                           

       饥  ६     ⠫᪨ ⠭, 
⠪  拉  ࠧ ࠭   ⥭ᨢ ७
⮢  ⥩  裡  ()  饣  짮.     
।祭  ᯥ祭   樮  ꥪ⮢
⥫䮭   ।祩 .   묨 ꥪ⠬
            ࠭ᯮ    ।⢠,   
।⢥  祫,  室騩         騩
⨢  ⠭ ( ). 
।          १     
,  ᪮  ஬  ⥫䮭  ᮮ饭    
ਭ ⥫   䠪ᨬ  ᮮ饭, ࠧ筮  த
  ଠ  (  ⭮,  䨪   
..), 樭 ଠ   㣮.  ᮡ  祭
  ਮ    裡    ⨢  ७   
祫᪮     ⥫쭮     ᮭ      ஢,
ࠧࠧ   , ⥩  .       १ 
      ⨢      
室 ଠ.  ⢥⢥   ஫  ⥬
裡,    ॡ      । ଠ樨,
ய᪭ ᯮᮡ,  ࠡ.
     祭 ꥬ  ଠ樨 ॡ  ᮪饭 ६
⠢  祭  ⮬ 室 ଠ樨.   
⮬ 㦥 ᥩ  ⮩稢   ।
ࠤ裡 (⮬  ⨢ ࠤ⥫䮭), 
   㤭 ⮩     㦡   ࠡ祣
 ⨢  ந⢥ .   ⥫䮭
⠫    ᨬ  ⨦   ⠫ ࠡ稬 㬥⮬,
    䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ࠡ祥  ६,
⨢  ࠢ  ந⢮   ﭭ ஫஢
室 孮᪨  ᮢ,   ᯥ稢 ⥫
室  ᯮ짮 ࠤ⥫䮭  ந⢥.
     ७         ᫨  த   宧⢠
 १   ந⥫쭮  㤠   
ꥪ,       ਠ쭮-㤮   ᮢ,
ᯥ    ⮬⨧஢    ஫     孮᪨
ᮢ,  ᮧ    ⥬  ࠢ ࠭ᯮ묨
।⢠  묨  ஡⠬, ।묨   让
ਨ  室騬  ⠢  ⮬⨧஢ ⥬
ࠢ.
     ᯮ짮 ⥬  ࠤ裡    묨 ꥪ⠬
 ࠧ  ᫥騥 :
     ⢥ ( ) ⥬  裡 ();
     ⮢ ⥬  裡 ();
     ⥬ ᮭ쭮 ࠤ맮 ().
     ᪨   ᯫ樨  , ⠪  
 ᫮ ࠭祭   ᯮ짮 ࠤ裡  
 ਬ  裡  묨 ⠬  ।⠢﫠
㤠⢥, ⢥  㯭   ࣠
(,  ୠ  ࠭,  ⠪     .  .).      맮
    (  ࠭祭    㦨)
⠫  ᯮ짮  .   訥  ᮢᥬ   
 ਭ樯쭮     ⥬ 裡,  ⠪   
஥    ᮮ⢥⢨    ⮢  ਭ樯  ।
    ਨ  㦨   (ਠ쭮-⭮
஢)    ।祭     ᯥ祭   ࠤ
讣 ᫠  ⮢  室  ⥫䮭  

饣 짮 ().  ᫨  ᮧ (  ᮧ)
    㧪 㣠  ⮢,     㡥 ⠫
ᯮ짮   ப 㣮 ᥫ.
           稫    ᮮ⢥⢨     ⮢
ਭ樯 ࣠樨 裡, ᮣ᭮ ஬  㦨
( த  ॣ)    讥 ᫮  
ࠡ           㣮쭨.  業 
ࠡ祩   ᯮ   ⠭ (),  ⢫
    ࠤ     ᪨ ⠭ﬨ (),
⠭묨    ꥪ, 室    ࠡ祩
.  ⠭樨  ᮥ ஢묨 ⥫䮭묨  ﬨ
裡    業ࠫ쭮  ⠭樥  ()    ॣ, 
ᯥ稢 ᮥ  ⮢  묨  ⠬
⥫䮭      饣   짮   ()       
樮 ன.  ६饭   
        ந ⮬᪮ ४祭
  ࠤ裡          ⠭,   ⥬   ᠬ
⢫  ⭠  ।        
।饩  ᫥饩 (ᥤ)  ⠭樨.  ࠢ
   ஫      ࠡ⮩         ᪨  ⠭権
⢫  ,        ன  ।祭  
᪨, ⠪   ᪨     ꥪ  
ﭨ   楫.
       ⫨稥    業ࠫ   ⮢  
裡  ࠤ     ⠭樨     ᪮   ⠭樥
⢫    ।    ࠡ祩  ,  
⭮  ᯮ짮                  
㦨.  ᫮  ⮢      । ய᪭
ᯮᮡ    ᫮  ,  ࠢ   ࠡ , ஥
⠥    ᪮      㬥襭  ࠤ
ࠡ祩  R  ﭭ ࠤ  㦨 R0. ᫨
   ࠤ ࠡ祩     ࠢ 5-15 , 
 饥 ६  ࠢ 200 .  㬥襭 ࠤ ࠡ祩
    30    0,5      㢥    3600 ࠧ ᫮
   ⮢,   ᭠饭   ࠤ       
  室     .   ⥫쭮,   䥪⨢
ᯮ짮 ᯥ ࠤ     ࠧ , 祬 
業ࠫ  ⥬    裡,       
ᯥ⨢  ᯥ  ࠢ   訬  ᫮   
 ꥪ⮢.
      㬥襭 ࠤ  ࠡ祩    
㬥 魮  ।稪   ⢨⥫쭮 ਥ,
  ⥫쭮    ஬  ᮢ⨬ ()
⮢                  㣨   ⥬,
ᯮ騬 । ᯥ ࠤ,  ⠪ 
᭨  ⮨      ࠧ  ᪮ ⠭樨,
ᯥ      .
     ⬥祭  २⢠    㦥   饥 ६
   ⨢   ࠢ      ஫     ࠡ
⢥  ।⨩    ࣠権,  ⢮
孮᪨   ᮢ      ⥬      訬  ᫮
࠭ᯮ ।.
     ६⥫  ꥬ । ଠ樨  ॡ
⥫쭮 ᮪饭 ६ ⠢  ࠡ⪨  ⮬
室  ଠ樨.        稭  ண  
 । 裡   .

     ७  砥  ਭ樯쭮   
裡 -  ᮢ ࠤ⥫裡,  ..    .  
ᥩ ᪨ ନ   - ⮢ ࠤ⥫䮭 ()  -
ਧ  㡥묨 ᯥ⠬ ࢨ  ନ,
      樮୮  ﭨ (,
 㦡), ⠪   . ப ७ ⨢  
 ᯥ⨢  ᯥ  祫  ᮭ
⥫䮭  ᢮ 㠫 ஬.
      ⥬  ᮢ ࠤ⥫裡   訬  ᫮
 ⮢, 让  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ   ᮪
⢮  ਥ  ᮮ饭    ⮫쪮  ᯮ짮
⮢ ਭ樯 ஥ ⥬ 裡.  ⨬   
襭   .
     騥  饥 ६ 㡥   ࠢ 
業ࠫ묨   ﬨ       ᫥騥    २⢠:
     - 讥 ᫮ ⮢;
     - ᮪ ⢮ । ⥫䮭 ᮮ饭  ;
     -  裡     ;
     - ᮪ 䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ᯥ ࠤ 
     ஬⭠     ᮢ⨬           㣨
ࠤ孨᪨ ⥬.
     ᯮ짮   ப 㣮  ॡ⥫   
࠭ᯮ,    裡,    ࣥ⨪,    ந⥫⢠,     
㦨, ६  . ਭ ⢥  ᪨
䥪.  業 ᯥ⮢   室  ७ 
ᯫ樨    ⨣ 2 . .
     㡥 ᯥ ⬥   ᮧ   
⥫ 砫 ⠫ . 砫  ᮧ
  㯭묨  ࠡ稬    (ࠤ    浪  10  )  
⭮⥫쭮  訬  ᫮  ⮢.    㯫
室    ᫠     ࠧ   㬥 
㢥稢 ᫮ ⮢.   ⮬ ﭭ  騢
ꥬ ⨯ 㤮   ⠭権,    業ࠫ쭮
⠭樨      室    ᯮ짮    騬
⠬.  ⮬  ࢮ砫  ⠫   
  ⥫쭮        ,  室    
ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ⮢.


        I. 騥 ᢥ  ⥬ ࠤ裡 
                  묨 ꥪ⠬ ().

                      1.1. 䨪.

      祭 ⥬ 裡       ࠧ :
-  ⢥  (ᯥ樠஢)  ࠤ⥫䮭 ⥬;
-  ࠤ⥫䮭 ⥬ 饣 짮.
       묨,  ⢥  ⥬  ਬ  
஬諥,   ᥫ᪮   宧⢥,      ࠭ᯮ     
ந⥫⢥,  ⠪,  ᪮ன  ,    ⠪     ࠧ
਩ 㦡.   ⥬  ।祭   ⨢
ࠢ ᠬ  ந⢥ ⥫쭮.  
ᯥ᪨  ࠤ⥫䮭  ⥬,  ᯮ㥬  裡
㪮⥫ ࠡ  ⠬ ,  ⠪  裡  ⮢
  ᮡ      ࠤ⥬  ।  .  ᫥
室  ਬ    ⮬⨧஢  ⥬  ࠢ
ந⢮, 孮᪨ ᠬ   ⠪ ⥬, 
        ()       室
।  ᮪ ᪮ 让 ꥬ ଠ樨.
           ᨫ   ࠧ饭   ⢥    ⥩,
䥪⨢ ᯮ짮  ᯥ ,  ࠭祭
⢠   㦨      ⮢,    ᫮
㭨䨪樨   裡   ࠢ,   ⠪ 鸞 㣨
稭  ਬ  ⢥   ⥬     ࠭祭
ࠪ.
       ⢥  ⥬   ࠤ裡     묨
ꥪ⠬    ᬮ        ⬥祭    ⪨    
⢮    ⥫쭮   ६,       
ࠪ筮  ਥ樥   ᫮  ᯥ䨪 ࠡ, 
    ᮧ    ࠡ뢠.      ࠧ,
⠭ 㠫쭮   ८ࠧ  䨪樨  
⥬  楫  ꥤ     ࠤ裡
ᮣ᭮  楯樨  ஥    ࠤ裡    묨
ꥪ⠬ 饣 짮.
       ਠ⮢ 襭  ⠪     ᯮᮡ
࣠樨           ⮬⨧஢      ࠢ
⢥묨    㣨  묨  ⥬ ࠤ
裡, ꥤ塞묨     ࠤ裡   묨 ꥪ⠬
饣 짮.
     ⥫䮭  ⥬  饣  짮    饥
६ ⠢ ᭮  裡  .   
  䥪⨢  ᯮ짮 뤥   ᯥ ,
ꥤ ᢮ ॡ⥫   㯯,    
饣  㯠    ⥬  裡  ᨬ   ⢥
ਭ   (   ਭ樯   த᪮   ⥫䮭  ).
  २⢮  ⥬  ᯥ稢  ப  
:  ⮬᪮  ᮥ  ⮢    ᮡ   
⠬ த᪮ ⥫䮭 ,   ⠪ 㣨 த  
㤠  ᯮ짮 㣮த  㭠த ,
।      ,      襬  饬 ⥫ 
䠪ᨬ   ᮮ饭,   梥   ᪨   ࠦ,
ଠ樨     ..

     ⥫䮭 ⥬ 饣  짮    
:
     - ⥬  訬  㦨 ( -  ࠤ
⥬);
     - ⥬    묨    㦨  ( -  ⮢
⥬ 裡).
     ⥬      让      㦨   ᭮  
ᯮ짮  業ࠫ쭮 ࠤ⠭樨, 㦨饩 
讣 ࠤ (  50  100  ). 魮 ।稪  ⮩
⠭樨 롨ࠥ  ᨬ   殮  
 ࠭ 㦨 ਨ   祭  ।  
100  250 ,  ⥭ ᯮ   ᮪  窥
 㦨. ப ७ ⠪ ⥬  ९
       ⪮,   ०  ᥣ   
⢥  㢥祭  ⢠  㦨  ⮢.
,  ⥬  室:
     - ᪫  ﭨ    ।稪      ਥ
業ࠫ   ⠭権,   ⠪         業ࠫ   ⠭
(-)  ᯮ ᮢ⭮;
     - ᪫ ﭨ  ।稪 業ࠫ ⠭権
ᥤ   ࠡ 業ࠫ쭮 ⠭樨  ;
     - ஫஢  ⢮  裡      
  ⮢,  室    ࠧ  㤠  
業ࠫ쭮 ⠭樨  ;
     - ⥫쭮 ஢   ⠭   뤥
;
     - ᯥ稢  ࠢ㯭   裡   ஭
 ꥪ⮢.
       ,  㢥祭   ᫠       ࠭祭
ਨ 㦨 뢠 室  ᮮ⢥饣
㢥祭  ᫠   業ࠫ  ⠭権   (),  ࠡ   
筮 让  魮.    ⥫⢮   稨
㣮  ࠬ   ࠢ  ⥭     ਢ   
             設⢠
ࠤ⠭権 , 室    㦨.  ஬  ⮣,
⥫쭮    㢥祭    ᫠         ९
࠭祭 뤥塞  ᯥ ࠤ   
୮  ᯮ짮       ࠩ -
让 魮 ।稪.
     㣨 ⪨ 易  祢 ࠭
ࠤ  ࠡ  த᪨ ᫮  ⭮ ன 
稥  ࠤ⥭  ,     맢 ⥫
᪠ ᨣ    ய  쭮,  
।.    ⬥⨬    ⠪         
ମ樮  - 筮 ⭮  ᯮ
.
      裡   ᫥묨 稭   室
⥭ᨢ ᪮  ᫥   ࠧࠡ⪨ ⥬ 
让  䥪⨢  ᯮ짮  뤥  ᯥ   
᮪  ய᪭  ᯮᮡ,    뫨   ﭨ
㦨  讥  ⢮  ⮢.     ᫥
砫    㡥   60-70-       ਢ     ᮧ
ਠ ⥬  묨  㦨,  稢
 ⮢ ⥬ ࠤ裡  묨 ꥪ⠬.
     ⮢  ⥬    ࠤ裡  ਭ樯쭮
   ,   ᭮      ⮢   ஥    
। ,ᮣ᭮ ஬  㦨 

 讥 ᫮ 祥 (""),     㦨
⤥쭮 ࠤ⠭樥 让 魮, 室饩  業
祩 (. 1).  魮 ।稪   ⥬ 
,  ᮮ⢥⢥,  让  ࠤ    ⢨,  ᪠
࣠ ७  ਥ-। १ 1 - 2  .
  ॠ ᭮ ⮨⢮ ⮢ ⥬ -
ᯥ祭 ᮪⢥  ࠤ 讣  ⢠
  ᫮ ࠭祭 ⭮ .
      ⮨⢠ ⥬  ⠪ ⭮:
     - ਬ ࠢ⥫쭮  ।稪  
⠭ ,  ᫥⢨  ⮣,  ࠤᯥ   
᪮ ।   뤥   
 ᯥ祭 裡;
     -    樮  ࠧ ⥬  
(  ,  ਬ,  㢥祭     㬥襭  ᫠   
㦨);
      ⪠ ⥬  ⭮:
     - 㢥祭 ⮨ ⥬  楫   ᯮ짮
讣 ᫠ 樮  ⠭権;
     - 室 ਬ  뢭 ᫥
  묨  ⠬,  ..  ।    裡
        ⮬    裡 
祭 묨 ⠬ ࠭ ᮯ殮 .
      ਭ樯 ॠ樨  ࠢ  ࠧ  
᫥騥 㯯:
           ࠢ,    ॠ 筠
 ࠤ     묨 ꥪ⠬,  ⠪ 
 묨  樮묨 ⠬, 筠 ४  
㠫  ஫  ஬  ०  ࠡ  ᪨
ࠤ।  ⠭権  (),  ⠪     業ࠫ
() ⠭権  ..;
         ⮬⨧஢  ࠢ,    ⮫쪮
 権 믮  祫,     権
  㦨    ꥪ⮢  - ।⢮ ࠢ
᫨⥫  ।  ()   ᮣ᭮     ⬠
ࠡ;
       ⮬᪨  ࠢ,     ᭮
樨  ⠭  裡    ஫    ࠡ⮩  ⥬
ॠ         ࣠樨   ⥬   ⮬᪮
ࠢ -   祫-.
      ᫥ ६ 襥 ࠭ 稫 ,
騥:
     - ⮢  ⮢ ;
     - ⮬⨧஢  ⮬᪮ ࠢ;
     -    室       饣   짮   
ᮯ殮  㣮 ;
     -   ।  ஢  ᨣ  ࠢ   
אַ   ⭮ ८ࠧ  ଠ樨 (  ⮬ ᫥  
)  ஢   ⭮.
     ७    ஢  ⮤ ࠡ⪨  ଠ樨 
ᠬ 襬  饬    ⠬  楫 
⥫  :       㭠த   ,
䠪ᨬ쭠  ,  ।  ⮯     让
筮,  祭   樭᪨       ..     㦥
⬥砫  ,    ࠪਧ  ᮪ 䥪⨢
ᯮ짮 ᯥ.   ,      ਬ 

⢥ ६ ।⢠     筮   
⪨  ப  ஢  ⥫䮭  裡      ࠩ
ன    ᯥ祭    ⮢,  ஦   
६  室    㤭㯭  ࠩ.
     ⥭ᨢ ᯮ짮   㡥 砫  砫
80- .   1985 .   ப ᯫ஢  
,  ,   ᪨  ࠭.       饥   ६
⢫    ७    , ⠭, ࠭樨 
拉 㣨 ࠭.


           1.2. ਭ樯 ஥ ⮢ ⥬.

      㦨   ஧  
ᯮᮡ:      ᪨,    ᭮        ७
᪨  ࠬ஢  ࠭  ᨣ  ⥬
裡,    ନ஢,  ᭮    ७   
  ࠬ஢  ࠭  ᨣ     ⭮
ࠩ.
       ᪮  ᯮᮡ    㦨 
ࠧ          ଥ           
᪨  ࠭ ࠤ । 
⨬  ࠧ    ﭨ    㣨  ,   ਤ
 믮 ᫮ ⨬  ﭨ.
     ⮡ ⨬쭮 ࠧ   ஧, .   .
 ४   ய᪮ ⪮,    ᯮ짮
⮫쪮    ᪨  䨣  -  㣮쭨,    
㣮쭨  (. 2).    室饩 䨣ன  
㣮쭨, ⠪  ᫨ ⥭ ⠭    業,
 㣮 ଠ ࠬ ࠢ 㤥 뢠 
  頤.
     ⠭樨  (. 1),  室騥  ஧,  
易  ,  室饩    業  ⮩    ().   
஧   易    ᮥ⥫묨   ﬨ        
ࠤ⠭稥  .     ⢥  ᮥ⥫    
ᯮ짮   ,    ࠤ५    .      
ࠤ⠭  ()  ᮥ     ⥫䮭  .    
ࠧ,  裡    ⮬  ᨣ 맮  
⥫䮭        ,      ᮥ⥫
      ⥬  ࠤ   .
     ।稪      ࠢ⥫쭮    魮,
室    裡    ⠬     ஧, ⮬
஢  ᮧ       ⥫쭮  .     
  ᯮ짮           㣨 祩.
ﭨ   祥,     ᯮ짮 
  ⥦  ࠡ稥  ,      ᫮ ࠭
ࠤ,  ⨬  ஢      ᫠   ࠤ⠭権,
ᯮ   祩.  ⠥ ⨬, ⮡
 ⮢ 㣮쭮   﫨 १  
祩  (. 3).     砥,  ,  ᯮ  7   ࠡ
,      ४         㦨.   ᫨
⥭ᨢ 㧪  ᥩ  ,   ࠧ 
祥 롨 묨. 筮 । ⮢  
ᥩ  㦨  ਨ  ࠢ୮  (㬥蠥   
業  ਨ), ⮬ 楫ᮮࠧ ⠪   祩,
⮡    ࠧ  㢥稢    ਨ.    
㬥 ⮨   楫   㬥襭 室
᫠ .   ⮬ 砥 魮 ।稪 業ࠫ
    ࠤ⠭権       ࠧ஢  祥,
⮬ 楫ᮮࠧ ᯮ짮 ⮬᪨ ॣ㫨㥬 
ᨣ  ᯮ  魮  ।稪.  ஬ ⮣, 
਩      ࠧ  ࠧ       ⥫쭮
।      ,      ୮ ᯮ짮
ࠡ稥 .
      ᪮  ᯮᮡ   設⢥ 砥  砥
ࢠ  ,   ᯮ  ࠡ稥
,   砥      室      窨  ७
ঠ    ⨬ ஢.

       ⨬  ନ஢  ᯮᮡ  ࠧ  
.       ⥫쭮     뢠 ࠬ
⥬  । 쭮 ᫠ 業ࠫ  ⠭権,
ᯥ稢 㤮⢮⥫쭮 㦨 ⮢  ᥩ
ਨ,  뢠   ५  ⭮      ।
⨬쭮     ᯮ  ,      
ᯮ짮  ࠢ  ⥭,  ᨢ  ࠭ 
ᬥ 業ࠫ  ⠭樨      㧪   ..
  ᯮᮡ ᫮  ॡ  拉 砥 ஢
 ᯮ짮 .
       ⮢  ⥬   室  ।,     
    裡     ⮬  ,  .  .    ।
⮯    ਨ 㦨.   ⮬
  ॡ   ᮪  筮   ।   ⮯
 ꥪ.   筮 ।  ⮫쪮 ஧  
ன    室.     室饩  裡,  .  .    
  ,   ᨣ  맮     ।      
ᯥ樠  뢭,      ᢮  ,  
ࠤ⠭樨    ࠨ  ⮬᪨.   ⮯
।  ஢ ᨣ, 㯠饣  ࠤ⠭樨  
  .   砥   ॣ஢  
⠬  .     ॥       ⢨  㣮   
ࠤ⠭  ⮬᪨ 室    .   
⮬ ﭭ   ᯥ稢 ஫   ࠤ⠭樥
,  祣    ࠧ  ⮬    
   ᮢ⭮   । ஫ ᨣ.
        ࠧ   ⮤   ।    न:
  ࠭      ஭  쭮
⮤    業  쭮  묨   䠧᪨
⥬,  ⠪ ਠ樮 ⮤  ७  
    ⭮襭      ⠭,  ਭ訬 ᨣ 
.    ⠪   ।    ᯮ짮   ⮤
஭   饭,      ஬      ࠭   
⠭  ஭    饭, ।祭
 ।   ଠ樨  ᥪ .  
ଠ    ࠤ⠭樥         ⥬
।   , ਭ騥     㦨 ⮢
.     ⠪  ⥬  ॡ ⥫쭮 ,
⠭    ᥩ   ਨ  㦨.    
⬥,    ⮤  ।  न ࠤ⠭樨  
⬮   뤥           ॡ    ⥫
᫥.  ᫥ 뤥   ᪮쪨   裡
 ⮬  室 뤥 ࠡ稩 .
      ⥩  ⮢ ⥬   ⭮⥫쭮  ࠢ୮
।  㧪   ᯮ  䨪஢   ।
,  ஬    ९  ,  
ࠤ⠭       ४          
⮬᪨   室     .    
᫮ ⥬         ९ 㯯
  (⢮);  ࠤ⠭      ࠡ   
⮬᪨  롨ࠥ  ,  ᢮       
裡.      室              ⮬᪨
४砥    㯯        ᢮
   .
      䨪஢  ।    ६  
㧪,    ᥣ     業 㦨
ਨ,  業ࠫ  祩       ॣ㦥,   

਩      ᢮   ,      ਢ    
䥪⨢  ᯮ짮  ᯥ.    ⮬  砥   
ਬ ᪮ । ,  ஬  
   ᯮ짮   ஧ 㦨.
       ⥬  裡    ᪨  ।  
ࠡ뢠 让 ꥬ ଠ樨.  ⮣  ᯮ
த  ,    ன    ଠ  
ﭨ      㦨   
   ﭨ ⥬.    ꥪ,
⢫騩  맮,      ᢮  ਧ 
।  ﭨ       ⮬⨧樨     
㦨. ࠫ ࠤ⠭ 室 ४  
      ।    ।  
㦨.     ᪮  ।   㢥稢
㦥      ᭨  ⥭ᨢ  ⪠  
ࠢ    ⥬,      ᯮ 䨪஢
।  .    ࠢ  ⥬   ᫮.
         ࠡ          ⥬.
⠭    ࠡ     ,    㯯
ࠢ㯭   .          ࠧ    쭠
ࠤ⠭      ᯥ      ᥩ  ਨ
㦨   (筮,    ᫨              㣮
ࠤ⠭樥).       䨪஢   ।   
ࠤ⠭      ࠡ       ⥬, 
    1/7  饣 ᫠ .
          ᭮  㭪権         ᯥ祭
ᮯ஢    ஢       .  ⠢ 
室 ਥ, ।稪   ࠢ  裡  .
 業ࠫ쭮 ⠭樥  ᮥ 㯯 ࠧ  
  ᪮쪨    ।  .  ।稪   
   魮, 室   ᯥ祭  裡 
। 祩,    ᯮ짮     
    ࠧ  祩,  ࠧᥭ      㣠 
।  ⭮   ﭨ  D   (.  3).    ୮
ਬ            
ᯮ짮 뤥   ᯥ稢 ᮪ ய᪭
ᯮᮡ ⥬.
          ᥪ ࠭ 祥.   ⮬
, ⠭  ,    ।    
㣮,  ४    ᢮      ᥤ
祩. ⮬᪨   ᢮     ⠭
ᮥ ⢫   襭 裡    ,
ࠢ饩     樮     㤮.      楤
⮬᪮  ॢ           㣮  
    稫     "⭮  ।".   
६饭    祩    䨪 祭
   ࠤ   ࠢ         ⢥   ᨣ,
⮯  ꥪ      㣨,   ᯮ짮
ᯥ樠쭮   ணࠬ   ।   ᮮ⢥騩  
ॡ  ᢮      ⮩  祩, 㤠 ६⨫
.  ᫥  ⮣    뫠  ᨣ  ⮬᪮
४祭        .      楤 
믮 ᫥騥 㭪樨:
     - ࠢ  ஫  ࠡ⮩   ;
     - ⠭ ᮥ   ⠬   ࠧꥤ
  砭 ࠧ;
     - ᫥  ⢮ ।;
     -    ਨ 㦨;
     - 䨪  ⨪ ﭨ ⥬.

           ஥  ࠤ쭮  
ࠤ쭮-㧫 ਭ樯   । ࠢ.
 ࠤ쭮  ਭ樯      訬 ⢮
, ⠪, ਬ,  TACS (⠭)  AMPS ().  
ᮥ  ।⢥    ,  ,    ᢮ ।,
ᮥ  ⥫䮭  饣 짮.
     쭮-㧫 ਭ樯 ਬ   砥, ᫨  
㦨        ⥫   ⢮
⮢.    ⥬    NTT  ()   MATS-E
(࠭).    ⮬    ᮥ   ⠭ﬨ ࠢ,
  ஢묨  ﬨ  裡  祭    .  ⠭樨
ࠢ  ⠭   ᮥ,  ⢫   ஫
⢠   ਭ    ଠ樨,   ந    ⭮
४祭. ஬ ⮣,  । ᢥ   ந
  . ᫥ 䨪 祭 ଠ ,  
砥 室, ४    ⢨  㣮
.
       ।  ࠢ    ,  㭪樨
ࠢ ⢫   .
     ⢥    ⭮ ஢  .
  ᮮ⢥⢨    ਭ묨  ਭ樯     뤥
।   ,   .
  㦥  㯮,  ,      ᪠  ୮
ᯮ짮 뤥  , ࠧ  ᮡ
  ࢠ   D  (.   .  3).     
୮  ᯮ짮            ।
᮪  䥪⨢  ਬ  ⭮  ᯥ   .
  ,  ᯮ騥  ࠧ    ,
ࠧ 㯯   ⠭権. ᫨   뤥  
  ਭ  F,   ਭ ,  
, 㤥 Fc = F m  C,  m - ᫮ .   ࠧ,
稭    ।  쭮    ᫮   
⥬,  ⮬      뢠  "   ࠬ஬"
⥬  (    筨  -  "樥⮬ ७
").
     ᫮  ⨢   ⮢     ᥩ     㦨
। ᮮ⭮襭:

                         R0 2
         N = Lm   1,21  m,               (1)
                         R  
               R0 2
  L   1,21      - ᫮ ,
               R  
     R0 - ࠤ  㦨,
     R - ࠤ 祩.
        䥪⨢    ᯮ짮    ᯥ    
। ࠦ:

                                                (2)


 ண  ᫥,   稭 䥪⨢    
᫠          㢥稢     㬥襭
ࠤ 祩.   ࠧ,  ᯮ짮   ࠤᮢ
祥      㢥  塞 . ஬
⮣,  (2) ,  楫ᮮࠧ 롨  祭 .

     ਬ    㣮쭮        祥     
஢   室      ,   ᪮
ᯥ稢  ⨬쭮  ᮮ⭮襭     稭     
 ࢠ

             1   D 2
         = ĳ                           (3)
             3   R 

     ஬   ⮣,   㣮쭠   ଠ   訬   ࠧ
뢠       㣮   ࠬ    ࠢ    ,
⠭  業 祩.
     ⠭    ஡      롮 ࠧ஢
祥 (ࠤ  R).   ࠧ ।   ࢠ D
(. .  3)   祩,          
  ᯮ짮 ୮. ⨬, 稭 ࢠ
   ⠪      ⨬   ஢        ᫮
࠭  ࠤ.    ।,  ⥭ᨢ
㧪    ।  ᥩ    ,  祩 롨
  ࠧ஢.    ᮮ⭮襭  (1)  ᫥,     
 ࠧ  㦨  (ࠤ R0) ࠤ 祩  R
। ⠪ ᫮ ⮢ N, ᯮᮡ ६ 
ॣ  ᥩ ਨ 㦨.  ⮣ ᮮ⭮襭
⠪ ,  㬥襭  ࠤ 祩    ⮫쪮
      䥪⨢      㢥  ய᪭
ᯮᮡ  ⥬,      㬥  魮 ।稪 
⢨⥫쭮  ਥ      .    蠥  ᫮
஬⭮ ᮢ⨬   㣨  ࠤ஭묨
।⢠  ⥬  ᭨  ⮨.
       㣮  ஭,  १୮  㬥襭  ࠤ  祥
ਢ  ⥫쭮 㢥祭 ᫠ 祭   ࠭
祥,      맢  ॣ㧪  ன  ࠢ 
樨  ⥬.  ஬  ⮣,    㢥祭   ᫠
砥      .  ,  ,  
祭 R   ॠ ᫮   ⥫쭮 ⪫
  ⥭  ⭮⥫쭮  ᪮  業 祩
  맢  ⨬  㬥襭  ⭮襭  ᨣ/ 
⥬.  裡  ⨬  ॠ ᫮  롮  稭
R 室 ਭ  ஬᭮ 襭.   祭
ࠤᮢ 롨   ᭮  ⮢    ᯫ樨 
⠢ 稭   0,5 -  2,5  (   ⮪쬥).  
ᯥ⨢   ᮡ   ࠩ    䨪  
稭,  , 㤥 㬥.
     業,      ਬ,      ⢮  ⨢
⮢       ᮢ६   த,   ࠪਧ㥬
稭  ࠤ    㦨  R0  =  30   ࠤ
祩 R = 1 .  ᫮ ६ 㦨  
⨢  ⮢  ࠢ  16.    ਢ 㫥
  稭  N,  ࠢ  17  .  ᫨  ਭ ࠧ㬭 
ࠪ⨪ 稭  ⨢   (⭮襭 ᫠  ⮢,
          ६ ॣ,  饬
 ⮢   )  ࠢ 0,1,      
⠢  170  .  ⮢.   ᮮ⢥⢨  ᫥ﬨ
㡥  ᯥ樠⮢,    த   ᥫ, ॢ騬
2 . 祫., ॡ  ࠤ⥫䮭 ।⢠ 業
 ஢ 2%   ᥫ (  த  訬  ᥫ 
⠢  1  -  1,5  %).   ࠧ,  ᬮ७

     㤮⢮  ॡ  த     ᥫ
浪 8-9 . 祫.
        ॠ   ᫮   ।         ।
㦨 ਨ   ࠢ.   ࠢ,
  㬥蠥    業    ਨ.    ⮬  
樮쭮 롨 稭 R ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡   ࠧ
㢥稢    業    ਨ.   뢠, 
ॡ㥬 魮 ।稪     ⠥  ,
  ।  ࠧࠬ  祥.    ⮬  砥  樮쭮
ਬ   ⮬᪨   ॣ㫨㥬      ᨬ    
⥭ᨢ ᨣ ᯮ 魮 ।稪.
     ᪫⥫쭮  ᮬ, ।騬   ⥫쭮
⥯  ᭮  ࠪ⨪  ,   ।
      .     ᯥ 
஢  , 뢠 ⥫쭮 ﭨ  
⮩稢 ⥬.   ᯮᮡ ।
 : 䨪஢, ᪮  ਤ.
       䨪஢  ।        뤥
।     .       ⮢    
宦    ।  祩      砥
᢮         ६      .   
६饭      祩    楤 ⭮
।    ⢫    ४祭            
ᮮ⢥騩 ᢮  ⮩ 祩. ⪮ ᯮᮡ
   䥪⨢   ᯮ짮   ⭮   ᯥ,
᪮   ॠ ᫮  業ࠫ 祩  த 
 ॣ㦥,  ਩  ᢮ .
      ᪮ ᯮᮡ       
  ᯮ짮    .    ⮬  ⥬ ,   
 , ।⠢   ६ ᥠ 裡   
㣨 祥.  ⢫   ,   ன
࠭  ଠ     ﭨ           
㦨       ࠡ ⥬,  
⠪     ⮭宦  .     ࠧ,   ᪮
।   㢥 㦥  
 ⥬  ᠬ   䥪⨢   ᯮ짮  ᭨
⭮ ஢ 맮  砥,     
祩 .  㧪  ன⢠ ࠢ ⥬
裡  ⮬ 砥 .
      ਤ  ᯮᮡ ।     뤥
䨪஢  ,   ⠪ ।  ᫮  
।  ᪨  ᯮᮡ.   ਤ  ᯮᮡ   
 㧪  ।  ⪨ ॡ
  ࠢ騬  ன⢠    ࠢ    ᪨,   
    祭  㧪    २⢮   ।
䨪஢, 饥     ⭮  ஢
맮.  ⬥,   ⢥  ⮨⢮
᪮  ਤ । 砥  ⮬,  
   ᯥ稢   ࠢ   㧪      .   
䨪஢ ।  ⢫ ⥬  㢥祭
᫠ , ।⠢塞      䨪, 
⠪ 㬥襭 ࠤ 祥.
     室 㭪樮쭮 ࠢ    
ࢮ⥯  祭    ॠ樨    
䥪⨢   ᯮ짮   뤥     ࠤ.
⭮  ᯮ짮    㤭 - ᨫ쭮
 ஢  ᨣ         । 

㦨,   ᫮   祢   ࠭
ᨣ,  ⠪ ࠭騬  騬 ⢨ 
ꥪ⮢.  ࠢ  室  ⢫  ⠪  ࠧ,
⮡    ᨫ쭮    ᫮ 宦 ࠤᨣ
뢭 ⢫﫠   .  ⬥砫  ,
  ⮩  楫    ⢫  㭪樨  ࠢ ⭮
।祩        祭   ࠭ 祥  ᭨
⢠ ᨣ  ⠭ ࠭ ண  ஢.
  業  ⢠  ᨣ   ࠧ୮  ﭭ
। -ᨣ    ᮮ⭮襭 ᨣ/  
魮     ᨣ/                ᯥ樠
⥫  ਥ.    㬥襭  稭         
祭    ண  ஢,      ᫮
室      ⢨ ,  ࠭ﬨ ᨣ,   ⠪
冷 㣨 稭,   롨ࠥ   ᨬ쭮  稭
  ४砥           (⢫  
।).
       ॠ樨  楤  ࠢ     㦥
ଠ樥            㯯  ࠧ   
뤥 ᯥ樠   ࠢ.  ᢮  ० 
ﭭ   ஥          ⮣   .    
ᮮ⢥饩  ଠ樥      -  ந   
ᯥ樠쭮  ஢  ,  ⠪  뤥   㯯
ࠧ .
     ࠪ୮     ᮡ            樨,
⢫塞    ,    ,    室 
      㦨  .  裡
 ⨬  ⠭  ᮥ  室饩    
室  ଠ  ⮭宦 .  ⮬
ᮣ᭮  ४      1985-1988  . न 
  ।    筮      㯯 . 
楤      ⢫    ⠪   ࠧ,    ⮡
ᯥ稢 ᢮६     ⮯
      ᨬ쭮  祭        
㦨.  ॣ樨 ⮯   ࠭
 ᯥ樠쭮 ॣ   ⮯.
          ⢨   襭 鸞 㣨
 ⢥ ஫ ࠥ  ᮡ⥩ ࠭
ࠤ  -    -    த᪨    ਣத
᫮.         ⭮,   ०   ᥣ,  祢
࠭,   뢠    砩묨       묨
ࠦﬨ     㣨 ꥪ⮢ த᪮ ன,  
⠪  ᥨ  ࠤ  ⨬  ꥪ⠬.    १
㬬஢  ࠧ  祩    ਥ  ஭ ࠤ
 砩 㤭  䠧 樨, 뢠騥
  ࠭  ᨣ.   ।  饩   ⠪
ᨣ  稭     ,     稭    ࠭
⭮⥫쭮 । ஢ ⠢ > 40 .
         ᭮  ⥩      ࠭  
ᯮ짮   ⮤   ࠧᥭ   ਥ.       ⮤
। 稥 ᪮쪨  ࠧ ࠪ⮢ ।  
ᨬ묨 ࠭ﬨ,     ।      
ᮮ饭.  ।  ஢  ᨣ,  ।   
ࠪ,          ⠪    ਬ୮   .    
ᮮ⢥饬 ஢ ᨣ, 㯠   ࠪ⮢
।,  ନ  १騩 ᨣ,  騩  ࠧ
  㡨  ࠭     ᯥ稢騩   ᮮ⢥⢥
  ।.

       ᫥  ६       楫 稭 ਬ
 ᥢ㬮 ன ࠡ祩 . ஬ ⮣,
䥪⨢ ।⢮     ࠭ﬨ   ७
ப ஢ ⥬   裡   㬮묨
ᨣ,   ᠬ 襥 ६.


  1.3.  ⨢  ஥   ⮢  ⥬   裡.

     㤮         ࠧ  ᪮쪮
᭮ 㯯:
     1)  㤮  ,  ᯥ稢  ࠢ   ࠡ⮩
⥬    ஫    ﭨ,  ।     
  맮    ,  ᮯ殮   樮୮
⥫䮭 ;
     2) 㤮 , ।饥  ਭ饥 ᨣ ;
     3) 㤮   ॢ, ⠪  ७᭮;
     4)   㤮  祭   .
       ࠢ,  ᭮  㤮   ⠢ ਩
஭ , 騥 ⥫쭮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭,
饥   ⢫   楤   ४祭  
     ६饭          祩     ,
஫஢ 孨᪮ ﭨ ⥬,  ⪠  
ந ⨪  । ࠢ⥩,   ⠪
ॠ뢠 ⨢ ࠢ ࠡ⮩ ⥬.  ,
ਬ,  ⥬ NMT   ⢥  ᯮ  ஭
⮬᪠ ⥫䮭 ⠭ ⨯ DX 200    100
. ஢   ᨬ  ᫮ ࠤ  3500. ⠭
  室:  ⥫䮭  饣 짮,    
⥬  孨᪮  ᯫ樨  ⠭樨.   ࠧ뢠 
죨   ⢥  । ᯮ짮  ஢
⮬ ⥫䮭  ⠭ System  12. ࢮ砫쭮  
㤥  ࠡ    45      㦨  5  . ⮢, 
쭥襬  㢥祭   50 .  ⮢,
 ᫠   245.    ⠭ । ਬ  
ᮧ ஢  CD-900.
     ⢥  ஭  ⥬  樨     ᮤন
,   騥   ன⢠,   樮  楯,
⠭樮 ᮥ⥫   ࠧ 㦥  楯,
࣠   ⥬ ࠢ.
           ࠧ   ࠤ।稪     ࠤਥ,
஫,    ।     ஫ , 
⠪ ⢮      ⥭  ⥬.   
⮩ ,   ।   ਥ,  ⢫ 
ࠢ          ।     ⮯,
⠭ ᮥ, । ,  ⠪ ।
  믮 ᪨ 楤  㤮 .
ࠢ  묨  ﬨ  믮  奬   
ணࠬ   ஫ࠬ.          
।稪    ਥ  ᯥ稢  ७
⥬  ⥬  饭,      㢥稢   ᫮
,  室      祩.  ᫮  ⮢  
      ࠬ஬ , 騬  
⢠ 㦨.   稭 ⠢ 20-25  祥
  .    業ࠫ쭮   ⠭樥    ᮥ   㯯
ࠧ      ᪮쪨    । .
ਥ।稪      騬  ⥭     
ࠧ뢠-ᮣ饣 ன⢠       12-16
  ⥭. ⥭    ࠢ묨   
ᥪ ࠢ,  ४뢠, ਬ,  ᥪ   60
ࠤ.   120 ࠤ.  . ஬  㬥襭   ,
⠪ ஥ ⥭ ⥬ ᯥ稢 ७ ꥬ
     ᫠ ⮢     ந⥫⢮
 .

     ਥ।騥  ன⢠  ᮢ६  ।⠢
ᮡ 㧪   ⭮ 樥,   ன
ᯮ  騥,  ࠧᥭ  ࢠ  25-30
. ࠡ뢠   ᯮ짮    ⥬
⮤ ।    ᮩ .  ᯥ⨢
⥬    ਬ  ப  ᨣ, 
      ⮩稢      㢥   ᫮
⮢.
      ,    砥  ,    ⢥   ⮢
   㧫       ᯥ宬    ਬ   ਩    ᪠
஬諥  ய,  ,  㣠 ࠤ஭
   .
     ᪨  ⥫䮭          
⨯: ॢ  ७. ॢ   ᫮
 ⮢   ⭮襭 ॡ  ⠬   
⮢, ⠪     窨 ७  筨 ⠭, ᪮
,    ࠢ,  ᮥ    饬     
筨   ⮪.      㣮   ஭,   ७  
।⠢    ᢮  ६饭,   
  .  ஬  ⮣,  , ⢥騥 ॡ,
।塞      ७   ⠬,      ᯥ宬  
짮         ॢ   ,   ॠ   
⥫   権   (⮬᪨      ᪮쪨
஢,  䨪  맮    .).  ,   襬
饬        ⠭        ࠭   ⨯
ࠤ⥫䮭.
     , ଠ Ericsson () ࠧࠡ⠫  ᪠  
 ࠤ⥫䮭 ⮢, 饥   ਠ⮢
.      ,  ।祭  ஢
ਬ,       ⠭       ⮬    
ᯮ짮  ⢥ ७᭮   ⥬  ⨯
NMT 450  NMT 900,  쨬  ଠ ࠤ⥫䮭 
⥬  NMT  900.    ᯮ짮     ⮢ 
७᭮  ਠ  ।ᬮ७    ࠧ    
ᬥ , ᯥ稢 뢭 ࠡ  4  
12   .      ࠤ⥫䮭,      ᨬ     롮
,  ⠢    600    800 . ଠ ਠ
⮨  ਥ।稪,  ॢ ⥭  ꥬ
,      ண         짮⥫
롨ࠥ  ।  0,75  0,25    ப  뢭
ࠡ    浪  60,  40    20  . 室 魮
।稪  ஢  0,1  1 .
     ୠ 奬  ⮢   砥  
᭮ : ਥ।稪,   ࠢ   ᪨
.
     ਥ।稪 筮     ⮬
  ।⠢  ᮡ  -ࠤ⠭.  ᭮    
 ࠤ樮묨     ன. ⬥⨬  ⮫쪮
ॡ  ᮪  ⠡쭮,    㤮⢮
ਬ塞   ,  易   ࠧᮬ 
  .    믮  ⮣ ॡ  ।稪
筮  ᯮ   ᮪⠡     ᨭ⥧,
ନ騩      ᪮         ᫮
     ᪮쪨 ⥭ (  
666     ).  魮   ॢ   ।稪
⠢  , ७ -  .

      ࠢ ᯥ稢  ࢨ ⠪   
  ⠭  ᠫ ⮬.
     ᪨           ।⢮    ⢫
ࠢ. ᭮     ⠢ ਩  ᪠
஬諥 ய,  ࠡ뢠 ᮮ饭,
㯠騥   ࠢ  .
       ᮧ  ᪨  ⮢  ப   ਬ
室  ᥭ-    ,   ஥    ࠬ᪨
१,  ᯮᮡ  ࠡ      ,  㣨
  ᮢ६  ஢  孨.  
⢨   ⥣   ࠤ     (,
⥫  ,  ,  ᨫ⥫  魮)    㣨
㧫,        䠪஬  㬥襭  ⮨ 
ࠧ஢ ᪮ .


      1.4. ਭ樯 ஥ ⮬⨧஢ ⥬
         ࠢ ࠤ  묨 ꥪ⠬

       ⢥  ࠪ ਬ஢ ࣠樨  
    ⥩,    ᭮       ᭮
ॡ    ⥪  ࠤ  ,
ᬮਬ    ᭮     ਭ樯    ஥     㡥
⮬⨧஢ ⥬ ࠤ 裡.
        㡥  ⥬  裡,    ⮬  ᫥   , 
ਭ 뤥  ⮬⨧஢   ⮬᪨ ⥬
ࠢ  (    )    ᬠਢ    ⤥쭮   
 , ⥬   ,   ᤥ 뢮   ⮫쪮 
稨    ⠢        ,      ᪮
 ஥  ⥬ ࠢ (. ⠪ ਫ. ).
      ⮬⨧ 襭 ᭮  ࠢ  ஫
ᮬ     ।⢠  裡   ।     ᥬ
᭮묨 ஢ﬨ ࠢ   ஫ ,    
⭥:
      - ꥪ⮢ ஢ ࠢ (᪨  ࠤ⠭樨
(), ⠭樨 樨  裡  ..);
      - ஢  ஬筮  ᡮ,  ࠭     ࠡ⪨
㯠饩  ଠ樨    ꥪ⮢  ஢  (ଠ  
孨᪮  ﭨ  ।  裡),  ⢫騩   ⠪
ࠢ  ꥪ⮢   ஢  ।⢮   ᮮ⢥饣
।  㯠    ⥬  ஢   ࠢ
४⨢   ꥪ⠬ ࠢ.   ⮬  ஢ ⭮
  ࠢ    ஫,  蠥  筮  ࠢ騬
᫨⥫묨 ।⢠  ⠭権 ;
     - ⥬  ஢   ࠢ  (ॠ㥬      
᫨⥫ ।  業ࠫ ⠭権),   ᫮  ᭮
 ண 筮 室 ⥬  ﭨ 
孨᪨  ।  裡  ⥬,  ⢠   ⥭ᨢ
襤 ᥠᮢ 裡  ⠬,   ண஢
 孨᪨ ।  裡, ஢   ।
ᮢ  裡,  ⠢  (  ॠ쭮  ⠡   ६)
⨬ ⮢ 裡  ..
     ६    ,  ࠧ頥    ⮬ 
㣨  ꥪ, ஬ ࠤ㤮   ᢮
⠢  ,      ࠧ    樨  
ࠢ    ᯫ,  㭨㥬   ࠢ,
 ਭ  ..    ⢫ ஫  
ࠢ  ᥬ  ०   ࠡ  ࠤ㤮,   롮
᢮      ਥ-।   ᪮  ଠ樨,
ன      .  ஬ ⮣, ஥
   ॠ ⠪ 楤, :
     - ⮬᪨      ⠭  裡    
᢮  ᪮ ⥫䮭 ;
     - ⢫ ९୮  ।⢮   
          맮  ,  ᫨       
ணࠬ஢ ࠭;
     - 樠 ⮬᪮ ७ ⮣ ;
     -   ⮡ࠦ      ࠭   ᯫ   ६    ⮪,
த⥫쭮 ᥠ  裡, ࠥ  , ᫥
࠭  ,   , ୮  । 
⮬᪮  ०    饣  ன⢠ ,
, 饣    ᮥ,  ࠢ筮 ଠ樨,
襭   ⮬      ᫨⥫쭮   業   
(ਬ, ᯨᠭ ३ᮢ)  ..

     ᫥  ਬ  楤  ࠢ     ஫,
।⠢塞 ࢨ ॠ   拉 㡥  
⮢ ,  ⮬  ᫥  ⮭ ࠤ⥫䮭  ⥬
GL 2000,  ᮯ殮   ⥫䮭      . ᮡ
 ।⠢  ணࠬ   (),   ᭮ ன
 楯 ⮢  ᮪쭮 裡.
䨪 ஥ ⠪ ⥬  裡 砥  ⮬,  
    ⮢묨    묨  ࠬ  ஥  
஥    ࠤ쭮 ⨯,  
⠭             
ꥪ⮢.      ᫥ 砥 ࠢ  ⮢
  ࠪ᪨    ⫨砥    ࠢ   ⮢
ன.
       ⮬  ⥬  裡,  ࠧࠡ뢠     ணࠬ
,  㤮⢮ ᫥騬 ॡ:
     -    ࠧࠡ뢠      ࠤ   
஢;
     - ⠭樨  ⮬᪮  樨       襫
裡,  ᠬ 訥;
     - 殮     ᯮ  ⭨
।⢠ 裡;
     - ࠧࠡ뢠  ⥬   裡     㦨
 ⮢,  ⠪ ਣ  ⢨  㣨
⥬  裡,    ⮬  ᫥,    ⥬ 裡 㡥
࠭;
     -     ࠧࠡ뢠   ⥬  裡   ࠧ筮
祭         ࠧ   ࣠    ஢,
ࠢ    ஫    孨᪨  ।  ᮢ
裡     ⥬,  ࠧ   ஢     ࠤ  
।-ਥ          ⮬᪨  ।   
ᮢ  裡     ⭮,   ।⢠  㬥஢   
⮡ࠦ ଠ樨  ⮬ ᫥   ⠢ ⮢ ;
     -   ࠧࠡ뢠    裡   ஥
ࠢ騥   ।ᬠਢ  祭;
     - ⢮   㦨饣,    ᯥ樠쭮     祭
ᮭ      ࠧࠡ뢠   ⥬        -
쭮;
     -    ࠢ塞     ࠧ筮  魮     
祭  㭨஢    ⭮襭      ,  
 ᮯ殮 (୮  ணࠬ)  ⮫쪮 
  㣮,        㣨 ᫨⥫묨 ᠬ 㣨
⥬ 裡.
     ᮪  ⥯  ᭠饭  ࠢ騬   ᫨⥫묨
।⢠ ᮢ६  ᯥ⨢ 㡥  
ࠧࠡ稪    ⥬       ⥫
   (஬   ᭮      ᯥ祭   裡),   祬
ᯥ稢   ᯥ祭    ,   ⮢୮    
⨢ ࠡ .  ⨬ 砬 ⭮:
     - ண஢    ஢  ।  ᮢ
裡  (  ॠ쭮  ⠡  ६)    ᯥ祭
  樮 ⮢   ⮢୮ 
  ଠ, ⠪   ਩ ᫮ ࠡ ;
     - ண஢   ஢  ன 䨣樨
⤥ ⥬ 裡   裡  楫;
     - ॠ ࠢ  ன 䨣樨 ⥬  
⥩ 裡,   ⠪  ᨭ஭ ࠢ  ० ࠡ
।  裡  ।⢮  뤥    ࠢ  
஢ ⮫쪮 ;

     - ⢫ ⭮ । ⥫쭮 
⠬  ଠ樨    設    裡 (
ࠢ);
     - ॠ ਭ樯 樮 ࠧ ⥬  ⥩
裡  묨 ꥪ⠬  ਮ⠭ ࠡ  
⥬  ⥩ 裡;
     - ࣠     樯   㦨    ᢮
⮢  ࠢ 樯  㦨   ᨬ
  ᫮ ।⠢ 裡;
     -  ᯥ祭  室  ࢨ  㦨   ᢮
⮢.
     ஬  ᫥,   ।⢮        
᫥騥 :
     - ⨢  ஫  ⢠ ⠭  ᮥ
 ⠬;
     - ॣ ᥠᮢ 裡;
     - ।   ॣ஢  ,    室
  ,    묨         
⠭ ;
     - ન஢  ᢮  訢    ਮ
 裡;
     - ᯥ祭 ࠢ ४樥  裡  
祭  묨  ⠬  ࠭    裡  ६
ᥠᮢ 裡;
     - ஫  業 䨪 吝 ,  뤥
 ࠢ   裡;
     - ࣠  । ࠢ  ஫ ४⨢  
ᮮ饭  ..
     祢,     , 蠥  ⥬   ⥩
裡,    ७஢   ஢  ࠢ  
᢮ ஡ ਥ樨 ਬ୮ ᫥騬 ࠧ:
     1. ண஢    ஢  ࠡ    裡  
楫,  ⥬   孨᪨ ।, ⢫塞   楫
न樨  ࠡ  ।  樮     
ꥪ⮢, ࠣ⮢  ⥬  裡.
     2. ⨢ ࠢ ⥬ 裡   ⮢
裡.
     3. ஫  ⥪饣  ﭨ  ᮥ   孨᪨
। 裡, ⨪ 㥬  ࠡ ࠢ,
⥬,    ࠣ⮢    ᮢ 孨᪨  ࠢ
। 裡.
     4.  ࠢ 孨᪨ ।⢠ 裡  
஫ (  ⨪  ﭨ).
     室  ⠪ । , 蠥  ,  
⠪       ⮤᪮      孨᪮   祪  ७,
।⠢     , ᫨   ਠ쭮,
   㭪樮쭮   ꥤ       ⮬⨧஢    
⮬᪨  ⥬  ࠢ  (   ) 孨᪨
।⢠  裡.   ⮬          ⢥
ॡ  த    ᢮  ணࠬ  - ୮
ॠ樨      ࣠     ⥬  ࠢ   
⨢ ᫨⥫.
        ⢥   筨   ⭮,       
ண஢    ஢       ந⢮
(),    ⠢   孨  㬥   
ந⢥  (,४⨢)  㪠 ꥬ 
ப  믮,  ⠫    , 

ࠢ,  孮᪨ ᠬ ( ).  ⭮,
騥  ⠪  ⥣樨    묨.
⮬  ⠪   ⥣஢     楫ᮮࠧ   뢠
묨  ().
      ࠧ,  ਬ⥫쭮   砬 ࠢ  
  ()   :
     - ⥢   (  ),   蠥 ⥢
 ண஢  ஢ ࠡ 裡,  ⠪ (
室)    ᮢ  ࠡ    㣨 ﬨ
裡;
     - ᪮쪨   ⥬    ,   ।祭     
஢  ࣠樨 ࠡ ᢮ ⥬ 裡 ᮮࠧ  
⢥   ࠡ, 㯠騬     ,  ன
⥬  ।⢥ 易;
     - ᪮쪨   ।⢠ 裡 (),  ⢫
楫     ࠡ,砥     ४⨢  浪   
ᮡ⢥ ⥬   ।祭  ॠ樨 㭪権
ࠢ   孨᪨   ।⢠   裡,      ⠪  
⨢ ஫   孨᪨  । 裡.   ,
⠪ ࠧ, ⠢ ꥪ⮢ ஢ ࠢ.
     ।   ᭮   () 
ꥤ      ࠢ  ࠧ  ᯥ樠樨
⥬  ࠤ裡    묨   ꥪ⠬       
ࠤ裡 饣 짮.  , ॠ    ᢮
। ॡ 襭 ⠪ :
     - ꥤ   ⥬ 裡 ࠧ  孨᪨
।   裡      ࠧ묨   ﬨ   ᮯ殮  
ᮢ६묨 ;
     - ᯥ祭 樮   ,⠪  ࠢ塞
। 裡;
     - ࠧࠡ⪠   ணࠬ-୮ ।   
㭨஢  鸞   楫 ࣠樨 ࠢ
᫨⥫  ᮬ    (  窨 ७ न樨 
ᨭ஭樨   ࠡ   ࠢ   ᫨⥫  ன
। 裡    楫);
     - ॠ  ᮯ殮  ।      ன⢠
ࠢ 孨᪨ । 裡   ᮡ.


                         1.5. 뢮.

            ⮨       ᮪
䥪⨢  ᯮ짮  뤥  ⭮   ᯥ,
⨣ ⥬ ୮ ਬ       
ࠧ  祩  ⥬.  ࠭稢騬  䠪஬   ⮬
  ⥬  ,  騥    
祥  騬  ⠬,  ⠪   .
 ⥫⢮  㦨    ।   롮
稭  ⭮  ࢠ  D,    ⠪    ।
      ⥬.    ᫠  
ਬ    ᯥ樠  ,       ⮨ 
ਬ  ࠧᥭ  ਥ,  饣    ⥫쭮
⥯  ᭨  ஢    .  ⠪ ⥬
㤠  ⮫쪮  ⭮襭 魮 ᨣ  魮
,      ஥      
樨 ⥬ ᮮ⢥饣 㢥祭  樨.
       ⨣  ⠪   ᮮ⢥饩
࠭⢥ ਥ樥 ⥭ ᬥ .


     II.  ࠡ   ⮪ ࠢ.


           2.1.  ⥬ ࠢ  .

         ᭮      ஥     
ࠧࠡ⪠ ⥬ ࠢ.  ஢  ।
  㦨,  ࠧ塞    祩 㣮쭮
,  ࠤ   ᠭ   㦭         
ࠧ -  20-30   ࠩ   ⭮ 䨪  (
᭮   ᥫ᪮宧⢥)     0,5-2       ࠩ  
᮪    ⭮  䨪   (  ⮭ᥫ   த᪨
ࠩ). 짮⥫  , 室     窥 ਨ
㦨,     ᪨ ⠭権 뢠 
㣨 ⠬   ⥫䮭  饣 짮.
      ᪠    ⠭            믮     
⨢  쭮 ਠ. 㭪樮쭮  ⮨ 
  ࠢ,  ,  ਥ।稪    ⥭. 
ࠢ  ᮯ    ਥ।稪,  ⥫䮭
㡪    ⮬  ࠢ,  ᮤঠ騬  ᯫ.     
ਥ।稪 室 ன⢮  ।  ਥ  ᨣ
 ࠤ.   ⢫  ८ࠧ 㯠
ᨣ      ஭            ஭    
ᮮ⢥     ,     室         쭥襩
ࠡ⪨.      ⠭樨  ᯥ稢  ᮯ殮   
஢        ᪨  ⠭ﬨ.   ⠢ 
   ⥬   室   ਥ,   ।稪,  
ࠢ  裡   .   業ࠫ쭮 ⠭樥  ᮥ
㯯  ࠧ       ᪮쪨  ।
.    㦨  ⮢     業ࠫ쭠 ⠭
믮 ⠪  ᭮ 㭪樨, :
     - ⠭ ᮥ  ⠬;
     - ࠧꥤ  砭 ࠧ;
     - ᫥  ⢮ । ;
     -  ४祭          ६饭  
६  ᥠ  裡      㦨        
㦨  㣮       楫  ᯥ祭   뢭
ᮥ;
     -     ਨ 㦨;
     - 䨪, ⨪ ﭨ ⥬.
      ⬥,  ⫨稥   ஭  樮-
 ⥫䮭 ⥩  饣 짮   ᭮ ᢮
 ᮡ ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ﭭ  -
,  ,        믮  , 㯠騥  ஭
ࠢ饩  . ୮     ஥  
ࠤ쭮    ࠤ쭮-㧫  ਭ樯  (  ⮬  砥
ᯮ 業ࠫ ࠢ),   ⠪   
। ࠢ.    ࠤ쭮 ਭ樯   
஥       訬   ᫮   .  ਬࠬ    ⠪
    PS   (), S  (⠭).      ⠪
⥬      ।⢥ ᮥ   , 
 室  ⥫䮭   饣 짮.
      ࠤ쭮-㧫  ਭ樯 ஥  , 뢠騥
  㦨  訬 ᫮ ⮢,  -
ਬ ⥬ NTT ()   MATSE (࠭).    ⥬
 ।⢥ ᮥ  ⠭ﬨ ࠢ (), -
,  ᢮ ।, 祭   ஢묨 ﬨ 裡.

 ⠪ ஥  ⢫ ⠭ ᮥ,-
஫ ⢮ ਭ ଠ樨, ந ⭮
४祭     , 뤥 ᢮ ࠧ-
 ࠤ, । ᢥ  ந  
 ,   䨪  祭    ଠ   
⢨ ४     ⢨  㣮 業ࠫ-
 ⠭樨.
      । ࠢ   業ࠫ쭠 ⠭  
न饥      뤥,  ⮬  ⥬
஥    ⠪  २,    
 ,     ண   筮 -
騢  .


             2.2. ࣠  ࠢ.

        । ଠ樨 ந  뤥-
  ।    ਭ    25 .
  ଠ樥       㯯 ࠧ  -
 뤥     ࠢ ().   ᢮
०  ﭭ ஥   .     
  ஢  । , ⠪  뤥
 㯯 ࠧ .
      ᪠᪮ ⥬ NMT   㦥 ଠ-
  ,     ਬ   ⭠ 
(FFSK).  ।   ⠭ 1200 /. ଠ-
 ।   64-ࠧ來 ஢.    ᮤন
 :
     -     N1, N2, N3   ஬  । 
ᮮ饭;
     - 䨪 , ࠪਧ騩 ⨯ ;
     -  ࠩ 㦨 V1, V2,  ᯮ 
⠭  ஬  N1 N2 N3;
     -  ;
     - ଠ樮 .
      ࠢ - ଠ樮  ᮤন 12 ;  
ࠢ -  ࠩ 㦨 V1 V2   ।
 ଠ樮  ᮤন 20 .  ⥬ NMT   ⢥
ࠢ饣 ᯮ   ࠧ ࠤ, ,
  ᯥ樠⮢,  蠥 䥪⨢ ࠢ  .
 ࠭᪮ ⥬ S   롨ࠥ,    NMT, -
    㯯  ࠧ.   । ଠ樨
  ⠢ 2,4 /. ଠ । ᮮ饭 -
  .4.  ࠢ - ଠ樮  ᮤ-
 128 , ࠧ ᥬ  ᫮  16    ,
 ࠢ 㯮 ⠢   ᫮  16 .
       ࠢ  -  ଠ  ।   ஢
 176 , ஬ ⮣,   ࢠ   -
ࠬ  16 .  ।     室饥 ᮥ-
  㯠     ( ࠢ   -
ࠢ -) ᨭ஭  ᨣ "ࠧ襭 㯠"  -
 -, ।  , ᨣ ⠪⮢ ᨭ஭樨.
 ᭨ ⭮ 䫨⭮ 樨, .. ।०
㯫    ࠢ ६  
 ࠧ .
      ⥬ S (⠭) ᯮ  ⨯  -
 ࠢ: אַ   . ଠ  אַ 
 ࠢ     ।  ᪮ 8 / -
뢭 ⮪,   ⢨ ଠ樨    ᮤ-
 ஫ ⥪.   室, ⠪    ᢮-
 ﭨ   ᪠  ࠢ,  롨 
  ᮪ ஢ ᨣ.  . 5 ।⠢ ⠭-
 ଠ, ᯮ㥬  אַ   । ᫥
ᮮ饭:
     -  ﭨ ᮮ⢥饣 ⭮   ࠢ
(᢮/);
     - ଠ樮  (᫮ ) -   ஢ ;
     - ଠ樮   (᫮  ) -    ஢
.

     ,  㪠뢠騥    ﭨ ᢮/, ᥣ
ᯮ        ।  ଠ
ᮮ饭  ⥬, ⮡    뤥   饣 ⮪
ଠ樨.  ꥤ    ⮪   ଠ樨  (     )
㬥蠥     ६      ஬⮪,     ⢥      
ᨭய᫥⥫쭮.  ⮢୮ ਭ  ଠ樨
㢥稢   ⭮ ।  ( ஢),
  ᮡ      ,  থ  ࠭  
७樨.     ᯥ祭  室   ॡ   
⭮   訡   ଠ樮    ᫮       
ꥤ     ࠧ鸞  ४樨   訡.      ਥ
⢫   ୮      ᫥⥫쭮⥩
ᮮ⢥騬 ࠢ  ਭ 襭  (3   5).   אַ
 ࠢ      ᫮  ᯮ 28 
ଠ樨  12  ४樨 訡;  ⭮  ᯮ
36 ଠ樮    12   ४樨 訡.     ⠪
ன ᯮᮡ ࠢ  訡  㦨
4 訡. ଠ樮 ᫮ -  ᫮   ଠ樨,
ࠧ    㯯      ⤥  ࠧ,   
  ।  ࠬ  ⥬,    ਨ,   
ࠥ   ..  筮 ᮤঠ ଠ  
᫮   ⨯ ᮮ饭.
      ࠧ  ࣠   ଠ樥   
 ⥬  S,   ன   ଠ ᮮ饭   אַ
 ⠢ 463 .
      ﯮ᪮ ⥬  N אַ   ࠢ 뢠
뢭 , ᪮   ⮬   ந 맮
;  ,  뢠   㯠,  ᯮ 
室饬 ᮥ. ଠ    ࠢ  ।-
  ஢   ᪮ 300 /ᥪ ᪨  -
.  ⠭⭮ ᨣ  ⠢ 43 ,   12
஫ ࠧ冷.   ࠢ騥 ᨣ ।  ᫥
8-ࠧ來 ᨭண㯯.   ᨣ ࠢ, 㯠饬  
஭ , ᮤন 24-ࠧ來 , ⮢ ᨣ,
ᯮ㥬  ᨭ஭騩,   ᨣ, 뢠騩  室-
 ᪨   .     ⮢ ᨣ 뤥-
  , ⠫쭠 ଠ 㯠  .  ⠢ -
ଠ樨,    뢭 ⮪ ।   뢭
, 室   뢠  ࠩ    ᯮ㥬
 㯠. ᫨ ଠ樨   ,  ᫥  -
஫쭮 .
       ࠢ   ⥬ N     
⠭樥 ࠢ      ⭮  । -
 ⠭樨     ,  ஬ ।  -
室     ᮮ饭          ᪮     12    /ᥪ.
      ᬮ७  ⥬ ࠤ⥫䮭  裡 ࠤ-
 ᯮ  த  .   ᨣ-
 ந室    ;  믮 㭪 ८ࠧ-
 ࠤᨣ  ⥫䮭 ᨣ. ,   ࠢ,
।⠢  ஭ . 롮  । -
⥫묨 ⬠  ⠭樨,   뢠  ᮡ-
 ࠭ ࠤ, ⮬  ⠭  裡
   맮 -  ஢ ᨣ,  -
।  ࠤ.  襭 䥪⨢  ᯮ-
  室 ஫஢ ࠤ  ࠧ-
 ࠬࠬ, ਬ  業ࠫ ஫   
.

       ⥬ ப ਬ ஢ ࠡ⪨ ᨣ
 ஥ ⥬  ࠤ⥫䮭 裡   
饥  .  ਬ஬   㦨 ப᭠
 CD=900,  ன  㦥 楤 (⠭ ᮥ-
, 뤥 ᢮ ࠧ )   -
 ࠢ.஬ ⮣,   뤠 ꥤ ଠ-
  ᪥   ᢮ 祩. 㯫  ।⠢ ᮡ
뢭 騥 ६ "" () ⥫쭮
75  . ६  㬥  1  32   ନ-
  뢭 ६  ⥫쭮 2,4 .   -
⨦ 쭮 ⭮ ஢  ""  -
  2  ଠ樮 ,   १ 祣 ନ  2
ᨬ 㯫 .
      襭 䥪⨢  ࠡ  ⥬  ࣠
⠭ ।  맮, 㯠    ࠢ-
 ।.   ᮪  20-25% ᫮   ᭨-
  ந⥫ 㧪.⠭ । ᢮-
  ⮬,  ᫨   㯫 맮   ࠧ
 ,     室 ୮   .
 室 맮  ࠧ    ⮫쪮 
, ᫥ 祣   ࠧ୮  室    ஢ન
⢠  裡.  ᫨    ࠢ,   㣨.
 롮  ஥ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  
 筮  ࠧᥭ   ࠢ    㬥襭
 ﭨ.
      ᭮  ⥬ S   CD-900  ࠧࠡ⠭ ஢ 
-900 (),   ⢥   ᯮ짮   ࠧ-
 ࠤ  㯯,  뤥  .    
ᯮ ᪮쪮 .    16-쭮  㯯 ࠧ-
 ࠤ 砥  . ,   CD-900,
 ⥬ -900 ࣠ ஭ ।  㯠-
 맮.  ࠢ ⮨  ६ ஢  -
 192  ⥫쭮  80  .    ᮮ-
 ⥬ S. ⫨稥  ⮨  ⮬,    -
樮  뤥  160  (10   ᫮   
16    ),      ࠢ 㯮   ᯮ
16  .            ந 筮 ⥬
S.   䥪⨢ ⠥  ᪮ ।   
 ࠢ     800  /,     1000 /,  
ࠢ 㯮 ਭ ᪮ 200 /.


           2.3. । ⮯   .

    ᮡ 樮 ⠭権   ࠢ  ⠭-
ﬨ ⥫䮭   饣  짮 ᫮  ⥬, 
 室      ६    -
㦨  .  ࠧ,  ⠭  ᮥ
   室 ᯮ ଠ樥  ⮯-
 .  ⮩  楫     楤 ॣ樨
⮯  . ᭮ ४   -
   ।  筮     㯯
.   ⮯    ࣠  ⠪,
⮡ ᯥ稢 ᢮६    ⮯-
      ᨬ쭮 砫    砥 
  㦨.  㥬      ॣ樨
⮯    . 6.
     ᪠ ⠭ 稭 楤 ⠭  -
 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ ᫥⥫쭮,  ।-
  㦨,  ᠭ   ,   ᮢ-
   㯨襩.  ⮯ ⠥
襭, ᫨ 祭  ⢥ত  .   -
樨 ⮯  㯠  ᯥ樠 ॣ  
 ⮯.
       让 , 墠뢠饩  , -
 ⢮ ᪮쪮 .   ॣ஢  
⭮ , .. 室    뢠   -
 ⮯ ᭮ . ᫨  ॥    -
㦨 㣮  (⭮),     ⮯  
뢠  ॣ ⮯    ࠭   
  ,        㦨  ⭮ ,
  ⮣   㤥 ᫥  ᥬ  ।ﬨ
  ନ஢    . ⭠   ।⠢
  室   ᮥ    ⠭-
 ᮥ  ⭮    ॡ  ⥫쭠
ଠ,  ࠭ ⮫쪮   ᭮ .   
⭮   ᭠   । ॡ㥬  ଠ. ਬ-
஬  ,    ன   ᪮쪮 , 
 ᮡ,   ⥬  N,     ⢨
 1979 .  ࠩ .. ࢮ砫쭮 ࠢ   -
⢫﫮  .  㢥祭 ᫠ ⮢   -
ਨ 㦨 ॡ 㢥 ᫮   9  1984 .
 ⢨  ᮡ ᯮ짮   ४祭
 ,  ଠ樥    ந   ᮮ⢥-
⢨  ⥬ ᨣ樨  N 7.
     稥   ᪮쪨  ᪠뢠  ६ ⠭-
 裡.  ࠪ᪨ ᨬ   ᫠  㧫 樨
 ⥬ ᨣ樨  N 7 । ६ ⠭ ᮥ-
  室饬 맮 ⠢  8 , ,   -
 ᯥ⮢,   ࠭稢騬 䠪஬  ७
ᬠਢ  .


            2.4. ࠢ 室饣 맮  .

        楤 ⠭ ᮥ  室-
饣 맮   ⢫ ᫥騬 ࠧ.   -
㯫     室饥   ᮥ    -
 ।  ।    맮  ,  -
, 稢    맮, ।    ᨣ ⢥ত
祭 맮,  ࠭᫨騩 १     .   ⢥ 
।    ᢮ ࠧ୮ ࠤ.  ᫥
ன   뤥  ࠤ  ᮮ頥   
 ᢮  ⮢, ,   ᢮  ।, 뫠  ᨣ
() 뢠 .   ᭨ 㡪,  
砥 ࠧ  ࠪ,   ⮬   祭 ᥠ 裡
ﭭ ஫ ⢮ ।.
     ⮪ ⠭ 室饣 맮  ⥬ N  ।-
⠢  . 7.   室 ﭨ  ஥   -
    ᨬ  ஢ ᨣ.  맮   ஭ 
ந   १  ,  ⭮  ⠪ 뢠-
  맮,   ᯮ       ६.
稢 ᨣ 맮,   ⠭  ⭮   -
 ⢥ত, 㯠饥   .  稢  ⢥ত,
    뤥  ࠧ  ࠤ (),  ண
ᮮ頥    , ᫥ 祣  ᢮.   -
⢫  ஫  ⠭  ࠧ୮ ࠪ -
 ࠢ쭮  믮 権.   ⮬     
   । ࠭  ਭ   ,  ஢
 ᮮ⢥⢨.  砥  ⢨ 訡  ।  ᯮ-
⥫   맮 "  ᨣ" ().  室騩
맮 蠥 ⥫ ப祭 ࠧ୮  ࠪ-
    祭      ⮭쭮 ᨣ 4  (᭠
  )  뢭 ஫ ⢠ ।.
     楤  ⠭  室饣  맮   ⥬ S
 S ࠪ᪨  筠,  ⫨砥   ᬮ७-
 ⮪.   室  ﭨ   ࠨ  -
      ᮪ ஢  ᨣ.    ।
뢭 ⮪ ଠ樨,  ᮤঠ騩 ᨣ 室饣  -
. 稢   ஭      室饥  ᮥ,
   ஢   ।      ᥬ 
맢  .  맮 ࠭᫨    . 稢
ᨣ 맮,     ⪨  "᢮/", 饩
  ଠ  ,  ஢    㯠    
뤠 १    ⢥ত饥 ᮮ饭, ஥ ᮤন
ᮡ⢥    .  ਭ    ᮮ饭,   
㯨  ଠ,  ।    㦨饩   ,
롨ࠥ ᢮         ଠ樮  ଠ
 ࠢ ⬥砥  ﭨ ⮣    ""
( 祭 1-4 ).  ᭨ ⭮ 䫨⭮
樨  ⨨  ᪮쪨 ⠬.
     ⥬  ࠧ୮   뫠  맮 
    㪠    뤥      ᯥ樠쭮
ᨣ SAT  (Supervisopy Audio  Tone),   ਬ 
஫  ᯮ      ஫  ⢠  ।. 
⢥ ᨣ  SAT    祩     ᯮ짮
       ⮭  :  5970,   6000    6030   .
⥫쭮,    樥⮬ ७  =7 
㦨   21   祩      ७     ᨣ  

ࠤ      ⮩.     SAT   ﭭ
।        ६  ࠧ.  ⮬ 砥, 
㦥  뢠,   砥 ⠩   , ᫨  SAT 
㤥  㦥     祭   ।  ६,    
४砥     ᥠ 裡 稢.
       ⭮ ।        
㢥      ᨣ  SAT  ᯥ樠   ᮮ饭.
稢  ଠ    ,    ࠨ    㪠
 ᢮ ࠤ    ⮬  ࠤ ।
    뤥  ᨣ  SAT.      ᯮ   
ਭ 襭  ⮢ 㯫᭮ ࠤ - 
।,  祬 ᮮ頥   ᮮ⢥騬 ᨣ. 
ந         ⥫䮭     -
ࠤ -   ᮮ⢥饩     ਢ 
⮢.   ᫨   ᢮,       祭
ࠧ୮ ࠤ     । ⮭  ᨣ ST
(Signalling Tone) ⮩ 8 ,  뢠  ⨨
㡪 ᪮ .   ᨣ ST  ᮮ頥   
⮢ ,     뫠   ᨣ 맮 ().
  ⨨  ᨣ  ST    ப砥  ࠧ ࠪ,
।   ᨣ  SAT  ᫥   १⠬ ७
⢠  ।.    襭  ࠧ   ।
ᨣ  ST    ᨣ    ன    , ⮬ 
ᮮ頥      砭 裡,  ᫥ 祣  樮
㤮 ᢮.
       ⬥,      ⫨稥   ⬠ 室饣
맮  ⥬  NMT     ⬥ ஫ ⮢୮
ਭ ᮮ饭 筮 ७ᥭ   ࠢ  .
ਬ,          ।  ᮮ⢥⢨   
ਭ ஬     ஬ ,   㦨  
㯯 ࠧ ࠤ.
      ⥬  NTT   ⫨   ᠭ  浪
⠭  室饣  맮,  ᫮  ⥬,     
஥    ᯮ    㦥    -  
ࠢ   ⭮ । ,  ⠪ ஬
⠭樨  ࠢ.    㯫  맮   । 
 ,  ࠭  ଠ  .  ᨬ 
筮  ।  ⮯  ,  ⠭   ࠢ
뫠    ᪮쪮  ᨣ 맮 ,   
אַ        .  맮    
.   ᫥  ⢥    ⠭  ࠢ  稭 
᢮ ࠧ୮ ࠤ  㯯 , 뤥塞
  祩. ᫥ ⮣    ,  ।  
    ⢥  ᨣ,  ᮤঠ騩  ଠ    
祩,    ன  室   ,      ࠭   ,
। ⠪ १     .     ।
ன ⢥  ᨣ, 稢     १   ।
맢    ᨣ  맮  ().  ६ 
뤠             殮     
ࠧ୮  ࠤ,  १  ண  ।   
 ⭮ ।.
     ᫥    ⮬  ⥫䮭  㡪        
ப砥 ࠧ ࠪ.
     ࠢ  ᬮ७  楤  ⠭   室饣
맮, ⬥⨬ ᫥饥:
     1.  ⥬ S   S ⪠   ⠭ ᮥ
- ࠢ ࠧ୮ ࠤࠪ  ந  

砫  ⠯  ⠭  ᮥ,      ६   
஢ઠ ࠧ୮  ࠤ   ⥬ NTT  ந室 
⥫쭮  ⠯.     ਢ     㢥祭   ६
ந⥫쭮  ,    㤮    ⥬
NTT.
     2.    ⥬  NTT  ⮪  ⠭  ᮥ 
ᮤঠ  樨   ⢥ত  ਥ      ।
,   ਢ   ࠡ뢠.
     3.    ⥬  NTT    ⥫    - 
⭮ ।,  ਢ  ᫮ ⬮  ࠡ
⥬,  ᫥⥫쭮,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
     4.  ⥬ NMT ஫ ⢠ ।  ⢫
        -ᨣ  (4 ),   ⥬
  ⢨⥫쭮    ஢    , ᫮
 ᯮ짮 ࠤ   ⮩.


          2.5. ⠭ 室饣 맮  .

     室騩  맮          ।祭  
  ,  ⠪        .     ⠭
室饣  ᮥ       ࠥ     뢠
;  ।     ࠭᫨  
  । . ᫥  ଠ樨   뤥
᢮          ࣠   ஫
ﭨ  ,  ⠭  ᮥ       ஭
뢠    뫠  맮.  ᫥ ⢥ 
ப砥 ࠪ.
       ⥬  NMT    室  ﭨ  ࠨ 
 ,  ⢥ ண ᯮ   ࠧ
ࠤ.   ࠥ ,   ९뢠
 饥 ன⢮ (),   ᭨ 㡪. ᫥  롮
᢮        ।  ᨣ  "  ". 
஭   ந ⢥ত  ਭ ᨣ  "
",        뤠  ⢥⭮  ⢥ত.   
祭  ⮣   ⢥ত     ।       ᨣ
⮢  ਥ .     ࠧ୮ ࠤ
࠭᫨  뢠 ,  ᫥  ⢥ত
ਥ      ஢ ⥫䮭   砥  
ࠤ. ⢥  뢠   㦨 ᭮  
ப祭   ࠧ୮   ࠪ      祭   ⮭쭮
-ᨣ      ⮩   4              ஫
⢠ ।.  ࠧ,   ᨣ  ⥬ NMT
   ࠧ   ࠤ,   ⥬   ࠡ⠥   
       ⢥ত     ਥ     
ᨣ,     ᯥ稢  ᮪     ⠭
裡.
        ⥬   S      S   ࠢ    室饬
맮 ᭮     ਬ ᨣ  SAT   ST.    
⥬  NMT,    뢠    뢠    
᪮ ⠭樨. ⥬   ஢ ﭨ  ⭮ 
 , .. ।   㯠  אַ  .
稢  ,     ।   室騩  맮,     ஬
ᮤন  뢠饩    뢠 ;  
࠭᫨ 室饥 ᮮ饭   ।   ,
  ⢫  ஢ઠ     ᠭ樮஢   
뢠饣    ⥬. ᫨    ࠢ
㯠   ,    樨   祭  1-4   ﭨ
⭮   "",  뤥 ᢮    ᨣ SAT;
६    ⨬   ⠭  ᮥ     ஭
뢠    । 맮. 稢   
ᨣ   SAT,      ࠨ        ࠧ୮
ࠤ    । ᮮ⢥騩 ᨣ SAT  १
    ,  ᫥  祭  ண  ⢫ ஢ઠ
ࠧ୮ ࠪ --.    ⢥  
 ⨨ ⮬ 㡪 ப砥 ࠧ ࠪ  
஫  ⢮ .
     ⠭ 室饣 맮   ⥬ NTT  ⫨稥  
ᬮ७  ⥬ ந  ⨥ .  ࠭
 뢠    ,      १    
㯠  ᨣ  "砫  맮",   ஬ ᮤন 
뢠饣 . ⥬  롨ࠥ ᢮    ।

 ⮣ ࠤ   . ६   ।   
ᨭᨣ   । ,    ஭    
 ⭮ ।   殮   
஫   ⢠   ।.   ᫥   襭   楤
࣠樨 ࠧ୮ ࠪ   뢠   뢠
      ⠭ ᮥ   ⠬.
  ࠧ,    ⥬  NTT    ᨣ ந室 
㦥       ⨯,     ᫮     
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࠢ饣 ,  ⠪ 奬 
   ᭨  ⠭ 裡.
     ⠢  ⮪  室饣    室饣  맮 
ᬮ७   ⥬,      ⬥,     ࣠
ࠧ୮ ࠪ ᮤন ⨯ 樨 ࠢ. 
砥,   ணࠬ, ᯥ稢騥  室騩 맮,  
 ॠ   ணࠬ ० 室饣 맮.


     2.6.  ⮪ ঠ 뢭 裡  .

         ᭮  ஡    ࠧࠡ⪥   
ᯥ祭 뢭 裡  祭 ᥠ ।  ६
।      ਨ  㦨.   ਭ樯   ⮩
樨, 뢠  "⭮ ।祩"  , 砥  
᫥饬.     業   ⢠  ।     ⠭
ࠧ୮ ࠪ   뢭 । -ᨣ  
ﭭ  ७  ⭮襭  ᨣ/    魮 .
᫨ 稭 ਭ 祭  ⠭  ண
஢,  稭  楤 ⭮ ।.   
魮 ਭ   ᨣ   ந室  
室        ⢨  ,    ⠪     ६饭
     ⥫묨 ࠭ﬨ ᨣ. 
 ⥬  襭 ⢠ ।    
㯠         稭      .    ७
ந      ᯥ樠  ਥ,  
 ஥     ࠤ  ⥬. 業
祭      १  ७,    롨ࠥ   
ᨬ ⭮襭 ᨣ/  ४砥    
ࠤ.
     ⮪  ᮮ饭ﬨ  ० ⭮ ।  
⥬ NMT  ।⠢   . 8.  ⮩ ⥬  ஫ 
⢮       ⮭쭮 -ᨣ  ⮩
4  ,    ⮤   ᭮  樨     
ࠧ  ࠪ    1,  砥  ᮢ⭮     祢
ᨣ  ࠭᫨ ⭮.  ᭨ 稭
 ண 祭   뤠  ᥤ   ⠭樨
 ந ७ ⭮襭 ᨣ/  㪠
 ࠤ 1.  १⠬ ७  롨ࠥ  
 ᨬ 祭 稭    (ਬ, 2)   뤥
᢮ ࠤ 2   ⢨ 2.  ࠤ 1
१  1      ।    ࠤ 2, 
஬                           ᨣ
"।-⢥ত".    砭      ந
४祭  ᮮ⢥  ன   ஢ ⥫䮭
   த ࠧ     ࠧ୮ .
᫥    ४祭  室  楯    1   2 
᢮ ⥫䮭 , ᮥ  1  1.
       ⥬  S    TACS  ⮪    ᮮ饭ﬨ 
ᬠਢ ०  ⫨砥   ⥬ NMT   ⥬, 
஫  ⢮ ।    ᨣ SAT. 
  ਡ       ࠭  祩  稭   ⭮襭
ᨣ/ 㬥蠥. ⮬ 1  뤠   ᨣ
"襭  ⢠",    ஬       
㦠       ஢ ᨣ SAT1  
 . ࠫ쭠 ⠭ ࠢ 祭  १
  롨ࠥ    祩      ᮪  ஢  ᨣ,
ਬ 2,  ࠢ  ன ।     
  SAT2.    ᮮ饭  ࠭᫨     ࠧ୮
ࠤ,    ஬    ᥠ 裡. ⢥ত
祭  ଠ樨     ⪮६  (  50   )
뢠  ᨣ  SAT2,  䨪஢  ஥  1  뫠
ᨣ ᯮ  .    ࠤ  ।   
ᨣ ⮢,  ந ᮮ⢥ ४,
᢮ 1,   ப砥  ࠧ  ࠪ. ஫

  ⢮  ।      ᨣ  SAT2,  ⭠
ଠ ।     ⮤ ஢,   ஬
祢 ᨣ 뢠.   楤 ⭮  ।
  250 , ⮬     ४祭
ந室 ⭮.
      ⥬ NTT  ࠧ    ⭮ ।:
     -  ६頥  ।  㦨 ;
     -  ६頥  ।  㦨 ;
     -  ६頥   㦨 㣮 (⭮) .
     ᬮਬ    ।       ६饭 
।  㦨  .  襭  ⢠ ।
     ⭮  ।   1-  ।    ᨣ
"襭 ⢠"   ।   ⭮ ।
  ᥤ  " 殮   "
"     롨ࠥ     ,  १   ७  ன
㤮⢮  ᫮:
     - 稭 殮      ᨬ쭮 
 祭;
     - ࠧ   롨ࠥ 稭 殮   
室, 祭  1,     5 .
     ࠢ 2,    ᢮ 2   ࠢ 2   
 ।  ।   ᨣ  2.  ᫥
⮣  ⠭ ࠧ  ࠪ -,  ।  
2   १ 1    ⭮ ।.   ⮬ 
ࠨ    ࠤ  2   ।  
⭮ ।   ᨣ ⢥ত, 稢  
 ᢮ 1  ந ᮮ⢥  ४.
   ⭮ ।   ⮬  砥  
800 .
      ࠧ,  ⥬ NTT  ⢨  
⥫䮭묨  ⠭ﬨ     뢠      ᫮,
᪮  ஬ ⠭樨 ࠢ.   ⥬
⠪   室        ।   ⪨    ॡ    
ந⥫쭮  ,  ⠪    㧪  ⥬ ࠢ
।      ,   ॡ ᮪ ய᪭
ᯮᮡ   ᯥ祭      ⥫쭮    
ࠢ.




         2.7. ਬ ॠ樨 業ࠫ쭮 ⥬.

       ⥬  NMT    ⢥    ᯮ  ஭
⮬᪠ ⥫䮭 ⠭ ⨯  D 200 .   ⠭
  ਬ      ஢  ,  ..     ⢥
筮,   ,   㧫       㣮த    ⠭権.
ᨬ쭠  ᪠    D  200  , ᯮ㥬 
⢥ , - 100 . ஢, ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ࠤ
3500. ⥬   ய᪭  ᯮᮡ 100  . 맮 
,    ᮮ⢥  ⥭ᨢ  ࠡ뢠 㧪
2500 . ( ।  90 ). ⥬ ࠢ 
   室.
       㦨  ⠭樥  D  200     ஢
㧪   ஢      ࠤ⥫䮭   ⥩  ᨬ쭠
᪠  । 㤥쭮 㧪  ᪨
. ୠ 奬 ⠭樨 ਢ  . 9. ⠭ D
200  ,  ᯮ㥬    ⢥  ,      室 
㦠騥  孨᪨  ।⢠:  室    , 室  ,
室  ⥬ 孨᪮ ᯫ樨 ⠭樨. ⠭ D 200
 ६ ᯮ     ,  ᫥⥫쭮,
 믮   㭪樨,     .  D  200
    ⠭     㤮    ᮥ⥫     ,
ᯥ稢饥  ᮣᮢ ⠭樮 㤮 
 裡,  ᨣ   㦨 ᮥ.
    D  200      ஭  ⠭樥,   
祭    ᮥ⥫     ⠭
c騥   ன⢠   .   樮   ⥬   ,
    㫥  3232    , ந 
६            ᮮ⢥⢨     
ࠢ,    뤠     ⠭ 맮.
 樮 ⥬ 騢  㫥,
 ࠧ  㯯   ᨬ쭮   256  
(7680 ࠧ ).  楫 襭   ࠡ
樮 ⥬  㡫.
     ࠡ⪠  맮    ⠭樨  㭪樮쭮  ࠧ 
ந     ய묨          (-),
ᮥ묨    ᮡ      த饩   設
ᮮ饭.    襭    ய  
㡫஢.  㤮  ⠭樨    騢  
    ⠭樨.   㤮  ᬮ७   ⠭樨
।祭  ࠡ  .  ᯮ짮 D 200   
    㤮  ⠭樨    ᯥ樠   :
)  㦨   ஢ ⮪  ᨣ樨 NMT
(  㡫,  ⠭    㯠饩 
  ); )  㦨 ᨣ樨     
(  ।  ⮯         ⭮
।  ).   ᫮            ⠭樨,
쭮 ⠭   .  孨᪠ ᯫ
D  200    ⢫       ⥬   孨᪮
ᯫ樨.
     㭪樨 ࠢ ⠭樥    ஢ ࠡ⪨
ଠ樨:  ࢨ筠,  筠    ஫    ࠡ⮩ 
(ਭ).                ⨬஢
㤮    ᮮ⢥ ஢  ࠢ.

  ஢  (஢3)  砥  ।⥫ ࠡ
⠭樮 ଠ樨,  ⠪ ଠ樨, 㯠饩 
.  㤮  ⮨    鸞     ᮯ殮,
  祩      ࠢ ᨣ 
    묨  ᨣ    ०  ॠ쭮   ६.
筠  ࠡ⪠  ଠ樨  (஢  2)  ⠪  易 
ࠡ⪮  㯠饩       ଠ樨:   ࠢ
ᨣ樥,       㯠饩   ஢    ଠ樨,
⨧.   孨   ஢   ࠢ   (஢    1)
ᯥ稢  ࠡᯮᮡ   ⠭樨.     㭪権
ࠢ      ஢      ॠ ।祭묨
-         ᮡ   ᮮ⢥饥   ࠧ
ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ணࠬ 孨᪮  ᯫ樨,
ணࠬ   㦨   맮,   ணࠬ  ।⥫쭮
ࠡ⪨. ।⢮ ⠪ 㭪樮쭮   ࠧ
 ࠧ    ஢.   믮  
   ᢮   ணࠬ-.  ணࠬ-   
-  ࠧ     ਪ   ணࠬ,   ७
⢨  묨 ⢫ ।⢮  
ᮮ饭ﬨ.
       ணࠬ  孨᪮  ᯫ樨    ᠬ
訬       ⥬       砥       ᥡ    ணࠬ,
ᯥ稢騥 ᯫ,  孨᪮ 㦨   
  ஬    .    ணࠬ      㯯:
ணࠬ 㦨 ⮢, ⨧樨,   㧪
 ⮨  ࠧ, ⨢  ࠢ. ணࠬ
孨᪮ ᯫ樨 ᯥ稢  ஫    
ࠡ⮩  㤮  ⠭樨,    㯠饩   ਩
ᨣ樨      ⠭   ࠡᯮᮡ   ⠭樨,
 ࠡ ⪠.  騥    ணࠬ
⢨ ᯥ稢   ਩  㤮.
  ⠢    ⠪  室 ணࠬ, ᯥ稢騥 
묨  ᯥ஬   ⠭樥. ᪮   ணࠬ
쬠 ,   ᠬ  ணࠬ 뢠   ᯮ १
ࠢ⥫쭮  訥  ஬⪨  ६,     ᠭ 
⭮  ⥫        室  㦠   
⨢   믮.
      ணࠬ 㦨 맮 ᭮  ਭ樯
ࠧ ᮢ 맮   室騩   室騩. ணࠬ
㦨  ᨣ樨  ᮮ⢥⢥  ࠧ  ணࠬ
ॣ஢      ᨣ樨.   ணࠬ 
ᨣ樨  ந  ࠡ     ନ஢   
ᨣ    ᠬ      㦨 맮, 祬
 㦨  ⥬  ᨣ樨. 
 ணࠬ   㦨  ᨣ樨   ᮮ⢥⢨ 
४ﬨ  N 7.   ⠪  ணࠬ  MFC/,
  㦨       ⭮     ୮
ᨣﬨ,    ண   뫠  ᮮ饭     
㦨 맮  㯫 ᨣ    ࠢ
뫪  ᨣ  FC    ४⨢,  祭  ணࠬ
㦨 맮.
     ᪮  ᨣ       ⨯   室
८ࠧ    ଠ  ⠭⭮  ७  ᨣ樨
⠭樨,      ࠡ    ⨯  譥   ᨣ樨
筮   ᮮ⢥ ணࠬ  ८ࠧ 
ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  ⠭樨.  ⮬  D  200    
      .  ஬  ⮣,      ணࠬ

㦨  맮   室  ணࠬ   ࠢ   ⥬
樨    ணࠬ  㯠    業ࠫ쭮  ,   ⠪
ணࠬ    ।  ࠪ⨪  䨪.   
।⠢  ᮡ  ᮢ㯭  ணࠬ, ࠧ ⥬,
⮢    㧪      .  ணࠬ,  騥 
㦨  㧪    ⮬  ᯮ㥬  ,
࠭   ⨢ .   ।  ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ
࠭    ⭮  ⥫    㦠   ⨢
 -   室.
     ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ।⥫쭮 ࠡ⪨  ⮨
    ⮢,   ᭮  㭪樥     
ࠡ⪠  ᨣ,  室     ணࠬ   㦨
ᮥ,    ॠ쭮  ⠡  ६.   ணࠬ
ᯮ  ⠪     ࢨ筮   ࠡ⪨  ᨣ    
⮢,    ᯥ祭    ᨣ   ᪮
    祭      ᢮   ᮮ⢥⢨ 
ᮮ饭ﬨ  ணࠬ 㦨 맮.
     ⥬ ᯥ祭  ᮬ,   ࣠
ᮢ ࠡ  ணࠬ    믮   . 
⠭  ணࠬ, 騩  樮 ⥬  
  ⥫   ணࠬ.  ⢥   樮
⥬  ।祭    㦨  맮  ᯥ祭
 ᨣ   ⠫묨  ணࠬ.   ࠬ,
뢠騥    㠫  ࠪ⨪   
⠭樨,  㯯஢      ⠭樮  ࠬ஢. 
ࠧ, 㢥祭  ⠭樨 뢠   室
      ⮬  .    让   㡨
쭮  ணࠬ   ᫥⥫쭮  ஢७,
  ᯥ稢     ࠡ.  ᪮   ணࠬ
 ᨬ,    -   ॡ
 㭪樨  ࠣ   ᮮ⢥騩 ,  
  ஢,        ᨬ  
㣨.
            ⢥     ப   ᯮ   ஢
⮬᪠ ⥫䮭  ⠭   । ࠢ
⨯ System 12,  ⮬  ଠ樨      
१  ,  ࠡ騥    ᪮  1200 /. ᪮
System   12      ஢   ⠭,   -஢
८ࠧ ଠ樨 ந   .   
  ⢫ ࠢ  ᨬ 30 ,   ᫥
      , ⭮騥     ᪮쪨
.
      ᯮ짮 ஭   ⨯ System  12    
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⠭樨      ணࠬ
        騬:  ࠢ ,
㤮묨  ,        ࠡ⪨  ଠ樨    
। ⮯ , ⭮ । , ࠡ⪥
ଠ樨   ⢠ ।.  ࣠樨  
죨  ।,    ࢮ砫쭮    ⨯ System 12
㤥  ࠡ    45      㦨  5000  ⮢,   
᫥饬    㢥祭          50000
⮢   㢥祭 ᫠     245. ᨬ쭠  
System  12    ᯮ짮     ⢥  ࠭稢
⮫쪮    ⮨    쭮    .    ⮬   ⠥
楫ᮮࠧ ࣠        ⠪ ⨯ System
12.  ਬ  System  12        ஥஢
 ஢ , ਬ D-900.


                         2.8. 뢮.

     ᬮ७    ࠡ  ⮢  ⥩  裡   
⮪ ࠢ  ࠧ ० ࠡ ,   
⥬,  ᯫ㥬     饥  ६,     
⫨稩,  ᫮  ࠧ稥  ࠪ⨪   ᯮ㥬
, ᫨⥫쭮  樮 孨.
      ᮧ ᯥ⨢ ஢   १砩
 ஡,  ।   ᫥ 뤥  롮 ⮤
㯫⭥    裡,  樮  ⮤ 樨 
।  祢   ᮮ饭,  ᯮᮡ   ᯥ   
ࠧ稢   ᪮ ।  ࠤ, 
ਢ  ᮪ ᯥࠫ쭮 䥪⨢ ஢ .  
   ࠧࠡ⪥   室   ਥ஢      १
஢  ⠭  ஢  ⮢  ⥩  裡, 뢠
騩      ᯫ樨      ,      ⠪
४樨   .


            III. ਭ樯 ஥஢ .


          3.1.  ஥஢  室 .

     ਢ    ਭ樯  ஥஢ ᭮뢠 
 ஥஢ ⮢ ⥩ 裡   ࠭  
, ० ᥣ,    NOKIA.
      ஥஢  :
     - ᯥ祭 墠 ॡ㥬  㦨   ᮪
⢮ 祢 裡;
     - ᯥ祭   㦨 ᪮ 㧪
  ⥭ᨢ .
     ⥬  䥪⨢  ஥஢    (ਬ, ⥬
ࠧ   ⢨   ⠭樨   ᥪ ⮢
祩),    ⠪  ᯮ짮   ᮮ㦥 (,
,  ।  ..),   쭮 ⮨
 ⮢  .   ஥஢ ⮢  ⥩
  ஥  믮    ⮬      ⥩
稪.
       ⠢  ⥫쭮  ஥     ॡ
⪠    ଠ        ᫥    ᭮   ࠬ:
     - ⢮  ᢮  ( ᨬ  
ਭ   ࠧ  )
     - 㥬    㦨  (த   ࠫ
ண)
     - ⮯  ⨯ ⭮⥩   㦨 ()
     -  騥  ᮮ㦥    ..  (ᯨ᮪  ।
㭪⮢ ᯮ  ⠭権)
     - 業 ।   ⮢  㧪
     - 稥  ࠬ ஥஢  (㧪   ,
⨬   ⥭ᨢ   ,   쭠    ਥ
殮   ..)
            㯮  ࠬ  䠪᪨   
 ,  ந   ⮫쪮 ।⥫  
ᨬ쭮 .   ᮤন  業 ॡ㥬  ਠ
( ⠭権  ).
     । ஥஢    ࠧ 楫, ᨬ
 㦨 ⭮.
     1.   ᥫ᪨ ⭮     -  ந
訥    墠    ᮪  魮 ।  ᮪
⥭ (筮   ࠢ ⥭).
     2.   த,   㧪 ⥭ᨢ,    -
 ᯥ祭 ᨬ쭮    ࠧ஢ 祥
  让  魮      ⥭  (  
ࠢ ⥭  ᥪ 祥). ஡ ஥஢
⥩ த᪨ ࠩ ⮨  ⮬,  ਬ   
   쭮 ਪ쭮 宩.
      த᪨ ࠩ 楫ᮮࠧ ᯮ짮  ""
 ⠭樨,  ..   墠뢠   ⠪ ࠩ,  
筮  墠祭 묨 祩.


           3.2. ஥஢ ࠤ⥫䮭 .

      砫 ஥஢騪 ࠤ⥫䮭  㦭  
㯮 ࠬ.       ⥬ 祭
।    㭪⮢     ᯮ         ⠭権.
᪨    室     ⠢ 
 (ண  墠  ।   묨
묨  堬)        ⮬⨧஢   ।
஥஢.  ७    墠  뤠  ଠ   
䠪᪮  ࠭  ࠤ     ६   
稪 筮 । 墠  㭪樮஢ .
     ஥஢    墠뢠    । ࠬ஢
⥫䮭  ⠭樨    㦡  (),      
㤠 । ᮥ   ⮢ 祩  .
     ஥஢  -  ᪮ .  
  뤠  ଠ    ।  䨪    
⮢      ଠ  ,   ᢮ ।,  
⠢  ࠭  ஥  ன⢠  ⥩. ஥஢
 ﭭ ,   ᠬ .

         3.3. 孨᪨ ࠪ⨪  ᭮ 
                         ⥩.

                                    2  4,5 
                                  25 
⢮                                   180
 㧫 ( 㯯  祥)       9
. ⥭ᨢ                5% (3 .  )
। ᮧ 㧪               25 
  ⠭樨 ()                           NMT-450
⢮ /⨢                          8
⢨⥫쭮  ⠭樨                 <-2  
魮 ।                              0,7 - 50 
                                                 (室 )
⢮   㯯                  20
 ࠧ                             175 
  㬬 
⢮    ⥭ ।          16
 樥 ᨫ ⥭:
             5  (ࠢ ⥭)
             8  (ࠢ  120 ࠤ. ਭ
                   ࠬ ࠢ)
             9  (ࠢ  60 ࠤ. ਭ
                   ࠬ ࠢ)
堭 ⥭ 䨤 (450 ):
             5 /100  (1/2")
             3 /100  (7/8")
⢨⥫쭮                              < 0  
魮 ।                         15, 1,5  0,15 


                    3.4.  㦨.

      墠뢠 ࠩ  ஬:  30 .



                  3.5.  ⮢ 祥.

     筮 魮 ।   ⠭樨    室
 .  ,   ⢮ 祢 裡  
᮪    ࠢ.   祩   ⥬
।   쭮    ਥ   殮    ,
砥      ⠭樨,   ᯮ짮 ࠢ
 ᫥ 堭 殮    ⠭樨.
        쭠    殮        (..
殮    祩)  ᫮:
     ⢨⥫쭮  ࠢ  -113 ,    ᮮ⢥ 
⥭ 殮 0    殮  17 /.

     殮   ஢ ⢨⥫쭮   17 /
     ࠭ ண ࠭                     +10 
     ࠭  ࠭                    +4 
     ᨫ ⥭  ⠭樨              -5 
     堭 ⥭ 䨤  ⠭樨    +2 
                                                    -----------
     쭠 ਥ 殮        28 /

     殮  ॢ  ண 祭   ।
⮢   祩      90-業⭮   ⭮   ६  
ᯮ.
       ⮢  祩  (..  ࠤ  祩  殮
  ⪠  ⥭)  ,  ਬ   ࠢ
-宫  (Juul-Nyholm;  COST  207.  Digital land mobile radio
communication.  Final  report,  .  18-19.  Luxembourg  1989).
ਢ    ਬ      ⠡  ᫥ ᯮ
㪠 ࠢ.

     堭 㬬  祥 堭       = 3,5 
     堭 ⥭ 䨤                   = 2,5 
     ࠢ 樥 ⭮:
         0        த᪠ ⭮
         5        ਣத . ()
         10       ᥫ᪠ .
         16        .
         25        .


     樥 ᨫ ⥭  =   5  (ࠢ)
     魮                      =   50 

                  墠 ()
   த᪠   ਣத  ᪠   .
⥭ ()
  30        7,6          10          14       31
  50       10            14          19       38
  70       12            17          24       43
 100       15            22          27       50
 150       20            26          33       58

     樥 ᨫ ⥭   =  5  (ࠢ)
     魮                       =  5 

                  墠 ()
    த᪠   ਣத  ᪠   .
⥭ ()
  30         5,2          7,1         9,7      24
  50         6,7          9,3        13        30
  70         8,1         11          16        34
 100        10           14          21        39
 150        13           19          25        46


     樥 ᨫ ⥭     =  9 
                                 (ࠢ, 60 ࠤ.)
     魮                         = 0,7 

                  墠 ()
   த᪠   ਣத  ᪠   .
⥭ ()
  30        3,0           4,1        5,7       15
  50        3,8           5,3        7,4       20
  70        4,6           6,4        8,9       24
 100        5,5           7,8       11         28
 150        6,9          10         14         32


                     3.6.  .

     ᯮ   "ૠ "     ᮧ
㧪,    ⢮       ⥭ᨢ  
.    ਬ஬  㦨  ࠩ  楢 ண
.᪢.

                  =   14  19 2 = 836 2
      祩          (3,0/2) 2 = 7,1 2
     ਥ஢筮 .- 祥   836/7,1 = 118
     ।,      ⠭樨   ᯮ 
ࠡ⠭ 㭪.
     ⢮  ⥫䨪  祩 (  祩 
   ᨣ樨):  19
       5%, ᫥⥫쭮, ᮧ  㧪   祩
14,3 
     ᨬ쭠   㧪;   ।,      㧪
 ࠭: 118  14.3 = 1687 
     ⢮ ⮢:  1687/0,025    =  67000
     㪠  ᫮   -     ⥮᪮  ᫮    
ᨬ쭮  ⢠  㦨  ⮢,   
஥஢   让   த᪮  ⭮.
⢮ ⮢   㢥  ⥬   魮
।  ⠭樨.


      IV. ⥫䮭 ⥬ 饣 짮
                    让  㦨
                           (-).

              4.1. ⥫䮭 ⥬ "⠩".

     ⢥  ⥬  ࠤ⥫䮭  㯫᭮ 裡 
묨  ꥪ⠬   "⠩",       饥   ६
ᯮ    祬    40  த ,  ⨯
।⠢⥫   -3.       ࠤ⥬   ᭮   
ᯮ짮    業ࠫ쭮  ࠤ⠭樨  (),  ⥭
ன ᯮ  ᨬ쭮   (. 10).
     ᭮  ਭ樯  㭪樮஢  -3 "⠩" 뫨
ࠧࠡ⠭    砫  60-         ࠪ᪨ 
.   ⢥  ୨  ஢     
,    ᯮ㥬        ⥬.       ࢮ砫쭮
(1959..1963.) ⥬ 뫠  ࠧࠡ⠭    160 
("⠩")  ࠧᮬ   50 ,   ᭮   ஭
 (ᮡ ᮪ ᪠). ⥬ (1968..1971.)
⥬ 뫠 ८㤮    330   ("⠩-3")
⮦    ࠧᮬ    50  ,    ப ᯮ짮
࠭஢,  㭪樮  ⮢    㣮  ᮢ६
⭮ .
       1974..1978  .   뫠    ।  ୨
ࠤ㤮  ⥬    ⮬  ࠧ    25   
("⠩-3")           ਬ      ⥣ࠫ      奬,
ମ஢    楢    ஢,     ॢ
業ࠫ쭮 ࠤࠪ ()    ࠭,   ⮬
᫥  室 ᪠ ।稪 (3- ).   ⮬
⢥  뫨  㬥襭         ࠤ⠭樨,
ॡ  筨 ⠭, 襭 .
      饥 ६  ⥬ ୨.    
ன⢮  ⮬᪮         ;
ᨭ⥧       ய୮   ன⢮   ࠢ
("⠩-3").
      ⥬ "⠩-3"  ⮬᪮ 裡  ⮢
    ⠬  ⥫䮭    ।ᬮ७   
ᯮ짮 ᯥ᪮ 裡  ⠬ ,  
 䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ࠤ ᯥ   㬥
६  .
     ⥬ "⠩-3" ⮨  :  業ࠫ쭮  ࠤ⠭樨,
⢥ ᯥ᪨  㭪⮢, ᪨  ࠤ⠭権,
ᮥ⥫  ,   ६⭮-䨫᪮   ᪮.
  ⥬ ⢫  㯫᭮ ० १  
த               301,1375..305,8125  
337,1375..341,8125   ࠧᮬ   36 .   
, 뤥  ⥬ "⠩-3", ࠧ  22  ⪠
(⢮),  ᥬ ࠤ  .     
ࠤ 25 .
     ᫮  ⢮,  ࠧ襭    ⠭   த,
।   襭   ࣠   㤠⢥    ᯥ樨
裡  ᭮ ⢥ত  ।  
 ਨ .

     ୠ 奬  ⢮ ⥬ "⠩-3" 
  11.  㭪    ᫥饬 ⥪ ਭ  ᫥騥
᫮ 祭:

  ࠫ쭠 ࠤ⠭....................   -     
  ਥ।饥 㤮...............   1     
   १ 䨫஢ ।..........   2    
   १ 䨫஢ ਥ............   3    
   䨫..........................   4     
   ⮢ 䨫஢......................   5     
  ⮢ ࠧ⥫ 䨫..............   6     
   ⥭ ࠧ⥫..................   7     
  ⥭ ࠧ⥫........................   8     
  ⥭ .................................   9      
  ஡ ஬筠.......................  10     
  ࠢ ᢥ⥫ (  )..  11     
  ஫쭮-⥫쭠 .........   -     
  㭪 ࠢ............................   -     
   樮 㤮
  業ࠫ쭮 ⠭樨, ୨஢......  12   -
  ⨢ ୮ 㤮...........  13     
   樮 㤮
  ᯥ᪮ 㭪, ୨஢....  14   -
  ⨢ 樨 ᯥ
  (  -)......................  15     
   ࠢ ᯥ
  (  -)......................  16     
   孨.............................  17     
  ࠫ ᯥ.......................  18     
   ᨣ樨 孨
  (  -)......................  19     
  ᪠ ⠭.........................  20     
  ⥢  ⠭ .....................  21     
  ⥭ ஫쭮 ......................  22     
  ன⢮ ᮥ⥫ 
  ஬筮...............................  23
  ⢥ ᯥ᪨ 㭪...........   -     
  אַ  ..........................  24     
  ।⨥ 裡, ᯮ㥬
   ⢥ ஬筮 㭪
     裡...................  25
  饭 ⢥ ᯥ᪨
  㭪.......................................  26    
  ⥭-䨤 ன⢠.................   -     
  ⥫  -, -,
  -, , - ᮮ⢥⢥ 1..4
  ।稪, ।........................   -     
   ࠢ  ᨣ樨..............   -     
  ਥ, ਥ.............................   -     
  樥 饩 ...................   -     
   ᮥ⥫쭮  室饩.........   -    
  த᪠ ⮬᪠ ⥫䮭 ....   -    

     室騥    ⢮ ࠤ  ࠢ㯭  ꥤ
⥬ ⮬᪮ ᪠  ᢮ ()   뢭
() .     ᯮ짮  裡   
᢮     ࠤ   ⥫쭮 㢥
ய᪭ ᯮᮡ ⥬.

           ⮬      ९  㠫
⥫ 맮.   ⤥ 㯯  ⮢, ஬  ⮣,
 騩   맮.   ᫮ ⥫  맮 
⢮ 989,  10, ⥫ ஢  ⢥
ᯥ஢ 18.    ⢮ ⮭    ᢮ 㬥
⮢,  ⢥  ᯥ᪨  㭪⮢   
맮.
     ⥬  ⢨    ⪠ ࠤࠪ ⮭쭠.
 ⮩ 楫 ᯮ 42    1003..2397  
 ࠧᮬ   34  .   ⥫ 맮  ᪨ ⠭権
⮨  樨  , । ६.
     ᫮   ⮢,   ஥      ࡠ     ⢠
㦨       ⢮,     ।
த⥫쭮 ࠧ, ।  ᫠ 室    
 襩  ࠤ.
         ⭮  砥  ᫮  ⮢     ⢮
।  ⮬    ᭮  祭 室  
  ⠢  250..300.     ॡ     ⨬
⭮    맮  -    ࠤ   
⠭,    ਭ ࠢ 20%.

     㤮,  ।祭    ᯮ짮  
⥬ "⠩-3", 砥 ᫥騥 ⠢  (
   ⢮):

  ਥ।   7-1 "⠩ -3"....   1
  ⥭-䨤 ன⢠   ⠢:
    १ 䨫஢ ।.........................   4
    १ 䨫஢ ਥ...........................   1
    ⮢ 䨫஢.....................................   3
    ⥭ ࠧ⥫.................................   1
   ( ⥭)..............................  36
  ஡ ।⥫:
    -1..................................................  12
    -2..................................................   2
    -3..................................................   4
  ⠭ ᪠ 723-1 "⠩ -3"  ⥢
   ⠭..........................................   2
  樮 㤮 , ୨஢
  (⠢: 3 ⨢, , -).......................   1
  樮 㤮 ᯥ᪮ 㭪,
  ୨஢ (⠢: ⨢ 樨 ᯥ,
   ࠢ,    ୮ 孨 
  業ࠫ쭮 ᯥ)................................  20
  ⨢ ୮ 㤮:
    -1.................................................   1
    -2.................................................   1
  ⥫ ਡ:
    室 ᯮ⥫쭮 ன⢮  -3.......   1
     ..............................................   1
    誠..............................................   1
    ᮥ⥫ .................................   3

     ᫮  ࠤ⠭権  ᪨     "⠩--3"
723-1,  ⥢    ⠭    ⥭  "  "
। ஥⮬.

     ਥ।饥  㤮  ᮥ     ⮬
樮 㤮 業ࠫ쭮 ⠭樨,  ஬,  
᢮  ।,    ᮥ⥫    , ,
㤮  ୮  孨    業ࠫ쭮  ᯥ. 
  砥  ⠪  㤮  ஢   ᨣ
뢭  ᨣ ,  ⠪ ன,  ᯥ稢
ࠡ ⮬⨪ ⥬;   -  ⠭ 
  ᬥ,  ᯮ  冷    ࠧ, 㤠
  㣠.
        ᯮ   ࠤ㤮     樮
㤮    ,  㤠      㣠, 
ᮤঠ  ࠤ⠭    㭪  ࠢ.     ࠧ쭮
ᯮ       ⥩      ࠤ㤮     
樮     㤮      室      ᯥ
ᮥ⥫   17  2   ⢮.  ⢥
ᮥ⥫    ᯮ짮 䨧᪨   
()   ன 㯫⭥, .
       樮 㤮 ᯥ᪮
㭪,   ⠭       㭪   ⢥    
業ࠫ쭮 ᯥ,   ⠪  ୮ 孨,  ᪠
祭    ஢  ᮥ⥫    
裡         (   㤮   業ࠫ쭮  ᯥ
ᯮ          ஢),        ஢
ᮥ⥫    ⠬   ⮢     㣨
⠬.  ᯥ᪨ 㭪    ५ "஢
",  ஢    ᮥ⥫  
  ᮡ  (६       ⮢). 
    ࠧ  ࠢ 쥣 .
           ᯥ稢   ६   ࠡ   
஢.      , ᮥ   ,  ।
᫮ ᢮  ࠤ,      ६
    ᯥ᪨   㭪⮬.        
樮   㤮              36
ᮥ⥫  ⢥ ᯥ஢ (    
 ),  ᮥ⥫  業ࠫ쭮 ᯥ  
 - ୮  孨.  ᫮  ⢥ ᯥ᪨
㭪⮢    ⢮  ⠭  ।    
ᮥ⥫  .    ᨬ쭮       
    18  (     ᯥ᪨  㭪     
ᮥ⥫ )  6 (  ᮥ⥫ ).
         㤮  ᯥ᪮  㭪 
⥫쭮  㧪       ᯮ짮   饭
ਠ  ஥    ஢  ⥫䮭
.   ⮣   ப뢠   ஢
,  ᯥ   ᮥ  㣨 ⠬.
      ⮬᪮  裡   ⥬ "⠩-3"  室
 -  ⥭ 㯯  뤥 .   室饩
   ⮢      ࠤ⠬  짮
㯯  ⮢      ⢥  100  ⮢    㯯.
室饩         ⠬          짮
ࠤ   ࠢ 짮 ⮬᪨ 室  
饣㤠⢥ 㥬 .
     ,   뤥         ⥭   㯯,  
ᮮ⢥⢮    㯯  ⥫쭮  맮, 
㪠뢠    ࠧ襭    ᯮ짮   (ਬ,
뤥      34-  ⥭  㯯      55, 
뤥    ⮢     ⥫  맮-   

400..699, .   .    ⥫  맮 ⮢  ,
  室    ,      500..599,      ⥬
㬥樨  34-55-00..34-55-99).
     ⮡ ⢮ 100  ஢  ᪨  ⠭権 
⥬ , 室 ᯮ짮 (뤥) ⥭ 㯯,
 稢  ࠬ 2..9  ( ᯮ짮  ⥭
㯯    ࠬ  0    1  ய ⥫  000 -
業ࠫ ᯥ  110..119 -  맮).
      室饩   ⠬   裡  - ᮥ 
    ஢묨  ﬨ,       
᪨       ᪨     ⮬⮢
(⠪䮭  맮).   室饩 裡 - ᮥ  
  ஢묨 ﬨ  ⢥   ⥭
뭮 蠣     ஢    ⮬ ५
ᮥ⥫쭮  (-3)  ⮬ 室 ॣ஢
(-3) न⭮ .
        ⢮   ᯥ稢 ᫥騥   裡:
     ࠤ          ⢥        業ࠫ
ᯥ᪨ 㭪⮬  ⮬᪮ ⠭ ᮥ
    㧭筮    11..19    21..29 (業ࠫ
ᯥ 뢠 ஬  0);
     ࠤ            ⮬   த᪮  
⢥  ⥫䮭      ⮬᪮  ᮥ
஬   8 ,  ᫥ 祭  ண 㬬, ஬
   ⥫䮭 ;
     ⢥    業ࠫ쭮  ᯥ᪨  㭪⮢   
ࠤ⮬    (⥫  맮)  ஬ 姭筮
 ⮣ ,   㯯 ࠤ⮢ (
맮) ஬ 姭筮 ୮ ;
       த᪮  ⢥ ⥫䮭 
 ࠤ⮬    ⮬᪮ ⠭  ᮥ
஬  , ९  ⨬ ࠤ⮬  (⠪
⮢   ⢮   100);
       ࠤ⮢      ⢮    ᮡ  
⮬᪮  ⠭  ᮥ  ஬   筮
 9  姭筮  뢠 ࠤ;
     ࠤ         ⠬   ,   㣮த
⥫䮭 ⠭樨,  묨 ⠬,  ࠤ⠬ 㣨
 १ ⢥   業ࠫ ᯥ᪨  㭪 
筮 ⠭ ᮥ;
     業ࠫ쭮   ⢥ ᯥ᪨  㭪⮢ 
ᮡ  ⮬᪮ ᮥ ஬ 姭筮  
000    業ࠫ쭮    ᯥ        㧭筮   
⢥ ᯥ.
       ࠤ      孨  ⢫
஬ 筮  3,4,5,6  7.  ࠢ  짮
⮬  ᯥ    ᪮  ⠭樥    ⫨ 
ࠢ 짮 ⥫䮭 ⮬.
         㤮        ᯮ⥫쭮
ன⢮  ᯥ祭 ஫.  ன⢠ ᯮ
 ஢ન  ६ ᪨ ⠭権.
     ਥ।饥 㤮  ⮨   ⮥,
    ࠧ:  ᥬ    ।稪  
 ⠭;   媠  १ࢭ ।稪  
 ⠭;   媠  ਥ;   
ࠢ     ᨣ樨;     ⥭  ᨫ⥫;    
ࠢ ⢥⢨⥫.

     ࢨ஢    襤              ।稪
ᯥ稢  祭        १ࢭ  (    
媠  㯯)        襤襣      
।稪.   祭  १ࢭ  ।稪   ॡ㥬
 ࠢ  ,      ᨣ ਨ   뭮᭮
⠡        ᨣ樨  孨   㭪 樨.
  ਨ        ஢ ᮥ⥫쭮
,  ன ᯥ稢 㦥     .
       १ࢨ஢  ਬ    ਥ   
 .  騩 ᨣ   樮
㤮 .  室      ਥ   
㯯  (1..4  5..8)  蠥 ࠡ ⥬.
     ᪠   ࠤ⠭    "⠩--3"   ⮨    
ਥ।稪,         (   ),  室
ன⢠ ( 祭  ୮ ॥ ⮬)
 ⥭.  ⠭樨 ⠢  ਬ   
 뤥  ⢮ (  ⢮ ᥬ  
裡).     ࠤ⠭  ஥    뢭 ,
ᮮ⢥騥       ⥫쭮    (㠫쭮)    
୮ (㯯) ࠬ.
     ⮬᪨  ன⢠  ࠤ⠭樨     ᯥ稢
᫥騥  ࠡ:
      ०  ୮ ਥ  । ஡  쬨
  裡  (०  )    ।  ᢮
;
     宦             ਥ   ࠤ⠭樥    
⥫쭮 (㠫쭮)   ୮  (㯯)
맮;
     宦     ࠤ⠭樨   ⮬  
(⢥,  業ࠫ  ᯥ஬,  ⮬  )  
᢮  - ० .
     ⠭  ᪠    ⠢    ᯮ  
⢥ ஫쭮 (. ⠡ 1).

                                                      1

          ᭮ 孨᪨  ࠤ⠭樨 M0
ͻ
                                
                                               
͹
  ਥ (8 䨪-                                           
஢    -                                           
),                   301,1375..305,8125   337,1375..341,8125 
Ķ
    ।,     337,1375..341,8125   301,1375..305,8125 
Ķ
    ᮯ⨢                                           
⥭-䨤୮   -                                           
,                               75                   75         
Ķ
  ,                  25                   25         
Ķ
     㫨                                           
 ,                    300..3400            300..3400     
Ķ
 ᨬ쭠                                               
 ,                5                   -5         
Ķ
 ⢨⥫쭮 -                                           
樮 室 :                                                 
   -⭮⥫쭮 㫥                                           
    ஢,                     11..15                 --         
   - 쭮 -                                           
    樨 3 ,                   --                 40..60       
Ķ
 ஢  -                                           
 ,                   -60                25       
Ķ
 室  魮  ,                                           
                                30..50                6..10       
Ķ
 ⢨⥫쭮                                                
   ᮮ⭮襭   ᨣ-                                            
/  12   (),                                            
,                         1,7                  1,2        
Ķ
  㪮  -                                            
 ,                       300..3400            300..3400     
Ķ
 ⥫쭮                                                 
  ᥤ , ,                                           
                             75                   75         
Ķ
 室  魮  :                                           
   - 室 "",        -2,5..2,5            0,47..0,36     
   - ⥫䮭,                   --                2,0..2,8      
Ķ
 ⨢   室                                             
室  ᨬ筮  -                                           
,                           480..720                --         
Ķ
 ॡ塞   魮,          3000               44 ()      
,                                            38 ()      
Ķ
 , ,                  600                   7         
ͼP2

    ⠭  ।祭     ⠭      
⮬  "",  "",  "㫨",  "",  "᪢", 
஠⮡ "⢨",   㧮 ⮬,   ⠪
ᯮ 樮୮.
     樮୮ ⠭ ࠤ⠭    
        220    १  ⥢  ⠭
220/12,6  ,        ࠤ⠭樨  室.  
ࠡ ࠤ⠭樨   樮୮ ०   ᯮ짮
⥭ ""  ,  ⥭ " ".  
樮  㭪  ⥭    ⠭   ⥭
,      ⤥쭮 饩 .   ਠ
⠭    ⨯  ਬ塞  ⥭ । 묨
᫮ﬨ (५䮬 ⭮, 㤠    ..).
     ⥭-䨤୮   ன⢮      ⥬    "⠩-3"
।祭    ᯥ祭   ६  ࠡ   쬨
᭮ ।稪,  १ࢭ ।稪   ਥ
⢮          (  ᨬ   ࠭ 奬)
ਥ।騥  ⥭.   奬  ஥ ⥭-䨤୮
ࠪ  ⢮ ।  ⭮ ஥஢
 ᨬ   ⢥     , 뤥塞  
⥭ ⥬ "⠩-3",  ᫠ ஥㥬 ⢮ 裡.
       ᨬ    ࠭   奬       ⢮
ॡ  ⠭           ⥭. 
ꥤ  쬨  ।稪      ⥭    
⢥  ਥ  ᥬ    ਥ     ⢮
  ⥭ 㣮 ⢮.   ⮬ 砥  奬  
  㯥 ᫮ ᨣ.
      ꥤ   ।稪     ⥭ 
  ⢮  室  ।ᬮ       
⠭    ⥭;  奬      㯥 ᫮
ᨣ,      ⨬쭮    窨  ७ 祭
  ᯫ樮  ࠪ⨪.   ᫮  ⮢ -
⥫ ।  室   室 ᯥ  
ਧ⠫쭮  ᪮   ࠬ  ࠢ   
䨣樨.  ᫮ ⠦ । 樥⮬ ᨫ.
 ଠ쭮 ࠡ ࠤ㤮 ⥬ ⥭-䨤
ன       ।   0,8, 
 ਥ   0,6.
     ᫮ ⮢  ᥣ   । 奬  ஥
  ⢮   ⭮ 砥.   ⥭-䨤୮
ன⢮ ⮨  ᫥ ᭮ ⮢:  १
䨫஢ ।  ਥ; ࠢ ⢥⢨⥫;  ⮢
ࠧ⥫  䨫஢;  ஡  ।⥫   ⥭
ࠧ⥫;  ஢;     䨤஢,  믮   
 -75-17-12.
      䨫 ।  ਥ 㦠  㬥襭
  祭  ।稪  ᥤ       
ࠧ離  室  ਥ    室  ।稪  㬥襭
ᮢ    ᮮ⢥⢥.   ⮢   ࠧ⥫
䨫 ।祭  ६ ࠡ  ।稪 
ਬ୮  묨  ⠬      室 ன⢮.
 ன⢮  :   (᫥ 㯥 ᫮),
⥭ ࠧ⥫, ࠢ ⢥⢨⥫, ⥭.
     ⥭ ࠧ⥫ ।祭  ६  ࠡ
।稪   ਥ    ⥭.     ९
 ᨣ  ।稪   室 ਥ (  ⮬ 
ਭ ᨣ     室 ।稪).   ஡

।⥫   ।祭      ꥤ  ⮢
୮ ⥭  ࠡ   䨤  ᮣᮢ
  ᮯ⨢.
      ।祭   祭  魮 ।稪
    ਥ  ᮪⭮  ࣨ  ᪨ ⠭権.
ਧ - ⨪쭠.
     ࠢ ⢥⢨⥫ 㦨  祭  १ࢭ
।稪    ⥭    襤襣      ᭮
।稪.
     ᭮ ࠬ ⮢ :

                     

  -    । ,  ..............  0,8
  - 堭   ।    ன
   15 , ,  ..................................  2,5
  - 堭, ,  ன:
       0,2 ...........................................    6
       0,4 ...........................................   15
       0,8 ...........................................   27

                       

  -   ।  ਥ ⢮,  ........  0,6
  - 堭  ।  ਥ   ன
   200 , ,  .................................  2,5
  - 堭, ,  ன:
       0,5 ...........................................    5
       1,0 ...........................................   18

                     

  -   ஭ 室,  .......................  0,8
  - ᨬ 堭, ............................. 3  0,5
  - 室 堭  室, ,  ......   30

                        

  - ,  :
       ஭ ।.......................            0,8
       ஭ ਥ.........................            0,6
  - ᨬ 堭  ।  ਥ, ,        1
  - 室 堭, ,  :
       ਥ  ।稪................             25
       ।稪  ਥ................             40

             -1, -2, -3

  - 樥 饩    㧪  ⨢
  ᮯ⨢  75       ਥ   ।,
   ......................................           0,75


                             

  - ਧ  ᪮ ⠢饩
  ஬⭮ ........................   ⨪쭠
  -    ⠭  १   -
   ᮯ⨢ 75 ,  ,  :
      ।..................................           0,75
      ਥ....................................           0,45
  - ⨢ 樨, ,  ........            500
  - ⨢ , ,  
   15  ﭭ ⮪..................     0,16..0,19
       ᨣ  뢭  ᨣ  
⮨    ஭  ⨢ (誠䮢)  ୮
㤮  -1    -2    ᯥ稢  祭   42-
뢭  ᨣ   ࠡ   쬨
⢮ த᪮  裡.      뢭   ᨣ
         ⮭   ⮭   ஢,
⠭    室   ᮮ⢥  ᨫ⥫;   室
ᨫ⥫ ⠭   㧪  室 ன  
樮 㤮 12 .
       -1  ᯮ  40   ᨫ⥫  (20  ࠡ,   20
१ࢭ)   ᨣ 뢭   (  1-   20-).  
-2  ᯮ  20  ᨫ⥫  (10  ࠡ  10 १ࢭ)
뢭  ( 21-  30-), 20 ᨫ⥫ (10 ࠡ,  10
१ࢭ)   ᨣ   ୮ 맮  ( 31- 
40-),    ᨫ⥫  (ࠡ稩    १ࢭ) ᨣ ⡮
  41,    ᨫ⥫   (ࠡ稩    १ࢭ)   ᨣ
થ୮   42.      ⨢ (-1   -2) 
⨢    (ᨫ⥫,    ⠭) १ࢨ.  
१ࢭ      室   ⮬᪨, ⠪ 
.   १  ॢ ⤥     
楫.  ⮬᪨ ३  १   ⪫祭 
१ 㬥襭 ( 40..60 %) 室 殮  ᨫ⥫
᭮  .      १ࢭ       ᭮
室 ⮫쪮 .
           樮      㤮        ,
୨஢, ⠭  祭:  쬨  㯫
ࠤ   ஭   ⢨;       ⨯஢
ᮥ⥫      ஭    ⢨       㭪
業ࠫ쭮  ᯥ;  36  ஢   ᮥ⥫
   ஭   ⢨       㭪⠬    ⢥
ᯥ஢;     ஢  ᮥ⥫   
஭  ⢨    㭪  ୮  孨;  
஢  ᮥ⥫         ⠬ ५
ᮥ⥫쭮  ,  室饩  ;    ஢
ᮥ⥫         ⮢ ५ ᮥ⥫쭮
,  室饩   .      ᯥ稢   祭
ᨬ 889  ࠤ⮢.   ᪠   
㤮   㡫    ࠤ    
᫮ ࠤ⮢   㡫    989.    ⮬
砥  ᮥ⥫      ⢥  業ࠫ쭮
ᯥ஢,  ⠪ 室騥   த    ⠢
騬   ࠤ.
       室騬   ᮥ⥫       த᪮   
ᯥ稢  ⮬᪮  ᮥ   ᨬ     
()  ⭥  ࠤ⮢    ᫠    祭   
.  맮 㣨 ࠤ⮢  ஭  ⮢

த᪮   ,   ᮥ   ⠭   १   㭪
⢥ ᯥ஢.   ।ᬠਢ  ᮢ
ࠡ    ⨢  -1     -2.      㠫쭮
⥫쭮  맮   ࠤ⠭樨  ᯮ   
ᨣ      30 (F1-F30);   ୮  맮
㯯 ᪨ ࠤ⠭権   10 (F31-F40).
       -  ।ᬠਢ    ࣠樨  10
㯯 ࠤ⮢   맮.     F41
ᯮ    ⢥  ⡮,  ᨣ F42  ન஢
᢮ .
      - ᯥ稢  裡  ᫥饩 㬥樨
⮢:
     ࠤ⠭   㠫 ⥫ 맮
  ஢ 001..109  120..999;
     㯯  ࠤ⠭権        맮  
 ஢ 010..119;
     ⢥  ᯥ    㧭  㬥   
11..19   21..29,   ࠢ㯭 ᮥ⥫  
 ;
      讬 ᫥  ⢥ ᯥ᪨ 㭪⮢  
ᯮ짮      12  ᮥ⥫  , 
         ᯥ᪨   㭪,      樮
㤮  ᪠   ࣠  筮   㬥樨
⢥  ᯥ  ()    ࠬ  1..6,    
 ࠢ㯭 ᮥ⥫    ;
     業ࠫ   ᯥ      맮         ஭
ࠤ⠭樨 ᯮ  0,  맮  ஭  - 000;
     室    த      ஭ ࠤ⠭樨 - 
  8    室饩  裡    ᫥騬  ஬  
 த᪮ ;
       9  室饩 裡  ࠤ⠭  ஭
  ᫥騬 ஬ 姭筮  ࠤ⠭樨;
       맮   ࠤ⠭樨       室   
᢮  室  ⥬    ᫥  
"⪨"    ""  㠫쭮  ⥫쭮  
ࠤ⠭樨;
       맮  ୮  孨    ஭   ࠤ⠭樨
ࠥ    7.        ந室  
⠬ ⢮ ஢ (ਬ, 10  20).
     樮 㤮  ⠭   ஢ ᨣ
  室  ਥ   ࠤ㤮  (0     1,74)     
ᯥ稢   室 ।稪  ஢   (13+1,74) 
  堭    ᮥ⥫    樮 
ࠤ㤮   1,74 .

      樮 㤮   ⮨   
⨢, ⠭  饭       ᮥ塞
 ᮡ ﬨ,    ᨣ樨  ୮ 孨,
⠭   ࠡ祬 .
      ᨣ樨 ୮ 孨 ।祭  ᡮ
  ⮡ࠦ   ଠ樨     ﭨ  樮    
୮ 㤮,   ஫   ॣ஢  
    .           㦥  裡 
ࠤ㤮,    ६     ।
ᨣ ਨ ࠤ㤮.
     ୨஢    樮   㤮
ᯥ᪮ 㭪 (-) ।祭  樨  
   業ࠫ쭮 ᯥ,  ⢥ ᯥ

 ୮ 孨  ࠤ⠭ﬨ, ⠬ ,  
⮬   業ࠫ ᯥ஬  㣮 ⢮,   ⠪
  ᮥ  ᫥  ⮢   ᮡ. 
⠭  祭:
      ⨯஢  ஢ ᮥ⥫ 
஭ ⢨  -;
     ஢   ᮥ⥫        ஭
⢨    ;    ஢  ᮥ⥫  
஭  ⢨    㤮  אַ    
業ࠫ쭮 ᯥ 㣮 ⢮;
      譥 ᨣ樨.
       ᯥ稢  ६  ࠧ  ᮥ
ࠬ ⮢   ⨥  ᯥ   孨   ࠧ
    ⮢   ࠢ  쥣    ⮨  
஭ ⨢ 樨 ᯥ   ࠢ
ᯥ.
       ᫮  ।祭  ⭮ ( 
⭮  ﭨ 10..30     ॢ 50 )  
⠭ ⥭     100    ஢    
䨤, ᮨਬ  ⮩ ⠭ ⥭, 쭮 裡
 ⥬ "⠩-3"  ⤥ ࠢ  ᨬ  
५ ⭮    10  30 .


                         4.2. 뢮.

     ᯮ㥬  -3  㢥祭 ᫠  㦨
⮢ 騢  ⢮   ⥬   䥪⨢  窨
७ ᯮ짮 ࠤ⭮ ᯥ.  祭  ᫠
ࠡ       ࠭祭   ਨ  ਢ    
㢥祭  ᫠   業ࠫ     ᪨   ࠤ⠭権,
ࠡ     让  魮   (業ࠫ  30..50    ,
᪨ 8..12 ),  蠥 ஬  ⠭
  ⮩  ਨ    ᮡ    ᠬ  ⥬.    
⥬    ࠡ    ᯮ  ।
 (ਬ,  १ 25  ),   ⭮ 
ମ樮  ⥫쭮 ⠥,  ਢ  
襭  ⢠  㦨  ⮢    筮 ⮣
  㢥祭 ᫠ 㦨 ⮢.   ஬
⮣, ᫮ ࠡ    㢥稢  ।쭮
-   ࠭祭   ࠤ⭮   ᯥ,  뤥塞
 㦡.
        ⮪  ⥬  让 .   
맮  ।      室  । ᨣ
⮫쪮    ࠢ  ⮣  .     ⠪   
⥭  㣮  ࠬ ࠢ,   ᮧ
  㣨 ࠤ⠭権, ᯮ   㦨.


              V. 㭠த ⠭ 
                        ࠪ⨪.


                      5.1. ⨥ .

     ᫨  ᭮  ⮨⢠  ࠤ⥫䮭  ⥬
饣 짮   묨    ࠢ  ⥬  
訬 :  訥 ⠫  ᮧ  ⥬
 让 ;  ⮨        
   ᯮ짮   讣   ᫠   ;     魮
।稪. ⮬   砩  ⮢ ⥬  
 墠  ਩  讣 ᫠ ⮢.
      饥  ६   稫 ப  ࠭ 
設⢥ 㡥  ࠭.   1985 .   㭪樮஢ 
, ᪨ ࠭ (, ࢥ,   ﭤ)
  .    1985  .    TACS 뫠   ᯫ 
.    뫠 ࠧ ⥬  CD 450    450
,      1987  .  砫  ⢮  ஢  ண
  CD   900,  ࠡ        900  .    
᪨ ࠭  1985 . 뫮 ॣ஢   180
.  ⮢,    ⥬     ०  ࠭   ᤥ
ண.     ᮪  ⥫   ⥯  墠   ⨬
⥬ ᥫ  ⨣   ࢥ,    100 ⥫
室 24  ⮢ ⥬.
         ࠧ   饬  ६   72 த.
᫮ 짮⥫   ⥬   ᥭ  1985 . ⠢
190 .    ⥬ ᯫ    -
(30  .  짮⥫).    ⥬ ࠧ ⠪ 
  (28  .),    (18  .)    拉 㣨 த
࠭.  ᫮  ⮢    業⭮  ⭮襭  ᥫ
⠢  㯭  த 0,29-0,64%,    ਬ୮
0,1%.  ண  1990 .   㤥 1,5 . ⮢,  
1993 . - 3,8 .
        ﭢ   1985.          ᯫ     
⠭ (.).   ࠧ,  ⠭ ⠫
⢥  ॣ  ,    ஬    .  
⮬   ᯫ樨 ᪮   TACS  ਢ ᮡ
 ᯥ樠⮢.
       ⠭       Cellnet     Racal-Vodafone
  ७ .   1985. ஢ 
  ⮩  ਨ,   ஦ 60% ᥫ,   
। 1986.  墠   80% ᥫ.
     ஬  饣  짮,  ⠭  
讥 ᫮  .    ᥭ  1985.    ⠭  
饭 室 293 .     81 .  ⨢
ࠤ⠭権, ਭ  ࠧ .
     ⬥⨬ ⠪,     ⠭   1986. ⢮
400   .          (ଠ)    ࠤਥ
ᮭ쭮  맮      ⭮  ᪠    250  .
ࠤਥ  ,  ।祭    ᪠   
.   ࠧ,  㬬୮ ᫮ ⮢   
᫮  ⮢    ॢ蠫  祭    饥 ᫮
⮢  (ਬ୮  400 ⮢  ).
     ࢮ砫    ᯫ樨      ⠭
   ⪨, 騥  ७ ⥬.   

।樮 ⪠ ୠ  Communications ⬥砥,   
  (16.00-17.00)  ⭮    ⮬ ࠢ 50-70%.
ଠ Racal-Vodafone ⠥,   30% ⮢     
      裡,  ଠ  Cellnet ⢥ত,  20%
⮢    - ⮬ ஡.  ਭ
襭  ந             (-).
  ⥬  ।,      墠⠥ 
⮫쪮 ⮬,    筮,   ⮬,   
맮 ਢ   ,   㭪樮஢
.
      1990 . 90% ᥫ ⠭     ,
 ᫮ ⮢ ⨣ 250 .
           ७    ૠ, ᯠ,
ਨ,  ᥬࣥ,  㭨,   ,  㤮᪮   ࠢ,
, , , ᫠  .
     ࠪ୮   ᮡ   ᮢ६   ࠧ   
   ᫠  짮⥫. ,   1986 .
    1987  .  ⢮  짮⥫      ᥬ 
㤢  ⠢ 1,5 .,   763 . -  , 550
.  -    ᥢ  ய᪨  ࠭  (,   ﭤ,
᫠,   ࢥ).
     ᬮਬ  .


                      5.2. ⥬ S.

       ᯫ     1979 . ⥬ ࠡ⠥  
 825-890    666 㯫    ਭ
 30 . 魮 ।稪   ⠢ 45 , 
 - 12   ( 砥  ७᭮  -  1 ).   ⥬
ਬ  ⥭    ਭ  ࠬ  ࠢ  120
ࠤ.,  ⠭    㣫  祥.    祭   
 ஢ ,   । 祢 ᨣ 
㦥  ଠ.     ᪮஢     ᯮ짮
஭  SSI/.  ⮨   ⨯ 権
 ᮤন ᪮쪮 ⮥ ਥ।饣 ࠪ, ஢
  ࠢ  ஫.  ⮩ ⠭  
16  ,    ᥣ     㪮⮢     
㦨 144 ࠡ .
      ⥬ ᯮ ࠧᥭ ਥ ᮮ饭, ⮬
室  楯    ᮤঠ    ⥭    ᮢ 䨫.
ਥ    媠        ८ࠧ
      .    ஫  믮   㭪樨
஫  ⨪ ﭨ ⠭樨.
       ਭ  襭    ४祭    ⥬
⢫  ਮ᪨  ஫  ⢠  
⥬  ७  ⥭ᨢ  ਭ ᨣ   
ᯥ樠쭮  ਥ.   ଠ     ஢   ᨣ   
塞  ।   ,   ந ࠢ
ਭ⮩  ଠ樨    묨  묨  ᥤ  , 
砥 室, ਭ 襭  ४祭.
     ᪨  砥  : ਥ।稪 
ᨭ⥧஬   666 ;  ࠢ,  騩
 ୮    樨,   , ஥
 ᯮ짮 ய INTEL-8080.


                      5.3. ⥬ S.

       ਭ樯   ஥,  ᮯ殮   ⠭ﬨ   
࣠樨 ࠢ    筠 ⥬  AMPS.
⫨稥 ⮨  ਭ     樨  : 
⥬  S  ਭ    ࠢ  30     
 12 ,   ⥬ S - 25  9,5   ᮮ⢥⢥.
 ᬠਢ ⥬ ᯮ 1000 㯫  ,
    956    祢묨     㯯  21 
ᯮ       ᨣ樨.     祢   
ਬ ,      ᨣ樨  - 筠  ⭠
.
       ᥫ᪮  ⭮  ࠤ  ࠡ  (祥 ⮢
)  ⨣  30  ,     த  -  200  .   ᯮ
ࠢ  ⥭.   樥  ७    =7.
।ᬮ७   ⮬᪠    ॣ㫨஢   魮:    
⮬쭮   32 ,  ⨢   20 .
       ᨣ樨  㦠    ࣠樨 㯫᭮
 裡      ᪮  ⠭ﬨ.   
ᨣ樨    樥  ७ =7*3=21, 祬
ᯮ  5970, 6000, 6030 .   ᨣ樨 
⮩  800       ⢥  ᨣ     ।
᪮ ⠭樥.
       ਢ ᯫ樮  ࠪ⨪   TACS
 Cellnet   1985.

     ᫮ 맮                 2,5
      襩 㧪 ()                 16.00-17.00 
     ᫮ 맮                                 2500

      室饣 맮  , %       80
     । ६ ࠧ   ,         120
     । ६ ࠧ  㭠த ,   240
     ६ ४祭,                               0,33


                       5.4. ⥬ NMT.

         ᪨  ࠭.    饥  ६
    ࠧ⢫. ࠡ⪠  NMT 450
뫠 祭   1978  .,   ᯫ     1981 . 
1985 .  ᫮ ⮢  ⥬ ⨣  180 .,    
᫠ ⠢ 5 .  .
     ⥬ ࠡ⠥   450-467 ,  180 
ਭ 25 .   ⭮ ᯮ짮  䥪⨢
᫮  ⠢﫮 5568. । ᫮ , 뤥塞
, ࠢ 30. 魮 ।稪  50 ,   - 15 . ६
४祭    ⠢  ਬ୮  500  .  祩  
ࠤᮬ,  롨ࠥ    ।    5    25  , 뢠
      ࠭.    ᯥ⨢  ⥬ 㤥
ᮤঠ  900 ,  ᫮ 짮⥫ ॢ 200 .
       ᮧ      ⨯ ஭ 㭨樮
⥬ /10     室   㭪樮஢
 㧫.    ਬ 쭠  , 
騢  ⢮        ⥬  ᠬ   ᫮
⮢.   ⥭ ⠭樨  ,   ࠢ, 10-12
ਥ।稪.
       믮    ਬ  ய஢. 
ᮢ襭    MD  25-Combi   ஥    50
஢.  ஬  ⮣,  ।ᬮ७     ॣ஢   
   뭮᭮   ॣ୮   ன⢠.       ⥬
ᯥ稢  ४祭   ࠧ 
  ⮯      ᢮訩  ,
ࠪਧ㥬   ஢ .
      饥 ६ ⢫ ७   ਠ
⥬, ࠡ饣   900  - NMT-900. 㭪樨   
  믮   ஭     ⨯  DX-210      DX-220,
ᯥ稢    12    100  .  맮    .  ⠭樨
ᯥ樠쭮  ୨஢    楫  ਬ   , 
ணࠬ   ࠢ,   ।祭      ॢ  
  ꥪ      祩    .   ⮣ 
    ᮮ⢥騩    믮  ७ ⭮襭
ᨣ/.  १⠬ ७   롨ࠥ    訬
⢮ 裡.
      ⥬ ਬ   ,  ।祭
 ࠡ   祩   ࠤ  (R =  2 ). ᨬ쭠
室 魮 ⠭権  ॢ蠥 15 ,  ⮬  
 ⨢ 㬥襭.  ⥬  ᯮ짮  ⠪
७᭮ ᪨   ⠬ ⠭  殮
12  ,  ⠭    ࠡ    祭  8 - 10 . 室
魮  祭  । 3 - 7   ᫮ ஢
ॣ㫨஢ 魮, ࠢ 8.


                       5.5. ⥬ NEC

     ⥬ NEC  ⠫ ᯮ짮     1979 .   
ᮤন 13 祥, ਩ ਣத  ᮤঠ  
25  祥.   ⠭,    ।쭮  ᫮  㦨
⮢ 㤥 100  (  6000  ஢)  
ᯮ짮    ⥬  1000  ,  䨪      
⠢ 0,01   .
     ⥬  NEC        ஢  娨,   
⮢ த᪮   .  㦨   
      ஢ ࠤᮬ  5...10   (쭮
⢨ 樮୮ 쭮 ࠭)  訥  
( 㯯,  祭 ꥤ  ᪮쪨 ᥤ
  )  ࠤᮬ  10...20  ,      ⢫
ࠢ  묨  ࠭ࠬ     樮୮
饩 ⠭樨   ᮪  ஢ 娨.   
⠪ ⠭ 㦨  ६  8   32   ,
ꥤ      㯯  (  ᨬ  ⭮
। ⮢),  ᯥ稢 樮  
ᮮ⢥⢥ 5000...20000 ⮢. ⠬, 室騬  
।         ,   ६       
।⠢    12     32  .         
᢮ ࠤ, ᪮쪮 㯯 ࠤ ࠧ  
  ⠭樥  ࠢ  묨  ⠭ﬨ.   ᪮쪮   
ࠢ  ࠧ  ,    ।  ன  ᨣ 맮
  ।      ⠭樨 ६.
ଠ    室    ࠭  뢭     䠪 
६饭          ।     ࠤ⥫䮭
樮 業.
     㯥⮥ ࠢ 祭 ࠤ⠭樨   
⥫䮭   ᫥ :   - 樮
業 - ⠭ ࠢ -  ⠭ -  .

       ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ꥪ⮢:
  - ⠭樨 ࠢ   樮 業..        6
  -  ⠭樨   ⠭ ࠢ.......       32
  -     ⠭..............      128
  - 㦨 .................................  1,6 


     ⮬᪨    ᢮    ⢫ 
 뤥   ࠢ,    騬
    ࠤ      ࠢ.  ⮬⨧樨
ᮢ  ࠢ  맮   ᯮ  ᫥騥   
।  :   樮  業  -  ⠭ ࠢ
(᪮  ।    1200  /),  ⠭ ࠢ -
  ⠭  (300  /),    ⠭  -   
(ࠤ).
     맮        稭 ନ஢,  ⮫쪮
  㡪  ⥫䮭.    맮 㯠  
  ⠭,     ࠢ     ஢     
ࠢ        ⠭樨,  । 
ਣ     ⠭     ନ஢      ,
䨪       樮  業;
ࠤ⥫䮭  ࠨ    뤥  
,  樮 業  砥   뤥  

.     ६饭        ࠤ     
  ࠧ    (..    襭   ⭮襭
ᨣ-    ਥ  ஭       ⠭樨)
⠭ ࠢ  ।       ⠭権
  訬 ⭮襭  ᨣ-  ।   
樮  業  ଠ    ४祭    
.
       ⠢  ࠤ⥫䮭  樮  業 室
஭ 樮 ⥬ D/10ESS, ஢ 
ࠤ⥫䮭  㦡,     ਬ,     
ᮮ⢥⢨    맮  ,   ଠ  
ᯮ, ࠡ뢠   ࠭  ଠ   ᪮
.
       ⠢        ⠭樨  室      100
।稪  ਥ   ࠢ  .  
⠭⭮ ⮩  묨 ࠧࠬ  2100   520   225 
ࠧ 4 ।稪  32 ਥ.
     ⮬쭠 ࠤ⠭  ⮨   ਥ।稪 
஢ ࠤ⥫䮭 ନ,  ࠢ  ⥭.
     ਥ।          쭮
樮୮   ⠭樨    ⥬   믮        
஢  .   ᭮묨  ⠢묨 ⠬
ࠤࠪ     ⠭樨                ।稪,
᮪⢨⥫  ਥ     ⮬᪨
   ᨭ⥧஬ ,   ਭ樯쭮  ⫨砥
 ⥬   ⥬ 筮 祭  ।
䨪権,  ᯮ      150...  450   .
魮  ।稪      2,5;  5;  10    25    
ᨬ  ।  ࠤ 㦨 ,  
⮬ ஢   㬮  70 ,   ⭮襭  ᨣ-   
室 45   ।   祢 ᮮ饭, ⠪   .
  ⭮襭 ᨣ-  室 ਥ.

  - 稩  ।饣 ࠪ, .......         800
  - ᫮ ⮬᪨ 㥬 ......         600
  - ᥭ   , .............          25
  - 魮 砥 ᨣ, ...............           5
  - ⭮襭 ᨣ-, .......................          40
  - 稩  ਥ ࠪ, .........         900
  - ⥫쭮, ,    16 ,           70
  -  ࠧ  ਥ।稪, .  90x230x320
  - , ......................................         8,5
  -  ࠡ ⥬, S0oTC
                                                      -60...+60
  - ⠭  筨 ﭭ ⮪
   殮, ..................................        13,8
  -  ॡ, :
       ०   ਥ...................           1
       ࠡ  ।.......................           4

     ᭮ 㭪樨 ࠢ 믮   ࠢ:
쭮      ⠭樨.          ⮨   
᪮쪨  㡡    ᮮ⢥⢨    騬   
ࠢ   ஫,    ᯮ  쬨ࠧ來
ய.

       ⥬  ।ᬮ७      ⠬  
ꥪ, 室饣  㭭.  ⮣  室   㭭
⠭    ᯮ⥫쭠    ࠤ५     ⠭,
ᯥ稢  ࠭  ᨣ      ⠭樨   
   ⭮.   㭭 ন 
ᯮᮡ.     אַ  㭭  ᯮ  12-  ⭠
⥭,  㤮⢮⥫쭮 ⢮ 裡 ᯥ稢  
஬ ९ਥ ன  ﭨ 300...400  .
  ᯥ       ஫  㭭
饣   ᨠ쭮   ,      묨    묨
஬묨  ᨫ⥫ﬨ,  騬     .
ᯮ⥫쭠   ࠤ५   ⠭   -   㦨.
।ᬮ७  ஫    ᠬ  ⠭樨, ⠪  ஬
ᨫ⥫.
      ।  ⮯    ⥬  ᯮ
ਠ樮   ⮤,   魮   ண   砥  
६  ७  ஢  ᨣ, 祭 ⥭
⮬᪮ ।稪,     窠 -  ६ 訬
묨  樮묨  ⠭ﬨ  樨   裡 
⥬   ᫥騬 ⮬᪨  ࠢ 祭  
஢.     ⠭  ७  ⠪  ࠧ   
஢    ᨣ        ਥ    ⥭         
࠭⢥-ࠧᥭ  窠  ᮮ⢥  ।
窠  宦        ᫮  ࠭
ᨣ.   - ࠭   㣨  ⨢ 䠪஢ ⮤
᪠ 譮,  祭   ࠪ ன   
᫮ ࠭ ࠤ.
      ⬥,   ᯮ짮  ⥣ࠫ
奬,  ய஢    㣮  ᮢ६  ⭮ 
㤠  ⮫쪮  ᮧ ࠢ⥫쭮 ண  㤮,
    ᯥ  ᫨⥫   魮    ᯮᮡ   
⨢  ९ணࠬ஢  㭪権    㤮⢮७
᫮  ॡ    ࠢ   孨᪮ 㦨
⮢ ⥬  楫  ⤥  ⠢ ⥩.


                   5.6. ⥬ NAMTS  NTT.

     ࠡ⠭  .  NANS  쭥訬  ࠧ⨥
⥬       㦨     NEC.    ࠪ୮
ᮡ   NAMTS       ᮪    ந⥫쭮
஭       10  . ⮢.  ⥬ 
  ࠡ⠥   400  800   㦨  30
 ࠤ   ࠤᠬ   2   25  . NAMTS ᮤন 240
, ᯮ  ⠭ 裡  㦥 ,
ᯥ稢  ⮬᪮  ᮥ   맮,     
१砩  ப    ࢨ.     ᫠
⮢ ॡ ࠧࠡ⪨ ⥬ 襩 .
      1979 . ௮樥 NTT  ࠩ  뫠 ७  
  100 . ⮢. ஢ ⥬ ᭮ 
ࠧ ਨ 㦨   祩 ࠤᮬ 5   (10
  ᥫ᪮ ⭮),  業  ᯮ . 
 ।  ⥣ ਮ,  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
묨    ।⠢  600   1000 㯫 ,
⮬    쭮  ࠧ  25    ਭ 
  ⠢  2-25  .  ᮡ    NTT  
ਠ쭮-⭮   ஢   ⥬    ࠢ,
஥    ⮤      㦨.     ⮬
᪮쪮  祥  (筮  12-16)  ࠧ    ࠢ, 
ன   ⠭    ஬筠    ⠭    ࠢ,
祭   ᪮쪨      묨 ﬨ.  
  ࠢ  ।⠢  騥       㯫
㦥    -  뢭   ()      㯠   (),
ଠ   ।  ᪮ 300 /  ⮤
⭮  樨  ().    楫 襭 ⮢୮
ਥ ᮮ饭  ᨭ஭ ࠢ  ᥤ  
ᯮ짮  ⮤  ࠧᥭ  ।    ᬥ饭 饩
    500  .    ਬ ⮣ ⮤ ਢ 
室  ࠧࠡ⪨  ⤥쭮  ਥ।稪 
ࠢ  襭 ⠡쭮   .


                     5.7. ⥬ AURORA.

         ᯥ⨢    ⠥  ⥬   AURORA,
ࠧࠡ⠭ ᪮ ମ NOVATEL.  ᭮ ⫨稥  
ᬮ७  ⥬    ⢨    裡,
..   ।   室      ।   ਭ樯
樨  ࠢ.  室   40%  ᮪
ࢮ砫 ,   ᯫ樮  室 ᭨  
60%.  ᯥ樠⮢ ,    ⠢
 22 . .  ⥬  । ࠢ 맮
  祩 㯠     筮  ⥫䮭
.    ।  㭪樮    ,    ⠪
    ७    ᫮  த᪮    ᥫ᪮
⭮. ⥬ AURORA ࠡ⠥    400    
  ஥    150    800  .    뤥 240
,      ᯮ  㧪᭠ -12,5  
। 祢 ᮮ饭,     ६ 㦥  ଠ
।   ⮤   ७樠쭮   䠧   樨.
।            ࠢ     ।⠢
஢  ᪮   ன.  쭠   ⠭
 㦡,   ன  祭 ,  ।⠢ ᮡ
ய  ⥬,  믮  㭪樨  ।
  裡    ᮯ殮         楯   ᨣ樨.
쭠 ⠭  㦡 ࠡ⠥   業
裡,  ஬   祭 27  ⠭権,  
 室  ⥫䮭 .  ⠭   㦡
믮  㭪樨  ᪮    न樮  業
⥬. ᪠  ⠭ ᭠饭   ய
ன⢮,    ᯮ짮    
, ⠪   業ࠫ ⥬  裡.


                      5.8. ⥬ ARTS.

     ࠡ⪠     Motorola  ().        ७
樥, ᮢ⨬  AMPS  窨 ७ ᯮ짮  ,
ࠧࠡ⠭  ७᭮ ਠ  室 魮 1 . 
楫  ࠭    ஢  ਭ ᨣ  ARTS
।ᬮ७   ॣ㫨஢   室   魮   ,  
믮  ⮬᪨        .     ࠤࠪ
ᯮ짮 ࠢ  60-ࠤ ⥭,  ᯥ稢騥
襥 ⢮ 裡.


      5.9. 樮ୠ ⮢ ࠤ⥫䮭  RSS.

         ࠢ  ࠧ⨨  ⥬
   ⮢   ன      ஥    樮
ࠤ⥫䮭 ⥩  裡  㤠묨 ⠬.  
२⢮  ⠪  ⥬   ᯮ짮 ࠤ
  ᮮ饭ﬨ  祩  樮 ⠭樥.
  ⠪  室  ⨣  ⢥ ᭨ 㤥
              ᥩ  ⥬  
ᯫ.  ଠ  NEC  ࠧࠡ⠫  ஢ ਠ ⮢
⥬  裡   RSS     ࠤ⥫䮭  裡    ⮢,
।祭     頤  ࠤᮬ   600  .   
㦨 ࠧ  祩 ࠤᮬ 30 ,  業 
⠭ ਥ।稪,  ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮   ,
   ࠭,  ।騩 ᮮ饭  ᥤ  祩.
   ।   祢   ᮮ饭   ᯮ   ⨢
७樠쭠   ६ 㯫⭥   ᪮
।  32  /.        祥  ᯮ , 
ன   ।   ஢   ⮪   ଠ樨       
᫥⥫쭮  ஢.      ⥫쭮  4   
(2816  )  ᮤন  16  ६  ,     
㦥.    㦨  21  , ।⢥
祭      । ஢ 裡,  , ஬
⮣, ⢫ ࠤ  ᢮ 祩  㤠묨 ,  
  ன    21 ᪮ .
ਭ ଠ   ᥤ  祩,   뤥 室
ᢥ   ᢮ ⮢,  ॣ ⠢   
࠭᫨    㣮      ᫥ 祩.  砥,
 ६  ᢮,  RSS ।ᬮ७ 
몫祭 ।稪  । ஬⮪ ६,  
      ॡ塞  魮.  ࠧ,
⥬  RSS    㭨ᠫ쭮    窨 ७ 
ࠧ⢫,    ᮪  ᪮    ᯥࠫ쭮
䥪⨢.
0
                                                  2

          5.10. ᭮ ࠪ⨪  .
ͻ
                                祭 ࠬ஢          
      ࠬ         Ķ
                             AMPS   TACS     NMT     NTT  
Ķ
 ,                                       
                          825-845825-845453-457,5925-940
                          870-890870-890463-467,5870-885
 祩,              2-13   2-10   5-25     5-10 
᫮                666    1000   180     1000
᫮                96     144    30       120  
魮 ।稪,                                   
                            45     50     50       25   
                           12(1)*  10     15       5    
ਭ  ,      30     25     25       25   
६ ४祭                                  
 ࠭ 祩,          250    290    500      800  
ᨬ쭠  -                                
   ࠢ,   8     6,4    3,5      4,5  
ᨬ쭠  -                              
     祢 ,    12     9,5     5        5   
쭮 ⭮襭 ᨣ-                                
   /,                 10     10     15       15   
ͼ
     *1  -  ७᭮ 2

                                                  3M
ͻ
                       AMPS         NEC          NMT     
                                                                 
Ķ
  祭              4009      1603      1603   
Ķ
   ।,                                       
,  ⠭権:                                                
   業ࠫ쭮              870...890    870...885   463...467,5 
    ꥪ       825...845    925...940   453...457,5 
Ķ
 㯫 ࠧ ,                                       
                             45           55           10     
Ķ
      -                                       
ᥤ ,            30           25           25     
Ķ
 饥  ᫮   㯫                                       
, .                   666          600          180     
Ķ
 室   魮,  ,                                       
⠭権:                                                         
   業ࠫ                  45           25           50     
    ꥪ           12*           5**         15*    
Ķ
   ࠤ  祩,                                       
                           2...20       5...10       5...10    
Ķ
 ᨬ쭠    ,                                       
                            12           5           5     
Ķ
 ᨬ쭠                                            
ᨣ  ࠢ,        8          4,5         3,5    
Ķ
                   ᪨᪨      --     
Ķ
  ।  ᨬ-                                       
, /                     10          0,3          1,2     
Ķ
         訡                                       
-  (㪮祭)                                          
ࠢ:                                                    
   -                    (40:28)      (43:31)         --     
   -                    (48:36)      (43:31)         --     
Ķ
 쭮 ᫮ -                                       
 訡                  3            3           --     
Ķ
 ᫮ ४㥬 -                                       
                              1            1            6     
Ķ
   *  -  ⮬᪨ ⠭樮 ࠢ 魮         
   ** - C ⮬᪨ ࠢ 魮                       
ͼP

                                                  4

              ࠪ⨪   M
ͻ
       ਭ                 ᫮    樥
      ᯮ짮 - ﳮ⭮襭ﳯ७ 
       ய-ᥤ     ᨣ-      
                         ࠢ- - ,              
       ,                 ,                      
                                                             
͹
 TACS   25     ᥤ    21     9,5     10          7     
Ķ
 AMPS   30                 21      12     10          7     
Ķ
 NAMTS  25                                           
               ᥤ      1       5     15      9  12  
Ķ
 NMT    25                -                             
                                  5     15      9  12  
Ķ
    ਬ砭:  ࠡ⪥  ᯮ ஢      
                ᮮ⭮襭 2:1.                                     
ͼ
P
                                                  5

       ࠪ⨪ ⮬᪮ ॢ  
                   ⠭樨  㣮   M
ͻ
                         ६                                    
  ਩ ॢॢ,⢥ত ॢ  
                                                                
͹
 TACS -  -    290    ⮭  -祭 - 
       ᨣ樨         ஬ , 墠 - (-  
                                ࠢ饣 ᨣ     )     
                                                       
Ķ
 AMPS                250                             
Ķ
 NAMTS ஢ ᨣ    800   墠         
Ķ
 NMT   -      1200                          
        4      (500                        ()  
                        ஥                                   
ͼP

                                                  6

        䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ᯥ  M
ͻ
   - ᫮   ᫮   । ।   ᫮  ⭮-
       樥     ᫮   㧪 맮 ⥫쭠
       -  ࠢ-  ।-    /         䥪- 
       ७       稳   祩  祩  ⨢-   
       -                                       
                             祩                          
͹
 AMPS    7       21      279    39,86   30,80    1208    1,0   
                                                              
 TACS                                                          
Ķ
 NAMTS   9        1      299    33,22   24,83     933   0,77   
        12        1      299    24,92   17,43     655   0,54   
Ķ
 NMT     9        0      300    33,33   24,93     937   0,77   
        12        0      300      25    17,50     657   0,54   
Ķ
  ਬ砭: 1. ⭮ ஢ 맮 ࠢ 0,02. 2. ࠢ- 
  ᤥ  300 .   TACS 1000 . 3.  - 
  AMPS ਭ  ய᪠   30 , ⮬   
 AMPS  1,2 ࠧ , 祬  TACS.                                  
ͼ
P


               5.10. ᯥ⨢ ࠧ .

         5.10.1. ஢   㬮묨 ᨣ.

     饥      ⮢   ⥬    ।ᬠਢ
ᯮ짮 ஢ ,  訬 ᫮ ⮢
  ᮪  ⢮  ।  祢  ᮮ饭     
஢   ଥ.   ஢      (Cellular   Digital  Radio
Communication  System  CD900),  ।祭    ࠡ   
 900 ,  ᯮ ப   , ᪮쪮
⬮  㯠      ஢ ࠡ⪨ ᨣ.
 襭  ⮩稢 ᯮ  樮
஢    㬮   ᨣ  ().   ⥬   CD900
ᯮ    ⠢    ⥣ࠫ쭮  ஢ 
裡.
       ⥬  CD900    ⠯  ࠧࠡ⪨  뫨  ।
᫥騥 ॡ:
     - ᮪ ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  㦨  讣
᫠  ⮢ (浪 10S06T  );
     - ᮪ ⭠ 䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ⢥
 ;
     - ᮪ ⢮ ।  ᮪ ⮩稢;
     - 訥  㭪樮 ,   ⮬  ᫥ 
㯫᭮  㦨,  ⮬᪨  ॢ  ⮢  
  ⠭樨  , ⮬᪨   ⮢
 ᥩ  ਨ 㦨,      ଠ樨  
।饭 ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  ⥬;
     -  祢묨 ᮮ饭ﬨ   ࠧ筮 த 묨,  
⠪ ⥫ ࢨ ,  ⮬ ᫥ ।
ᨣ ⢨, ᮭ ࠤ맮  ..
       1979  .    뤥      860..960 
(᮪饭:     900  )    ࠧࠡ뢠  ⥬
 裡.   㯫᭮  裡   ய 뤥 
  2 x 25   ⮬ .
      1983 . 㯯 GSM (Group Service Mobile)  ⠢  
砫 ࠧࠡ뢠 饥ய᪨ ⠭    
 900 .   砫 1985 .   㯯 ਭ﫠 襭
  業樨  ᨫ    ࠧࠡ⪥ ஢ ⥬ ।
ଠ樨.    ⮬    饩  ⥬    ࠭
 900 .
     뢠 ⥬ CD900   ஢,  
 ᯥ ᮪ ⢮ । ଠ樨  
    樮  ⠬.   ᯮ짮 ஢
樨      ஢   ࠡ⪨   ᮮ⢥  
⥣ࠫ쭮  ஢    裡.     । ⥫䮭,
⥫    䠪ᨬ  ᮮ饭 ४ ᯮ짮
᪮ । 64 /  ਬ ᮮ⢥騥  .
室  ப᭮ ஢ ࠤ裡  ਬ
⠭樮   ६ ࠧ   ().
   祢  묨 堬  ४
ᯮ짮   ஢   ࠡ   ப   .    
ப᭮ ஢    ᯮ  ⭮
( ᭮  ⮢ )     ( ᭮ ਬ
)  ࠧ  .    ॠ樨    ᫥
⮤ 室 ப ᯮ짮   ய.

       ஥஢  ⥬  CD900  ।ᬠਢ   
ᮢ⨬  ᭮- 樥 (), ᯮ㥬
 . ।,   ⥬ 㤥 㦨 1 .
⮢  頤  (250 . S02T).  ⥭ᨢ
䨪    ⠢  0,015 /.,   ᮮ⢥  15
.   ६  맮.     㯮⮩   ⥭ᨢ
䨪 (0,015 /.   + 100%- १)   । ࠤ
 10   室  38  ଠ樮    
  ⠭  ().     業   祩 㣮쭮
 ᯮ   ६ ᥪࠬ 㦨.    
ࠡ⠥     業,  ᯥ稢         ⥬
᪮쪨 ⠬.   ࠦ  .12.
     ⥫쭮  ࠢ 31,5  ,  ६    63
६  ࢠ     ६   㯯,       
ਭ        ᥪ஢  .     ६
ࢠ ᯮ  ६   .   63 
      ᨣ樨  (),  ..  㦠   
ࠢ ⥬,   ⠫ 60 -  ଠ樮묨 
().   ਮ᪨     ଠ樮  ६   
ᬠਢ    .    ।   ⠢
ਬ୮  1,5  /.    ࠢ୮  ।  䨪
    ⥭   ᫥⥫쭮  뤥 ६
ࢠ,  ᮤঠ騩  20  ଠ樮      
ᨣ樨,    믮  㭪樨  ࠢ饣 .
 ६ ()  ࢠ     :
ᨭᨣ (ॠ㫠); ⮢ ᨣ, ।騩  砫
। ଠ樨 (䫠);  ଠ樮  (504  ) 
 ࢠ.
      ⠭樨 (.13) १ 㧫 -  
⥫䮭  饣 짮 ().  ࠢ  D900
業ࠫ쭠 ⠭ ().
     ।,   ⥬ D900  ਭ   
  祢, ⥭ﬨ, 묨  묨
堬,  ࣠묨  堬    㬠.  
᪮  ।  1,5  /.       祢
ᯮ ࠧ 祩  । ப   
 ᫥騬 .   ७ ᯥ  ਬ
32    ᫮    32  ,       ࢮ砫쭮
ᮤন  5    ଠ樨.     室   ⮣
᫮,    ⥬    ୮  ஢     ᫮
ᮤন 㦥 12 ,  ७ 32 묨 栬,
.  .  ७ ᯥ ࠢ 2,67.
      㭪 14 ਢ ୠ 奬 ।稪,  
. 15 - ୠ  奬 ਥ ⥬ CD900.   奬
ਢ , ࠪ    .  魮  ।稪
 25  , 魮  ।稪 쭮   4     魮
।稪 ⨢   0,1  .   ਥ    
ࠡ⪨:   ᮣᮢ 䨫,   ५  
饥  ன⢮.     ⢥  ᨭᨣ  ᯮ
ᥢ砩  ᫥⥫쭮    127     ,
 먣  20 . ࠡ⪠ 32   ᫥⥫쭮⥩
 먣  15 .   ᯮ ⠪   ࠧ  
⭮ ࠧ   樥⮬ ७ ,  ࠢ
3.      6   ᯮ 60  ,   
ਭ 24       6 ,  
   ᮤন 60   .    ⥬  CD900 ᯥ
 ᯮ  1,7...2,4 ࠧ 䥪⨢, 祬  ⥬
   묨  ਭ 25 .

     ᠭ  ⥬  CD900  (. 13)  ஢
:
    - ⥫䮭  饣 짮 ();
    - 㧫 -;
    -  ⠭樨;
    - ᪨ ⠭樨.
      ࠢ ᯮ ⥬ ᨣ樨  N_7,
        ।  ଠ樨  ਬ    30. 
襭     室   裡   
30.   ᨣ樨 ᯮ ४騥  
- .  ⬥祭,  ਬ ஢  ᭨
᪮  ।     16   /     ⥬  ᠬ    
⮩稢.    ⥬  CD900      ᯥ⨢
⥬ 襣 饣.

            5.10.2. 쭠 ⮢ ⥬ LCRN.

     ਭ樯  ஥,  ⮤   樨     ஢,
ਬ塞   D900,   ᭮ ࠧࠡ⪨ 쭮
⮢ ⥬ (;  Local Cellular Radio  Network - LCRN)  
 60 .   祭 - ࣠ ࠤ裡  
묨 ⠭ﬨ, ࠧ饭묨     ꥪ.
  ᢮  ।,      ⠭     㦨
  ᪨  ⠭樨    ᢮ ࠡ祩  (祩).
 ࠧ,  ⫨砥    ⥬,     
⠭樨   묨        樮୮
ﭨ ᯥ稢  ࠤ.   ।  祢
ଠ樨              ஢   ଥ    ᯮ
⠭樮   ६ ࠧ  ().
     ⮢ ࣠   䥪⨢  ᯮ짮
⢥  .    ⥬ ࠡ⠥   
60 ,    堭 ࠤ  ⬮,   ⮬
ᨬ쭮 ﭨ   묨  ⠭ﬨ   ॢ蠥
500   .             ᮢ⨬       CD900,
ࠧࠡ뢠  .  ⮬        ࠧ
 ᮢ⨬  ன ⥬ CD900.
   ।,   ᨫ⥫ 魮  ।稪 믮
  ࠭    室  魮  1  .  㯫⭥ 
ࠧ      ᯮ   ,          
祢 । ਬ 㬮 ᨣ  
    䠧㫨஢    ᨣ        ᨣ    
ᥢ砩   ன   ࠡ祩   .   ⬥
᫥騥 ᮡ ⥬ CD900,   뢠  
஥஢  :
     - ⥫쭠 ஢ઠ 祢    
뢠     ⥭ᨢ  祩          
५   ࢠ ।;
     -  ५樮   㦥  ᨣ,   ᫥   
ᨭᨣ;
     -  ७⭮  㬬஢      祩   
७⭮ 㬬஢ ࠧ 祩;
     - ᯮ짮 m - 筮 ஢.
      . 16 ।⠢ ୠ 奬 .  ⠭樨
⥬ 室  ᨭ஭ ०,    ஡
  ⥬.   । ଠ樨    16
/    ᮮ⢥⢨    ४ﬨ  EUROCOM  D/1  
G.700.       ⥫쭮 10   ᮤন 20
㯫  .    祭    쭮  ࢠ
।   ᭠砫   ᨭந   (ॠ㫠),       ⥬
ଠ樮  (162 ), ஢  864 ᨬ. 
楫   ⥬    20  묨 ⠭ﬨ  筮 64
㯫 . ࠪ⨪  ਢ .
     ᫨   ࠭  8  祭,   室
ਬ ஢   . ᮮࠧ ᯮ짮   
m-筮 ஢   .  ᯥ祭  ⥫쭮
ᨫ ਬ:
     "ୠ"    祢  ⥭  ⥬    ਭ
ࠬ ࠢ 10 ࠤᮢ  ⨪  30  ࠤᮢ
  ,  ᯥ稢  㢥祭  ᨫ     
 ⠭樨  13 - 16 ;
     ୮ ᯮ짮  ;   饩
⥭ᨢ 䨪 樥 ७  ࠢ 3, 
ᯥ稢 ⥫쭮 ᨫ  5 .

                      ࠬ 

  , .......................................  60
  魮 ।稪, ...........................   1
  ᨫ ⥭ ।稪, ...................  10
  ᨫ ⥭ ਥ, .....................  10
  -䠪, .....................................  12
    (64 㯫 , 16 /), ..   3
  ॡ㥬 ⭮襭 ᨣ-   ........   9
  ⭮ 訡.................................   0,18
   ࠭  ⥭, ...................   8
  饥 ᨫ, ................................. 138

       ।      業ࠫ쭮  ⠭樨,   ⮬
 ஡ 䥪⨢ । ⮪ ଠ樨
   묨   .    ⮬   ⥬  室
  ᫥騥  :   ࠢ  砬  ⥭ ⠭権;
⠭ ᮥ  ⠬;   뢮 ⠭権 
;   室         ⥫䮭     饣  짮;
樮  ஫    ࠢ  䨣樥  .  
室  ⥭  ४    ࢠ  0,25   
ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠬࠬ .
       ⠭  ᮥ    ⠬   
᫥騥 砨:     ᮥ १   ; 
ᥤ  ᮥ  ;     ᯮ  
⢥ ࠤ५ ⠭権.
      , ⭮  ᢮ த,  ᯥ稢
  ᭮  ⭮  ०  ࠡ  ᯮ짮 ⮪
⠪஢ ⥬ ALOHA (S-ALOHA).    뢮    
 ⢫  १   ,     
ࠧ蠥      .      襭묨 
ᮢ,  ⮬ ᫥:
     ⭠  ⥭ᨢ  䨪,    
  ᫥  ;
       ।  ७     ⥬   ࠡ⪨
ᨣ,  ..     ।     㭪樮   奬  
⭠ .  饬 砥  ⫨砥  , ⠪ 
   ⪮ ࠦ ⮢  .


           5.10.3. ⥬ ᮭ쭮 ࠤ맮.

     ⥬ ᮭ쭮  ࠤ맮   ࠧ
⥬ ࠤ裡.  ।祭  । ଠ樮
ᮮ饭 ⠬, 室騬   ꥪ.
      楫 ᯥ祭  䥪⨢  ᯮ짮
⥬ ᮭ쭮  맮   ࠭ ࠧ  
᫮  .    ,     ⠭     340   
ࠤ맮.      ਭ    㣨  ࠭.
訬 ᮬ   ਥ, ਬ
⨢ ਥ  NEC  ()  ᯫﬨ   饩
ப,  ࠡ騥    ᯮ짮  ஢     㪢
ଠ樨 (. ⠡ 7).

                                                  7.

                  孨᪨ ࠪ⨪
        ਥ ᮭ쭮 맮  M
ͻ
                                                ਥ              
            ࠬ              Ķ
                                     R1D4-3A    R3D4-3A    R5D4-3A  
Ķ
  ,                 30...50   138...174  928...032 
 ⢨⥫쭮 ਥ, /      5          5          7     
   ⪫,         55         60         40     
  樨                        筠 ⭠     
  ,                          (1-5)...(0+5)           
  ।, /                         512               
  ७          12 ᮮ饭,416     ---    
 쭠  ᮮ饭,                   312               
 ,                                          100               
ͼ
P
     ⨢  蠥   ஡  ⢮      ⥬
ᮭ쭮   맮   ⭨   裡.       
࣠樨   㭠த    ⥬   ᮭ쭮    맮
⢮    樮  ⭨,  ⠪   ⭨,
ᯮ     㣨 ࡨ.    ࠡ ⨢
஢       800...900  ,     20/30
.
     ⥬   ᮭ쭮   맮      㡥   ࠭
࣠   , ᥪࠬ,   த᪮  .   
 室 ᢮  ࠤ業  ᪮쪨  ।稪. 맮
⢫      ⥫䮭    ⥬  
  ࠤ業     6-筮     맮   ਥ
뢠  .     ਥ      
  맮,    ⫨  ⮫쪮  ᫥  ன.
  맮  ᮮ⢥ ।   
ᮢ      470,8...979,8  .     ਥ   
㯫 ᨣ 맮  砥 㬬    
  ᨣ 祪,     ᮮ⢥
। ᮮ饭, ਬ "맮 ०",  "୨
   "  ..  ᮡ ਥ 
ᯮᮡ  ⮬᪨  ஫஢  殮   
ᨣ.       ஢   室   ᨣ      
⠭ ।, ਥ 뫠 ਩ ᨣ.

           ஡      ᮧ   ⠡   ⥬
ᮭ쭮  맮  (  100  -  150 .  ⮢) 뫠
室 ⠭⨧樨 ᨣ쭮  ⥬  ଠ  
   ᯥ祭   ᮢ⨬   ਥ,    ⮢
ࠧ묨 ଠ.
      ⮩稢 ࠡ    ⥬ ⠭ 8 -
10    ।稪,  ࠢ塞  .   ய᪭
ᯮᮡ ⥬  14 ../. ᫨  墠⠥ 
(   ।稪),    ਭ       맮    ਥ
⮬᪨ ⠢  ।.
       業ࠫ쭮  ࠤ㧫    室騥    祭 2 
ᨣ  ⮭쭮   맮  뢠        ,  ⥬
८ࠧ          ।    ᠬ
⥫쭮 10 .  । ।祩 ᨣ 맮 砥
।⥫ ᨣ ⥫쭮  1 ,   砥 
㠫  ਥ  ⥬  ᮭ쭮  맮 
.  ᫥  ⮣  ᨣ  ਥ    祭묨 
祭  9  .     ⠪  ० ࠡ ᯥ稢
筮 ᯮ짮 筨 ⠭ ਥ.


                         5.11. 뢮.

     ६     ᮢ  २⢠   ࠤ裡   
⥫䮭,   ᯥ稢         樮  ꥪ
  ⥫䮭  ॣ஢  ।  .
஢ ⥬ , ஬  , ।   
ਭ         ⥫      䠪ᨬ   ᮮ饭,
, 樭   .   ଠ樨.    १
         襩 ⥯  
   祭 ᠬ ࠧࠧ ଠ樨.
         ᭮  ⮨     ᯮᮡ
ᯥ   ᮪⢥      讥    ⢮
⮢  ᫮  ࠭祭 ⭮ ᯥ.  襭
⮩ ஡ ᭮  ୮ ᯮ짮    
,  ࠧᥭ    ࠭⢥.   ࠧ, 
⮢  ਭ樯  ஥  ⥬   裡    ⠭   
஢묨  ⮤  ।  ଠ樨  ⨣   ᮪
ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ⭠ 䥪⨢.
     ஬  ⮣,  ⮢  ⥬     ਬ 
ᯥ祭   ⪨  ப  ࠩ ன,  
⠪ ⮢, 室  㤭㯭 ࠩ.
     䥪⨢   騬  ᯥ⨢ 
   ⭨   ⥬      ⮢   ன  
㦨.


         VI. ⠢  㡥묨 ﬨ.


                  6.1. ᪨ ᯥ.

     ।   㡥묨    ଠ       ᪨
ࠢ.         ⠢
1000  -  2000  .,  ..    ⮬ ⥫   㯠
業ࠫ  ⥬,      ᫥ ⢥ 
ய᪭ ᯮᮡ.
        ண       襥   ⨫⨥    
⥫쭮    業    ᪮ 㤮 ( 350
.    1993  .),    뢠  ᮢ  㢥祭   ᫠
짮⥫.
     業 ⠭  ஢  뭪   ,  
⬥  祭  ७    ࠧ묨  ଠ.
稭  ⮬   㦨     祭   ⥫
ਡ뫥  ७ ,   ண   ॢ 
1992 . 2200 . .
         稫  ᮣ襭    ᮢ  ࠧࠡ⪠
⥬ 㤮.  ,   ⥬ AURORA  㤮 
㤥  ⠢    ஥⠬   Ericsson (). 
饥 ६  ॣ  ᮢ⭮ ࠧࠡ⪥  
让 ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ୠ    ࠭樨.
ଠ OKI  () ⠢     ⥬ AMPS. ࠧ
,    ।  ᢮  㣨  ᪫⥫쭮  
ࠧ뢠 ⥬   ஫     ᯫ樥.  ⥬
⨯  NMT  饭      ய᪨  ࠭  㤮᪮
ࠢ.


          6.2.  ந⥫  ⠢騪 .

     ᭮묨 ଠ ந⥫ﬨ   ⠢騪    
⮢    Motorola  (),  Ericsson (), &
(),  NEC  (),  NT   (ਪ),  Siemens  (),   Nokia
(ﭤ),  ALCATEL-SEL   (),  TRT   (࠭),   INTRA-COM
().
       ⠡  8  ।⠢  ⢮ ⮢ ࠧ
࠭, ꥤ   ஢ ⮢ ⥬  ⥫䮭
裡  ﭨ  ﭢ 1991 .
       ந⥫ ।⠢  ਫ D.

              㭠த ⮢   ⢨

                         (ﭢ 1991 .)

                                                  8

ͻ
       뭮                뭮         
                                                          
Ķ
                                                          
                 200                     300  
               63200                   3200  
 죨              47200   ப               1000  
                149200    ਪ          3200  
 ஢ ஥          1200                 1000  
 ﭤ           226000   ३               5200  
 ࠭              53000                     3000  
 ଠ            273900   㢥               21000  
                2000                     1600  
 ᫠             10000   㤮᪠ ࠢ    16000  
 ૠ             22000   ꥤ.ࠡ.   21000  
 ⠫              170000   㭥                3500  
 ᥬ             600   ⠩                36300  
                  800                110000  
 ૠ           81500               14300  
 ࢥ            203300                 787900  
 㣠            7000                    2500  
 ᯠ              50000                84600  
               482200   ⠭               700  
            125000                8000  
                28000                45000  
 ⠭     1155000   .             80000  
 ᫠              100                 1100  
               86400                 900  
               79000   ࠪ                800  
 ࠫ           231200   ⥬              100  
 .         50000   娪               60000  
 ࣥ⨭            15000                8000  
 ࠧ              1200                 532000  
                  14500                   5100000  
                                                          
ͼ


       ࠬ  1  ।⠢  뭮  ⮢  ⥬ 裡
ࠧ묨 ଠ  ﭨ  ﭢ 1991 .

                                                ࠬ 1

          ⠢  㦨 ⮢  ⮢
               ⥬ 裡 ࠧ묨 ଠ
   4,5 ͻ
                                                              
                                                              
       Ŀ                                                
   4,0                                                      
                                                            
                                                            
                                                            
   3,5                                                      
                                                           
                                                           
                                                           
  3,0                                                      
                                                           
                                                           
            Ŀ                                        
   2,5                                                    
                                                          
                                                         
                                                         
  2,0                                                    
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
  1,5             Ŀ                                
                                                       
                                                       
                                                        
   1,0                                                  
                         Ŀ                        
                               Ŀ                
                                                    
   0,5                                              
                                                    
                                     Ŀ        
                                           Ŀ
   0   ϼ
       Ericsson Motorola  AT&T    NEC    N.TEL  Siemens  Nokia




        ਢ   ४   ଠ      
ந⥫ .


        6.3. ਪᮭ   ⮢ ⥬ ⥫䮭
                 裡  묨 ꥪ⠬.

     ⮢ ⥬ ⥫䮭  裡  묨  ꥪ⠬ -
  ࠢ  ⥫쭮    ਪᮭ     묨
⥬ .   ஬ ⮣,   ⫨砥   ᠬ  ᭮
孨᪮ !
       ⥬ ⠭  १ ⥬
ந⢠  ਪᮭ , 祬 १ ⥬  -
㣮 ⮢⥫.   ⥬  ᯮ   ,
ய,  ,  ,  ⨭᪮  ਪ,    ⮪,
쭥  ⮪        ࠫ.     ।⠢   ᮡ
㭠த ⠭  ⥬  裡 ᥣ   -
NMT, AMPS, TACS, ADC  GSM.
     稭 ⥫䮭   롮  ।
   ਪᮭ   襭         襩  㭨쭮
ᯮᮡ ⠢   ⮢ ⥬ 
 ࠧ⮩ ஢ 樮 孮  ਪᮭ, 
   ⠭    ⠭.   ਭ  
ᥡ  ⢥⢥      ⥬   ஢ 祥 
⠦   祭  孨᪮ 㦨.
     /  ਪᮭ     ⥬          6-
ࠢ  (ᥪ஢)  㭠த  ୠ  ਪᮭ  70
. 㤭  80- ࠭.
      ⠫ ᥪ ୠ  室: ⥬  㣨  
। 祢, ଠ樮, ⥪⮢  ᪨ 
  ⥫裡 饣 짮; ⥬ 裡  묨
ꥪ⠬   । 祢   ଠ樮  , ⠪
    ⥬  ᮭ쭮  ᪠   ஢ ⥬
⥫䮭  裡;   ⥬  裡     ।   祢  
ଠ樮          ;  ,    
᪮  ,    ஥஢    ந⥫⢮ ⥩;
    ன⢠  ய⠭;  ⥬   ஭
祭.
      ਪᮭ  ᢮ 室騥 樨 
ࠧ⮩ 孮, ⥭樨    ⥩,   ਥ樨
  稪      ,  祬  100-⭥     
⥫裡.
      ⠡  9 ਢ  ⠢   ७  ਪᮭ
   㤮  ࠧ .


                                                  9

         ⠢  ମ ਪᮭ  ﭢ 1991 .

ͻ
         ⥬                                  
 ⨯/࠭      ७ ⠢   ⠢           
Ķ
    NMT                                                 
           1990                     4       200  
              1988        1          288      3000  
             1981        7         2126    149200  
 .஥          1989        1          140      1200  
 ﭤ        1981        6         3900    133700  
           1990        1          192      2000  
 ᫠         1986        1          434     10000  
         1986        1          542     14300  
 ᥬ       1985                    29       600  
          1985        6         4769     53000  
 ப          1987        1          118      1000  
 ૠ       1985        7         3800     81500  
 ࢥ         1981       10         5456    203300  
              1985        1          252      1600  
 .ࠢ      1981        6         1251     16000  
 ᯠ          1982        2         2460     47000  
            1981       26        13010    461200  
         1987       13         4700    125000  
           1986        1         2298     33000  
 㭨            1985        1           84      1000  
 ᫠        1990        1          176      1000  
    TACS                                                
 ⠩            1987        9         1504     30000  
           1989        1         1079     24000  
 ૠ         1985        1         1400     22000  
 ⠫           1990       12        11000    170000  
 㢥                       1         1800            
             1988        1          112      2500  
          1989        4         2232     31600  
            1990        1          100       800  
                       2          525            
                      2         1850            
 ..    1989        3         3200     21000  
 ⠭   1985       25        27000    660000  
ͼ

                                                  9
                                               (த)

ͻ
     ⥬                                      
 ⨯/⥬     ७ ⠢   ⠢           
Ķ
                                                        
   AMPS                                                 
 ࠫ        1986       16        15400    231200  
            1985       16        16000    274000  
 ᠮ          1989        1           34       800  
 .     1987        4         2812     50000  
 ⠭                     4          968       700  
                    1         1100            
           1989        4         5242     86400  
         1988        1          562      8000  
               1984       53        43700   1198500  
                                                        
   GSM                                                  
                         1          857            
 ﭤ                    1                         
 ࠭                      1                         
 ଠ                    10         3000            
 ⠫                       1                         
 ࢥ                     1                         
 ᯠ                      1                         
                        3          680            
                     1           22            
 ⠭               2          560            
ͼ


              6.4. ꥬ த  ਪᮭ.


      ७⮬  ਪᮭ  ஢ 뭪  ⥬
쭮   ⥫䮭       ଠ   ஫.    ਪᮭ
ᯥ稢 40% ꥬ  ஢ 뭪,  ஫ - 26%,  ᫨
   㦨 ⮢.  砫 1991  .
4,2  .  ⮢  (  饣  ᫠  10,5 .  ) 뫨
祭  ⥬ ਪᮭ.
     ।  㯭  ਪ᪨    ᫥ 뤥 & 
Northern  Telecom.  ਪᮭ  ᯮ  27%  饣  ꥬ 
 쥩   稭   ᫥   ஫  
&.
        ய   ਪᮭ      饥  ,
ᯮ 69% 뭪. ஫ 室  ஬  (19%) 
  -    쥬.  ଠ    ⠭  ⢥
㯭 ⥬  ଠ, ᯮ ᮡ⢥ ⠭.
       ࠭  쭥  ⮪  ᯮ,     ᭮,
ਪᮭ, ஫  NEC   (Nippon Electronic Company).   
    NEC  ⠭  ᢮  㤮,  
ࠧ    .  ஬  ,    ⠭ NEC 
஫, ଠ ਪᮭ ᯮ 50% 饣 뭮筮 ꥬ
 쭥 ࠭.


       6.5. ࠭ ⮢ ⥬ 裡  
              1991 .    NOKIA.



      ࠬ 2  ।⠢ ᢥ   ७ ⮢
⥬ 裡  ⠭    稥 ⥫䮭  1000  ⥫
࠭.


        ࠭ ⮢ ⥬    
                   NOKIA  ( 1991 .)

                                            ࠬ 2
                       䮭  1000 ⥫
---------------------------------------------------------
                          Ŀ
1 165 000      Ŀ    
                              
1 192 000  ⠭ Ŀ                
                                          
6 599 000  /     Ŀ              
                                        
  140 000          Ŀ             
                                       
  146 290        Ŀ               
                                         
  267 800  ࠫ      Ŀ                   
                                             
   47 000         Ŀ                  
                          ٳ                  
   87 775          Ŀ                    
                                              
  892 100           Ŀ                      
                                                
   97 000  ૠ     Ŀ                      
                                                
  324 611  ࠭        Ŀ                       
                                                 
  351 492  ଠ       Ŀ                       
                                                 
  410 000  ⠫         Ŀ                      
                                                
   96 000          Ŀ                        
                                                  
                          Ĵ
                          0         20        40        60


                                                  10

           ⠢  㦨  ମ NOKIA
ͻ
    ࠭          ⥬ NMT            GSM               
Ķ
                -                 ,              
               NMT-900                                  
 죨            NMT-450                                  
 ᫮       NMT-450                                  
               NMT-450, NMT-900                         
 ﭤ          NMT-450, NMT-900     D200 MSC,,, 
 ࠭            NMT-450              ,              
 ࢥ           NMT-450, NMT-900     ,              
 ⠩              NMT-450                                  
  (.)  NMT-450                                  
              NMT-900                                  
             NMT-450, NMT-900                         
              NMT-450                                  
 ⠭        -                 ,               
ͼ

