮    ⮫쪮   ᨫ⨪,      
㦤:⥫⢮  ࠧ     ᪨, 
襬 砥  ᭮ ⠡  ⨭[7,8].    ࠭
㦤    ⥫⢥  㪠  㪫뢠  -
- 窨 ᪮ ⥪.ந諮 ஦  ⥬-
᪮   ⮫. ᮢ६ ⮫ ᤠ -
⥫  ᪨ 娢. ० 㦭  ஡  -
,  ⮬ ࠢ   ⠢.᪮     㬠-
୮ ᨫ⨪ 祣  ,஡㥬    ଠ
⥬᪨    ᨭ⥧ ᨫ.
      ࠦ   㬮祭  뫪   ࠢ
᫠ 筮  権( ᪮ ।⠢ ⪠ -
  㦤) :
     1) X  Y(Axy);
     2) X  Y(Ixy);
      ࠤ樮   ᯮ 4   㦤(ᨫ-
᪨ 㭪):
     1) X  Y(Axy) - ⢥न⥫ 㭪;
     2)  X   Y(Exy) - 饮⥫ 㭪;
     3) X  Y(Ixy) - ⭮⢥न⥫ 㭪;
     4) X   Y(Oxy) - ⭮⥫ 㭪.
       ࠢ ᫠ 饮⥫ 㭪 Exy  
  ⢥न⥫ "   -Y", Oxy  -
  Ixy.
      㣮     ᭮ ⮤ 樨 ᪨ 㭪-
権[15]   ᫥騥 ᮮ⭮襭:
     Axy = (xy')' = x'+y
     Exy = (xy)'= x'+y'
         砥 栭.᪨   㭪-
஢          뢠 ᮬ. ᠥ 㦤
Ixy,Oxy,  ᫮ ᯮୠ .ࠢ   㫥 -
  ⢥ত,  Oxy  =  (Ixy)',    ࠤ樮   [8]
Oxy =(Axy)'  Ixy = (Exy)',    ᯮ୮      㡥⥫-
.஬  ⮣  ⭮⥫쭮 㦤    ᠬ-
⥫쭮 ᫠,᪮  ਢ 栭 ⭮⢥-
⥫쭮 ᪠뢠.
     ⠥ ᭨ ᮤঠ⥫  㭪 Ixy.㣨  -
      ﭨ ⮡ࠧ   ⠪ 㦤.᪮
᪨ 㬥 ।⠢  ᥡ  ᪠,ᨬ쭠  
         ॢ   "   "(㭨㬠),..
x+x'=1, ⨥ ᪠ ࠬ       㣨  -
.ୠ ࠬ  ⮫쪮 । 㦤 Ixy  -
  X  Y,  ⬥砥 ࠧ 樨 ⮣ 祭.
      室  ᪠ ࠬ  ᪮ ।⠢
㭪஢ ॡ   ࠧ୮ .ࠧ-
ୠ    姭筠.祭      ᫥騩
:0-,i- ,j-   ,1-.  -
  姭筠 ୠ  ⭮ ⮡ࠦ -
 祫᪮ 諥  뢠 ᫥騬 묨 㭪-
 ,,:
     Ŀ
          _                _           
      XY  X  X&Y  X+Y  XY  X  X&Y  X+Y 
                                       
     Ĵ
      00  1   0    0   i0  j   0    i  
      0j  1   0    j   ij  j   0    1  
      0i  1   0    i   ii  j   i    i  
      01  1   0    1   i1  j   i    1  
     Ĵ
      j0  i   0    j   10  0   0    1  
      jj  i   j    j   1j  0   j    1  
      ji  i   0    1   1i  0   i    1  
      j1  i   j    1   11  0   1    1  
     
         ࠭      筮
筮  , ⮬ ᫥ 㫠  ࣠    -
栭.  ୮   祬 ⫨砥   -
樨  㧭筮 [12].  ୮  
 ஢७    襭  ᪨ ࠢ[14].
     ᯮ   ""[14],     ⥬
 㭪権  筮 .  ਢ  ⠡  
 ⥬  㭪権 筮 .
 Ŀ
  xy  z0 z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9z10z11z12z13z14z15
 Ĵ
  00  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 
  01  0  0  0  0  1  1  1  1  0  0  0  0  1  1  1  1 
  10  0  0  1  1  0  0  1  1  0  0  1  1  0  0  1  1 
  11  0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1 
 
     ⠭ ⮫殢 y  z ந ⠡ ⨭  -
 ⥬  㭪権.
 Ŀ
  xz  y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9y10y11y12y13y14y15
 Ĵ
  00  i  i  i  i  0  0  0  0  1  1  1  1  j  j  j  j 
  01  j  j  j  j  1  1  1  1  0  0  0  0  i  i  i  i 
  10  i  0  1  j  i  0  1  j  i  0  1  j  i  0  1  j 
  11  j  1  0  i  j  1  0  i  j  1  0  i  j  1  0  i 
 
     㤠 砥    ᨬ  ⥬  
㭪権 :

     y0 = iz'+jz
     y1 = xz+ix'z'+jx'z - ᪮ 
     y2 = xz'+ix'z'+jx'z
     y3 = i(xz+x'z')+j(xz'+x'z)
     y4 = x'z+ixz'+jxz
     y5 = z
     y6 = xz'+x'z
     y7 = x'z+ixz+jxz' - ᪮ ⠭
     y8 = x'z'+ixz'+jxz
     y9 = xz+x'z'
    y10 = z'
    y11 = x'z'+ixz+jxz'
    y12 = i(xz'+x'z)+j(xz+x'z')
    y13 = xz+ix'z+jx'z'
    y14 = xz'+ix'z+jx'z'
    y15 = iz+jz'

                        ᨫ⨪
      ᮬ  ᨫ⨪  㤥    ᥢ ਠ
।⠢ 㦤 Axy,Exy,Ixy.㦤 Oxy  砥  ⮬-
᪨  Ixy,᪮   栭.
                         x  y(Axy).
     1.ࠤ樮 ।⠢ ⮣ 㦤 ࠦ  ᪠-
 ࠬ, ன  ⠡ ⨭.
                                          Ŀ
                                           xy Axy
               x         x'               Ĵ
          ===========----------            00  1 
                y         y'               01  1 
          ==============-------            10  0 
                                           11  1 
                                          
       ⠡ ⨭ ᨭ⥧㥬  㭪 Axy:
     Axy = (xy')' = x'+y
     (Axy)' = xy'
     , ᪮ ।⠢   뢥   
४ᨨ    ᪨    ..檨  襭 ᪨
ࠢ[17],   ⮫  ⨫ ⮣ 筮  -
⨦. ᭮ 祭 ᮮ⭮襭    筥
᫠ 樨.  ⮬, x->y = x'+y =  Axy.    ᫥-
,,᫨  - ⨭,  - ⠪ ⨭,᪮ "   ".
     2.ࠤ樮 ।⠢ Axy  뢠  樨.-
  㬥⮢ x,y ࠦ  ࠬ.
                 x'        x                 Ŀ
            ----------===========             xy Axy
              y'        y                    Ĵ
          a)-----================             00  i 
                     y                        01  1 
          b)=====================             10  0 
                                              11  1 
                                             
      b,।⠢  㭪,  ந஢
᫥騬  ᪠뢠:"  (x) ᬥ(y)". ࠢ 
᫮, ""(㭨)-  ⢠,.. -ᬥ⭮.
      ⮬ 襨 ࠦ   㭪樨  Axy  ਬ :
     Axy = y+ix'y'
     (Axy)' = xy'+jx'y'
     3.⨩ ਠ 㦤 Axy ࠦ   ਢ  ᪠-
  ࠬ.  ࠢ     ਠ⮬  
㦤 "x ⭮ y".
             x'        x                  Ŀ
        ----------===========              xy Axy
          y'        y                     Ĵ
      a)-----================              00  i 
                y                          01  i 
      b)=====================              10  0 
          y'        y                      11  1 
      c)----------===========             
      樨 "c" ࠢ ᪠뢠  "  (x)  
᫮(y)".᫨  "" -  ⢠,  ""  "-
騥  ⢠" . ⠡ 砥 ᫥饥 ᮮ-
襭:
     Axy = xy+ix'
     (Axy)' = xy'+jx'
     4. ਠ ᮮ⢥  ⥫[19].
   x ===========----------     Ŀ
   y1==============-------      xy  Axy  
   y2===========----------     Ĵ
                                00   1   
                                01   i   
                                10   0   
                                11   1   
                               
     Axy = xy+x'y'+ix'y
     (Axy)' = xy'+jx'y
       ਠ   Axy  뢠  権, 
ᨫ⨪ ⠢訥  । ᬮ७ 樨  㬥-
⮢   騬.
                      x   y(Exy).
     1.᪮ ।⠢ Exy ࠦ  ᪠ ࠬ.
                                   Ŀ
          x         x'              xy Exy
     ===========----------         Ĵ
           y'        y              00  1 
     -------------========          01  1 
                                    10  1 
                                    11  0 
                                   
     Exy = (xy)'
     (Exy)' = xy
     ᪮ ।⠢      뢥  ᪨
祭 ..檨[17]  襭 ᪨ ࠢ.  ᠬ
,    ⨫ ⮣ ⨦   諨  ࠪ-
᪮ ਬ.
     2.ன ਠ 㦤 Exy ।⠢  㭪.
                                     Ŀ
               x'        x            xy Exy
          ----------===========      Ĵ
            y         y'              00  i 
        a)======---------------       01  1 
               y         y'           10  1 
        b)==========-----------       11  0 
                                     
      樨 樨 "b" 室 ᪠뢠 "  
  ".
      ⠡ ⨭ :
     Exy = x'y+xy'+ix'y'
     (Exy)' = xy+jx'y'
     3.⨩ ਠ 㦤 Exy ࠦ  ᪠ ࠬ.
               x'        x           Ŀ
          ----------===========       xy Exy
            y         y'             Ĵ
        a)======---------------       00  i 
               y         y'           01  i 
        b)===========----------       10  1 
                   y'                 11  0 
        c)---------------------      
     ᪠뢠 "   祫(x)  ᬥ⥭(y)"  -
  ࠬ "c". ""- ⢠, ᬥ  
 뢠.
      ⠡ 뢮 ᮮ⭮襭:
     Exy = xy'+ix'
     (Exy)' = xy+jx'
                        x  y.
     祢᪨ ..  ᮧ "ࠦ ". ࠧ  -
    ᪮      ᪨  -
ᨫ쥢 ..  ࠧࠡ⠫ "ࠦ ". ஡㥬 ࠧ
    ࠧ୮(⮢) ,⥬   ⭮ -
 Ixy 㤥 筮 .
     1. ਠ 㦤 Ixy ।⠢  㭪.
             x           x'             Ŀ
       ================-----             xy Ixy
             y         y'               Ĵ
     a)==============-------             00  1 
               y          y'             01  i 
     b)==================---             10  i 
           y'       y     y'             11  1 
     c)--------==========---            
      ⠡ ⨭ 稬 ᮮ⭮襭:
     Ixy = xy+x'y'+i(xy'+x'y)
     (Ixy)' = j(xy'+x'y)
     2.ன ਠ 㦤 Ixy ।⠢  㭪.
                                        Ŀ
            x'        x                  xy Ixy
       ----------===========            Ĵ
         y'     y       y'               00  i 
     a)-----==========------             01  1 
              y        y'                10  1 
     b)==============-------             11  1 
                                        
      ࢮ 樨 ᮮ⢥,ਬ,⠪ 㦤:"
 (x) - 㤥(y)". 㭨 - .
      樨  ன 樨 室 ⠪ ਬ:"
騥(x)  (y)".  -  ⢠.᫨    ࢮ
砥 㤥      ⠢ 㭨㬠,  -
஬ - 騥  騥 ⢠      㣠  
㭨㬠. ⠡ 稬 ᮮ⭮襭:
     Ixy = x+y+ix'y'
     (Ixy)' = jx'y'
        ஬ ᪨ ᮬ. ᮫⭮ ᮣ-
  ࠢ ᫮   ᪮ ।⠢.
     3.⨩ ਠ  㦤 Ixy ᮮ⢥ ⥫᪮ -
[19].B ⥫ ᨫ⨪  Ixy    -
 ⨩  x,y,    祭    ⨩    뫮 -
.⥫ ࠪ⮢ ⮣  㦤  ᮮ⢥  ਢ
 ᪠ ࠬ.
             x'        x
        ----------===========           Ŀ
              y         y'               xy Ixy
      a)==============-------           Ĵ
          y'     y       y'              00  i 
      b)-----==========------            01  i 
          y'        y                    10  i 
      c)-----================            11  1 
              y'        y               
      d)-------------========
     Ixy = xy+i(x'+y')
     (Ixy)' = j(x'+y')
     4.ᬮਬ ⢥  ਠ  㦤  Ixy.   稫
 ᨬ筮.
            x'        x                 Ŀ
       ----------===========             xy Ixy
             y'        y                Ĵ
     a)-------------========             00  1 
         y'     y       y'               01  i 
     b)-----==========------             10  1 
                                         11  1 
                                        
      ""  㭪   ᪠뢠  "
(x)  -  ᪭  ਤ᪨ 㧮(y)"(-⮢ ਤ᪨
  ᪠). ⠡ 稬 ᮮ⭮襭:
     Ixy = x+y'+ix'y
     (Ixy)' = jx'y
     5. ਠ 㦤 Ixy ।⠢  㭪.
            x'        x                 Ŀ
       ----------===========             xy Ixy
             y'        y                Ĵ
     a)-------------========             00  i 
         y'     y       y'               01  i 
     b)-----==========------             10  1 
              y        y'                11  1 
     c)==============-------            
      ""  㭪   ᪠뢠  "
(x)   騥 ⢠(y)"(- ⥬   ࠧ-
). - " ⢠".
      ⠡ ⨭ 稬 ᮮ⭮襭:
     Ixy = x+ix'
     (Ixy)' = jx'
     6.⮩ ਠ 㦤 Ixy ।⠢  㭪.
                                        Ŀ
                                         xy Ixy
            x'        x                 Ĵ
       ----------===========             00  0 
              y        y'                01  1 
       ==============-------             10  1 
                                         11  1 
                                        
     Ixy = x+y
     (Ixy)' = x'y'
     7.쬮 ਠ 㭪 Ixy 룫廊 ⠪:
     x =======--------                  Ŀ
     y1----=====------                   xy Ixy
     y2=========------                  Ĵ
     y3---============                   00  i 
                                         01  1 
     Ixy = y+iy'                         10  i 
     Oxy = jy'                           11  1 
                                        
      ਢ    ਠ ।⠢ ᨫ-
᪨ 㭪஢ Ixy.騥  த  ᯨ᮪.
      ࠡ ᨫ쥢 .. ⢥ত,  ࠧ୮ 
 Ixy 易⥫쭮 ᫥ Ixy',.. Ixy -> Ixy'.⠥  
᪮  ࠢ    楫  ᨭ⥧ 㦤 Ixy,㤮⢮饣
 ᨫ쥢.
      १ 襭 뫨 祭 ᫥騥 ᮮ⭮襭:
     1)Ixy = x
     2)Ixy = x+y+x'y' = 1
     3)Ixy = x+ix'
     ࢮ ࠢ   ।⠢ 㭪 Ixy,᪮-
    ⭮⭠ ⠢;஥ ࠢ ᮮ-
 ࠧ୮ (쬮  ),   ࠢ-
  -  ⮬ .ࠧ ( ᨫ쥢) ࠦ
 㭪.室  ⬥,  ᪨   ࠧ 
 ᨬ묨 ᠬ,.. Ixy -> Iyx.
     x ----------===========
     y -----==========------
       롮    ⤥쭮    -
⭮ 뫪.
      㪠 ᯮ㥬  ਬ 㬥,
 ਠ⮢ 㦤   浪  Axy-Exy-Ixy.ਬ,    
ᨭ⥧  ᨫ    饬(⭮)     ।⠥
᪨  1-1-2, 뢠 ᫥騬 ᮮ⭮襭ﬨ:
     Axy = (xy')' = x'+y
     Exy = (xy)' = x'+y'
     Ixy = x+y+ix'y' = x+y+i
        ஬ ᪨ ᮬ,..    㤮⢮
 ॡ ᪮  ᨫ쥢 ..  ⭮⥫쭮 -
筮  ࠧ୮ ᫠ ᨫ᪮ 㭪 Ixy.
⢥, ᨫ⨪,᭮  ᪮ ,뫠 
஬  ᪮ ᨫ⨪.⨪ ᨫ쥢(ࠧୠ)
᭮   ᨫ쥢(1-1-8).᪨ , ⫨稥   
ᨫ쥢, ஢ ᨭ⥧ ᨫ  ⮫쪮 ᪨-
,  ᪨ ⮤.饥 ⢮ ᮢ  ᨫ⨪
  4*3*8 = 96.
      ,⠪  뢠  "࣮  ⭮襭"[19]  
 ।⠢ ᫥騬 ᪠묨 ࠬ.
   x ===========----------      x ----------===========
   y1==============-------      y1==============-------
   y2===========----------      y2-----==========------
             Axy                y3-----================
                                y4-------------========
                                         Ixy
   x ===========----------      x ----------===========
   y -------------========      y1============---------
             Exy                y2-----==========------
                                y3------------=========
                                            Oxy

     Ŀ  Ŀ Ŀ  Ŀ
      xy  Axy     xy  Exy    xy  Ixy     xy  Oxy  
     Ĵ  Ĵ Ĵ  Ĵ
      00   1      00   1     00   i      00   i   
      01   i      01   1     01   i      01   i   
      10   0      10   1     10   i      10   1   
      11   1      11   0     11   1      11   i   
          

      ᭮ ᪠ ࠬ 祭 ⠡ ⨭, -
 ஥ ᪨ 㭪樨   ⥫-࣮:
     Axy = xy+x'y'+ix'y
     Exy = (xy)' = x'+y'
     Ixy = xy+i(x'+y')
     Oxy = xy'+i(x'+y)
     ⢥ত,   ࠦ ࠧ ,뫮 
஬稢.
      ࠢ   ᫠  饭    㡫権.室
० ᥣ ⬥ 㭤⠫ ࠡ  ᨫ쥢  ..[6],-
   砫  ࠧ୮  ;    ⫮
.."ࠪ᪠ "[18],  ன  ᨩ᪨      
魮  蠥  ᫮  ஡  ᨫ⨪.     
"⮩ 㤥".㡮  ᮤঠ⥫쭠  㫨 .."᪨
᭮ ࠢ  ᫠"[9],  ன ᨩ᪨    
 ⮫쪮 ਫ   ࠢ ᫠,  㯨   -
஥   ᭮    . ,᪠ ࠬ
 ᪨  ⮬  ,   ᪨   -
,।  ஬, ᮣ  ⮤ 㫨 ...
 ࠡ ᢥ  ⢥ত,    ࠢ    ᨫ⨪
⥫      .⠪,ਮ  ᨨ   ᮧ 
ࠢ ᫠ ᯮ७.
      ⠪ ࠢ ?  "᪨ ᫮"(쪮,1986  .)
।   ନ  ᫥騬  ࠧ."ࠢ    - ਭ樯
業  ⥬⨧樨 䠪⮢ ᥤ ,ᯥ稢騩  -
 ᯥ  ਥ  ᥤ ⥩᪨ ".室
 ⮣ । ⮫쪮      ࠧ  ᨫ⨪
  ⭥     ࠢ ᫠.  ஬ ⮣,⮫쪮  
ࠢ ᫠  ࠧ㬭 뫪 Ixy ᫥ ᫥ 祭
Iyx.
                      .

     ० 祬 㯨    ᨭ⥧ ᨫ,室
஢ ४⭮ 㫨஢ 뫮.। ⭮⢥न⥫-
 㦤 堭᪨ 㯮ॡ  ⢥न⥫쭮.᫨
  㦤 " אַ㣮쭨 - "  㤥 ᯮ짮-
   ࠢ ᫠(᪨,ࠧ), ਤ  
ᨫ ᨬਨ  ᮢ  भ 祭 " -
 - אַ㣮쭨". 窨 ७ ࠢ ᫠ 室  㦤
訡筮:    "   -  אַ㣮쭨".
訡  אַ-⠪  窠   饬 訩 祡[20] 
ठ  ਤ.   த ᮢ   ᨫ-
⨪  ࠢ  ᫠  ।  ⮩   ஢ન -
:Ixy -> Iyx,.. ६  㬥⮢   ਢ  -
.
     ஬ ࠧࠡ⠭ ᪨ ⮤ ᨭ⥧  ᨫ  
᭮  ⬮  ""(   த 誮,த ᭮⥫
ᨩ᪮ ⥬⨪ 檮 ..)  ""(᪨ ࣥ-
 )[13-15]. ᯮᮡ   ᪨  ⮤  
  ᪠ ࠬ.᪨    ""  
設᪮  ୥  樮  孨㬠,㤥⠬  ண   
1997.         ⮤. ,-
,㯭   誮쭨.""  㭨ᠫ:  -
   ᨭ⥧ 祭,⠪   ᪠ 饩 -
뫪. "" ᪮쪮 ᫮ ⬠  "",⮬  -
 ""   ਢ.

           ""(᪨ ᨭ⥧ ᨫ).
     1. 뫪  ࠦﬨ    ᮮ⢥⢨   㫠 
㭪஢ A,E,I,O.᫨  뫪 ⭮-⢥न⥫, 祭
 .
     2. ࠦ     ⥬   -
樨  뫮.஢ 易⥫ .
     3.   祭 ᨫ f(x,y), । -
 m  m'  1.᫨ । ନ 室   ⮭, 
  i.
      ""  砥 ⭮ 祭      ண
१,祬    "".⮬  ⨪   祭
⭮ 祭   ஢७ 䨪.
            ""(᪨ ᨭ⥧ ᨫ).
     1.ࠧ   樨  室  뫮    -
 ᪠ ࠬ. ⮩ 楫 砫  뫪,ࠦ-
 騬  㦤,  ।⠢      ᪠୮ ࠬ.⥬
ࠧ ᪠ ࠬ ன 뫪. ⮬ 㦭  ॠ-
     뫪 樨   Axy,Exy,Ixy 
ࠬ ࠭祭, ⮩ 뫪,⭮⥫쭮 । ନ-
.
     2.  ⠡ ⨭  祭  f(x,y)    室
஢ xy:00,01,10,11.
     3.믮  ᪮ 㭪樨  祭  f(x,y).
     4.祭 १ ।⠢   ᨫ᪮ 㭪-
  ᮮ⢥⢨   ᮬ.
     ਬ 1.
       ᨫ  ॡ ஢  ४⭮.
      (m) - ⠫⫨()           뫪
      㤥() - (m)         ਢ  ᪮ .
     --------------------------
      㤥() - ⠫⫨()
                       襭
       "" 稬
     M = AmxAym = (m'+x)(y'+m) = m'y'+xy'+mx
     f(x,y) = y'+xy'+x = y'+x = Ayx.
     ஢  ᨫ   "".
          m         m'       Ŀ
     ===========----------    xy f(x,y)
           x         x'      Ĵ
     ==============-------    00   1   
        y        y'           01   0   
     =======--------------    10   1   
                              11   1   
                             
      ᪠୮ ࠬ , " Y   X"(Ayx).  ⠡
⨭ 砥 ᮮ⭮襭 f(x,y) = y'+x = Ayx. ⬠ 
 १.室  ભ, 㭨㬮  
  ⨥ " ⢠",..  ⠫⫨묨  
 ( ࢠ 뫪 ४⭠).
     ਬ 2.
      童  ⮢ (x) -  (m)
      㤭 襣 ⤥ (y) -  (m)
     ____________________________________________________
      f(x,y)
                             襭
     AxmAym -> f(x,y)
      ࠤ樮 ।⠢ [8]    襭.-
⨢  ᮣ  ࠤ樥.
     ஢ਬ ᢮   ଠ쭮  ⬠ ""  "".
     M = AxmAym = (x'+m)(y'+m) = m+x'y'
     f(x,y) = x'y'+i = Ix'y'(3)
                            Ŀ
    x ===========----------  xy f(x,y)
    m ================----- Ĵ
   y1 -----------====------  00   1   
   y2 -----==========------  01   i   
   y3 ========-------------  10   i   
   y4 =============--------  11   i   
                            
      ⠡  ⨭ 稬 祭(  ᪮ 㪠-
  ):  f(x,y) = x'y'+i = Ix'y'(3).   ᮮ⢥  
3-(⥫᪮)    ᫥饬 祭:" x' 
y'".᪨  ᪨ १ ᮢ.
     ਬ 3.
      ⥬⨪(m) - (x)
      ⥬⨪(m) - 㬭(y)
     ____________________________________________________
      f(x,y)
                             襭
     AmxImy -> f(x,y)
     M = AmxImy = (m'+x)(y+m+im'y') = mx+m'y+xy+im'y'
     f(x,y) = x+y+iy' = Ixy
                            Ŀ
    m ===========----------  xy f(x,y)
    x ================----- Ĵ
   y1 -------===========---  00   i   
   y2 -----================  01   i   
   y3 -----========--------  10   1   
                             11   1   
                            
     f(x,y) = x+ix' = Ixy(5) = IxyIxy',..  "   -  -
,      -  ". ""   ᨫ쭮
祭,祬  "".
     ਬ 4.
     ஢ ᨫ.
      ⥬⨪(m) - 㬭(y)
      ⥬⨪(m) - (x)
     ____________________________________________________
     f(x,y) = IxyIx'y.
     M = AmyImx = (m'+y)(m+x+im'x') = m'x+my+xy+im'x'
     f(x,y) = x+y+ix' = Ixy
       "" 稬  ᨫ쭮 祭:
     f(x,y) = y+iy' = Ixy(7) = IxyIx'y.
     ਬ 5.
      ஫  [10,.27]  ਢ  "ࠢ" ᨫ:
      ᮫() ࠡ(m)
      砭(y) ࠡ(m)
     ----------------------------------
      砭 - ᮫
      ᨫ  ⢥ত,    祭  㤥   -
.஢ਬ ⢥ত ஫  ᪮ .
     M = AxmIym = (x'+m)(y+m+im'y') = m+x'y+im'x'y'
     f(x,y) = x'y+i = Ix'y(3),
     .. " -᮫ - 砭".
      "" ⢥ত  १. 뫮  -
⥫᪮  砥 Ixy(3).
     ᯮ ਢ ⮤, ஢ਬ  64 ࠤ樮 
 4- 䨣 ⥣᪮ ᨫ  ᪮ (2- ).
१ 稬 ᫥騥 ࠢ .
                           1- 䨣:
AAA,AEIxy'[3],AIIxy[5],AOOxy[7],EAE,EEIx'y'[3],EIIx'y[5],
EOOxy[7],IAIxy'[3],IEIxy'[2],IOOxy[7],OAOxy[2],OEOxy[5],
OIOxy'[2],OOOxy[2].
                           2- 䨣:
AAIx'y'[3],AEE,AIIx'y[3],AOOxy[2],EAE,EEIx'y'[3],EIIx'y[5],
EOOxy[7],IAIxy'[3],IEIxy'[2],IOOx'y[2],OAOxy[2],OEOxy[5],
OIOxy'[2],OOOxy[2].
                           3- 䨣:
AAIxy[3],AEIxy'[3],AIIxy[5],AOOxy[7],EAIx'y[3],EEIx'y'[3],
EIIx'y[5],EOOxy[7],IAIxy[7],IEIxy'[7],IOOx'y[2],OAOxy[5],
OEOxy[5],OIOxy'[2],OOOxy[2].
                           4- 䨣:
AAA,AEE,AIIx'y[3],AOOxy[2],EAIx'y[3],EEIx'y'[3],EIIx'y[5],
EOOxy[7],IAIxy[7],IEIxy'[7],IOOx'y[2],OAOxy[5],OEOxy[5],
OIOxy'[2],OOOxy[2].
     ࠢ       ᨫ쥢 룫 ⠪:
                           1- 䨣:
AAA,AEI[3],AII[3],EAE,EEI[3],EII[3],IAI[3],IEI[3].
                           2- 䨣:
AAI[3],AEE,AII[3],EAE,EEI[3],IAI[3],IEI.
                           3- 䨣:
AAI,AEI[3],AII[3],EAI[3],EEI[3],EII[3],IAI,IEI[3].
                           4- 䨣:
AAA,AEE,AII[3],EAI[3],EEI[3],EII[3],IAI[3],IEI[3].
       ᪮ 㪠뢠   祭.⢨ -
 㪠뢠  ᪨  祭.
       ⥫-࣮(3- ) 稬 ᫥騥  -
 ( 㪠  祭).
 1- 䨣: AAA,AEO,AII,AOI,EAE,EEI,EII,EOI,IEO,OEI.
 2- 䨣: AAI,AEE,AII,AOI,EAE,EEI,EII,IEO,OAO.
 3- 䨣: AAI,AEI,AII,AOO,EAI,EEI,EII,EOI,IAI,IEO,OAI,OEI.
 4- 䨣: AAA,AEE,EAI,EEI,EII,EOI,IAI,IEI.


                               뢮.

     1. ᮢ६  ﭨ      ४⭮
ࠤ樮  ᨫ⨪,    ⥫-
, ࠧ(⮢).
     2.   ।⠢  㦤  ᪠ ࠬ-
,⭮ ⮡ࠦ騥 㭪 Axy,Exy,Ixy.
     3. ,  騥,⠪   㦤  -
 .  ⥬᪮ ᠭ.
     4. ।⠢  ࠧ  ⭮⢥न⥫-
 㦤    ᪮ ।⠢.
     5.  ᪮ ᠭ 㦤  -
 ୠ [13,15], ᭮ ன 뫨 ࠧࠡ-
  ⥬᪨ ⮤   ᨭ⥧ ᨫ, ⠪ ⮤
襭 ᪨ ࠢ  宦    ᪨  㭪-
権[14].
     6. ࠧࠡ⠭ ᪨ ⮤ ᨭ⥧ ᨫ.
     7. ࠧࠡ⠭ ᨫ⨪ ࠢ ᫠(᪠   -
ࠧୠ)    ࠡ⠭ ᨫ⨪ ⥫.
     8. ᨫ⨪ ⠢   ⥬ ᭮.

                           

     1.⥫. 稭. 4- ⮬. - :1978.
     2.஢ .. ᪨ ᭮ ਧ樨 㬮祭.
       - :1986.
     3.ᥭ殢 ..ࠬ  ஫  ⥫ ᨫ-
       ⨪.- ..孨   ୥⨪ ..13.
     4.ᥭ殢 .. ⥬ ⥣᪨ ᨫ -
       ⥫.-   .᫨⥫쭠   孨       ୥⨪
       ..19,,1982.
     5.ᥭ殢 ..⢮ ⮢୮ 㦤. - :"
       祫⨥",1998.
     6.ᨫ쥢 ..  㦤. - :1910.
     7.稪 .  ୠ . - :1979.
     8.ਫ .. 祭 .. . - :1995.
     9.㫨 ..  ᪨ ᭮ ࠢ ᫠. - -.:1997.
    10.஫ .   㧥. - :1973.
    11. ..   ⮤ ࠧࠡ⪨ ஢ ன.-
       :1977.
    12. .. ⮤ 樨 㫥 㭪権  讣 -
        ६    ୮.  - .⮪ N54-87,: -
       ᮡ,1987.
    13. ..  ਧ  㦤    室 
       .//६ :஡ ⥮ਨ,ਨ   ਬ
         㪥(ਠ  V  ᨩ᪮  筮  ७樨)  -
       :1998.
    14. ..  襭 ᪨ ࠢ.//筮-孨᪠
       ଠ..2.N%9,1998,.34-40.
    15. ..  筠 ᨫ⨪    ஢.//-
       -孨᪠ ଠ..2.N%10,1998,.27-36.
    16. ..  ⥬᪮ . - :1973.
    17.檨 ..  ᯮᮡ 襭 ᪨ ࠢ   
       ⭮ ᯮᮡ ⥬᪮ . - ,1881.
    18.⫮ .. ࠪ᪠ . - :1997.
    19.寧 .. ନ஢ ⥬᪮ . - :1967.
    20.笠 ., . . - .:1997.
    21.筥 ..   ⥬᪠ . -:1991.

