	   㤠⢥    襬 ࠧ
 ᪮᪨ 㤠⢥  ஭  ⥬⨪






			   
     	⥬ : " ਭ樯 ஢ ࣠樨 
		 (  ᭮  OSI	) ".



	㤥⪨ 㯯 -103:		 䥤  .
	  		 ९⥫	:
       		  类 ..
       
	    (  )			 業	:
       			
       		 
	  (  )			  (  )







		      ᪢ 1994  .

			    - 2	-



			  .



     1.  ⠭ ...............................  3
     2. SI ......................................  6
       2.1.᪨ ஢ ..........................  7
       2.2. ஢ ........................... 13
       2.3.⥢ ஢ ............................. 18
       2.4.࠭ᯮ	஢	........................ 22
       2.5.ᮢ ஢ ........................... 31
       2.6.।⠢ 	........................ 43
       2.7.ਪ ஢ .......................... 47
     3.⢨   ࠧ ஢ ......... 52
     4.祭 ...................................... 57
     5.᮪  ............................... 60











			    - 3	-

     1.  ⠭.

      ᫥   । ᫨⥫ ᮢ   -
᫨⥫ ⥩   ࠧ ࠭   -
ப ࠧ⨥ 稫	 ᫨⥫  ().
      -  	㭨樮 ⥬ ,    宦
 ⥫䮭.  	祭  ன	 ᯮ-
  	ࠢ  祭	ଠ樨.
     	      २⢠	।	ࠤ樮묨
।⢠ ।   ࠡ⪨ 	쬠 ࠧ :
  ꥤ    	ன⢠ ᠬ ࠧ-
 ⨯  -  ᮭ  㯥 ;  	-
஥  ॡ ।⢠  ⥩ 裡 饣 짮;
ᯥ稢   ᪮  ।		 ⥫쭮
ॢ ᪮  ।   		  裡.
। ,   襬 饬   ⠭  
ᠬ ࠭ ।	ࠡ⪨  ।  ,
᪮   ᢮ ࠪ⨪    -
   ⢥ ॡ ⥫쭮   ०-
  ।⨩ ,   ஢	, ࠢ
 ந⢮	.
      饬 ६  ࠧ ࠭   ᮧ 
室  ᯫ樨 	⪨	⨯   ࠧ-
  䨧᪨	।	, ⮯ , ࠧࠬ , ⬠-
 ࠡ , ⥪୮  ୮	࣠樥 .
         ࠪ⨪  -  -
  । 	.   	뫪	 -
祭	 १  ६ ⪫     -

			    - 4	-

  ,   	祭   ⮩ ⭮ 設 ,
  	ண    . 	⨦ ⠪ -
讣 ६ ⪫ 設⢮  ࠡ  ᪮-
 ।   1	 10 /ᥪ .
      	 	⮫쪮 묨	,   㥬묨.
      ⥪ ,		 﫠 
ᯮ ⠭樨 	 	⠬ ,   ॡ . 
 짮⥫	  	  ⠢-
 	   譨 ன⢠  	 ⪫  , 
뢠	 ⮬ 뢠 ࠡ 	.
      ⠪    .    २-
 ⮭  ⮨  	⮬ ,  ﭨ  
 ᡮ  ࠭祭 . ⠫ ࠡ	   뢠-
 .  ꥤ	   ⥬ 	࠭ -
  .
      	, 	 ⢥	   ,
   ࠧࠡ⠭  ࠡ	 c ⥫㠫묨 ࠡ稬
⠭ﬨ  ( ᮭ묨 ࠬ	) .  , 祭 
 ,   㬥  ᯮ짮  ⥭樠 
㣨	⥫㠫 ਡ஢ ⠪	,  	 -
祭  ନ   	.   設-
 ਪ ணࠬ  ᯮ  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ -
⥫  .
    ᠭ  	     让 䥪-
⨢ ᫨⥫쭮    ᮭ ஢	
IBM . 筮 ନ 쭠 ᫨⥫쭠  	ᯮ-
짮    ப ᫥ .    
  ௮⨢ ନ ⥩  ⥩  ,	-

			    - 5	-

  ⥫䮭 ⥬	PBX.
      ⥩  ⥫쭮 ⥯ ᯮᮡ-
  ⠭⮢ 	.  ⠭	⭮	⫨-
  ࠤ樮	.  뢠 ᮮ⢥⢨ -
஬ ந쭮 ࠭	  । -
 ⠭  ᨬ	 ᢮  롮 ᯥ樠쭮
 .  ᢮   ᮪ 	-
稢  ⥪ன	 .
    ଠ Xerox	  	ਭ﫠	⨥	  ⠭-
樨 	⥩. ⨥ 砫  	⨢ -
⥦஢ ⠢   thernet  .	⮡ -
 ॢ饭  Ethernet  ஬諥 ⠭  -
 襣 ᫠ ⥭樠 ⮢ , ଠ Xerox -
।  Ethernet ,  㤠 諨 ଠ Intel  	ଠ
Digital	Equipment .   1980 .   ⨫	-
    Ethernet .     Ethernet ᨫ
뢠 	⢥ ⠭ 	 ⥩	 -
 	। 㫨஢ ᨣ .
      ६ ,  ࠧࠡ稪  ᪨ ⠭ 
  । ,   ⠫   ⪨ ⠪
⠭ . 稥 ⠭ 砥 ,     ᯮ
 ⨯    ,	  ⮯	,  	⮤
㯠	  . ᫨	 ⠪ ⠭ ⠫	ॠ쭮 ,
   ᯮ짮  ⠭  -
 । , 	 㣨 ।⢠ ,    祭 	⠭-
 , 祧  .
    ஡ 砥  ⮬ ,  	।⢠  
  	   ⨬஢ -    ᪮쪨

			    - 6	-

ਥ  . ⢥ 	  ।  	
 訬    . ਬ ,   -
 ॡ	쭠   	      ; 
⮬ 砥 襩  㤥 ⥬    祭묨
ࠬ	஢ .     ᯥ稢 ᮪ ᪮-
 ।  	   ᯮ짮  ।
  訥 ﭨ ,   ண .  ⮩	-
樨  ᯮ짮  쭮 ᨠ쭮  
᪮ ⥬ 뫮	  ⥫⢮ .    ६,
㯭	 ०  㦤	   ᪮ ।
	  訥 ﭨ	;   ⮩ 樨   
祭묨 ࠬ ஢ ਣ . 筮  ,  -
   襥 襭 ஡ 	㣨 -
  ।  .


    2. OSI.

     ⠭⮢    ணࠬ  ।⢠ ࠧ訫
	⠭⨧樨 .     ⠭⮢ -
 ⥬ ᯥ稢  ⠭⭮	 ⢨	
묨  ।⢠	  ਪ묨  ணࠬ	 .
饭     ⠭⭮  裡	   ࠡ
⠭⮢  ணࠬ ।⢠ . 㭠த  ࣠-
  	⠭⠬ ।    ⮩  ⥬	裡
(OSI) ,		 ᭮  ஥஢ 	. -
設⢮  ஥  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⮩  .
    OSI	 	  㭨樮	    

			    - 7	-

㭪樮 ஢,			 	㣠(.1):

     ஢ 7 . ਪ ணࠬ
     ஢ 6 . ।⠢ 
     ஢ 5 . ᮢ
     ஢ 4 . ࠭ᯮ
     ஢ 3 . ⥢
     ஢ 2 . 
     ஢ 1 . ᪨

	஢	 	஥  䥩    裡  
ਬ몠騬 ஢ﬨ .	஢	2 	।   
஢	1  ஢ 3	,  ஢ 1  	 -
뢠  ஢ 3 .
    OSI	  ०    - -
 孨 , ⮤ 裡 ( ⮪	)  .    ।
筮 ப ,  ⮡   ᥡ ⢮ ⮪-
 .


     2.1. ᪨ ஢ .


     ᪨	 ஢ । 䨧   
 । ।  .   ।  堭-
᪨	(  , ᮥ )	, ⠪ 	᪨ ( ᯮ-
ᮡ 樨 ,	殮 ) ࠪ⨪ .	 ⮬	஢-


			    - 8	-

		     Ŀ
		     	7.APPLICATION  
		     
		     Ŀ
		     	6.PRESENTATION 
		     
		     Ŀ
		     	5.SESSION      
		     Ĵ
		     	4.TRANSPORT    
		     Ĵ
		     	3.NETWORK      
		     
		     Ŀ
		     	2.DATA-LINK    
		     Ĵ
		     	1.PHYSICAL     
		     




		   .	1  OSI .






			    - 9	-

 ।	᪮ ।   ⮯  .
     ᪨	 ஢ ⠪	ᯥ稢 㭪樮 
楤  ।⢠ ⠭, ঠ	  ࠧꥤ-
 䨧᪨ ᮥ  ஧筮  । ᫥-
⥫쭮    묨	ꥪ⠬ . ᪮ ᮥ-
     ஬  ⥬  , -
࠭᫨騥 ᫥⥫쭮	    䨧᪮  ஢ .
᪨ ꥪ 易 ।⢮ 䨧᪮ ।	.
     ᪨	஢	-  ஢  娨 ⮪-
  OSI .  ᯥ稢 ७ ⮪	 ᨣ-
 ,	  	।⠢	।  ,
१  䨧  । , ᮥ ꥪ ଠ樮-
᫨⥫쭮  (   ) .   ⢥  䨧᪮ ।,
 ࠢ  , ᯮ  㥬  裡,
ᮥ ᯮ騥  ꥪ⮢ 	.
      ।     裡 ᫥-
⥫쭮 	(  i )	  室  ८ࠧ  -
ன⢠ 樨/ 樨	-    ᨣ-
 Si(t) , ࠬ  ᮣᮢ  ࠬࠬ	䨧-
᪮ । (	䨧᪮  ) . ਭ   室
    ᨣ  ८ࠧ   ᫥⥫-
   ( Yi	) ,     ⫨   ।
᫥⥫쭮 - ⢨   P(t) .   
ᮢ㯭  䨧᪨   ࠧ 	
裡 (. 2) .
      砥 ᯮ짮 ஢  裡 ८ࠧ-
 ᫥⥫쭮⥩  	  ᨣ  ந-


			    - 10 -





			Ŀ
			  Pi 
			
	       Si(t)	      		 Si(t)+P(t)
		  	      		   
		    Ŀ 
 Xi   Ŀ    ᪠ ।	   Ŀ     Yi
 	 	Ĵ	 ( 	 	  
         	    )	       
   		     		   
   							   
   		     裡		   
   Ĵ





       . 2.	 ⭮  裡.






			    - 11 -


	.   ⮬    ᯮ 	-
஫	 , ᯥ稢騥 ᮯ殮  㤮  ࠡ⪨
  䨧᪨  .
     	 裡 饭  ⢨   -
쪮 ⥭樠쭮 ⮩稢	। ᨣ
(    ) .	  ࠧ , ᪮ 
䨧᪮  ஢   蠥	 ࠢ ᪠
 ,  ᫥   ⥬ । .
     ⨥ 䨧᪮ ஢	,  祭   믮-
 㭪樨 ।  ⠭ ISO	7498 .  ᮮ⢥⢨
   䨧᪨ ஢ 믮 ࢨ 㭪樨  -
쭮 ஢	.  祭  ᯥ祭	-
᪨  ,  ᪨  ,  㭪樮    楤
।	  ⠭ , ঠ	 ࠧꥤ	䨧-
᪨ ᮥ    楫  । ᫥⥫쭮⥩ 
 ꥪ⠬	쭮 ஢ .
     ᪨	 ஢ ।⠢ 쭮 ஢ ᫥-
騥 㣨 :
     - 䨧᪨ ᮥ ;
     - 䨧᪨ 	 㦡 ;
     -  窨 䨧᪨ ᮥ ;
     - 䨪 䨧᪨		। 	;
     - ࣠ । ᫥⥫쭮⥩	 ;
     - 饭  ࠢ 䨧᪮ ஢ ;
     - । ࠬ஢ ⢠ ।⠢塞  .
     ᭮묨	㭪ﬨ ,   믮 	䨧-
᪮	஢ ,  :

			    - 12 -

    - ⠭   ࠧꥤ 䨧᪨ ᮥ -
       ꥪ⠬  	;
    - ।	᫥⥫쭮⥩      ᨭ஭	 
      ᨭ஭ ० ;
    - ࠢ 䨧᪨ ஢ .



     2.2.  ஢.

      ஢ ।  堭 ࠢ -
  । ।  .  ⠪ । ଠ-
 , ᯮ㥬   ᮮ饭	.  	ᮮ饭 -
뫠   	  뢭 ⮪ ,  ࠧ  
  ᪮쪮 ⮢ ,    ⠬ -
饭	.   ᮤন	 筨   -
祭	,  ⠪	 ।⢠ 㦥	訡 .
     	஢	 ᯥ稢 㭪樮  -
 ।⢠	⠭ , ঠ  ࠧꥤ -
	ᮥ  ⥢묨 ꥪ⠬ , 	⠪ ।-
 ।     裡 . 쭮 ᮥ-
  ᯮ  	 ᪮쪮 䨧᪨ ᮥ .
  ⮬  ஢ 㦨  ,   , -
ࠢ	訡 , 騥 	䨧᪮ ஢ .
     ⮪ 쭮 ஢   ᮡ 	।
吝	⮪ ,  ᯮ㥬    ।  .
  ⥬  㬥⮬ ,  㦨	 ࣠-
樨  ᭮  ॠ	   ,  訡

			    - 13 -

 ।    , 訡筮  ( ୥ ,	
訡筮 ) ।饩 ।	  ⮪	 ᮪
஢	.
        ஢  ᥣ ᯮ  -
樨 裡	   	⠭ﬨ , ᯮ묨 
㤠 㧫	 ,    楫  㯮冷祭  
묨	 	 	騬  稨 	।⠢-
     ᯮ殮	  । ਮ	 ""
   ⨢  ࠢ  . 	 ⮬
 ,   ᮮ⢥騬 㧫  ᪮-
   	 ࠢ । .  -
⥫쭮  , ⮪ , ᯮ㥬  쭮	஢ , -
 ᯥ稢   㯮冷祭  ।   
	㧫  	㣮	    , 
 ⢥  ࠧ ࠧ	  ᪮	-
    ६ প	࠭	  ᨣ-
 , ⠪     ࠪ    訡 .
       饭 ᯥ祭	 裡	 ⠪	 ᫮ , 
᫥⥫쭮 ,	஥   ।   ࠧࠡ-
 ᮮ⢥  ⮪  ஢ ਭ ࠧ-
  饬	砥    ஢ : ࠢ 
। 	, . .	 	஢ ண ஢ -
 , 	࣠樨  쭮  ।   ,	. .
ன ஢ ண ஢  .	  裡  ⨬	-
	   ⨯ ⮪ .  ⮪	।祭
 ࣠樨	।      ।  ,
. .  ࣠樨  ।	 ,  ᯮ-
騥  ⮪  쭮  ।  -  ࣠樨

			    - 14 -

 ।    . ⮪  ண ஢
ண	஢     孥 ஢ "-
" 뢠   㬬୮  ய᪭
ᯮᮡ  	 㧫	  ,	  	
         -
祭	    쭮 ஢	.
      ᯮ짮  䨧᪮ ஢ ࠧࠡ⠭	-
讥 ᫮  , 	 ⥫쭮  ।-
 (    ⠭樨 ) ࣠뢠 	 ப-
⥫	। (   㯯 ⠭権 ) . 	裡 	-
࠭ ⠪    	 ஢  뫠	⠪
    ࣠樨  ।  -
筮 䨣樨	. ᫥ , 	᢮ । , -
 ࠧࠡ⪨ ᮮ⢥ ⮪ ࠢ	-
 ।    ।   楫 .
     襭  ࠧࠡ⪨ ⮪ 	। -
  ॡ । 	 	 ,	묨 -
 ।   ᯥ稢 孨 ஢  -
⮬      ,    	।⠢
 ।   䨧᪨  ஢ . 䨪 -
  , 	ࠢ	,  ।⠢ ᮡ ࠪ-
  ,	 饥 	ॠ樨  ⨢ 
 । ⥩ 裡  , ।⠢塞 
஢	襫饬 ஢   . 	⨦ ⠢-
 楫  ᬮ७	 ⨥ 㦡   ।
   , 	   ।⠢ ᮮ⢥-
騥	㣨 . ᪮  ⮪   㬥⮬ ,
騬 ॠ	ॡ㥬    ᮮ⢥ -

			    - 15 -

    ᭮ ⭮ 	 ,	।⠢-
 騬  ᯮ殮 䨧᪨ ஢ ,  ।-
 ⮪	쭮 ஢   ᮤঠ ⠫쭮
ᠭ ⮣ ,	 ।⢠ ᯥ稢 ।⠢-
 ॡ㥬      ,	    ࠧ-
 	⮬ 뤥塞   ॠ ।  ( -
	) .
      祭	६	 	,    , ॡ騥-
   쭮  ஢ , 	 ।⢠ ,  ।⠢塞
䨧᪨ ஢,   . ⮬ 	 -
室 뢠  	 ࠧࠡ⪥ ⮪  ।
 .  ⮩ 稭 ࠧࠡ稪 ⮪ 﫨  -
㦥 室	 ,  ᭮   ⠭	-
 ( 楤  ) ,	  	 	 ।
।⢠ ( 㣠 䨧᪮	஢ ) ॠ뢠  -
㣨 , 	ॡ 孨 ஢     ।
 .     ஥஢   ࠧࠡ⪨  ⮪
 ⠪ 室 ᢮   롮 	ꥤ   ࠬ
	⮪ ᮮ⢥ 堭 .
     㦡   ।  ।祭  믮-
 ᫥ ॡ 짮⥫ :
    - ᨬ  ᯮ㥬  ।  ।;
    - ᨬ	 । ;
    - 	 	묨;
    - 롮 ⢠ 㦨  ।	 .
     ᨬ   ᯮ㥬 । । 砥 ,
 짮⥫ 㦡  ।	 ( 孨 -
 ) ᢮ 	  ஡ ,	易  ⥬	, -

			    - 16 -

 ⨯  ⢠ 	 	ᯮ , 
䨣 ⠭ ᮥ  ( 筠  
筠  ) ,  ⠪   ० ।   
ᮥ  .
     ᨬ	(  	஧筮  ) ⮨ 
⮬ ,   㦡 	।   	।⠢
 ।    ࠢ饩 ଠ樨 짮-
⥫  ᮥ ᨬ	  ⮣ ,    ࢨ筮
  ।⠢ .
        묨 । , 	 ᯮ짮-
 㦡   ।   ⭮   
। 짮⥫  ⠢ ,    ᪠-
 ( ࠭ଠ ) 筮   . ஬ ⮣ , -
  ॡ	 ࠭  浪 ᫥	 ।
 ᮥ  .
      롮	⢠ 㦨  㦡   ।
	 ।⠢  짮⥫ ।⢠  ,
 ⠪	 ᮣᮢ  ⥫ ⢠ -
	  ⮫쪮  짮⥫ ,  묨 ।-
 ࣠  묨  ᮥ ,   -
 짮⥫ﬨ  㦡  ।  .
      㤮⢮७	᫥ ॡ  짮-
 㦡  ।  	ᯥ稢 :
    - ᮥ 	짮⥫ﬨ  ࣠樨 
      묨 ;
    - ⠭ ᮣ襭  짮⥫ﬨ   㦡
       ।   ⢥	㦨 ;
    -  묨  	ᮥ ;

			    - 17 -

    - ॣ㫨஢  ਭ騬 짮⥫ ᪮	 -
      㯫   ।饣 짮⥫  室 -
       ;
    - ᪮७ । । ᨢ	 ;
    - 饭  㦡   ।   ।-
       ( ࠢ ,  室) ﭨ  䠧஢
      짮⥫ ;
    - ᫮ (  ,	 ࠢ , ࠧ⥫쭮 ) ࠧ-
       ᮥ 짮⥫ﬨ	   㦡	
      ।  .


     2.3. ⥢ ஢.

     ⥢ ஢ ᯥ稢  ।⢠ ⠭ -
ঠ   ࠧꥤ  ⥢ ᮥ   묨
⥬ , ᮤঠ騬	騥 ਪ ꥪ,
  ⠪  ।⢠  	 ⥢묨		 㦡
 ࠭ᯮ묨 ꥪ⠬   ⥢ ᮥ .	-
 ஢ ᯥ稢  ᨬ	࠭ᯮ ꥪ⮢
  ⨧樨  樨 ( ࠭樨 )	, 믮塞
 ⥢ ஢  ⠭  㭪樮஢ ⥢-
 ᮥ .	 㭪樨 ࠭樨 믮 	-
 ஢   .
     ᭮ 㣠  ⥢	஢ - ஧筠  ।
  ࠭ᯮ묨 ꥪ⠬ . ⥢ ஢ 믮-
  㭪樨 , 室  ᪨஢	ࠧ稩 -
 ࠧ묨 ।⢠   ﬨ .	(  -  -

			    - 18 -

   ᪮쪨 ஬ ⥬  , 믮騩	㭪-
  ࠭樨  १   ⥬  -
⠭ ⥢ ᮥ	. )  ࠧ   ࠭
⥢    ࠭ᯮ⭮  ஢  ᯥ稢 -
  ᯮ㥬 । , 	᪫祭 ⢠ 㦨-
  . ⢮ 㦨 ᮣᮢ뢠	  ࠭-
묨 ꥪ⠬  ⠢騪 ⥢ 㦡	   -
⠭ ᮥ .
     㣨 ⥢ ஢ ,  ।⠢塞	࠭ᯮ⭮
஢ :
     - ⥢  ,	ᯮ㥬  䨪樨 ࠭-
        ꥪ⮢	;
     - ⥢ ᮥ (  ) ;
     - 䨪 	祪 ⥢ ᮥ ;
     - ஧筠 । ⥢   㦡	-
        ࠧ ;
     - ࠬ ⢠ 㦨 ;
     - 㢥  訡 ;
     - 㯮冷祭 ⠢ ⥢   㦡 ;
     - ࠢ ⮪ ;
     - ।		⥢	 	 㦡 ࠭-
       祭 ࠧ ( 易⥫쭠	㣠 ) ;
     - ୠ ⠭ ;
     - ࠧꥤ ;
     - ⢥ত ਥ ( 易⥫쭠 㣠 ) .
       	 易⥫묨 , . .  -
짮⥫   訢 ,  ⠢騪 ⥢	-
   	ᯥ稢   .

			    - 19 -

     ⥢ ஢ ᯥ稢  প ⥢ ᮥ-
 	ࠧ  ⨯ ⥩	-    -
⥩  ꥤ  ⥩ 	ࠧ묨 ࠪ⨪ .
⥢	஢	  ࠧ  	ࠧ ஢ 
ᨬ  ⨯ ᯮ㥬 ⥩ .
     ⥢ ஢ 믮 ᫥騥 㭪樨 :
     - ⨧  ࠭ ;
     - ⥢ ᮥ ;
     - ⨯஢ ⥢ ᮥ ;
     - ᥣ  㯭	;
     - 㦥 訡 ;
     - ࠢ 訡 ;
     - 㯮冷祭 ;
     - ࠢ ⮪ ;
     - ।		 ;
     - ୠ ⠭ ;
     - 롮 㦡 ;
     - ࠢ ⥢ ஢ .
    ⥢  㦡 OSI	। 	 ᭮	 ਬ⨢ 
ᮡ⨩	 㦡	; ࠬ஢ ,	易   ਬ⨢
   ᮡ⨥ , 	 ,		 ਭ ;	-
裡	 ⨬ ਬ⨢	  ᮡﬨ  ࠢ묨 
᫥⥫쭮ﬨ .
     ⥢ 㦡 ᯥ稢 :
    - ஧ ।    짮⥫ﬨ , 
      	⭮ ᨬ	 ᯮ㥬	।	-
       ;
    - ᪢ ।	, . .	 ⠢  	-

			    - 20 -

       㦡  짮⥫ﬨ  ⥢ 㦡   -
      ᪨ ⥬	,  祬  㭪樨   ⨧-
      樨   樨	( ࠭樨	) ⢫ -
      ⠢騪 ⥢ 㦡  ;
    - ஧筮 ।	ଠ樨 -  짮-
      ⥫ ⥢ 㦡  (  ) ࠢ饩	 ଠ樨 ;
    - 롮 ⢠ 㦡 , . . ⥢ 㦡 ।⠢-
        짮⥫ 訢  ᮣᮢ-
       ⢮ 㦨   ।  짮-
      ⥫ ⥢ 㦡 ;
    - ᮢ 짮⥫	⥢	㦡	- ᮢ
      祪 㯠  ⥢ 㦡   짮-
      ⥫ 筮 ஢  㣠 .

     ⥢  㦡 믮 ᫥騥 㭪樨  	-
⥫ :
     - ⠭ ⥢ ᮥ	 㣨 짮-
       ﬨ 㦡  	। 	짮⥫ ⥢
       㦡    ଥ	 	 	 ⥢  㦡 .
           ⮩   ன 짮⥫ 	
       ⠭ ᪮쪮  ⥢ ᮥ ;
     - ਭ⨥	ᮣ襭   	짮⥫ﬨ	-
        㦡      ⠢騪  ⭮⥫쭮  ⢠
       㦨 		⥢ ᮥ ;
     - ஧筠 । ᫥⥫쭮   
       ⥢ 㦡 	⥢	ᮥ ;
     - ࠢ ᪮ ।     ⥢
       㦡  짮⥫  㦡    ஭  ਥ

			    - 21 -

       ଠ樨 ;
     -    - ।⢮ । ᫥⥫-
        ⤥    ⥢ 㦡 .
             	࠭祭   
        । १ 窨 㯠   㦡  ⢫-
         ࠢ, ⫨  ࠢ । ଠ-
         ;
     - ।⢮	 ,   ண  ⥢ ᮥ -
           饭  	 ।  ﭨ , 
       ⢨   짮⥫  㦡 ᨭ஭-
       ஢ 	ᯮ짮 㦡 ୮	⠭ ;
     -      - ।⢮	 ⢥ত ਥ
        ;
     - ᫮ ࠧꥤ	⥢ ᮥ   -
       짮⥫ﬨ ,  ⠢騪	⥢	㦡 ;
     - "஧筠" ।   ⥢ 㦡 -
       ࠭祭 	  窨 㯠	 㣮  
        㯥  	 ⥢  㦡  ।⥫쭮
       ⠭ ᮥ .  ᨬ ࠧ  
       	  ।    ⠭   ᮥ
       ࠭祭 64 512	⠬ ;
     - ।⥫쭮	ᮣᮢ ࠬ஢	⢠ -
       㦨 	짮⥫-।稪   ⠢-
       騪 ⥢ 㦡 .
     ⢥ত ਥ  ।   ।⠢-
 ᮡ 易⥫ 㣨 ⠢騪 , .  .  ⠢-
騪 ⥢ 㦡    ᯥ稢   ᯥ稢
 ⭮	⥢ ᮥ .  㣨 㣨	-

			    - 22 -

 ஢    易⥫묨  	 ᯥ稢
 ⠢騪 ⥢ 㦡 .


     2.4. ࠭ᯮ ஢.


     ࠭ᯮ ஢ । ⥢  (  -
᪮ ᯮ ன	  )  ᯮᮡ ᮥ-
   ᮥ ࠧ ⥩  .  ஢ ⠪-
  । ᯮᮡ ,	 ஬  	࠭஢-
 । ᮮ饭 , 	 ,   㬥஢-
 ⮢  㢥७  ⮬	,    ॡ뢠  
浪	  ய᪮  㡫஢	. ࠢ -
 ⨧樥 ⢫  ⮬ ஢ .
     ࠭ᯮ  ஢  ᯥ稢  ஧ ।
	 ᥠᮢ묨 ꥪ⠬  ᢮   믮-
 㭪権  ࣠樨    䥪⨢ ।
 .
     ࠭ᯮ ஢ ⨬ ᯮ짮 饩-
 ⥢ 㦡  ᯥ祭 ॡ㥬 ᥠᮢ묨 ꥪ-
⠬ ࠪ⨪ ।  쭮 ⮨ .
       ⮪ , ।   ࠭ᯮ⭮  ஢ ,
  楢  ࠪ   ,  뢠  騥
࠭ᯮ  ꥪ ,	 ⠪	ࠧ	㭪樮 	।
OSI ⮫쪮  묨 묨 ⥬	.
     	࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢  믮  㭪樨 -
樨   ࠭樨 ,	᪮ ⥢ 㦡 ᯥ稢

			    - 23 -

⥢	ᮥ  묨	࠭ᯮ묨 ꥪ⠬	, -
  	ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨 ᫥⥫쭮  ᮥ
⥩ .
     ࠭ᯮ 㭪樨 , 뢠   ࠭ᯮ⭮	஢-
  ᯥ祭 訢 ⢠ 㦨	, -
  ⢠ ⥢ 㦡 .
     ࠭ᯮ ஢ ।⠢	᫥騥  㣨 -
ᮢ ஢	:
     - ⠭ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ ;
     - ।	 ;
     - ࠧꥤ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ .
     ࠭ᯮ ᮥ ⠭   ᥠᮢ-
 ꥪ⠬ , 㥬묨 ࠭ᯮ묨 ᠬ	. -
⢮ 㦨   ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ ᮣᮢ뢠-
  ᥠᮢ묨 ꥪ⠬ 	࠭ᯮ⭮ 㦡 .  -
 ⠭  ࠭ᯮ⭮  ᮥ 롨ࠥ 
    ᮢ ࠭ᯮ⭮  㦡 , ࠪਧ㥬
ࠧ묨  ࠬ ࠬ஢	⢠  㦨 ( -
᪭	 ᯮᮡ , ࠭⭠ প , ६ ⠭-
 ᮥ , ⭮ 筮	訡  . . ) .
         ⮩	 ன ࠭ᯮ  ᮢ	
 ⠭ ᪮쪮  ࠭ᯮ  ᮥ .  
ࠧ祭 ᥠᮢ ꥪ  ᯮ 䨪	 -
 祪 ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ .
     㣠 ।  ᯥ稢 㯫  ।
  ன ࠭ᯮ	ᮢ	 ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮣ-
ᮢ ⢮  㦨 .  ᫨  ᮣᮢ -
⢮	㦨    	 ᯥ祭	 ⪨ 

			    - 24 -

⠭  㤠 ,  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ ࠧ-
ꥤ  	⮬ ᮮ頥	ᥠᮢ ꥪ⠬ .
       室	⠭ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ
  ᥠᮢ ꥪ⮬ ࠭ᯮ ஢ ।-
 ⥢  , 騩 ࠭ᯮ ꥪ	, -
 ᮥ  ⮬ ᥠᮢ ꥪ  .	 ᪮ 
࠭ᯮ⭮  ஢  ᯥ稢 楢  㦡  
࠭樨 ,  ࠭ᯮ	஢	⮡ࠦ ࠭ᯮ-
   ⥢  ,	騥  ࠭ᯮ-
 ꥪ ( .3 ) .
      ࠭ᯮ ꥪ  㦨	᪮쪮 -
ᮢ	ꥪ⮢  ,  ⮬ 	 ⥢ ᮬ -
ண  ࠭ᯮ⭮  ꥪ      易  ᪮쪮
࠭ᯮ ᮢ .  ⮬	࠭ᯮ ꥪ 믮-
  㭪  ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ᯮ	ᮢ	    ⥢
( .4	) .
     㭪樮஢ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢ ࠧ  -
  ⠭ ᮥ  , ।	  ࠧꥤ
ᮥ .
      䠧 ⠭ ᮥ  믮 ᫥-
騥 㭪樨 :
     - 롮  ⥢ ᮥ ,  㤮⢮饣
       ॡ  ᥠᮢ	ꥪ	 ⮬ ⮨  
       ⢠	㦨 ;
     - 襭	 楫ᮮࠧ  ⨯஢	 
       饯  ࠭ᯮ⭮  ᮥ 	楫 ⨬-
       樨  ᯮ짮 ⥢ ᮥ ;
     - 롮 ⨬쭮 ࠧ  ࠭ᯮ⭮  

			    - 25 -





	Ŀ				   Ŀ
	 ᮢ  				    ᮢ	
	  ꥪ    	       	     ꥪ	
		     ࠭ᯮ	   
	     						  
	     	ĳ  
	Ŀ			Ŀ
	 ࠭ᯮ				 ࠭ᯮ	
	  ꥪ	      	     ꥪ	
		⥢		
	     						  
	     	ĳ  
	Ŀ
		               	   	 		
								



		. 3.	⮡ࠦ  ࠭ᯮ묨	
			     ⥢묨 ᠬ.





			    - 26 -





       Ŀ				 Ŀ
         ᮢ  				   ᮢ 
         ꥪ    				   ꥪ   
       				 
		  	     ࠭ᯮ	    
		  				    
		  ĳ 
		  				    
	       Ŀ
	                            
	       
				   
				   
		   Ŀ
		     	   	    	   	  
		   


	.4. ⮡ࠦ  ⥢   ᪮쪮
		      ࠭ᯮ ᮢ .





			    - 27 -


       ⮪ ;
     - 롮 㭪権 ,   ⢮  䠧 -
       ।  ;
     - ⮡ࠦ ࠭ᯮ	ᮢ	 ⥢ ;
     - ᯥ祭  䨪樨 ࠧ ࠭ᯮ ᮥ-
            ⮩  ன ࠭ᯮ	祪
       㯠  㦡	;
     - ।	 .

      䠧 ।   ⢫   ࠭-
	  㦡 	 ᥠᮢ ꥪ⮢--
  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ	।祩  ࠭ᯮ	 -
  ⮪ .  ⮬	  ⢮ ᫥-
騥 㭪樨 , ᯮ짮     ᮣ
 䠧 ⠭ ᮥ :
     - 㯮冷祭 ;
     - 㯭 ;
     - 楯 ;
     - ᥣ ;
     - ⨯஢  饯 ;
     - ࠢ ⮪ ;
     - 㦥 訡 ;
     - ࠢ 訡 ;
     - ।		 ;
     - ࠧ࠭祭 ࠭ᯮ  	㦡 ;
     - 䨪 ࠭ᯮ ᮥ .


			    - 28 -

     	䠧 ࠧꥤ ᮥ   믮	㭪-
樨 饭  稭 ࠧꥤ  , 䨪樨 ࠧ-
塞 ࠭ᯮ⭮	ᮥ , ।  .
     ⮪ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢ ।祭   ᪢-
 ।  १   묨	짮⥫-
 - ⠬	 . ᭮묨 㭪ﬨ ࠭ᯮ⭮ -
⮪ 	:
     - ࠧ  ᮮ饭   ;
     - ।	⮢	१  ;
     - ᡮ 室	ᮮ饭 ( ࠣ  ᮮ饭 ) .
      । ⮢  ⢫  襭 -
⮢୮ , .	.    뢠 ஢筮 -
 , ᫨    ᯥ稢 ਥ 業 訡
,   ⠪   㬥樥   ୮ ।祩	⮢, ᫨
⥢	஢	  ᯥ稢   㯮冷祭 -
⠢ ⮢ .
      楤 ⮪    ॡ	-
 ஢  ।  ,	⠪   ࠪ⨪	-
 ஢ . ⥢ ஢  ন 㦡	-
 ⮢ , ਥ஢  ᮥ , . .  㯮-
祭 ⠢ ⮢ ,	⠣ࠬ ०  . ࠭-
⭠	㦡 ⠪     ਥ஢  ᮥ-
	,   . ਥ஢ 	ᮥ ࠭ᯮ-
  㦡 ন  짮⥫ﬨ 㠫 -
 .  ⮬ 㦡 ᯥ稢 :
     - ⠭ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ   짮-
       ⥫ﬨ 	ᮣᮢ ⢠  ।⠢塞 ;
     - ।	  㦡  ࠭祭 	 -

			    - 29 -

          ᮤন ;
     - ࠢ ⥬   ;
     - ।		 	;
     - ࠧꥤ  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ .
      ⮬ ࠭ᯮ  ⮪  짮	-
 ⥢ ᮥ	, ᫨  ন .
      㣮 ஭ ,	  ਪ  ਥ-
஢   ᮥ  㦡   㦭 .    ⮬ 砥
࠭ᯮ⭠ 㦡 ᯥ稢 ।  	-
 ࠭祭	 ,	 ࠭   ⠢  ࠭-
  室 ᫥⥫쭮  ⥫ ,	ᨬ 
⮣ , ᯮ 	 ᮥ ⥢	஢ .
      ࠧ , 祩 ࠭ᯮ⭮ 㦡  -
ࠢ ন 	㦡  ஢ ,  ॡ㥬-
 짮⥫ ,     , ⠪   ࠪ-
⨪ (	⮢୮ ,	  .	 .  ) .  窨 -
 짮⥫ ࠭ᯮ⭠ 㦡 뢠   ᮡ-
  .
       	ନ "᪢  । " 
⠪ 堭	, ᯮ㥬     ࠢ-
  ।祩  室	   室  	. 	⮣,
  ࠢ  ,	 ࠭ᯮ  ⮪  ।祭	  
᪢ ।   १	  ,	।⠢	ᮡ
ᮢ㯭 ⥩ 	 ࠧ묨 ⥢묨  㦡 .  
⮣ 	࠭ᯮ ⮪	  ।ᬮ७ -
楤 ஬筮 ࠣ樨  ⮢  , 室 
室 	      ,  ᯮ
訩	ࠧ  .

			    - 30 -

     ࠭ᯮ⭠ 㦡   ࠭ᯮ ⮪ ,  ਥ-
஢   ᮥ  ,   筮  묨 
ᯥ稢  ஧  । 짮⥫᪨   -
  ࠭ᯮ⭮ 㦡 ࠭祭  -  -
 㯠  ⥫	. ।  ᯥ稢  
।⥫쭮 ⠭ 	᫥饣 ࠧꥤ -
 . 	⮬ ᪠	  ᪮쪨
	 뢠 .

     2.5. ᮢ ஢.

      㭪 ᥠᮢ	 ஢	 - । -
䥩 ਪ ணࠬ  裡   ࠭ᯮ ஢ .
 	  ⮣ ஢ - ८ࠧ     ⥢
 , ⠪  ਪ ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 -
  裡  ன⢠ .
      㦡 -	 㣠	ᥠᮢ ஢ , ।-
 ன ᥠᮢ   㦡 ,  ᫠  -
ᮢ  ᮥ ,	 ।⠢  ।⠢⥫쭮
ꥪ-⥫     ,       ࠧ襭
।⠢⥫ ꥪ⮬-ࠢ⥫ .
     ࠢ	⢨	-  㣠 ᥠᮢ ஢ ,
  騬 ।⠢⥫	ꥪ⠬ 
ࠢ । 믮  ࠢ	㭪-
権 .
     ஭ ६	(  㯫᭮  ) -
 - ० ⢨ ,  ஬   -
 ।⠢⥫ ꥪ  ࠢ ६ ।-

			    - 31 -

  ਭ 	.
     ஭ । (	㯫᭮ ) -
 - ०  ⢨ ,   ஬  騥
।⠢⥫  ꥪ  ।  	ࠢ ।-
  .
     ஭  (  ᨬ᭮  )  ⢨ -	०
⢨ ,  ஬    ।⠢⥫ ꥪ-
⮢ ⮫쪮 ।  ,  㣮 -	⮫쪮 ਭ .
     ஭ ᥠᮢ ᮥ - 㣠  ᥠᮢ
஢ ,   ।⠢⥫	ꥪ⠬ । 
஢ 窨 ᨭ஭樨  ,	 ⢫ -
  ⠭	ᥠᮢ ᮥ 	 ࠭ ।
ﭨ  ᮣᮢ뢠 	୮ ᨭ஭樨	.
     	ᥠᮢ ஢ ᯥ稢	।⢠  , 室-
   ࣠樨  	ᨭ஭樨     -
騬 ।⠢⥫묨 ꥪ⠬   ࠢ -
ଠ樮   .  ⮣  ᥠᮢ	஢-
 ⠭ ᥠᮢ ᮥ	   ।-
⥫묨 ꥪ⠬  ন ⢨ 	-
 묨  .  ॠ樨 ।   ।⠢-
⥫묨 ꥪ⠬ ᥠᮢ ᮥ	⮡ࠦ  ࠭-
.  ᮢ  ᮥ	 ⠭    
।⠢⥫쭮  ꥪ , ।  ᥠᮢ	窥
㯠	  㦡 ,  ࠧꥤ   ।⠢⥫묨 ,
  ᥠᮢ묨 ꥪ⠬ .  ⠭ ᥠᮢ ᮥ-
 ন    ।⠢⥫묨 ꥪ-
 	    	࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢ .
     ।⠢⥫ ꥪ      㣮



			    - 32 -

।⠢⥫쭮 ꥪ ⮫쪮  १	ᥠᮢ ᮥ,
祬 ।⠢⥫	 ꥪ	 	ন ᪮-
 ᥠᮢ ᮥ	६ .
     ।⠢⥫ ꥪ  ᥠᮢ묨 -
ᠬ .    ⥬ 	   筮
ᮮ⢥⢨  ᥠᮢ묨 	࠭ᯮ묨 ᠬ	, -
 ,   ࠭ᯮ ᮬ   易 ᪮-
쪮 ᥠᮢ .
     ᮢ ஢ ।⠢ ᫥騥 㣨 :
     - ⠭ ᥠᮢ ᮥ ;
     - ࠧꥤ ᥠᮢ ᮥ ;
     -  묨 묨 ;
     -  㦡	;
     -  묨 묨 ;
     - ࠢ ⢨ ;
     - ᨭ஭ ᥠᮢ	ᮥ ;
     - 饭  ᮡ ﭨ .
      ᯥ祭 ᥠᮢ 㦡  ᥠᮢ  ஢ -
	  㭪権 . 設⢮ ॡ㥬  㭪権 ᫥
 ᯥ稢  ᥠᮢ ஢    . ⥫
ᠭ   ᫥ 㭪権 :
     - ⮡ࠦ ᥠᮢ ᮥ  ࠭ᯮ⭮	;
     - ࠢ ⮪  ᥠᮢ	ᮥ ;
     - ।		 ;
     - ⠭ ᥠᮢ ᮥ ;
     - ࠧꥤ ᥠᮢ ᮥ ;
     - ࠢ ᥠᮢ ஢ .
         ६  ᥠᮢ묨  ࠭ᯮ-

			    - 33 -

  ᮥﬨ   筮	ᮮ⢥⢨.
  ६	  ⫨	 ᫥  :
     - ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ ন  ᪮쪮 ᫥-
       ⥫ ᥠᮢ ᮥ	( .5	) ;
     - ᪮쪮  ᫥⥫  ࠭ᯮ  ᮥ
       ন ᥠᮢ ᮥ ( .6 ) .
      ⠪ ᬠਢ 砨 ,	  ࠭ᯮ-
  ᮥ	ᯮ  প ᪮쪨 ᥠ-
 ᮥ ६ .
        ॠ樨  ⮡ࠦ   ᥠᮢ	 ᮥ 
࠭ᯮ⭮ 	ᥠᮢ ஢ ᥠᮢ  	-
   ⮡ࠦ	  ᥠᮢ   ⮪ ,
 ᫥ - 	࠭ᯮ   㦡  . 	⠪
⮡ࠦ  ॡ	ॠ   ᥠᮢ  -
ꥪ ⠪ 㭪権 ,  ᥣ .
     	ᥠᮢ ஢   ஢ ࠢ	-
 .  ।饭  ॣ㧪 ।⠢⥫쭮 ꥪ-
-ਥ ᥠᮢ ꥪ-ਥ ᯮ " ⮤ -
⭮	 "  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ , . . ࠢ-
 ⮪  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢.
     ।  ᥠᮢ	 		㦡 筮
ந 	ᯮ짮	।  ࠭ᯮ
 .






			    - 34 -







		  ६
		 Ŀ	  Ŀ	Ŀ	 Ŀ  Ŀ	Ŀ
     ᮢ	   ĳ  	  ĳ      ĳ  
     ᮥ	 	  		   	


		 Ŀ				     Ŀ
     ࠭ᯮ륳    ĳ	   
     ᮥ	 				     


      .5. ᪮쪮 ᫥⥫	ᥠᮢ ᮥ :
	     1 - ⠭ ;	2 - ࠧꥤ .










			    - 35 -







		  ६
		      Ŀ			   Ŀ
   ᮢ	      	 ĳ  
   ᮥ	      			   


	      Ŀ	Ŀ  Ŀ    Ŀ  Ŀ       Ŀ
  ࠭ᯮ륳	   ĳ    	 ĳ	     ĳ     
  ᮥ  	               




      .6. ᪮쪮 ᫥⥫	࠭ᯮ ᮥ	:
	     1 - ⠭ ;	2 - ࠧꥤ .








			    - 36 -

     	砥  ⪠ 	࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ-
 ᥠᮢ ஢    믮	㭪樨	, 室
 ୮ ⠭ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ  	楫
প த饣	⢮ ᥠᮢ	 ᮥ .
ᮢ ꥪ   (  ᯮ짮	㣨 -
饭    ᮡ  ﭨ  ) ।⠢⥫   ꥪ 
⮬ ,  㦡 뫠 ࢠ ,  ⠭ 㦡 -
쪮 	 㪠  ।⠢⥫쭮 ꥪ .   
।⠢⥫  ꥪ⠬ ஢  ᨭ஭ 
த 㭪樮஢  ண ᮣᮢ	 -
ﭨ .
     ꥤ ᥠᮢ ᮥ	 ଠ  ᫮-
 ந	       ।⠢⥫-
 ꥪ⮢ . ᮢ ஢ ⠪	ᮤন 㭪樨  
०६ ࠧꥤ ᥠᮢ ᮥ  -
묨 ﬨ  .
     ᮢ ⮪ 	⢫ 	㭪-
樨  ࠢ ஢ ,  ⠪ ,  ⨢  ஫
訡 .
     Cᮢ 㦡 	⠭ ᮥ  ᯥ稢-
 ।⢠ ࣠樨	 ᨭ஭樨	 	묨	
 짮⥫ﬨ ,  ⭮	:
     - ।⢠	⠭  ᥠᮢ ᮥ  㣨
       짮⥫ ,   묨  ⮬	ᮥ 
        ᢮	;
     - ।⢠	ᮣᮢ  ࠢ ᯮ짮 ਧ
          묨 , ᨭ஭樨   	 ᢮
       ᮥ ,  ⠪  ࣠樨    묨  

			    - 37 -

       㯫᭮ 	㯫᭮ ० ;
     - ।⢠	⠭ 祪 ᨭ஭樨    ,
         砥 訡 ⠭		 ᮣᮢ-
        窨 ᨭ஭樨;
     - ।⢠	뢠    ᫥饣 -
       	 ࠭ ᮣᮢ	窨 .
     ᭨ ᭮  	ᥠᮢ  ஢  . ਧ
 ਡ ᥠᮢ	ᮥ ,  ᪨ -
砥      ६ ⮫쪮  짮⥫
ᥠᮢ 㦡  , 	   ᪫⥫쭮 ࠢ	-
 । 㦡 .
     ।  ⨯ ਧ :
     -  ;
     - ᢮ ;
     - ᯮ⥫쭮 ᨭ஭樨 ;
     -  ᨭ஭樨/⥫쭮 .
     ਧ ᥣ 室 	  ᫥ ﭨ:
     - 㯭 ,  ஬ ᥣ 祭  짮-
       ⥫ (	   ࠢ ᯮ짮	ᮮ⢥-
        㦡 )   祭 㣮 짮⥫ ( 
          ࠢ  짮	㦡	,  	
        ࠢ ਮ  쭥襬 ) ;
     - 㯭   	짮⥫  ,	祬  ⮬
       砥    ࠢ ᯮ짮 㦡 .
      ਧ樨	 묨 짮⥫ ᥠᮢ
㦡    窨  ᨭ஭樨  ,  
ࠧ    묨      .  
⮬  । 	। ன   

			    - 38 -

	 ।  ࠬ 㣨   ,   
	窠 ᨭ஭樨 ⢥ত 	.
      ਧ樨	 묨   
ᯮ  ᯮ⥫ 窨 ᨭ஭樨  ,  
 ⢥ত ,     ⢥ত .
     ᪨ ࠧ  	ࠡ	뢠  ਮ
⥫쭮  .	 ⠪ ਮ ⮨    -
쪨	  .    ६  ࠬ -
 ᥠᮢ	ᮥ ᪠	ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮
 ਮ ⥫쭮 ,    祭  ᥠᮢ
ᮥ  ⢮ ᪮쪮	᫥⥫  -
ਮ .  ஬	⮣  ,	ਮ ⥫쭮  -
  ᪮쪮 ᥠᮢ ᮥ	,  ࢠ 
  ६ ⮣   ᫥饣 ᥠᮢ ᮥ-
 .
     ᮢ 㦡 ᮤন  䠧	:
     - ⠭ ᥠᮢ ᮥ ;
     - ।	 ;
     - ᢮ ᥠᮢ ᮥ .
      ࢮ 䠧 易 ⮫쪮 	㦡 - ⠭
ᥠᮢ ᮥ ,	ᯮ㥬  ⠭ ᥠ-
 ᮥ	  ᮣᮢ ਧ  ࠬ஢ -
 .
      䠧 ।  ⢫  묨 -
  짮⥫ﬨ	ᥠᮢ 㦡 .  ।祩 
易	 㦡 :
     - 㦡 । ଠ  ᯥ稢 ।-
        cᮢ   㦡  ᥠᮢ ᮥ-

			    - 39 -

        .	  ᯮ짮  㭪樮쭮   
       㯫 ࠢ ।祩 	⢫-
           ਧ  ;
     - 㦡 ।		 ᯥ稢 ।
       	cᮢ  	㦡  ᥠᮢ
       ᮥ ,  祬  	 ।    
       뢠    ﭨ  堭	ࠢ
       ⮪	  ਧ ,	易묨    ।祩 
       㣨 ⨯  ;
     - 㦡 । 㦥 	ᯮ   -
       ।  㦥  cᮢ    㦡 
       ᯮ짮  堭  ࠢ  ।祩	 -
        ਧ  ;
     - 㦡  묨   ᯥ稢	
       訬  ﬨ   .   㦡   
       樨஢  ⮫쪮    稨  㦡  ࠢ
       ⥫쭮 , 祬    묨    
       ந  砫 ⥫쭮 .
      ࠢ ਧ 易  㦡 :
     - 㦡 । ਧ  짮⥫	ᥠ-
       ᮢ  㦡  㯨	   ᪮쪮 ᥠᮢ
       ਧ 㣮 짮⥫ ;
     - 㦡  ਧ	 짮⥫ ᥠ-
       ᮢ  㦡  	 㣮  짮⥫ ᥠ
       ।	   ᪮쪮  ਧ ;
     - 㦡  ।	ࠢ  짮⥫ -
         㯨	   㯭	  ਧ   㣮
       짮⥫ .

			    - 40 -

      ᨭ஭樥 	୮  ᨭ஭樥 易 
㦡 :
     - 㦡 ᯮ⥫ 祪 ᨭ஭樨 
       짮⥫ ᥠᮢ 㦡 ⤥ ⮪  ଠ-
         ᥠᮢ      㦡     㦥
       ᥠᮢ 	 㦡 ,	।  
       ⮩ 㦡 , 	⮪ ⠪ 	 , ।
       ᫥  .	 ࠢ ⮩ 㦡  ᯮ-
        ਧ ᯮ⥫쭮 ᨭ஭樨 ;
     - 㦡  祪 ᨭ஭樨  짮-
       ⥫ ᥠᮢ 㦡 ࠭稢 ⮪	 ଠ ,
       㦥    ᥠᮢ   㦡  ,
       ।     .   ࠢ
       ⮩   㦡	ᯮ   ਧ	  
       ᨭ஭樨/⥫쭮 ;
     - 㦡 ୮	ᨭ஭樨  ᯮ 	-
       	ᥠᮢ ᮥ 	।饩 	
       窥  ᨭ஭樨  	  ୮	 ਪ९
       㯭 ਧ . ਬ	 ⮩  㦡	
       	 ᮡ 	 ଠ  ,	㦥 
        ᥠᮢ 	 	㦡 .
      ᮮ饭  訡 	।  -
  㦡	:
     - 㦡 뤠 ⠢騪  ᮡ 饭 -
        ᮮ  짮⥫  ᮡ  ﭨ 
       ⮪  訡  ⠢騪  ᥠᮢ  㦡 .
       ਬ  ⮩	 㦡	   ଠ-
        , 㦥    ᥠᮢ    

			    - 41 -

       㦡 ;
     - 㦡 뤠 짮⥫ ᮡ  饭 -
        짮⥫	ᥠᮢ 㦡   ᮮ-
         㯫 ᮡ	ﭨ     ,	
       ਧ  㯥 ,     ਪ९ . -
        ⮩ 㦡     ଠ ,
       㦥   ᥠᮢ   㦡 .
      ࠢ ⥫쭮 易  㦡 :
     - 㦡 砫 ⥫쭮  ᯮ	 樨
       ⮣ ,    ⥫쭮 ;
     - 㦡  ⥫쭮 ᯮ  -
       樨 ⠭ ࠭ ࢠ ⥫쭮 ;
     - 㦡 뢠 ⥫쭮 	 ⢫
       ਩ 襭 ⥫쭮 ,  ⠪ ࠧ ,
        믮	 ⮣ ࠡ	  㤥  祭 
         த 	쭥襬 . ਬ	 ⮩
       㦡    ଠ ,	㦥 
        ᥠᮢ 	 㦡 ;
     - 㦡  㫨஢ ⥫쭮  -
        ਩ 襭 ⥫쭮 ,	祬 믮-
          ⮣	ࠡ 㤥 祭 	  
       த  쭥襬 . ਬ ⮩ 㦡	
          ଠ , 㦥   -
       ᮢ   㦡 ;
     - 㦡 砭	⠫쭮 ᯮ   -
       襭  ⥫쭮  (    ⠭    窨
       ᨭ஭樨  )	 .  	 ࠢ  ⨬  㦡
       ᯮ  ਧ   ᨭ஭樨/⥫-

			    - 42 -

        .
     ਬ	㦡 ࠢ ⥫쭮  ਢ
 ⠪ ﭨ  ,   ᥠᮢ  ᮥ   -
⢫  ⥫쭮  . ᫨   ६ ⢨
    뫮 ⥫쭮 ᯮ 㦡 ࠢ-
 ⥫쭮 ,  	짮⥫ﬨ ᥠᮢ 㦡	
 樨஢  ⮫쪮 ᫥騥 㦡  :
     - 砫 ⥫쭮 ;
     -  ⥫쭮 ;
     - ࠢ  ਧ ;
     -  묨 	 ;
     - ।	㦥  ;
     - ।	ଠ    ;
     - ।		 ;
     - ࠧ뢠 ᮥ ;
     - ᢮ ᮥ .

     2.6. ।⠢	 .

      ஢ । ࠭	ଠ⮢  ᨭ⠪
ਪ ணࠬ    , ਣ     . ஢
।⠢  ।	ᯮᮡ ,  ஬ ணࠬ-
 㯠   .
     	 ।⠢⥫쭮 ஢ ᯥ稢	।⠢
ଠ樨  ,  । ਪ묨 ꥪ⠬  
	  뫠	   । .  ⮬ ஢
⢫ ⮫쪮 ᨭ⠪᪠ ,    ᥬ᪠ (
ᮤঠ⥫쭠	) ࠡ⪠   , 믮塞  ਪ-

			    - 43 -

 ஢ .
     	।⠢⥫쭮  ஢ ᯥ稢	饥  ।-
⠢ 	, ᯮ㥬   ਪ묨 ꥪ⠬ .
 ࠧ ᯥ稢  ᨬ ਪ ꥪ-
⮢  ᯮ㥬 ᨭ⠪	(  .  .  ࠢ ஢
। ଠ樨	 ) . ⠪᪠ ᨬ -
  ⨣  ᯮᮡ :
     1)	।⠢⥫ ஢ ᯥ稢 騥 ᨭ⠪-
᪨ 	, ᯮ㥬 ਪ묨 ꥪ⠬ ;
     2)	ਪ  ꥪ  ᯮ짮   ᨭ⠪-
 , 	  ।⠢⥫쭮 ஢  ⮬ 砥 ⢫-
 ८ࠧ  ࠧ묨 ଠ ᨭ⠪	 -
騬 ᨭ⠪ᮬ	 ,  室	  裡  ਪ묨
ꥪ⠬ . 	८ࠧ 믮  ⮩ ⥬
஧筮   㣨 	⥬  ⮬  뢠
ﭨ	 ⠭⨧ ⮪  ।⠢⥫쭮	஢-
 .
     ।⠢⥫  ஢    ᥠᮢ  㦡
᫥騥 㣨 :
     - ८ࠧ ᨭ⠪ ;
     - 롮 ᨭ⠪	.
       ᯥ祭  㦡  ।⠢ ।⠢⥫
஢	믮 ᫥騥 㭪樨 :
     -  ⠭ ᥠ ;
     - ।	 ;
     - ᮣᮢ  ୮	ᮣᮢ ᨭ⠪ ;
     - ८ࠧ ᨭ⠪ ;
     -  襭 ᥠ	.

			    - 44 -

     	। OSI     ᨭ⠪  ।
 . ᯮ㥬 	।⠢⥫쭮 ᮥ ᨭ⠪
। ᮣᮢ뢠  騬  ।⠢-
⥫묨 ꥪ⠬ .  ।⠢⥫쭮 ꥪ 室
।  	ᨭ⠪ ᮮ⢥饣  ਪ ꥪ-
 ,  ⠪   ᮣᮢ ᨭ⠪ । .	 ⮪
।⠢⥫쭮 ஢  室   ⮫쪮 ᨭ⠪
। .
       㤮⢮७ ॡ  ਪ	 ꥪ⮢  
।⠢⥫쭮  ஢  ᯮ짮   ᨭ⠪
। ,  室騩  ⮩	楫 .   ⨦ 㣨
楫  (  ਬ , 㬥襭	 ꥬ	 ,  饣
᭨ ⮨ । )  ந ८ࠧ-
 ᨭ⠪ .
      ।⠢⥫묨  ᥠᮢ묨 ᠬ ⠭-
  筮 ᮮ⢥⢨	.  ।⠢⥫쭮
஢  ⨯஢  饯 .
     ଠ	,   ।   ਪ묨 -
ꥪ⠬	( 짮⥫ﬨ ।⠢⥫쭮 㦡 ) , 㪠뢠-
  ࠬ "  짮⥫ " ਬ⨢  ।-
⥫쭮 㦡 .    ⠪ ଠ樨 ᯥ
 ஢  ࠪ⭮	 ᨭ⠪  	뢠  祭
।⠢⥫ 	.
     ࠪ ᨭ⠪   ।	   ᯥ
ࠢ , ᯮ㥬   ଠ쭮 ᯥ䨪樨 ।-
   묨 ⥬  ,		  
ਬ塞 ⮤  ஢ .
     ⢮	祭  ।⠢⥫   뢠

			    - 45 -

ࠪ  ᨭ⠪ᮬ ,   筮 饥 
⢮  -	 ࠪ⭮ ᨭ⠪ .
     짮⥫ ।⠢⥫쭮 㦡 ᮣᮢ뢠	
ᮡ ⨬ ⢮ ࠪ ᨭ⠪ᮢ  ᮮ
 ।⠢⥫ ꥪ⠬ .	  । 	
 	ᮣᮢ ⢮	ࠪ ᨭ⠪-
ᮢ .
       ⢠ ࠪ ᨭ⠪ᮢ ।-
⥫ ꥪ 롨 ਥ ᨭ⠪	-
 .
     ⠪ ।	 ।   ᯥ ࠢ ,
		⭮  ।⠢ ।	
묨 ⥬  ;   , 饥 筮 ( 
ࠬ   ࠪ⭮ ᨭ )	।⠢
⢠ 祭 ।⠢⥫   ⮪ ⮢ ,
-  ᨭ⠪ । .
     ⢥⢨ 	 ࠪ⭮ ᨭ⠪  -
 ᨭ⠪ ।	뢠  ।⠢⥫ ⥪-
⮬ .
      ᭮묨 㭪ﬨ ஢ ।⠢ :
     - ᮣᮢ ᨭ⠪ ।	, 믮塞  ।-
       ⠢⥫ ⮪ ;
     - ८ࠧ  ࠪ	ᨭ⠪ᮬ  ᨭ⠪-
       ᮬ । ,	믮塞   ࠬ  ।⠢⥫-
        ꥪ  ,	⮬	 饥  ।⠢⥫-
        ⮪ .
     ⬥⨬ ,   ᫨ ᮣᮢ  짮⥫ﬨ 
⠢騪  ।⠢⥫쭮 㦡 ⢮ ।⠢⥫-

			    - 46 -

 ⥪⮢	( 뢠 ⢮	। ⥪-
⮢ )  ,  ᯮ ⥪  㬮砭 .
     ⥪⮬	 㬮砭 뢠	।⠢⥫ -
⥪ ,		ᥣ ⥭	⠢騪   짮-
 ।⠢⥫쭮 㦡 . ⥪  㬮砭 ᯮ-
 ᥣ 	।  	. ⥪  㬮-
     ।  ᯮ짮	㣨	-
  ।⠢⥫쭮 ᮥ (     -
  ᯮ짮	 㣨	 )	 , 	⠭ 
।⥫쭮 ᮣ襭 .



     2.7. ਪ ஢ .

     ਪ	 ஢  । ⥢ ਪ	ண-
ࠬ  ,   㦨 䠩 .  ⥢ ணࠬ-
-⨫   ਪ ஢ .
     ਪ	 ஢  ࠪਧ	 ᯥ  ਪ
 , ⭮騥   OSI  .   ਪ 㦡 -
 ਪ ꥪ , ᯥ稢 㣨 ।	OSI 
ᯮ짮	  㦡 .    짮⥫ -
 ਪ  , 	ன	ᯮ 
ਪ 㦡 , 室	 믮 	-
 ଠ樨	, 饣  ਪ	 .
      ᠬ 孨 ஢  OSI	, ਪ  ஢
ᯥ稢   । OSI	 ਪ ᮢ .
     ਪ	  ଠ樥 ।⢮

			    - 47 -

ਪ ꥪ⮢ ,  ਪ ⮪  	㦡 ।-
⠢ .
     ਪ	ꥪ ᮤন	    짮⥫ 
 ⮢	 ਪ  㦡  ,   뢠
 㣠  (  )  㦡 ।⠢  믮-
 室 㭪権 .
      짮⥫  ࠧ	⥬ -
   㣮      ਪ
㦡 , ஦묨 ⠬ ਪ 㦡 .
     ஬ ।  ਪ 㦡  ।⠢-
 ᫥騥 㣨 :
     - 䨪 ⭥஢ ,  । -
        (ਬ,   , ᮢ, ᠭ) ;
     - । ⥪饩 ⮢ ⭥஢	, ।-
        ⢮ ;
     - ⠭ 稩  । ;
     - ᮣᮢ 堭 ᥪ⭮ ;
     - ⥭䨪 ⭥஢	, । -
        ;
     - । ⮤ 祭 業 ,	筮
       ᮢ, ਥ ⢠ 㦨 (ਬ,
       ६ ⢥ ,	室饣 ஢ 訡 ) ;
     - ᨭ஭  ਫ ;
     - 롮 樯		, 饩 楤 -
       樨	 襭 ;
     - ᮣᮢ  ⢥⢥ 	㦥  訡 
       楤	ࠢ 楫⭮	 ;
     - 䨪 ࠭祭  ᨭ⠪  (	-

			    - 48 -

       ⢮ ᨬ ,   ) .
     ਪ	஢	ᮤন  㭪樨  ,	騥
    ஢ ,   室  ⢨
 ⥬	.   ।	 ⢨	-
	஢ ਪ ᮢ  , -樠
뢠      ਪ   ꥪ  ᢮  ⮩
⥬	 .  ⥬   ⠭   ⢥⢥	⮣
  ਪ	 ꥪ  ⠭ ᮥ 
஬ ਪ	 ꥪ ⮩ ⥬-⥫.
  ⢫ ⥬ 맮 ஢ ꥪ⮢
    ஢ .  ᫥  ⠭  ᮥ	
ਪ묨 ꥪ⠬ ਪ  	 -
 .
     ਪ	 ꥪ	 ⮨     짮⥫ 
  ਪ  㦡 .	뤥  ⨯ ⮢
ਪ 㦡  : 騥   ᯥ樠   .
騥  ।⠢   , 室	 -
 ਫ , ᯥ樠	-  ,	ॡ㥬 
ᯥ祭  ⥫    	ਫ (
ਬ , ।  䠩 , ᪨ 樨  . . ) .
     	⠫  OSI ᮢ⭮	㭪樮஢  -
	  ⥬  	१  ⢨
ਪ ᮢ   ⥬ .
     ਪ		-    ॠ쭮	⮩ -
⥬ ,  ਭ ⨥  믮   -
쪨		 ࠡ⪥ ଠ樨	.
       믮    ।	ࠡ⪥ -
ଠ樨  ॡ  ᮢ⭮	 㭪樮஢  ᪮쪨

			    - 49 -

ਪ ᮢ . ⢮   믮 -
ண  ਪ ᮢ   .	ਪ-
    ६  ᫥⥫쭮  ਭ-
 ⨥  믮   ᪮쪨	ࠧ  ,
 ,ᨬ  	.  ⢨  ਪ
ᮢ 	  ஭  ஭ ,	ᨭ-
஭  ᨭ஭ ,   	易	 -
 , ⥢ 	㣨   ࠡ⪥ ண -
 .	 প    ᪮쪨  ਪ-
 ᠬ  ॡ ࠧ  ᢮  -
⢨  	᪨ ᨬ ⥩ .
     ⥫쭮   ਪ	  প
⭮   	 ࠡ⪥  ଠ樨 ন
맮	ਪ  .
     ਪ	   	   ६ 
  	 맮	    ᪮쪮	 . ⭠
⥫쭮  ਪ  ᮢ  ⢫ 
᪨ 騬 ஬ 맮 ਪ ᮢ ,
 ।⢮ 㭪権 ⢨ . 祬
⢥  祭   ᠭ ⮩ ⥫쭮	
।  ᢮ 㭪権 ⢨ , 	 
ᯥ稢騥  堭  (	ਬ , 堭 ।
 ) .
      । OSI  砩 ᮢ⭮ 㭪樮஢-
 ਪ ᮢ ।⠢	 ன 䨣-
樥 맮  ਪ ᮢ ,  㭪 ⢨
- ᮮ⢥饩 䨣樥	맮	 ਪ  ꥪ⮢
( .7	) .

			    - 50 -

		Ŀ
		 맮	ਪ  
					     
		   Ŀ   
		    맮 ਪ	    
		   	   ꥪ	    
		      
		
Ŀ
 맮	ਪ Ŀ		   
      	     맮 ਪ			   
		    	   ꥪ			   
		    		   
    Ŀ	   Ŀ 
    	맮 ਪ  	     맮 ਪ	  
    	     ꥪ	   	   	   ꥪ	  
    	    

Ŀ	 Ŀ
   Ŀ   	  Ŀ 
    맮 ਪ	     	   맮 ਪ	  
   	   ꥪ	     	  	  ꥪ	  
      	   
 맮	ਪ	      	  맮 ਪ	   
		      	 		   
	 

  . 7. ⢨ ਪ ᮮ 	। OSI.

			    - 51 -

     ਪ	ꥪ -  ⨢  ⮩ -
 , ।⠢騩   ਪ 	, -
 	  ଠ樥   묨  -
 .		ਪ ꥪ  ⭮ ⮫쪮   
ਪ  .
      ਪ ꥪ । ஬  
믮塞 㭪権 , 	ᠬ ਪ ꥪ -	 

ண  ⨯  ਪ ꥪ .	맮 ਪ -
ꥪ 믮	 㭪樨 ਪ  ꥪ  ⭮
  ଠ樥 .
     ७	  ਪ	ꥪ	ࠦ  
 ਪ    ଠ樥 ,	⠪ 
ॡ   ଠ樥  , ந⥪騥   ஫
 ࠡ⪥ ଠ樨 .
     	ਪ ஢ ᢠ	  ⨯ 
ࠬ ਪ	ᮢ    ꥪ⮢ . 
筮    । OSI  ,   	
 ⮡ࠦ	 	।⢮ ࠢ筮 㭪樨 . -
 ,  祭 ண	⢨⥫쭮 ஥	,
। 樥 ॠ쭮 ⮩ ⥬ .
       ਪ 㦡 ॡ  ᠭ	 -
⠢塞 	 	ন饣	  믮 -
 .
     䨪 ⮪ । ࠢ ଠ樮-
  	ࠢࠢ묨 ⠬  ਪ 㦡 .
 ⠪ 	ᮤঠ ᠭ ᯮ㥬	㦡 ।-
⠢⥫쭮 ஢ 	 ,	 ।⠢塞 㣨 -

			    - 52 -

⠬	ਪ 㦡 .


     3.	⢨   ࠧ	஢	.


     ன⢠	, ᯮ㥬   ⥢	 -
 ,   ⥯ ᮢ⨬ ⥩ .
        ᮥ	,   ᮥ 믮-
  ࢮ 筮 ஢	OSI .
     ன⢠	, 뢠 ᨫ⥫ﬨ ,  ⨣  ᠬ
	஢ ᮥ  . ன⢠	 , ॣ騥 ᨣ-
 ( ᨫ⥫	 ) ,  ⠭ 쭮  ᮥ  
஢	2 (  ஢ )	-  ⢨⥫쭮 ᮥ-
 " ஢ 1 -  - ஢ 1 " ( 䨧᪨ ஢ )	, -
஥ ⢫ 	஢ 2 .
     ᨫ⥫  쭮 ⢨   . -
 ⠭  ᨫ⥫  ᮧ  䨧᪨ ࠧ 
	.  ਭ	    ஭ ᨫ⥫ ,
⥬ ॣ ,  ࠢ 	᫥饩 	-
 ( . 8 ) .
     ᨫ⥫  饯   ,  ⮫쪮   ᨣ 
 ஭ 	।    㣮 .  ⢥-
  楫 - ஢ 襭 ⢠ ᨣ ,	-
஥     ⢨	ᨫ⥫ .
     騩	஢	 ⢨	 뢠  ⮬ .
 ᮥ  , 	᭮  ,   , 
 	䨧᪨ ࠧ  ᠬ  ( .	9 ) .

			    - 53 -

ਬ  ,   ᮥ  ⥢ ஢   
ࠧ묨     ஢ﬨ ;    室 
⥢ ஢	   .
     ன⢮	, ஥ 뢠   ஢ ,
⠭ ᮥ	  筮	࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢ ,
뢠 ⨧஬ , ஬  ( router	 ) .  
ᯥ稢  筮 ᫮  ஢  ࢨ .  砥
⢫ 裡    , 孨 ஢ 	( -
ᮢ	 , ।⠢    ਪ  ) 	 
 ( . 10 ) .
         ᥪ樨 ,	   	-
 , ਭ  ࠡ뢠 .  ᨣ 㯠 
 ,  ࠢ    ( ࠭ ) , ⥬ 믮-
 ஥ ⮪쭮 ८ࠧ ,	⮡ ᤥ
ᨣ ᮢ⨬  㣮 ஭ .  ,	ᮮ饭 -
室	  ஭ , । 㣮  .
     ⮡  ᮥ ᮢ襭 ࠧ 	 ᯮ
ன⢮ , 뢠	 .  믮 ⮪쭮
८ࠧ  	ᥬ ஢  OSI	( .11 ) .
         㫨஢  ।묨 -
⠬ .  砥   ,    	-
   襭	 ⮬ ,	㤠  室   㤠
ࠢ .  砥	   襭   
᫮	⠪ 	  믮   㭪権  .	 
⮫쪮 믮 㭪樨  ,   ८ࠧ -
饭	   ⭮ ଠ  	㣮	 	
⥬	஢   .


			    - 54 -





	  Ŀ	    Ŀ
	    DATA-LINK	 ĳ  DATA-LINK  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    PHYSICAL	 	      PHYSICAL	  
	  	    

		      . 8. ᨫ⥫.




	  Ŀ	    Ŀ
	    NETWORK	 ĳ  NETWORK	  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    DATA-LINK	 	      DATA-LINK  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    PHYSICAL	 	      PHYSICAL	  
	  	    


			 . 9. 




			    - 55 -


	  Ŀ	    Ŀ
	    TRANSPORT	 ĳ  TRANSPORT  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    NETWORK	 	      NETWORK	  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    DATA-LINK	 	      DATA-LINK  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    PHYSICAL	 	      PHYSICAL	  
	  	    
		       . 10.	.

	  Ŀ	    Ŀ
	   APPLICATION	 ĳ APPLICATION 
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	   PRESENTATION 	     PRESENTATION
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    SESSION	 	      SESSION	  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    TRANSPORT	 	      TRANSPORT  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    NETWORK	 	      NETWORK	  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    DATA-LINK	 	      DATA-LINK  
	  Ĵ	    Ĵ
	    PHYSICAL	 	      PHYSICAL	  
	  	    
		       . 11.	 .

			    - 56 -


     4.	祭 .

       	    	祭  筮
⮬ ,  짮⥫  㢨   襢 ᯮᮡ	-
	讣  ᫠	⭮⥫쭮 ண	ன , 
筮 ⮬	 ,  ,  , 	 ࠧ	-
 ஡ ᮢ⨬ ࠧ筮	㤮 . -
 , ண	쭠  	  ।⠢ ⤥
ன⢠ 	 ଠ樥 .  ᫨ -
뢠  ன⢠ ᯮ ࠧ	 ᨬ-
  ⮪	᮪ ஢	,  ᠬ 쭠  ।-
  ࠧ ஡ ᮢ⨬  .   ॡ
 , ᯮᮡ ࠡ  ࠧ묨 ⮪  ࠬ
ᨬ  ᯥ稢騥  ८ࠧ .  ⥫쭮
᫮	 ஦ , 祬 ᭮	  .
     ६ ᫨⥫	 ᯥ稢 짮-
 ப   	   ᮧ 楫  ࠧ-
  祭 ⮬⨧஢	⥬ ।
ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨 ,       । ᫥-
 ⭥ :
     - ଠ樮-᪮ (   	ணࠬ  -
       ⥬᪮  ᯥ祭  ,  ࠢ 㦡	 ,
        䠩   ࠧ묨  ᫨⥫묨
       ᠬ ) ;
     -  ( ⫠  ⥬᪨ ணࠬ , 㦡
       祭	   業    ,  ࠡ⪠  ᪮
       ଠ樨 , ࠧࠡ⪠  孨 ) ;

			    - 57 -

     - ⥬	। ᫥  (  襭 ᫮
       ⥬᪨    ,	 ஢	 ᮢ  
       ⥬ ,	祪 ८ࠧ   ,  㤠
          ,	믮  䨭ᮢ	    ࣮
       権	) .
     饭  ᮭ묨 ࠬ  -    
⥩ , ॠ   .  	
⨫	, 騥 뫠 ஭ ᮮ饭 㣨
짮⥫   .   	 饭  -
묨  ࠬ	  	 ॡ  ᯥ樠쭮 
ਪ ணࠬ , 뢠 ஭ ⮩ .
     ஭  	 宦	   㣨 ।⢠
饭	.   ᯥ樠쭮 ᯮᮡ  ᯥ祭 -
䥪⨢  饭   ࠡ稬 ⠭ﬨ    -
	஢.
     饥	  ⥩  㤥   
⥬ ।	 ,    ந 䥪⨢-
  䥩	 , ࠡ騥 	ப	஬	ࠧࠧ
ன  .  	    祭묨 ⥬ ,
ਬ ,  ⮬⨧樨 ०	,  ন-
 ன⢠ 	஥஢	 ᮢ⭮ ࠡ 	 
। ⨯ .  ⠪ ⥬  ᠬ 쭠  -
 ᥣ   	 ⮢ .
       ன ,		ᯮ  
 ,   襩  襩 ⥯ " ⥫㠫-
 " ,   " ⥫㠫 " ନ ⠭ । ,
⠪ 	 㦤 	䥩   ⥫묨 ᫨-
⥫묨 ﬨ  짮  . ᪮ ᮥ-

			    - 58 -

  ᮡ ன⢠	 " ⥫㠫묨 " 
ᬮ 믮 ਪ ணࠬ ,	    ⠭ -
吝묨 ⥬ । ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨 .
        ᯥ⮬  ⥩  -
  ⥣樨  ஢  ,  , ⥪⮢
 㣨  ଠ樨    .  ⮬ ⥫쭮
 ।⢠  ப  . 	 	-
 楫 , ⠪  騥	 楫 ᪮॥ 	-
    । 	  ।   .
⥬	 ।祩 㫨஢ ᨣ , 筮 ,	
।   ଠ樨 ,  ,	⭮ ,  
  ᮡ	 	ࠧ  	஭	⥣ࠫ쭮
㦨  .	⢥饥	 㤮   ⥣樨
। ࠧ筮 ଠ樨 㦥 ந ,  	 -
࠭祭 ⢠ .














			    - 59 -





		      ᮪ .

     1.	 ࣠ 	⥩    	 ᮭ
	 ஢ . "...- ",᪢ 1991.
     2.	 ⮪ ଠ樮-᫨⥫	⥩ .
	 ࠢ筨 	।. ..,..㫥订.
	 ᪢	"  "	1991.
     3.	 ⠭  	᫨⥫  .
	 ࠢ筨 	।. ...
	 ᪢	"  "	1990.
     4.	 . "    ᫨⥫  . "
	 ᪢	"  "	1986.










