 N 21 "⮢ 樮 孨  ⠬   ஢"
                        ⨥ N 1 - 2 .

     _1. ࠢ   ⮢ 樮 孨 ().

    ⮢  -  ᯮᮡ   ᫮ ⠭
 ⠭ ப ,  ᯥ譮  ᢮६ 믮 
   ⢨. ⮢  ।  㪮-
, ஢ ᨮ쭮 ⮢,   ⠪ 稥 -
   ।  ᯫ樨  ६ 樮 孨.  
㪮⮢  ⢥   ⠡,  ᨮ
⮢ - 㪮騩  ⥩, ᮥ  ꥤ.
    ⮢ 樮 孨 -  ﭨ, ।饥
⥯ ⮢ 樮 孨  믮  .  
। ࠢ 樮 孨  ६,  室
  ⮢  믮  .
   ࠢ ⠥ ᠬ (⮫  .    ⠭묨 
 樮묨  ⥫ﬨ   㤮),  ᮮ⢥騩 ᥬ
ॡ 孨᪮ 㬥樨  騩      (ப
㦡). ᠬ    믮 ⠭ 樨 -
᪮ 㦨  ࠭  ०   ⪠.  
 ࠢ ᠬ  ᯥ稢 믮  -
.
   ⮢ ⠥  ࠢ  ᠬ,  ⮢  
, ᭠殮  樮묨  ।⢠  ࠦ    㣨
।⢠ ᮣ᭮ ⠢ .

            _2. ᭮ ॡ  ࣠樨 ⮢.

    ࣠樥 ⮢ ࠧ㬥  ய⨩, -
 ஬  ⠡  ஢ ⮢  ⮢  .
   ࣠ ⮢ 砥:
   - ਭ⨥ 襭  ;
   - ஢ ⮢;
   - ⮢  ⠬.

    ᮮ⢥⢨   㪠ﬨ   ⮢ 樨  -
  ⠭ ⢮   (祩)   (-
).

                                - 2 -

    樮   ந  ,      
ᬥ.  ᬥ   묨, 묨  ᬥ蠭묨.
    ᭮ 襭  ⠡ 樮   ⢫
室 ய  ࣠樨 ⮢  ⠬,   -
  ,  ⤠ ᯮ殮 ,  ᯥ稢騬 , 
࣠ ஫  믮.
    ᭮ ,  ⠢ ஬ ,  ᪠-
 ᮢ⭮    ࠬ 쥢 (冷) ।  
 ࠦ    ()  ⠢  ⠡
⮢ ᪠ਫ.
    ६    ᪠ਫ ⥫  -
   ᭮  ⠡ ᪠ਫ ⠢ 
⠡ ⮢ .
    믮     ᠬ  ⠡  
⠢.
     ⠡ ᫥⥫쭮 㪠뢠:
   - ⨯  ⮢  ᠬ;
   - 䠬    (稪);
   - 뢭 ᠬ⭮ ࠤ⠭樨;
   - ६ ,   ᠤ;
   -    (  ⠡ ६ ᫮묨 -
);
   - ६  ⮢  ୮ ;
   - ⠢ 㯯 㪮⢠ ⠬  ᯥ祭 ⮢;
   -   ⠢  (㪠뢠    ⠡).
     ⠡ ⮢     ᪮-ᯠ-
⥫ ᠬ⮢ (⮫⮢), 뤥  ⠢ , ⥮-
᫮,   ,   ࠧ蠥  
 ᯠᥭ , -ࠧ稪 , -࠭-
,  ⠪  १ࢭ ᠬ⮢.
    ⠡ ⮢ ⠢,   ࠢ,   ਠ-
:   ਠ -    ண ⥮᫮  ன  -
 砩  .
    ⠡ 뢠 砫쭨 ⠡    ⢥ত-
 ஬ .
    ⠡ ⮢ ࠡ뢠  ⠭    -
   ⢥ত  ᫥  ஢  ।⥫쭮 ⮢ (
樮 稫 -  砫 ।⭮ ⮢).

                                - 3 -

   ⮢ 樮  孨  筮 ⠢  ।騬 -
⠬ 稭   ਭ 襭   ஬  -
.   ࣠  ⥫      ᮮ⢥-
⢨  ॡﬨ ⠢  ୮-樮  ᯥ祭
 ()  ⠢  ந ⮢ ().
   ⮢ ⥫ ⮢  ⠬ 뢠  -
,   砥    ᥡ ।  孨᪮ ﭨ,
࠭  ࠢ⥩, ᭠  ᭠殮 ᥬ -
室묨 ਠ  ।⢠  ⢥, ॡ  믮-
 ⭮ .
    ᮢ६ ⥫쭮  ᫮    ࣠樨
ࠡ  㦡,     ⮢  ᯥ祭,  ⠪ 
 孨᪮ ॠ樨.  ⪮ ⢨  㦡, -
稢 孨  ⮢  ⥫쭮   ⮢
,  ᢮६ 뫥  ⢮ 믮 .
   .         믮   室 ᨫ 
।  ⮢   ⠬  ஢ ⠦ 㪮饣
, 饣  ⮢  ᯥ祭 ⮢,  ஬ -
     ।:
   - ᮡ ⮢   ⠬;
   - 㪮⥫, ᯮ⥫     ;
   -   ᯥ樠⮢   孨᪨     孨᪮
;
   - ࣠  冷 ᯮ짮  祭 .
   㭥 ⭮  () ⢫ ஫ ⮢  
, ਢ   .  ஫ ⢫   
ᯥ樠쭮    (..   ).
    ⥫  ⮢ 樮 ⥩  ப
⮢ ᠬ⮢  .  졠   ᮪饭   
 業ࠫ   ᥩ ࠡ .
    ⮢  ஢ ⮢  ᠬ⮢  -
   ࣠    ⠭  ப  뢠
ᮡ 㤭⥩  .    ᯥ祭      뤥
筮 ⢮  㦨饣  ᮭ   । 
㦨.
    ࣠樨  㯯 ⮢, ᮡ  ⠢ ,
᫮ ⮢ 樮 孨 ⢥ ᫮.  ⮬
砥,   ⠢,  ⠪  ।⢠ 堭樨  ⮬⨧樨

                                - 4 -

㦨 ᯮ,  ࠢ,   ᪫祭,  ᫥-
⥫쭮, 㤭   ஢ .
   뢠 ,  ⠪ 室 ⢥ ⮢ ᠬ-
⮢   ,  㪮騩  ୮-孨᪨  ⠢   ⠪
ᯫ஢  ࣠ ⮢ 樮 孨, ⮡ -
 樮쭮 ᯮ짮   ⠢, ⠪  ।⢠ -
樨 த஬-孨᪮  ᯥ祭      ⮬⨧஢
஫ ﭨ 樮 孨.
   訬 ॡﬨ,  ।塞묨  ⮢  ᠬ⮢  
, :
   - ᮪ ⢮   믮 ॡ㥬 ꥬ ࠡ;
   - ᮮ⢥⢨ ⮢ ⭮ ;
   - 쭮 ६ ⮢.
    ᮪饭 ६ ⮢ ᠬ   ᨬ -
権   ⮢ ந ࠭.  ।⢥ । -
⮬   ᠬ ந ⮫쪮  ࠡ,    ᤥ-
 ६,  ࠡ, ࠦ騥 ᯥ䨪  ⭮
.
   ꥬ  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠡ,  믮塞  ⮢ ᠬ-
  ,  । 樥  ᯫ樨,  孮
믮 ࠡ   ⨯ 樮  孨    ॣ⮬
孨᪮ 㦨.
   ⮢ 樮 孨  ⠬ ந    ,
 ﭪ   ⮢ ᠬ⮢  ࣠  鸞.
   ⮢  ᯥ祭 ⮢ ⢫   孨᪨
  ..  孨᪨ ⮢ (㯯 㦨),   묨
९ 뤥   ᠬ.  筮 ⠢ 孨-
   (.㦨.)    ᨬ   ᯥ樠⮢ 
 ନ   ᪮쪮   ,  
 ⠬ ⮢ ᠬ   ⠬. 믮 ⮢
ᠬ⮢  ⠬ 㪮⮢묨  ,  
 ⢮  ᯥ樠⮢    ᫠ ⮢  
⮢  , .
   , 믮塞  ᠬ ᯥ樠⠬,  ந  ࠧ-
襭    孨 ᠬ.   뢠,   -
 ०   ⮢ 樮 孨  ⠬ 
ਢ  ࠢ    ,    ࠧ襭 ண-
饩 孨.  ⮬,  ⮢ ᠬ   易⥫쭮

                                - 5 -

।ᬠਢ ᮭ쭠 ⢥⢥ ᯮ⥫  -
, ꥬ    ᢮६ 믮 ࠡ  ଫ ᮮ⢥-
饩 㬥樨.
      ᪠ ⮫쪮 ࠢ  ⮢  ᮮ⢥-
⢨   ᠬ.
      ᠬ     ஠஢  業  -
짮  । ꥪ⨢ ஫  ꥬ  ॡ
ଠ⨢  業   ⮢. ⮢  ᮤঠ 
ﭭ ⮢ । ꥪ⨢ ஫,  ⠭ 
ᠬ,    .
    ᠬ⮢ 樮  ந  ண ⢥
  ६  ࣠ ᮣ᭮  ⠡ ⮢.
     _㪮⢮ ⠬  祭 ⭮ . (ᬥ ⮢)
_⢫ 㪮⥫ ⮢..    砫쭨 ᥣ -
 ⠢ 樮  樮-孨᪮ ⥩, 祭
     ᯥ祭 ⮢  祭 ⭮  (-
).
     _ 㪮⢠ ࠡ⮩    ᬥ.  ,  祬 -
㭥  ⮢,  砥 訩  ⮢  訩  (-
砫쭨) 樨 ⮢ ᠬ⮢.
   訬 ஬ ⮢   .    
   ᯥ樠쭮 (.   ,   
    ᯥ樠쭮    ᪠ਫ).
   訩  ⮢ ࠢ 室 믮 ⮢ -
樮 孨  ,  ஫ ᢮६ ⮢ ᠬ⮢
 ⠬  ᮮ⢥⢨   ⠡楩, 뢠 㪮⥫
⮢  .     ﭨ 樮 孨 
ਭ   ࠭  থ  ⪮.
    砭  ᯥ祭 ⮢ (稥   ᮣ᭮ -
) 訩    뢠   ୠ  뢠 .
    㪮⥫ ⮢   ਭ      襭  
쭥襥 ஢ ⮢.
   訬 (砫쭨) 樨 ⮢ ᠬ⮢     -
   (.   ),     ᠬ⮢ 
 -    ᯥ樠쭮  砫쭨 孨᪮  
(.㯯 㦨  . ).
    ஢ 稥  㪮饣 ⠢    ᪥  
樨  㦨 ᠬ⮢ (ﭨ । ࠢ ⮯,

                                - 6 -

浪 ᦠ묨 , ᭠ ࣨ), ᯥ祭 ।-
⢠ 襭  㣨 㤮. ⥬ ஢  ᪠-
 ।⢠  ன⢠ 樨  ਬ  㦨  .  
⮢ 樨 ⮢ ᠬ⮢  ⠬ 뢠 襬
 ⮢.
    ஢  ⮢   鸞 ᫮,  
୮-孨᪮ ⠢ 室 ਭ    -
    (ᠦࠬ)  ਩  ᠬ 
   樨  ᫥⢨  ࠢ⥩  樮  孨
(㡮થ ࠢ ᠬ⮢    ).  ⠪ ᫮  
⭥ᥭ:
   -   ᠬ  ࠧ  ஡;
   - ᪫뢠     ࠧ, ஡, 㫥;
   - 몠뢠 ᠬ  ஡  । ;
   - ᠤ ᠬ     頤  ࠭ ;
   - ࠧ襭 襪    ࠧ,  ஡,  㫥 
㣨 砨.
    ண ਭ 室      㪠
砥   ६ ⮢  ⠢    筮 ⠢ -
樮-孨᪮  砥  孨᪮ , -
  ᯮ殮 襣  ⮢. ⠢   -
  孨᪨ ।⢠   ⨯  ᠬ    ᫮
஢  । ਪ  .   -
,  ࠢ,  樮 孨.
    ᯮ殮  孨᪮  뤥:
   - ।⢠ ࠭ᯮ஢ ᠬ⮢ (  ஢묨  -
ᮡﬨ -  筮 ஢;  ࠪ  ᠫ, ᠬ 
. ।⢠ -  ਩ ஢);
   - ꥬ  ᯮᮡ  (  ᪨  ⪠ 
ࠢ᪨ ꥬ, ꥬ ࠭);
   - ।⢠ 襭;
   - ᯮ⥫ ।⢠ (,  ,  ,  ⮯,  ,
誨  宧୨  ॠ⨢ ᮯ  .);
   -   ᠬ⮢,  ᯮᮡ   ⮢  㬥
 ந⢠ ࠡ  ࠢ ᠬ;
   -  ᬮ஢ ,  ᯮᮡ    ⠭,
  ᦠ 宬, ᯮᮡ  浪   -
஢  .

                                - 7 -

    砫 ⮢  孨᪮    ⮢-
  ࠡ.  ᯮ    ᫮ ஢
樮     । 樥  ந ⮢
  த஬.
      ६ ⮢ 砥   孨᪨ : -
᪠, ,   ମ ⮢. ⠦ 鸞 ந-
 訩  ⮢.

          _3.  ⮢ 樮 孨  ⠬.

   ﭭ ⮢     ⠬,   ਬ  楫
  ᢮६  ⢥  ⮢.
    㦥  ⬥砫,  ।⢥ ⮢   ⠬ -
⢫  ⠢ .   ⠢ ஫  ࠢ쭮
⮢ ᠬ⮢  ᮣ᭮  ⭮   ⢥砥  孨-
᪨ ࠢ ᯫ   ६ .
   -90 ⠭ ᫥騥  ⮢   ⠬:
   - ।⥫쭠 ⮢;
   -  ࠡ  樮 孨;
   - ।⭠ ⮢;
   - ⮢  ୮ ;
   - ᫥⭠ ⮢.

                   _3.1. ।⥫쭠 ⮢.

   ।⥫쭠 ⮢ ( ᫨  ।ᬮ७  )  
᭮  ⮢ 樮 孨  ਬ.  ஢-
  楫 㣫㡫 ஫  孨᪮  ﭨ  ᠬ
᫥ ᫥  ⮢  믮 ࠡ  ᯥ祭  ᮪
ᯫ樮   । .
   ।⥫쭠 ⮢  ஢    祭  ࠡ祣
 ( ।⥫쭮 ⮢),   ࠢ,   ࠧ-
 ᠬ⮢   ( ﭪ).  ꥬ  ਮ筮 ।-
⥫쭮 ⮢ । ,  ॣ⮬ 孨᪮ -
㦨 ᠬ  㪠ﬨ   .
    ᨬ  ⥯ 孨᪮   ᢮  -
樮 孨  ⠢, ᪨ ᫮  ᫮ -
஢ 樮  ⢮  ᬥ ( ஢  -

                                - 8 -

। ।⥫쭮  ⮢)  । ᪠ ॣ⮬
孨᪮ 㦨   ⭮ 砥 ⠭ -
    ⥫  .
   ( ᠬ -23  ।⥫쭠 ⮢  ⢨⥫쭠
,   뢥    ஢ ୮ १ 7 
). ( ᠬ -29 ।⥫쭠 ⮢  ।ᬮ-
 ).
   ।⥫쭠 ⮢ 砥:
   - ஫ ᬮ ᠬ;
   - ࠭ ࠢ⥩,   ᬮ;
   - ਮ᪨ ࠡ  ᮮ⢥⢨  ;
   - ⮢ 樮 । ࠦ  ꥬ ॣ⮢ -
㦥;
   -  ॣ⮢, ࠡ⠢ .
     ।⥫쭮 ⮢,  ஬ ⮢ ᠬ⮢, -
:
   - ࠡ   ᮤঠ  ࠢ ﭨ 㬥  ९-
  ࠧ (ᠬ⮬)  ।    㦨
( )  । ஫;
   - ࠡ  室  ᯥ樠묨 ⮬ﬨ  ࠧ,  -
묨 ﬨ  ᮮ㦥ﬨ;
   - ஢ ७    孨᪨ ⠢;
   - 楫 ᬮ  ஢ન;
   - ଫ 㬥樨;
   - ஫ ⮢  ⠬ ୮-孨᪮ ⠢  .
     ।⥫쭮 ⮢  孨  ᠬ⮢,    묨
९   ᠬ  (᢮  ᠬ  ᠬ 孨-୨),
믮 ࠡ ⮫쪮  ᢮ ᠬ.  ।  
孨  ᠬ  ࠡ  믮  孨-
 (     । 訬),  ⮬ ࠡ 
 ⪮ ।  楫 ᪫祭   믮.
    ᮢ६ 樮 孨,  让 ꥬ ࠡ  
⮢   ⠬, ப ਬ ।  ஫
 ﭨ । ᮪ ॡ  ᮢ襭⢮  
 ⮤ 㪮⢠ ࠡ .
    ⨢ 㪮⢠ ,  ஫ ࠡ   ⮢  
஢થ ,   ⠪  ࣠樨 ⢨  ﬨ ᯥ-
祭   ।⥫쭮 ⮢ ( 믮  ࠡ    )

                                - 9 -

砥   ( ᫠ ஢   ᯥ樠쭮-
),    -   .
    ࠡ । ⥩ ,   䥪⨢ -
  ஢ ।⥫쭮 ⮢ 樮  孨
 ⠬   ⠡栬,  ᯥ稢騬 ⪮ 㪮⢠ 
஫, ⥫쭮 ᮪饭  ந⥫    ६
筮 ⠢  襭 䥪⨢ ਬ । 
㦨  । ஫.
    ⨯   ⠡ ।⥫쭮 ⮢ -
 ⮢  ᠬ⮢,   ﭮ (⨩), 䠬
孨 ᠬ⮢  砫쭨 孨᪨ ⮢.
     ࠡ,  ᭮    孮᪨ 䨪
⮢ 樮 孨,   ⠡ ६  ᫮
ࠦ ஢ ࠡ   ᠬ  ஫ -
 .
        ⬥⪨  砭 믮 ࠡ  
ᠬ  ,  ன 㪠뢠 稭 ࠢ⥩ ᠬ-
⮢,     ன  ६ 砭 ।⥫쭮 -
⮢.
       ⠡ ஢  ,  । -
 㦨, 뤥    砭   ࠡ
 㣠 ଠ.
    ᫮ 祭 ࠡ 믮      ⮢,
  ᪮ .
    ⠡ ।⥫쭮 ⮢ ࠧ  ⠢-
 ஬ .
    ᭮  ⠡ ࠧ    ࠡ-
  ⠡ ।⥫쭮 ⮢ .  뢠
⥫      ⢥ত  .
   ஫ ᬮ ஢  楫 । 孨᪮ -
ﭨ ᠬ ᫥   (祩)   ⮢  ।-
騬 ⠬. ஫ ᬮ  ࠢ  㣨  ᬮ஢,
    㣫㡫. ꥬ  । .
   ᬮ ᠬ  ந   ᯥ樠⮬  ண ।-
 ᫥⥫쭮  ⠭   ⨯  ᠬ
.   ஢ 孨᪮ ﭨ ᠬ  -
襩 ⮩ ६  ,    ⥬,  ᪫ ய  -
- ꥪ ᬮ,  ᯮᮡ ࠭ 譥 ।-

                                - 10 -

 ᯥ樠⮢,  ந ᬮ, ࠢ쭮  । 
ᨬ   ᯥ樠쭮.   ᬮ ᮡ ⥫쭮
஢  ॣ,  㧫,  ன⢠ ᠬ,   
 ᯫ樨 ⪠뢠  .
   孨 ᠬ  ᯥ樠 孮᪨ ⮢ 孨..
  ᠬ⠬  ⥫  ।⢠ ਩  ᠬ-
 ᬠਢ    ⥬ ᠬ,  ⭮-ᠤ -
ன⢠, ᨫ ⠭   ⥬,  ।⢠ ᯠᥭ  ᠬ-
, ந ⠦   ⠦  ।  ᯠᥭ    ᯥ祭
㤮⢠ ࠡ  ᠬ ᯥ樠⮢ 㣨 ᯥ樠쭮⥩.
   樠 孨᪨ ⮢   ,    ந -
  ⮢ 㤮 ᠬ⮢  ᢮ ᯥ樠쭮.
    ࠢ,  㦥 ᯥ樠⠬, 뢠  -
 ⮢ ᠬ ( ࠢ⥩).
     ᬮ  ࠡ  ࠭  ࠢ-
⥩  砭   ந,  ⠪    砫  
 ⠭  饥 孨᪮ ﭨ ᠬ  । -
冷 ࠭ ࠢ⥩  ⮬  ᫮  裡.
    砭   १ ᬮ ᯥ樠 뢠 孨
ᠬ  砫쭨 .
    ᢮ ।, 孨 ᠬ 뢠  १ ᬮ 
ﭨ ᠬ 砫쭨 孨᪮ .
   砫쭨 孨᪮  (.  孨   ᯥ樠쭮-
), ஬ ⮣,  ᮮ頥 (뢠)  ⮬    ᮮ-
饩 ᯥ樠쭮.
   ࠭ ࠢ⥩ -   ⢥⢥ ⠯  ⮢-
 ᠬ  . 稢   孨 ᠬ  ᯥ樠-
⮢, 砫쭨 孨᪮      筮  ᬠਢ
ࠢ,  㪠  浪  ࠭  뢠 -
      ﭨ ᠬ⮢,   ⠪  -
 ६,  ॡ      室 ਠ 
ਢ 樮 孨  ࠢ ﭨ.
    믮  ࠡ  (ᯮᮡ  ࠭  ࠢ⥩) 
ᯥ樠    ୠ ⮢ ᠬ  ᯨ뢠.
   ஫ ⢠  믮 ᯥ樠⠬ ࠡ ⢫ -
 ᠬ⮢, 砫쭨 孨᪨ ⮢     ᯥ-
樠쭮.  ᯨ뢠    ୠ ⮢ ᠬ.
    㦥  ᠬ ᫮ ࠢ⥩    

                                - 11 -

 ᯥ樠쭮,    ந஢  -
⠢  ⮤  ࠭  筮 ஢  믮    ⢮
ࠡ.
     ⢥ ⮢ ᫮ ᮢ६  ᠬ⮢  
    ⨣ 樮쭮 ࣠樥 ࠡ  ਬ-
 堭  ⮬⨧樨  ⮢ ⥬  ᯮ짮-
 ᯥ欠設 (, , , ,   .),  ⠪ ஫쭮--
筮   । ⮬⨧஢ ஫. ⮢
஫쭮-⥫쭮       ।  ⮬⨧஢
஫  ।騬 ⠬ ⢫ 孨 ᠬ   ᯥ樠-
 孨᪨ ⮢.   砥: ஫ -
, 䥪᪮,  ⮬, ⠭  ஢ન , ⮯-
  .  ⥬ ᠬ, ⢥ । ᭮ -
஢ ࠡ ⥫ ( 饭,   ⮯, ᫠) 
.
    ।⢠ ⮬⨧஢ ஫ ⭮   -
᪨ ⠭,  ᯥ稢  ஫ -
ﭨ  ந⢠ 室 ஢ப ࠬ஢ ࠡ  ⥫,
ࠧ ⥬  ᠬ,  ᯥ殡㤮  ࠭ ࠧࠡ⠭
ணࠬ  뤠祩 १⮢ ஢ન  㤮 ଥ.
    砭  ।⥫쭮  ⮢  騥   -
⢥ ᯮ⥫  ⠢  ஫쭮    ୠ
⮢ ᠬ ᢮ ,   ᢨ⥫  믮-
 ⮢,    ஫ ⠢ ᢮  , ஫-
騥 ⮢.
   ⮢  ஫ ⮢ 孨᪮ ⠢ ᪠ਫ
 ⠬  ஢   (   ᯥ樠쭮) 
ᮮ⢥⢨  㪠ﬨ ⥫       ᢮
㭪樮묨 易ﬨ.
    ⮣ ࠡ,    ࠢ⥩ -
樮 孨    뤠  㪠   ࠭  ।०
஢  孨᪨ ࠧ    ।⥫쭮  -
⮢. ᫥   믮 ୮-孨᪮ ⠢  
।⠢   8 ᮢ  .
    १⠬  ।⥫쭮  ⮢  ⥫  
   뢠    ﭨ 樮  -
   ⮢  ⠬.
    ⮢ 樮 孨  ⠬      ᭨

                                - 12 -

⮢ ⥩    ⢨.

               _3.2.  ࠡ  樮 孨.

    ᠬ⮢  ⨯ -29  ।⥫쭮 ⮢ ஢-
  ࠡ  樮 孨.   饬 砥,   ࠡ
  ஢  ᠬ,      ।ᬮ७ ।-
⥫쭠 ⮢.   ࠡ   ஢   2  ࠧ  
 (    1  ࠧ   ,    ஢ મ
).
     ࠡ  樮 孨 믮:
   - ਮ᪨ ࠡ  ᠬ  ᮮ⢥⢨  ;
   - 楫 ᬮ  ஢ન;
   - ஫ ᬮ ᠬ⮢ 㪮騬 ;
   - ࠭  ࠢ⥩;
   - ࠡ  ᮤঠ  ࠢ ﭨ 㬥   ९-
  ࠧ (ᠬ⮬) ।  ஫  -
㦨;
   - ࠡ   室  ᯥ樠묨 ⮬ﬨ ࠧ,  -
묨 ﬨ  ᮮ㦥ﬨ;
   - ७    孨᪨ ⠢;
   - ࠡ  室  樮묨 ।⢠ ࠦ () ࢮ-
 ,  ꥬ묨 ॣ⠬ 㦥, 室騬  
ᠬ;
   -  ॣ⮢, ࠡ⠢ ;
   - ଫ 㬥樨.
        ஢    祭  ࠡ祣 .
᫥  믮  ।⠢   8 ᮢ .

                    _3.3. ।⭠ ⮢.

   ।⭠ ⮢ ᠬ ந ।⢥ ।
⠬ (  砫  ⭮     )  ᮮ⢥⢨  砬
⭮  ().
   ࣠ ।⭮ ⮢ ந,   ࠢ,  
 ࠧ饭 樮 孨,   ।祭   -
 ,   孨᪮ 樨.
   ।⭠ ⮢ 砥:

                                - 13 -

   - । ᬮ ᠬ;
   - ࠭ ࠢ⥩;
   - ஢  ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠢ  浪 ⥬ ᠬ 
 ;
   - ࠢ (浪) ⥬ ᠬ ᮣ᭮ ;
   -  室  (ணࠬ)  樮, 楫  .
⥬;
   - ᭠殮 ᠬ 樮묨 ।⢠ ࠦ  ᮮ⢥-
⢨    ;
   - ⠭  ᠬ ꥬ 㤮;
   - ஢ ⮢ ᠬ   ᮣ᭮ ;
   - ଫ 㬥樨.
    ࠡ    ।⭮ ⮢ 믮  -
 㪮⢮   (.   )    ᮮ⢥-
⢨    ⠡楩 ⮢.  ६,  뤥  ।
⮢, ।,  ࠧ, ⨯ ᠬ  ࠪ஬
। ⮢.  ⠥ 뢭 ६  砫 ࠡ 
⮢  ⮢ ᠬ  㫨  .
   । 砫 ࠡ    ୮-孨᪮
⠢ 冷 ࠡ  樮 孨  ᮡ   -
⮢, ।  ਬ । த஬-孨᪮ ᯥ-
祭, ᫥⥫쭮 ⮢ 樮 孨    ᮮ⢥-
⢨   ⠡楩 ⮢.
     () ⮢  ⠬ 孨᪨ ⠢ -
   孮᪨  ⠬  ᯥ樠⮢ 孨᪨ ⮢.
  ᠬ 믮 ࠫ쭮-᫥⥫ ⮤:
孨᪨  ⮢ ࠫ쭮  ᠬ,   孮-
  ᯥ樠⮢ 孨᪨ ⮢  ⠬ -  ᫥-
⥫쭮 (筠 ⮢).
   筠 ⮢ ᠬ⮢ ࠫ쭮-᫥⥫  -
   ⮬,    ꥬ ࠡ  ।⭮ ⮢ 
 ᠬ .  ⮬ ᯮᮡ 筮 騩  -
 ࠪ  ॡ⥩    ⮢   ᠬ⮢.
। ⮢ ᠬ⮢ । ।  뫥.
   ࠬ    ᯥ樠쭮 ࠧࠡ뢠 ⨯ 孮-
᪨ 䨪 筮 ⮢ ᠬ⮢    ᪮쪮
ਠ⮢  ᨬ  ⢠ ᠬ⮢, ⮢  뫥,
⢮ 뤥 ।  㦨  ..

                                - 14 -

    孨᪮  ⠢    ࠭  ࠧࠡ⠭ 䨪
 㢥 㧪 ᯥ樠⮢  孨᪨ ।, -
 ⢮  ᮪ ப ⮢ ᠬ  .  -
饥 ६  ࣠樨 ।⭮ ⮢  樮  -
 ப ਬ 室 ⥢ ⮤ ஢.
    ।⭮ ⮢ ( ⮢    ୮  뫥)
 믮  ࠡ,    祭  殬,  㣮 
頥.  砥 ࠩ 室 ⮢ ᠬ   -
 ஢ 㣨 ᯥ樠⮬   믮  ࠡ.
   । ᬮ  ஢ઠ ࠡᯮᮡ ⮢ -
 ⮨   ࠢ⥫쭮 讣 ⢠ 権,  -
ࠢ   ࠢ⥩,      ᫥
믮 ।⥫쭮  ⮢  (᫥⭮ ⮢),  
⠪ 権  ஫  ⢥⢥ ⥬  堭.
    ᯥ樠,  㦨訩 ࠢ   ।訩
   믮 ࠡ,  易       ⮬
孨 ᠬ.  孨  ᠬ  ᯥ樠 孨᪮ 
뢠     㦥 ࠢ   -
    ࠪ ࠢ.
      ᯥ樠쭮  砫쭨 孨. ⮢ 筮
ᬠਢ ॣ  (㤮),    㦥 ࠢ-
,  㪠  浪  ⮤   ࠭,  ⢫
஫ ⢠  ࠡ   뢠     
 ᯥ樠쭮.
      (.   ) 뢠 .
    襬  ⮢  㦥  ࠢ-
, ਢ  প 뫥  ࠭ ᠬ  ⮢ 
ࠢ,     ࠭ ᨫ  .
   ⠭ ꥬ 㤮 砥 ⠭ 
३ (࠭  ᯥ樠쭮 饭),   ⠪ ⠭ -
⮠   । ꥪ⨢ ஫,    (
室)  .
   ᫥ 砭 ࠡ ᯮ⥫  , ஫騥 ஢
⮢,    ஫쭮   ⮢  ᠬ  
.   砭 ।⭮ ⮢ 孨 ᠬ -
 砫쭨   (砫쭨 孨᪮ ).
   襭    ᠬ    砫쭨 孨᪮
    ᫥ 筮 ஢ન ⮢.

                                - 15 -

     (.   ) ᫥ 砭 ।⭮
⮢   ᠬ ,  뤥   ,  뢠
襬  ⮢  ⮢ ᠬ⮢  ()  ⠬.
    ਡ⨨ ⭮  孨 ᠬ  뢠  
 (稪)    ⮢ ᠬ  .    -
쭮 ଫ 㬥樨,   ⠢ ந  ஢
⮢ ᠬ    ꥬ, । 樥 -
 (㪮⢮  ⭮ ᯫ樨 - ).
   ᫥ ஢  ।⭮  ᬮ  ᠬ  
(稪) 믮 ஢ ࠡᯮᮡ ⥫  㤮
ᠬ.
     ஢ ࠡ ⥫  楫  ६, -
   ⮯  ⮢   ⨯ ᠬ⮢ 筮 ᮢ
 ᪮  ࢮ .  ⮬ 砥  ந 稪,
   孨 ᠬ.
   稥 让   ᮢ६ ⥫ ॡ ᮧ ᯥ-
樠 頤    ஢ન  ࠡ,   ᫮ ࣠
।⭮ ⮢.  頤, ஬ 袠⮢ ᯮᮡ-
,    㤮 ⡮묨 ⠬  ᯮᮡ-
, ᪫騬   ஭ ।⮢   -
宧୨ ᨫ ⠭ ᠬ. ⨬ ॡ ⢥ -
ﭪ 孨᪮ 樨 ⮢ ᠬ.
   ᯮᮡ ᨫ ⠭   ॣ⠬  ⮢ -
⥬ ᠬ  ஢ ⠪,  ⮡   ࠢ  
⠫ 묨  .  ⮬ ⪫  ⠭
ॣ⮬ 审㦨 䨪 ஢ન ࠡ ⥫ -
⨬.
   ஢ਢ ⮢ ᠬ  ,  ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠢ,  -
浪  ᭠殮 ⭮ ,   (稪) ᯨ-
뢠  ਥ ᠬ  ஫쭮  ⮢ ᠬ.  
⮣     ⢥⢥  ࠢ쭮 -
樨 ᠬ  .
    뢠  (㭨⮦  祩)   砥 ᫥ 믮
।⭮ ⮢  ⪫ ᫥ ⮢ ᯥ樠⠬ .
᪠ ᠬ     祭묨 楯ﬨ 뢠  ࠢ-
묨 ன⢠ 뢠 頥.
   ⮢ ᠬ  뫥  ॢ   ᢮ ࠪ-
 ࠧ ।⭮ ⮢.   ꥬ । ॣ-

                                - 16 -

⮬ 孨᪮ 㦨 ᠬ  ⨯.  饬 -
砥  ⠪ ᪫뢠  ⮢⥫, ஫  -
⥫ 権,  믮塞,  ࠢ,   ﭮ ᠬ-
. ᫥  믮 ⠪ ଫ ࠧ  ।⭮  -
⮢  ஫쭮  .
    ⮢ ᠬ    ॢ   孨᪨  
 ⥫쭮 ਢ ᯥ樠 㣨 ࠧ -
, 騥   믮 ࠡ  । ⠬.  
⮣   室 ७  ⠢ 孨᪨ ⮢  ० -
 ࠧ  .
      ⢥   ᠬ 筮  ⠭ ६
믮 ।⭠ ⮢  ꥬ  襭  㧮  
樮 । ࠦ  ଫ ஫쭮 . -
楯 ⥬ ࠢ ᮬ 㧮    ⮬  -
頥.

                 _3.4. ⮢  ୮ 

   ⮢ ⥫ ⮢  ୮  ஢ -
।   ⮬  ਮ ⮢ ६  ᮮ⢥⢨  
  ।騩 .  ࣠ ⮢   -
⠬  ந    ।祭,    -
, ⠪    孨᪨  ୮-孨᪨ ⠢,
뤥  ᯥ祭 ⮢.
   ६ ⮢  ᠬ   ୮  ⠥ -
뢭 ६   몫祭 ⥫ 稪 ᫥    
⮢  㫨 ᠬ  .   ⮨  孮-
᪮ ६ ⮢ ᠬ   ᮮ⢥⢨     -
 ⮢  ஢ન   ⥬  㤮  -
⢥⢨  .
   稭 ⮢  祭 砭 ⭮   ࠡ-
 樮 孨  .  ᫨ 뫠 㦥 ࠢ 
,      ᮮ⢥   ஫-
  ⮢ ᠬ  ࠧ 砭.
   ⮢  ୮  砥:
   -  ࠡᯮᮡ ⥬  㤮 ᠬ   ᮡ-
 ࠢ    ᯫ樨   ।饬    ।
ꥪ⨢ ஫  (  ᠬ,    ।ᬮ७  

                                - 17 -

஫)   ⭮ ;
   - ⮢ ᬮ ᠬ;
   - ࠭  ࠢ⥩,    ।饬   
ᬮ;
   - ࠢ  ᠬ  ⮯   浪 ,  ࠢ ᫮,
ᯥ樠묨 ﬨ;
   -   室    (ணࠬ)  樮,  楫 
㣨 ⥬ ᠬ;
   - ᭠殮 ᠬ 樮묨 ।⢠ ࠦ;
   - ⠭  ᠬ ꥬ 㤮;
   - ஢ ⮢ ᠬ   ᮣ᭮ ;
   - ଫ 㬥樨.
   ⮢ ᬮ ஢  楫  ࠢ⥩, -
    ᠬ   ।饣    -
⢫  ⠭ .    訬  -
  ।ᬠਢ  㠫 ஫  ﭨ  ᠬ  
 㤮.  ஢,    譨 ०, ଥ-
 ⥬,   ᫥     뫠  裂.
   ⥫쭮 ஫ ﭨ ࣠ ਧ.  ᬠਢ-
 ⨪ , ஢ ॢ ମ, ﭨ ⥪-
 䮭 , ⪮ , 뫪, ஭  ..
    砭 ⮢ ᬮ,    ࠫ쭮   ந-
 ࠢ ⥬ ᠬ ﬨ  浪 ,  ⠭
ମ   㣮 ꥬ 㤮.
   孨 ᠬ    ᯥ樠 孨᪮  뢠 
   ࠢ,         ஢
⮢ ᬮ.
   樠 孨᪨ ⮢,  ⠪ ᯥ樠, ⢫騥
  ਠ ꥪ⨢ ஫,    -
ࠢ  襭 ࠢ ᯫ樨   뢠-
 .  ⮢.  . ⮢  ⮬ 砥 뢠
.   ,    ଠ     
(   ᯥ樠쭮)   㪠  浪   
࠭ ࠢ⥩.     ଠ  砫-
 孨᪮      ᯥ樠쭮.  ࠢ-
 ந     ୠ . ⮢.
   砫쭨 孨᪮      㪠  -
࠭ ࠢ⥩, ஢ ⢮ 믮 ࠡ  -

                                - 18 -

 ⮢ ᠬ  ᫥饬 .  .孨᪮ -
 뢠  ⮢ ᠬ      .
⮢.
    ਡ⨨ ⭮ ⠢ 孨 ᠬ  뢠  
, 믮饬    ᠬ,  믮 ⮢-
 ᠬ  ,  ⢥ ࠢ ⮯   ᭠殮 -
 ᮣ᭮    .   ⠢ ஢ ⮢
ᠬ    ꥬ ॡ  ᮣ᭮     
஢ ਥ ᠬ.
   ⢮ 㦨   ࠭塞  ⪠  (ࠢ⥩)
 ⮢  ୮  ⠢ 4-6%  饣  ᫠.
    ⠬ ᪠  ⮫쪮  ࠢ  ᠬ,  ⮢
 ᮮ⢥⢨    .
   ࠢ ࠭   ⮢  ᠬ      ᯥ祭  ⮢
।⢠   㦨  砥 襭 ࠢ ⮢ ।-
⠢   (ᠬ⮢ ᥣ 鸞),  . 
   (襬    ⮢)   騬  栬
,   稭  㦡.
   ࠢ ࠭    ⮢   ୮-孨᪨ ⠢
-   襭  ࠢ  ᯫ樨  ।⠢
⥫      騬  栬.
   ᫥ ࠭  ⪮ 稪, ᯥ樠  -
 ᪠   ⠬ (ࠡ,  㦨)  ࠧ襭 -
⭮ , ࠭襣   ⮢,  .  
   祭.

                    _3.5. ᫥⭠ ⮢

   ᫥⭠ ⮢  ஢    ⭮  
 ᫥ 砭 ⢠ ᨬ  ⮣,  﫨  
,  砥:
   - ᫥ ᬮ ᠬ;
   - ࠭ ࠢ⥩,     㦥 
ᬮ;
   - ࠢ  ᭠殮 ᠬ  ᮮ⢥⢨  㪠ﬨ -
 .
   孨 ᠬ  ᯥ樠  孨᪮      砭
᫥⭮ ⮢ 뢠    믮 ࠡ  -

                                - 19 -

  뢠   ﭨ  .
   ᫥ 믮 ⮢  ᫥⭮ ⮢  ,  -
饬   ᯥ祭,    ।⠢   8  ᮢ
 .

       _4.ᮡ ⮢   ⠬  ॢ  

    ᨣ ॢ 孨᪨    ந  ⮢  
(। ⮢),   ࠢ,  ᮪饭 ணࠬ. 
⮬ 믮 ᠬ 室 ஢ન  樨.
    ⮢    ⠬  㢥稢 ᭮ -
  砥,  ᫮ ࠡ 筮  ⠢,  
ॡ   ࠢ ᯫ樨 ,  ᬮ⥫쭮  -
㪫 믮   ᭮,    ⠪    
樨.   ⮩  楫  ࠧࠡ뢠   ࠭ᯮ,
᪫騥 筮    .
   ᮡ   頥  ࠢ ᢥ孨᪮ -
  ⮢ ( ), ⠪  . ஬ ⮣,  -
    ᫮ 㡫 ᢥ⮢묨 ᨣ,  ⠭묨
⠢  .
   ꥬ   ᮤঠ  ।⥫쭮  ⮢ ᠬ  ⠬
⠥ ⠪ ,    .  ᮡ ⮢  -
⥫쭠 ஢ઠ  ⮢  ᠬ:  㫥  ᠤ筮 ,
譥 ᨣ樨,  ,  ᢥ饭 ,  ⠡, 誠 ਡ஢ 
..
   ꥬ ࠡ   ᮤঠ, 믮塞      ⮢-
 ,  ⠥ ⠪ ,      .   
뢠,  設⢮ ࠡ (ᬮ,  ࠭  ࠢ⥩,
ࠢ  .),  믮塞  ᯮ짮 ᢥ ᢥ⨫쭨 -
 襭 㤮.  ⮬  ஢ ⮢  
⠬   室  뢠  ⠭  ப ⮢ 
।  20-25%.

                   _5. ஢ ᬥ ⮢

    室   樮   ஢ ᬥ
.  ᬥ   殮  ᬥ ⭮   -
 ஢      ᠬ,  ⮫쪮 .

                                - 20 -

   室 ⢮ ᠬ⮢    뤥  -
  ᪮쪨 .
    ᬥ ⮢   孨 ᠬ ࠧ蠥  -
९   ᠬ⮢ - ᢮ ᠬ  ᠬ 孨-୨ 
  孨 ᠬ ९  ᠬ.
    ᠬ⮢  (孨  ᠬ⮢)   砫 祡
 ਪ  .
    砥 ࠩ 室 ⠢  ᠬ⮢ (孨 ᠬ-
⮢) ࠧ蠥 ६  ਪ  . ᭮-
   ६  ⠢  ᠬ⮢ (孨 ᠬ-
⮢)  ࠯  .
    ⠢  ᠬ⮢,  ⠪  ६  -
⠢ ,  孨 ᠬ⮢  ᯥ樠⠬    (᫨  ᠬ
㦨 ࠧ묨  ⠬)  ।⠢    
ࠡ祣   ᬮ ᠬ ୨  (४⭮  ᬮ),
祭  ᮡ⥩  㬥樨. ४ ᬮ ᠬ-
⮢ 묨 孨 ஢  ꥬ ஫쭮 ᬮ,   祬
     㪠  ⪮.
   ஫   ⢠ ஢ ४⭮ ᬮ  ᠬ-
⮢ ,   ⠪ ࣠ ࠭   ⮬ -
⪮ ⢫ 砫쭨 ⮣ ,   ⠢ ண  室
 ᠬ.
     ।⥫쭮 ⮢,   ࠡ    મ  
孨 ᠬ⮢,  묨 ९  ᠬ (᢮ ᠬ 
ᠬ 孨-୨), 믮 ࠡ ⮫쪮  ᢮ ᠬ.
    ९   孨  ᠬ  ࠡ 
믮  孨 (     ।  -
訬);   ⮬ ࠡ   ⪮ ।  楫 ᪫-
   믮.
      ᬥ  ⮢   ᬥ  । 砫 ⮢ 
᢮ ᬥ 砥 ﭨ 뤥   ᠬ⮢  
 ୠ ⮢ ᠬ⮢  ⠬,  ୠ 襣 -
 ⮢ ।饩 ᬥ  믮  ᠬ । -
⮢.
   ஫  ⢮ 믮 ⮢ ᠬ⮢  ⠬,  
⮬ ᫥  ᠬ⮢ 㣨 , ⢫ 㪮騩  ᬥ 
ꥬ ᢮ 㭪樮 易⥩.
   ᫥ 砭  ⮢  ᬥ  ᠬ 믮 -

                                - 21 -

⭠ ⮢  ⮩ ᬥ.   뢠  ᬥ -
⮢   3  ᮢ  ࠧ蠥 ஢ । ᬥ  
ᮢ⭮ ⮢ ⠢   ᬥ ᠬ⮢    ୮
 ᯥ樠⠬  ᬥ.   ⮬ 砥,  ᫥⭠ -
⮢ (᫥ ࢮ ᬥ)  ।⭠ (। ன ᬥ) -
⮢     ᠬ  믮.  ਥ ᠬ⮢ ଫ
 ᯥ樠⮢ 孨᪨ ⮢ ன ᬥ   ஫
 ୠ ⮢  ⮢ ᠬ⮢  ୮ 
(ࢮ  ன ᬥ)  ᫥騬     -
襬  ⮢.
   孨 ᠬ⮢ ன ᬥ,  ஬ ⮣,      
ਥ ᠬ⮢  楫.
   ⪠訥  室 ⭮ ᬥ ᠬ      ன  
⠢ 孨᪮    ⮩ ᬥ  孨᪮ 㪮⢥
   ᮮ⢥饩 ᯥ樠쭮.
   ࠢ, 㦥  । ᠬ⮢,  ࠭ ᯥ-
樠 ࢮ ᬥ.

