L+
                      ஥ "".

   ࠪ᪨  ஭   ᮢ६  祫  筮
易  ।⢠ 㭨権,  ﭭ  -
 ᥫ  ᫮  ॡ   ᯥ祭
ன      裡,   ᥣ ⠭ 
 ᪨ 㭪⠬,     쬨.  ⮬  -
-ந⥫  ⥬  쭥 裡    
㤮⢮७ 뢭  ॡ⥩    -
,   ஢, ⮢, ⭨-
  ࠤ⥫䮭 ⥩.
      ᫥  ६  襭 ஡ ᯥ祭
⮢ 쭮 ᮭ쭮  ⥫䮭  ,    ⠪
஡ ᮢ⨬ ⮢ ⥬  裡 ࠧ筮
⨯,   ॡ ᮧ 饤㯭  筮 -
  裡.  ஥ "",  樨஢ 묨
ଠ   ᬨ᪨ ⥬      孮
쭥 裡 "Loral"  "Qualcomm", ।ᬠਢ ᮧ -
 , ᯮ    ஢-
  ࠤ⥫䮭 裡.
   ⥬ "" ᯥ稢 ⮢ ࠢ⥫쭮  -
ண    ⥫䮭 ,    ⠭
 묨 (஬ ᮢ) 窠  .    ⮨
 ᬨ᪮,   ᪮ 㧫.
    ᬨ᪨ 㧥  ᮧ    48  ࡨ⠫
⭨,      ।⠢ ᮡ ᨫ⥫--
࠭ ᮪ ᨣ,  뢥     1406
.  । ஥ ப 㦡 ⭨ ⠢ 7,5 .
⭨ 室  쬨 ࡨ⠫ ᪮,   
᪮,    ࠭  墠 ࠪ᪨ ᥩ 孮
.  ᯮ짮 ࡨ⠫ ⭨ ᭨  -
 ࠤᨣ   100 ࠧ, ᮪頥 প  -
 ᨣ  ࠭ ,  饥 쥧  ஡  
⥬ 裡  樮 ⭨.    ⭨
  䮪஢ 祩,  । ᪨
  㦨  ⮢,    ⮬    ᯮᮡ
ᯥ ࠡ   2800 㯫 祢   
  । .   ࠤ䥩  ⭨ 
 ᯮ ᯥ⨢ ஢ 孮  (-
⠭樮    ࠧ ),  -

                             - 2 -

  २  ࠢ  㣨 孮ﬨ   
宧饭, 襣 ஢ 砥 魮, 襩
ய᪭ ᯮᮡ, ।饭 ᠭ樮஢ -
㯠    ..    ⭨ ⢫   
⠬, ⠪    㧫묨 ⠭ﬨ.   裡
"⭨  -  "  ᯮ    1,61- 1,626
;    裡 "⭨ - 㧫  ⠭"  ᯮ
  5,1995-5,216   (ࠢ "")  6,525-6,5415
(ࠢ "").  ⭨    ଠ樥  
⥬ .
   ⭨  ⥬ ""  ந  ମ
"Space Systems Loral",   ।⠢ ᮡ 㭠த
 ᪮쪨 , ᮢ⭮ ࠡ  冷 -
⮢   ᬨ᪨ ᫥,   :  "Alcater",
"Aerospatiale", "Alenia", "Deutche Aerospace".
    㧥  ⥬  "" ⮨  㧫 ⠭-
権;  ⥬ ᫥,  ⥫ਨ  । ; ⥬ -
ࠢ ⮬ ⭨  業 ࠢ .  -
 ⠭ ६ ন   ६ ⭨
,  ஬  ⮣,  ᯥ稢  䥩  裡  ⥬
""   ⭮ ⥫䮭  ॣ   業-
 樨 ⮢ ࠤ⥫䮭 ⥩,  ० ᥣ ⠭-
⮢ AMPS  GSM.  㤮 ⥬ ""   
  ࠡ  ⮢ ⥩,  ᪮   ᯮ
㣨 .   ࠭  㤥  ⢫  ᨬ
஫  ᢮ 㧫묨 ⠭ﬨ   㯮  ⥫䮭-
  室   ਨ ⮢.   㭪樨 -
⥬ 室 ⠪ ⨢ 㦥 ,  뫠饣
 ਭ饣 맮.
    㭪樨  業  ⥢  ࠢ  室 ॣ 
஢ઠ 맮,  । ⥫쭮  䨪 ࠧ-
   ..,   ⠪ ࠢ    ﭨ ,
஫  । ⥢ ᮢ (  裡,  -
, ⭨).
   ஫  ᪠ਫ쥩 ⭨ ⢫    
⥬ ᫥,  ⥫ਨ  । .   ஫
ࡨ⠫쭮 ⥫쭮 ⭨ 뫠  業  ஫
 , 㤠 ࠢ  㧫 ⠭樨  ⢫-

                             - 3 -

 ᮯ஢  㣨 㭪権.
   - ﭭ    ⭨   ਨ
墠 ६  ६  室 ।  -
    ⭨  㣮.  ⮩ 楫 -
  孮 , 騥 ᪮
ନ  ६  ন        ६
⭨,   ⢮ ਭ 㬬୮ ᨣ, 
ணࠬ묨 ।⢠, 롨 ⨬  裡. -
⥫쭠 ।  (⭠  )   㦨-
  ᫥饬  ⭨  ந室  ⮣,   
筮 ᭮-   ਨ. ᪨ ନ -
饭  ᥭࠢ묨 ⥭,   砥 ६
  ᪮쪨 ⭨  ᭨ 室 ﭭ
ࠢ ⥭  ⭨  ঠ 裡.
    砫쭮 ⠤  ᯫ樨    ᯮ짮
  ⨯  ᪮ 㤮,  室饣  ᪨
㧥 ⥬ "".  ⨢ ନ  ।-
  祢 ᨣ  樨,   ⠪ ।  樮-
 樮 .   ⢥ ⥫쭮 -
  㣨   㦨   筮 ०-
,   ᪨ ନ  室    "-
".  ⠪    ०,     室
⥫쭮     ⮢ ࠤ⥫䮭 .
    ᯮ짮  孮    ஢  祭
᪮ ନ 㤥 ⠭  樠쭮 -
 ।, ਭ  ࠧ ࠭. । 魮 -
祭  200 .
    ᪮  ନ ⥬ ᢠ -
㠫 , ,  ⫨稥  ࠤ樮 ⥫䮭, 
    ⮭宦    (ᯮ㥬 ॠ
孮  । 稥  4,4 . ਠ⮢ ࠧ-
 ).
   㣨  "" ࠢ   㦨  
㯯 짮⥫;
 - ஦  ࠩ,  墠祭  ;
 - ࠡ    ஦  ࠩ,  墠祭 
,   륧  । ਨ 㦨;
 - 樮 ⮢,  室  ࠩ,  墠祭

                             - 4 -

⥫䮭 ;
 - ⮢, 㦤  㠫쭮  ᮡ ⥫䮭
裡.
    ⨬ 㯯 ⥭樠 ॡ⥫ ⭮ ࠧ
㤠⢥   ࣠樨.  ⮬ ᫥: ⥫ -
宯⭮   ࠭ᯮ,  ஢,  ࣠ ࠭
浪,  ᯠ⥫   ਣ ᪮ன , ᪮
ᯥ樨,  . ᥫ᪨ ⤥  ࣠権. 
墠祭 묨 ஢묨   ⮢묨  ⥫䮭묨  ﬨ,
㭠 㦡,  室 ਮ᪨ ᭨ -
 稪 室 ,  ࣨ   ,  㦡
࠭ த ᮢ  ,,
    筮 ⥫䮭 裡 ⥬ ""  ।-
⠢ 樮 㣨.    ᠬ   - -
। ⮭宦 ,       ᢮
ନ  뢠  ᢮  न  ᭮ ஫쭮
⮭쭮 ᨣ, 뫠 ⥬.
        樮  - ᯥ祭 ஭
裡    ⪨ ᮮ饭ﬨ.     
ᯮ짮   ७ ,    室
   ᢮ ⮭宦  㦡  ⨢  
 ᥬ ( 砩,  ⮬  ..).
   ⨩  樮  砥 ।  ⮭-
宦    (  न  ந   㧫
⠭樨)  । न । ࠭    -
⮢.  㣨  ਬ  ࠡ ᯥ஢ ࠭-
,  ᪥ ࠤ ⮬  ..
     ⥬ ""   㭪. -
⥬ ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡  䥪⨢  -
⢫ ⢥ ।   ।⠢ 㣨 -
ଠ樮   ⭮⥫쭮  祭  
⮢.     墠 㦨 ਩
  뢥  ࡨ  ⥫  ⭨.  
⭨  祭  1997 .,   ⥬  ᯫ - 
1998 .
    ஥ -  ⢥  .  ⮫쪮  -
஢  ᯮ짮 孮 .
    ᫥     ࠭,   ᬨ᪨

                             - 5 -

孮ﬨ,  ࠡ  ᮧ  ⥬  -
⠬ ࡨ ᬨ᪨ ⮢  700  2000 .  -
⥭  ஥ "ਤ" ( ॠ樨   ਭ
⨥  .  㭨祢), ᭮  66 ⭨, ᯮ-
騩  ࠤ䥩 孮 ,     ⠭
⮢  裡 GMM,   㥬  ॠ樨 ࠪ᪨  
,   "", ப.  ⠪  -
ᨩ᪨ ஥,  ਬ,  ""  "".   ப
 ॠ樨 ⢥ ﭨ 뢠   䨭-
.
   ᬮ  ࠢ⥫쭮  ( ⠡ ) -
᪭  ᯮᮡ  ⥬  쭮  ᮭ쭮  裡 (
। 砫쭮 䨣樨),   㦥 ᥩ 筮 -
稭  ஢   㣮  뭪  ⥬ ।-
⥫쭮 ࠢ ᯥ ।   ਥ஢-
 ⮨, ᯥ⨢ ࠧ, ਢ祭 ஢  -
⥭樠 짮⥫.
   ।⥫ ࠢ⥫    ⥬  "" 
"ਤ"  ਢ   ..    ,. 檮
"⥬  ᮭ쭮    裡  १ ࡨ⠫
" ("⭨ 裡 - N%  11, 1994 .). ᭮ ࠬ -
⥬ ਢ  ⠡.
Ŀ
 ஥                     "ਤ"     ""  
Ĵ
᫮ ⭨                 66             48       
 ࡨ                  900            1400      
 ⥬,                                        
.                     56             65       
ப 㦡,                 5              7,5      
⮨ ⥬,.USD     3,4             1,7      
⮨ ନ-                                        
,USD                       3000            750      
।                                    
 1.ࠧ                                       
(⮫쪮 ⭨ ᥣ-                                
), USD                       3              0,3     


                             - 6 -


    ,  "* 頥  룮  ᫮  
.   易  ⥬.   ਭ 楯 ஥
⮩ ⥬ । ந  ࠡ  ᨣ  
.    讥 ᫮ 㧫 ⠭権.  "ਤ" 
। ந 饥 ᫮ ᮥ   ᯮ-
 ⭨  裡,  㬥訢  㬠 ᫮
 ⠭権,   ਢ   室    ᫮
(ᮤঠ騥 樮 㤮, ⥫ ᫥騥
⥭,  筨 ⠭  ..) , ᮮ⢥⢥,  -
    ண ⭨,  ॡ騥 ⥫   
.  ⭮,   㢥祭 ᫮  ᥣ  ਢ 
㬥襭 .   ⮣,  ᫮  㧫
⠭権 ਢ  室 ⢮   宦
맮  讣  ⢠  ⥫䮭 ⥩  
⭨ ,  맮 ⥫ 室.
    饥  ६  ஥  "  "ਤ" 稫
⥫ 業 ⢠ 裡   ஢ -
⮢⥫쭮  ࠡ  饬  ᯮ짮  ᨨ,  
  ࠬ 筮 "" ⥭   ⥫-
㭨樮 㦨.  ਥ஢ 業  2005
.   ᨨ    1 .  짮⥫ ⠪ ⥬
裡.


             ᪨ ⭨ (ERS-1,ERS-2).

   ⮬ 1991  ⮣譥 ᮢ᪮ ࠢ⥫⢮   ࠭-
᪮  㤭  "஫"  ࠧ襭  ன १ ⮥ 
1922    䫮 ७楢   ᥢ ᪮-
 .  ஢ 室 १ ७楢 ,  ᪨
   ⥢  ਭ ஫ ᮪頥   -
ய    20   ࠢ  ࣮ ⥬ १ -
檨 .  ﭨ       ਭ  ஫,
ࠢ  ਬ୮ 5.600 ࠬ, ८ ⮫쪮  -

                             - 7 -

 ६,        , 祬  ⮬
㤠 ।  楫  ৠ   .  ஢-
 室 ⮦ ᪠  300 :   1878-79   
 ७ . . थ襫줮.
   " " 㤭 "஫"  ᯮ      
㭤ᥭ,     ⠪ 뢠 "஭쥬 ",   
⠭᪮ ⨪,  ᮪  .
   ᥣ      ⮣,   17  1991 ,
 뢥  ࡨ ᪨ ⭨ ERS-1.  -
祩  ⭨,  ᪮஢   ய᪮ ᬨ-
᪮ ⢠ (ESA)  ⭨ 㬠    㪮-
⢮  ୨, ୥ । DASA (Deutsche Aerona-
utics and Space Administration),  뫨   
  묨 줮 ﬨ ,  ⮡ ।⠢ -
⮫, 䠬  ࣠  ࠭ 㦠饩 -
    ᫥ ॣ.  ⭨  ᭠-
饭 ᠬ ᮢ६ ஢ ன,  -
ன  ⮢   : ""  ࠤ樮 ਡ-
஢ ஭ ᪢ 㬠     ᭮ ࠦ -
孮 ,  १ , १ ,  -  १ . -
᪨    ।⠢    -
.  । 㤭 "஫"  뫮 ९஢
  ஢ ᫮ ୮ .
   ᭮ 㬥⮬  ⭨    Synthetic Aperture
Radar SAR,       ਭ  100 -
஢ ࠫ쭮  ࡨ. SAR 뫠 ஢ -
  .   ࠦ -ᨣ  㤨  ⨯
 ,  ⠪   ⥯ 㤠  孮.
 ,  ⭨ ERS-1 뫠  ६ ᢮ 
  ६  ,  ESA  ࢥ᪨ NERSC (Nansen En-
vironmental and Remote Sensing Center) 뫨 ⠢  -
  ⠭.  १ ⭨ 裡 Inmarsat   뫨
ࠢ  "஫"  䠪.    ࠧ 
   孮,   ஬ ⮣,   ᢥ 
  ⮫騭 줠.    । , ⮬
 ᢥ   ᪮, 祬 ⭨,  ⮭ - -
,  祬 ⮫.  㤭 "஫"   ᮯ஢騥  ᪠
  ⨬ ⠬.

                             - 8 -

   ⮡   뫮 ᯮ짮   ।  ,
     㠫묨.  祭  ,   ୠ
ࠥ  ⭨ १    讬  ﭨ:
  㤠  ᪮쪮 ᮢ ࠡ ।⠢塞 ERS-1
     .   ⭨  ⢥  "
"  , ⠭.    㤭 "஫"
ᢥ﫠     ⠭  ⥬,  뫮 -
   ⮢ 㤮, -   뫮 ᮢᥬ -
. ⮬    , । ⮬ ᮩ -
,  ⠢﫠  ன    200 ஢.   ⭨
 -   ᪫祭ﬨ - 뢠 묨. ERS-1,
  ⮢,   ᢮ ᯮᮡ    
믮  .
    ࣮ 㤮室⢥    ॣ  
᪨ ⭨ ⮦ 室  ਬ.  -
 ERS-1   ᢮ ஢ ᥭ ன -
 ࠢ  ᪮   孮 ; ⥮-
⭨ (⠪,   Meteosat)  㤠  ᤥ    
⮫쪮    孥 ஬ .  -⮬  SAR -
 ,   ࠢ . , , ERS -
  । ⥬  孮 .     
 १ ७  ⮫쪮 ,  㤠    ᪨
⭨ ⥬.    㤠  ஢ ⮫쪮 -
 ஡,   ⮬  - ࠧ ⮤ ७ 
ࠢ,  ᪨ ⭨ ⥬  ९
ࠧ騥  孮    㬠.   ⨢-
 ⮬ ERS   ࠢ⥫쭮 ⪮ ࠬ 墠
  ஢  孮 .     -
    ⥬ ⨬樨 㤮室 ⮢,  ࠧࠡ⪠
ன  ⢥ ⭮  ஥  砫    ।⨨
୨ ⮬ 1993 .  ࢮ ⠤ 뫮 ࠧࠡ⠭ ண-
ࠬ ᯥ祭,  ஥   1994  뢥  
ࠪ⨪   ୮ ⫠⨪.
   ⭥ࠬ  ୨   ⮬  ஥    
 ,  ᪠ ⥮㦡  ࣥ, ⥮஫᪠
㦡 ଠ,  ࠫ쭮 ⢮ ᪮  㤮室⢠  
ண䨨, ᫥⥫᪨ 業 Geesthacht  ଠ AnschGtz
 ,   樮 ࠢ饩 ⥬ ன (Nopsy) -

                             - 9 -

   ணࠬ ᯥ祭.  ⥬ ࠡ뢠-
,    ஭,   ⥮㦡    ᪨
⭨  ⭮⥫쭮    ,  ࠢ  ᪮
,  㣮 - ᮮ⢥騥 ࠪ⨪ 㤭  (ࠧ-
,  㧪, ⨪  ..).  ᭮  ᢥ ࠧࠡ-
뢠 ᪮३訩 , ᮮ⢥⢥ ᠬ 룮  窨 -
  室 .  ⮬   㤮室⢥ 砩訩 
 ⮬ ⯫  ⮬ 祭   ᥣ -
  ᠬ ᪮,   祬  ᢮ 砫쭮  㡥
  ९⥫.
    ᥣ  ࣮ 㤠  㪠   ,
 ⭮,   ᪮ 㦡  ,    ࠧࠡ뢠
業ࠫ    ⮢  뫠  㤠  䠪.  
    ମ   ਤন -
   ᪮ண .   ⥬ ᪠ 業ࠫ
஢     ਥ ⠭樨   ⮣
    ࠡ,     ⮬ ॥ ।⠢
,   -⠪ ॥    㠫஢.
 - 讥 २⢮,  ᮡ     
祭 ࠭ ண.     ⥬ 㤮室
⮢  ⠭    ஢  ⮢  
᫥ ᢮ 㤭  ࠧ,   㯠  ண-
    . ஬ ⮣,  , 祭
१ ERS,  ᮮ饭     ⫨  襩  -
, 祬 ࠭.
   祭,  ࠧࠡ뢠  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,
  ᢮  ࠧ諥    㦥  蠣 ।:   
ணࠬ    ଠ  ᪨    -
 㧪  ࠧ㧪 㤮.  ஫஢, -
ਬ,  ⥩   ⭨ 裡,  ᫥  -
஢    ࠢ⥫  .   ⮬, 
ᥣ  ஢     ⥩஢,  
 㦥  ⭮, 㤠  뫨 ࠢ. -
 ⮢  ࠢ쭮  ࣠樨   ᯮ짮
᪨  ⭨  ⭨ 裡    ॣ-
 ⥬ ࠢ ࣮ 㤮室⢮.
    ᥬ ⮬, ࠧࠡ⪠ 㤮室 ⮢ ,  -
ࠧ 몮, ⮫쪮 誠 ᡥ࣠, ᫨ ⮫쪮 ᯮ 

                             - 10 -

஢  ERS     줮 ࠭⢠
.    ॢ ண 饣 ⥯ .
 ਢ  ⮬,     蠯  
஢  .  ⮯   ਡ० ,  ࠤ
 .
     ⭮, ᪮쪮 ࠢ  ।᪠. -
⥫   묨 ﬨ    ERS-1
  ᫥襣      ᥭ 1994  ⭨ ERS-2
।⠢ ,   ᭮   ᤥ  뢮
  ⥭.   ᮧ ⥬ "࠭ 㦥" 
  ﭨ 줮.
    ᭨,  ⭨ ERS-1 ।  , 
,       ࠬ     "⯥-
"  孮 .  祭  ⠢ ।⠢-
  ⮬,    ﭨ  ⭨  ᪮  -
孮  ( 筮   ᠭ⨬஢ ७ ⭨-
묨 ࠤ묨 ⮬ࠬ) 㪠  襭 ஢ -
,    "⯥⮪"   .
    ࢮ砫쭮 ⭨ ERS-1  ࠧࠡ⠭   -
    줠,   祭   ᢮ -
஭   ⭮襭  .  ᥫ᪮  ᭮ 宧⢥, 
롮⢥,    ⮣䨨 ᯥ樠 ࠡ  -
묨,  ।⠢塞묨 ⭨. ᪮ ERS-1 ᫥  
믮 ᢮ ᨨ    ࠡᯮᮡ,  祭 
蠭 ᯫ஢    ERS-2    ,  
⠭.      ᮡ   ᢥ  ⮯䨨
 孮  뢠 ,  ਬ,  ।०-
   ᥭ.
   ⭨ ERS-2 ᭠饭,  ஬  ⮣,  ⥫  ਡ஬
Global  Ozone Monitoring Experiment Gome  뢠 ꥬ
 ।   㣨   ⬮  .    -
  ⮣ ਡ    ᭮  ன 
ந室騬 ﬨ.  ६    ERS-2  
⢮    UV-B 祭.
    䮭 ⢠    ᥣ    ஡  㦠饩
।,  ࠧ襭   ।⠢ ᭮-
 ଠ  ERS-1,   ERS-2, ஢ 㤮室 -
⮢    ࠢ⥫쭮  ⥫ ⮣ ࠡ ⮣

                             - 11 -

  ⭨.       ,   ன
  ᪮  ᯮ짮 ⭨  -
 ᮡ ⥭ᨢ.     䨭஢
㣨   .       ࠭ 㦠饩
। 䥪,  㤭 ८業: ᪮ 㤮室 
ॡ 襣 室 ࣨ.  ᯮ   ⠭-
,     ᠤ    ࠧ  ⮭㫨,
 ᢮   㦠饩 । .   -
 ⮢   ⠪ .
