                            ঠ

                                                         .
     
     1.                                            1

     2.᫥⥫ ᨭ஭                 1
       2.1.⭠ ॠ                           2
       2.2.ணࠬ஢                        5

     3.                                         8

     4.ணࠬ஢                             9

     5.⮪  묨                           15
       5.1.४ 訡                               15
       5.2.। 䠩                                17

     6.㭨樮 ணࠬ                     20

     7.ᯮ짮                               20
       7.1.஭ ᪠                    20
       7.2.஭                               23
       7.3.-                             24






                            1.

      ᫥ ६   ⠭  ꥬ  
.⠭   ᢮ ,  䠪᪨ -
뢠   ᥡ    .    ॢ頥  
ᮡ    쭮 .
       ,   室  ,    
 ,    㤠     -
 ஢,  ࠧ  ᮮ饭  BBS (஭ ᪥
), 㯭 㣨 짮⥫,  ᪮஢  ⮩
 BBS 騥  䠩, ⥣஢ 譨 
  襣 ,  ⮬ (   ᪮ 
묨) ᮧ   饭 ࠡ   .  ஬
⮣, ᯮ짮  묨  ﬨ  (RelCom,  FidoNet)
 ਭ   뫠 ஭ 쬠  ⮫쪮 
த,  䠪᪨       .  
       ⮫쪮    ⮩,   
⢮   ᥢ  ७,     
ࠪ᪨   饩  ⥬⨪.
       ᭮ ᯮᮡ ᮥ ஢ 
 ଠ樥:
     - ।⢥ , १ ᨭ஭ ;
     -   ᯮ짮 ;
     -  १  .
        ᬠਢ     ⨯ ᮥ -
।⢥  ᮥ १ .


            2.᫥⥫ ᨭ஭ 

     ࠪ᪨     㤮      
᫥⥫ ᨭ஭ ஬.  筮  ।⠢
ᮡ ⤥    ᯮ  אַ    ਭ᪮
 .    - RS-232-C.  ᨭ-
஭  筮 ᮤন ᪮쪮 ⮢,  १ 
    譨 ன⢠.  ⠪-
  ᮮ⢥ ᪮쪮 ॣ஢, १  ண-
ࠬ 砥    ,   ।  IRQ (
 뢠)  ᨣ樨      
ﭨ .      ᢠ  ᪮ 
(COM1,COM2, ..).
     䥩 RS-232-C ࠧࠡ⠭ 樠樥 ஭ -
諥 ( EIA )  ⠭  ᮥ  ஢  
ࠧ ᫥⥫ ਩ ன.
      IBM PC ন 䥩 RS-232-C   -
 ; ᪮॥ ࠧ쥬, 祭    
 ᫥⥫쭮 । ,  ᮤন    
ᨣ, 室  䥩 RS-232-C   ᮮ⢥-
騥 ⮬ ⠭ ஢ 殮.
      饥  ६    ᫥⥫쭮 । 
ᯮ 祭 ப.     ᯨ᮪ ਬ-
:
     - 祭 ;
     - 祭 䮯ந⥫,  ᪠஢, ਭ஢, -
       ⠩஢;
     -    ஢ १  ᫥⥫쭮 -
       ।    ᯮ짮  ᯥ樠쭮    
       ⠪ ணࠬ,  FastWire II  Norton Commander;
     - 祭   ।      ⥫䮭
       ;
     - 祭   ᮭ ஢;

     ᫥⥫쭠 ।  砥,    -
।  ⢥ .   ⮬    -
।  ।  ᯮ짮  ஢.   ᨭ-
஭樨 㯯  ⮢   筮 । ᯥ樠
⮢ ,  ᫥ 㯯 ⮢ ᫥  ஢ન  -
     ⮯ .   ஢ન  -
  ⢮.
     ᯮ짮   ⭮,  ⮢   ⮯ ⮢
। ଠ । .  祢,   ।稪 
ਥ  ᯮ짮     ଠ , 
  .
     㣠   ࠪ⨪  - ᪮ । .
 ⠪     ।稪  ਥ.
      ।    筮     ( 
䠬 ࠭᪮ ⥫ ⥫䭮    Emile
Baudot - .).  । ⢮ । ⮢
 ᥪ㭤.   ⮬ 뢠  /⮯ ,   ⠪
 ⭮.

                  2.1. ⭠ ॠ

          ᭠饭        ⠬
᫥⥫쭮 । .   ᯮ  
ਭ᪮ ,   ⤥쭮 , ⠢塞  ᫮
७ ਭ᪮ .
     뢠 ⠪  ,  ᮤঠ騥    ᥬ ⮢
᫥⥫쭮 । .   ᯮ  -
祭 ᪮쪨  ஢  ନ  ,  業-
ࠫ쭮 .     "⨯".
      ᭮  ᫥⥫쭮    ।   
奬 INTEL  8250      ᮢ६    -  INTEL
16450,16550,16550A.    奬      㭨ᠫ
ᨭ஭ ਥ।稪 ( UART - Universal Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter). 奬 ᮤন ᪮쪮 ७
ॣ஢, 㯭 १  /뢮.
     奬 8250  ᮤন ॣ ।稪  ਥ
.  ।   뢠     ॣ
।稪, 㤠  ⥬  ९뢠   ᤢ ॣ
।稪.  "뤢"  ᤢ ॣ  ⠬.
     ணࠬ   ⮫쪮   ॣࠬ,  -
஢ ଠ樨  ᤢ ॣ   ᤢ 믮-
 奬  UART ⮬᪨.
      譨 ன⢠  ᨭ஭  ᫥⥫  
砥 १ ᯥ樠 ࠧ쥬.   ⠭
 ࠧ쥬 䥩 RS-232-C,   DB-25  DB-9.  
25,  ன 9 뢮.

                      ࠧꥬ DB25
---------------------------------------------------------------
    |           祭 ⠪            | 室 
⠪ |         ( ஭ )          |  室
---------------------------------------------------------------
  1       ⭮  (Frame Ground,FG)          -
  2       ।  (Transmitted Data,TD)    室
  3       ਭ  (Received Data,RD)        室
  4         । (Request to send,RTS)    室
  5         । (Clear to Send,CTS)       室
  6       ⮢  (Data Set Ready,DSR)       室
  7       쭮  (Signal Ground,SG)       -
  8       ⥪ ਭ   ᨣ
          (Data Carrier Detect,DCD)                    室
 9-19      ᯮ
  20      ⮢ 室 
          (Data Terminal Ready,DTR)                    室
  21       ᯮ
  22       맮 (Ring Indicator,RI)         室
 23-25     ᯮ


                      ࠧꥬ DB9
---------------------------------------------------------------
    |           祭 ⠪            | 室 
⠪ |         ( ஭ )          |  室
---------------------------------------------------------------
  1       ⥪ ਭ   ᨣ
          (Data Carrier Detect,DCD)                    室
  2       ਭ  (Received Data,RD)        室
  3       ।  (Transmitted Data,TD)    室
  4       ⮢ 室 
          (Data Terminal Ready,DTR)                    室
  5       쭮  (Signal Ground,SG)       -
  6       ⮢  (Data Set Ready,DSR)       室
  7         । (Request to send,RTS)    室
  8         । (Clear to Send,CTS)       室
  9        맮 (Ring Indicator,RI)         室

     䥩 RS-232-C  ।      ன⢠
 ⨯  :  DTE (Data Terminal Equipment - ନ쭮 -
ன⢮)  DCE (Data Communication Equipment - ன⢮  -
).   設⢥ 砥,    ᥣ,   
ନ ன⢮.  ,  ਭ,  䮯ந⥫
ᥣ  ன⢠ 裡.

                   䥩 RS-232-C

     室 TD   RD ᯮ ன⢠ DTE  DCE -ࠧ-
. ன⢮ DTE ᯮ 室 TD  । ,  
室 RD  ਥ .  , ன⢮ DCE ᯮ-
 室 TD  ਥ,   室 RD  । .  ⮬
 ᮥ  ନ쭮 ன⢠  ன⢠ 裡 -
  ࠧꥬ 室 ᮥ .

                      ⢥ত 裡

     ᬮਬ  ⢥ত 裡  ஬ 
.   砫 ᥠ 裡   㤮⮢,
   ந 맮 (室   ࠡ祬  -
). ⥬,  ᫥  맮  ,      ᮮ
,     ந  ᮥ    㤠  -
. ஡  ந室 ᫥騬 ࠧ.
       ᨣ   DTR, ⮡  -
,   ⮢  ஢ ᥠ 裡.  ⢥  -
 ᨣ   DSR.    ந ᮥ  -
, 㤠  ,    ᨣ   DCD,  ⮡
ᮮ  ⮬ .
     ᫨ 殮   DTR ,   ᮮ頥 ,
     த ᥠ  裡,  ਬ
- ⮣,  몫祭 ⠭ .  ⮬ 砥 -
 ࢥ .  ᫨ 殮    DCD  ,  
ᮮ頥 ,         
த ᮥ.   ⮬ 砥  ᨣ  ⢥ 
稥 裡    ஬.
       ᮪ ஢,  ᯮ 
ࠢ ᪮    묨,    ⠪ ॠ
⭮. ࠪ᪨ ࠢ ᪮  묨 (-
ࠢ ⮪) 室,  ᫨ ந । -
 쥬   ᮪ ᪮.    ⥬ -
⠥ ।   襩 ᪮,  祬   
ࠡ⠭ ਭ饩 ⥬, १⮬   
 । . ⮡ । । -
 ᫠ , 祬 , ஥   ࠡ⠭, ᯮ-
 ࠢ , 뢠 "ࠢ ⮪".
     ⠭ RS-232-C ।  ࠢ  -
 ⮫쪮  㯫᭮ ᮥ,  ஬  
 ६   । ⮫쪮   ஭.
     ᪨   堭  ᯮ     㯫
ᮥ,   ।   裡 ६
  ࠢ.

                      ࠢ ⮪

      㯫  ᮥ ன⢮ DTE  ᨣ
RTS,    । . DCE ⢥砥 ᨣ 
 CTS,   ⮢,  DTE 稭 । . 
 ,    ᨣ RTS  CTS  ਬ ⨢ -
, ⮫쪮 DCE  । .
      㯫 ᮥ ᨣ RTS/CTS   祭
⨢ ⥬,      㯫 ᮥ-
.
      DTE  ਭ ,    ᨣ  
RTS. ᫨  ⮬ DCE ⮢  ਭ ,   -
頥 ᨣ CTS. ᫨ 殮   RTS  CTS , 
 ᮮ頥 ।饩 ⥬,    ⥬  -
⮢  ਥ .
       ࠪ⨪   ⠪ .   
    ⠢ 㤠,  ..  䥩 RS-232-C  ࠧ
 ⮣  ।祭.   ᫨    易  
    ⠪  ,    ᯮ-
  裡   ,      ஡-
.   ᮥ  ନ ன -  -
஢ -   室 ४⭮  ᮥ  
TR  RD.    ⮣ 筮,  ..   ன
DTE  DCE 㭪樨,  믮塞 ﬨ DSR, DTR, DCD, CTS, RTS
ᨬ.
     ன⢮ DTE  ᨣ DTR   祭  ᨣ-
 DSR  DCD.   ᢮ ।, ன⢮ DCE  ᨣ
DSR, DCD   祭 ᨣ DTR.   ࠧ,  ᫨
ᮥ   ன⢠ DTE ,   ᯮ-
  ᮥ ன DTE  DCE,    ᬮ -
   㣮.
      ३  ᨣ RTS  CTS,  ࠢ  ⮪
.   ᮥ  ன DTE   ᮥ-
     .  १ 砥 ,
 㣮 ன⢮ ᥣ ⮢  祭 .  -
⮬, ᫨  让 ᪮ । ਭ饥 ன⢮
 ᯥ  ਭ   ࠡ뢠 ,   
.
     ⮡       ஡   ᮥ  -
ன ⨯ DTE ᯮ ᯥ樠 ,   室 -
뢠 -.

           孨᪨ ࠬ 䥩 RS-232-C

      ।    訥 ﭨ  ᯮ짮-
 ᯥ樠쭮  - ,    ஬-
묨 ﬨ,   訡. ᫥⢨ ⮣
뢠 ࠭祭   ᮥ⥫쭮  
ன⢠ DTR-DTR  DTR-DCE.
     樠쭮 ࠭祭    ᮥ⥫쭮 -
   ⠭  RS-232-C  ⠢  15,24 .   
ࠪ⨪  ﭨ   ⥫쭮 .   -
।⢥   ᪮ । .

     110 - 1524  / 914,4
     300 - 1524  / 914,4
    1200 - 914,4 / 914,4
    2400 - 304,8 / 152,4
    4800 - 304,8 /  76,2
    9600 -  76,2 /  76,2

     ࢮ 祭 - ᪮  ।    ,  ஥  -
ᨬ쭠   ࠭஢ ,   - -
쭠   ࠭஢ .
     ஢ 殮     ࠧ쥬 ⠢  -
᪮  -15..-3 ,    ᪮    +3..+15
. ஬⮪   -3  +3  ᮮ⢥ ।-
 祭.


                2.2. ணࠬ஢ 

                   ᨭ஭ 

       ⠯ 樠樨 ⥬,  POST BIOS -
 騥 ᨭ஭  RS-232-C  樠 .  
ᨬ   ᨨ BIOS 樠    -
 .     ᯮ     
BIOS 稭   0000:0400h.
       COM1     3F8h    
 ᮢ  3F8h  3FFh. ன  COM2  -
  2F8h    2F8h..2FFh.
     ᨭ஭   ࠡ뢠 뢠:
     COM1,COM3 - IRQ4
     COM2,COM4 - IRQ3

      7 ᭮ ॣ஢  ࠢ ⠬:

     )  
        ᯮ ।⢥   -
  RS-232-C  ᯮ   묨   -
 ᪮ .
      ।    ॣ 室  -
।   .  ᫥  ਥ   譥 -
ன⢠ ਭ     ⮣  ॣ.
      ᨬ   ﭨ 襣  ࠢ饣 -
 ( ᯮ      base_adr+3,    base_adr
ᮮ⢥     RS-232-C) 祭 ⮣
ॣ  . ᫨ 訩  ࠢ , ॣ
ᯮ     । .  ᫨  訩
 ࠢ ,  ॣ  ᯮ      祭
襣   ⥫  ⠪⮢ .  
ᮤন ⥫,    ᪮ ।  .
訩   ⥫ 뢠  ॣ ࠢ -
ﬨ   base_adr+1.
     ᨬ쭠 ᪮    ଠ樥,   
   ᯮ짮  ᨭ஭  ,   ⨣
115200 ,  ਬ୮ ᮮ⢥ 14   ᥪ㭤.

     )  ࠢ 뢠ﬨ
      ॣ ᯮ   ࠢ 뢠ﬨ
 ᨭ஭ ,   (᫥ 뢮  ࠢ騩 -
    ⠭  1 訬 ⮬)  뢮 -
祭 襣  ⥫  ⠪⮢ .

     )  䨪樨 뢠
     뢠  ᮤন, ணࠬ  । -
 뢠

     ) ࠢ騩 ॣ
     ࠢ騩 ॣ 㯥    ⥭.   -
 ࠢ ࠧ묨 ࠪ⨪  UART  :  ᪮
। ,  ஫ ⭮,  ।祩 ᨣ BREAK,
 । ᫮(ᨬ).

     )  ࠢ 
      ࠢ    ࠢ ﭨ 室
 DTR,  RTS  ,  ᯥ᪨    -  OUT1  
OUT2,  ⠪ ᪮ ⨪  ᮥ  室
 室 ᨭ஭ .

     )  ﭨ 
      ﭨ  । 稭 訡, 
   ।   ஬    -
奬 UART.

     )  ﭨ 
      ﭨ  । ﭨ  ࠢ
ᨣ, ।  ᨭ஭  .

              樠 ᨭ஭ 

     ࢮ,   ᤥ ணࠬ,  ࠡ  ᨭ-
஭ ஬ - ⠭ ଠ  ᪮  ।  -
. ᫥  㧪 樮 ⥬  ᨭ஭ -
஢ ⠭ ᪮ 2400 ,  믮 ஢-
  ⭮, ᯮ  ⮯  쬨⮢ -
 । ᨬ.      ०  
MS-DOS MODE.
     믮   ࠢ饣  ॣ,  ணࠬ  
 ⥪騩  ०  .   ⠭  ०
 㦭       ० ⭮ 
ࠢ騩 ॣ.
     ᫨     祭 ᪮  -
, ।      ०  ⠭ 訩  ⮣
  1,    ⮬  ॣ      ࠢ騩  ॣ
ᯮ   ᪮ . ⥬ ᫥⥫쭮
   㧨 ⥫  ⠪⮢  -
. 訩    ॣ ,  訩 - 
ॣ ࠢ 뢠ﬨ.
     । 砫  ࠡ 室 ⠪ ந樠஢
ॣ ࠢ 뢠ﬨ,  ᫨  襩 ணࠬ 
ᯮ  뢠    ᨭ஭ .   ⮣
᭠砫  ॢ ॣ   ॣ ࠢ -
뢠ﬨ   ०, ᠢ   訩  ࠢ-
饣 ॣ.  ⥬   ⠭  ॣ  ࠢ
뢠ﬨ.  ᫨  뢠    㦭,    
 㫥 祭.

                  ६ 奬 UART

     ᪨ 奬 UART 8250   室  ᯮ-
 ⮫쪮    ஢ IBM PC.  ६-
 奬 - UART 16450, 16550, 16550A ⮢  -
 孮,    ᮪ ᪮ 
묨,  ⠪  묨 묨 ﬨ.
     ᭮  ࠧ 奬 UART:
   - 8250 (8250-B) : ᯮ짮    IBM PC
   - 16450  (8250-A) :   奬   ந-
⥫쭮  ࠢ  8250. ᪨  8250,  ⮢-
  ᯮ짮  孮.  奬 
ॣ஬ ७ (scratch register). ࠭ 訡  -
 ࠧ襭  뢠     ॢ
 OUT2  ᮪᭮ ﭨ    ६  ஢
⮢,  室    室.
     - 16550 :  ᪨ ᮮ⢥ 16450.   -
 ७ ਧ樨 ।  ਭ -
.  믮  奬 FIFO (First In First OUT -  -
 襫,    襫)  ,  㣨 ᫮   -
. ᯮ짮  ਧ樨    ⭮  㬥
᫮ 뢠,  ࠡ뢠  ᨭ஭  ⮬.  
- 訡  奬     ᯮ짮
-    ⤥ ᨬ.   饬 砥 奬
16550  ,  祬 16450.  ⥫쭮 16550  -
 ᯮ짮  ᪮쪮   אַ 㯠 ( DMA
channels).
     - 16550A (16550AN) ⢥ 16550,  ࠢ 訡
ॠ樨 FIFO.   奬   ᯮ짮
ணࠬ ᪮쪨   אַ 㯠.  16550,  
ࠢ, ᯮ    ࠬ 80386/486  
    RISC-⥪ன.  ᫨   ࠡ 
᪮ , 祬 9600 , ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 
 奬.

                        3. 

      饥  ६ ᪠ ஬ ⢮ ᥢ-
 ,  稭  ⥩, ᯥ稢 ᪮
।  300 /ᥪ,  ᫮ 䠪- , -
  ᫠   襣    䠪    㪮
쬮    .
        㤥  ᪠  ⮫쪮    ⠪   뢠
hayes-ᮢ⨬ .    ন ࠧࠡ⠭-
 ମ Hayes  - ࠢ .  -
饥 ६  ⠪    ப  ᯮ  ᥬ  
裡 ᮭ ஢ IBM PC/XT/AT,  PS/2 १  ⥫-
䮭 .
     ⭮   믮      ⤥쭠   ,
⠢塞  ᫮  ਭ᪮  ,   
⤥쭮     ⠭,    砥  
᫥⥫쭮 ᨭ஭  .    
뢠 ७ ,  ன - 譨.
       ᮤন ᫥騥 :  ᯥ樠-
஢ ய,  ࠢ騩 ࠡ⮩ , ⨢-
 ,  ࠭  祭 ॣ஢   ਧ騥
室/室 ଠ, ﭭ , , -
騩 믮 㪮 ஫ 裡,   ⠪ 㣨 ᯮ-
⥫  ( ࠭ଠ,  १, ,
ࠧ쥬). ᫨   筮 ᮢ६ ,   ᪮॥
ᥣ ⥫쭮 ᮤন  ᪨  ९ணࠬ㥬
ﭭ ,   ன   ࠭ 䨣
   몫祭 ⠭.
     ⮡      㣮 ଠ樥,
, ⮡  ᯮ짮  ᯮᮡ । 
 ⥫䮭 .  ࠧࠡ⪨ ⠭⮢ । 
 ᮧ ᯥ樠 㭠த ⨢  
⥫䨨    ⥫䮭 (CCITT)  ਭ ᫥騥 ४-
樨:
     CCITT V.21 - 300 bps. , ॣ஢  -
樥, ।祭  ।    뤥  
㥬 .
      ࠡ⠥  ᨭ஭ 㯫᭮ ०.   ।
 ਥ  ᯮ ᯮᮡ ⭮ 樨.
     CCITT V.22 - 1200 bps.  , ࠡ騩  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
 ४樥,   ᯮ  ᨭ஭-ᨭ஭  -
 ० ।.  ᨭ஭-ᨭ஭ ०  砥,
  ।    ᨭ஭ ०.  -
 㤠  ⮪    ⮢    ⮯
.   㦥  ᨭ஭  ।  㤠 -
.  樨 । ᨣ ਬ ⮤  -
७樠쭮 䠧 樨.
     CCITT V.22bis - 2400 bps.  㯫 ,   ᪮
।   2400  bps.   ।  ᪮ 2400 bps
ᯮ ⮤ ୮ 樨,    ᪮ 1200
- ⮤  ७樠쭮  䠧 樨.   ᪮ 1200
bps  CCITT V.22bis ᮢ⨬  CCITT V.22.
     CCITT V.23 - 600/1200 bps. ᨭ஭ , ᯮ騩
⮤ ⭮ 樨.    ࠡ    㯫᭮
०    ᪮  ।      אַ    -
600/1200 bps,    ⭮ - ⮫쪮 75 bps.   ⠭ 
ᮢ⨬  CCITT V.21, V.22, V.22bis.
     Bell 103 - 300 bps, Bell 212A - 1200 bps.
     Bell -  ਪ᪨ ⠭,   ᮢ⨬  ⠭-
⠬ CCITT.


                  4. ணࠬ஢ 

     ᫥ ᪠  ਪ᪮  ମ  Hayes    ਨ
Smartmodem, ⥬ ,  ᯮ짮  ,  ⠫ 
⠭⮬, ண ਤন ⠫  - ࠧࠡ-
稪 . ⥬ , ਬ塞   , 
 hayes-,  AT-.
      ६ ᪠  AT-ᮢ⨬    
 ᪮쪮  ਫ,    ᭮  ⠫
 .
      ,  । ஬ ,   -
 䨪ᮬ AT (ATtention - )  稢 ᨬ
 ⪨ ( <CR> ).  쪮  /  Escape-᫥-
⥫쭮 "+++"  ॡ  ᥡ 䨪 AT.
     ᫥ 䨪  AT     ࠧ ᪮쪮 -
.  ᭮     ⤥   㣠
ᨬ ஡, , ᪮.  設⢥ 砥 -
   ᠭ  묨, ⠪  묨 㪢.
      ।     ᭠砫   -
७ ,  ,   ࠢ,  ࠧ 40 ᨬ.
, ᠭ   , ᯮ ᫥ 㯫-
 ᨬ  ⪨. ᫥⢨ ࠭祭 ࠧ
    ᫥ ।  ᫨誮   (
 ࠧ ).        ࠧ  
   ।  ᪮쪮 室.   ⮬  
 稭 䨪ᮬ   稢 ᨬ -
 ⪨.
     ᫨  ⨫ 訡   ,     
ࠢ, ᯮ  BackSpace.
     ᫥ 믮       뫠  ⭮
 ⢥    ᫠  ᫮.   ⢥ 砥,
믮    ந諠 訡.
     ᫨    譨 ,     楢  -
 ᥬ ᢥ⮢ ஢.   ᯮ  ࠧ-
     ,   祭  ⠭-
묨:
     MR Modem  Ready -  ⮢   묨.  ᫨ 
  ,   ஢  ⠭ .
     TR Terminal Ready -  ⮢   묨  -
.   ,    稫  
ᨣ DTR.
     CD Carrier Detect -  ,    -
㦨      .     
殮 ᥣ ᥠ 裡  ,     
᢮ .
     SD Send Data -  ,   砥 -
  .
     RD Receave Data -  ,     ।
  
     HS High Speed -  ࠡ⠥    ᨬ쭮  
  ᪮.
     AA Auto Answer -  室  ०  ⮮⢥.  
   ⮬᪨  㤥 ⢥  室騥 .
  㦨   ⥫䮭 ,   -
 .
     OH Off-Hook -   ,    -
 (  ).

                    ᭮  

     AT - 砫 (䨪)  ப. ᫥ 祭 ⮩
  ⮬᪨ ࠨ  ᪮  ।  
ଠ   ࠬࠬ .
     A - ⮮⢥.  ᫨ ० ⮬᪮ ⢥ 몫祭
(S0=0),  ᯮ  ⢥    㤠
.  ⠢   㡪 (   
 )  ⠭   㤠 .
    A/ -   ᫥   .  
।      䨪 AT  ᯮ  -
,   室 ᨬ  ⪨.  ᫨  
।  ப AT A/ <CR>,    㪠  訡
 ୥ ᫮ ERROR.
     Bn -  ந 롮 ⠭, ᮣ᭮ ஬
㤥 ந室  묨   .    ᪮
। 300  / ந室 롮  ⠭⠬ BELL 103
 CCITT V.21,   ᪮ 1200 bps -  BELL 212A   CCITT
V.22bis.   ᪮  2400  bps       
ᯮ ⠭ CCITT  V.22.  ᫨  n=0,  ⠭
⠭ CCITT V.21/V.22,  ᫨ n=1 - ⠭ BELL 103/212A.
     Ds -  ᯮ   . ᫥ -
 ⮩   稭     ⠭
裡 室  ० ।  .    ⮨  
䨪 AT,  ᨬ D  ⥫䮭 ,  ⠢ ண
 室 ᫥騥 ࠢ騥 䨪:  P  T. 
䨪 ந 롮  ᭮  ⮭ -
  (  襩 ࠭ ᯮ ᭠ ⥬).
     , -  ⮩ 뢠    .  -
⥫쭮  । ᮤন ॣ S8.
     ; -  窨  ⮩,  ᫨  室   -
 ப, ॢ  ᫥    
०.
     @ -   ᥪ㭤 設     祭
 ஬⪠ ६. ஬⮪ ६,  祭 -
ண   設,   ॣ S7. ᫨  -
祭 ⮣  ६  設  뫮,   ⪫砥 
⢥砥 NO ANSWER.
     ! - ᫨  ! ⮨ ।  ᫥⥫쭮 -
,  室  ﭨ ON HOOK  (  㡪)  
1/2 ᥪ㭤,    ⥬  ᭮  室  ﭨ OFF HOOK (
᭨ 㡪).
     S -  ࠥ ⥫䮭 ,  ᠭ   -
.     믮  ⮫쪮    ,  
஥ ࣮ᨬ       
஢ ⥫䮭.
     R -  ᫥   ॢ   ० ⮮⢥-
.  䨪  室   ࠥ  -
.
     W - । 쭥訬 ஬ ⥫䮭   -
  㤮  . 祬 ६  㤪 ᮤ-
  ॣ S7. ᫨  ⢥ ६ 㤮  ,
 ४頥          頥  ᮮ饭  NO
DIALTONE.  ࠬ       㣮-
த ஢.
     En - ࠢ -뢮 ,  ।  .
᫥   1    頥  ,  ।
, ⭮ ,     㧭,    ࠡ⠥
   .  0 頥 -뢮.
     Fn - ४祭  㯫/㯫  ०-
.  n=0 室  㯫 ०,    n=1 -  -
.
     Hn -      ᯮ  ࠢ ⥫䮭
. ᫨ n=0,   ந室 ⪫祭      ,
᫨ n=1,  砥  .
     In - 뤠 䨪樮        ஫
㬬 ᮤন  .  ᫨ n=0,  ᮮ頥 ᢮
䨪樮 ,  ᫨ n=1,   ஢  -
஫쭮 㬬 EPROM  ।  ,  n=2 -  -
 ﭨ ७  ROM   頥  ᮮ饭
OK  CHECKSUM ERROR (訡 ஫쭮 㬬).  n=3 뤠-
 ﭨ .
     Ln -  ⠭  ஬  ᨣ  ७ :
n=0,1 ᮮ⢥  ஬,  n=2 - ।    n=3  -
ᨬ쭮.
     Mn - ࠢ ७ .  n=0  -
祭.   n=1  祭 ⮫쪮  ६   
몫祭 ᫥ 㦥 饩.  n=2  祭 
६.   n=3  砥 ᫥  ᫥ 
  몫砥 ᫥ 㦥 饩 ⢥饣  -
.
     Qn - ࠢ ⢥⮬   AT-.   n=0 -
 ࠧ襭,   n=1 ⢥ 饭.  ᨬ  ﭨ
Q0  Q1  ᥣ ᮮ頥  ᮤঠ  S-ॣ஢,  ᢮
䨪樮 ,  ஫  㬬    १
.
     On -   ॢ    ०  ०
। .   ⮬  ⢥砥 CONNECT.    
0 ॢ      ० ।   樨஢
᫥⥫쭮 ᨣ ஢ન   裡.    1
ॢ    ० ।   ⠢  -
। ᫥⥫쭮 ᨣ ஢ન   裡,  ..
ந ୮ ஢  㤠 .
     Sr? - ⥭ ᮤন ॣ , 饣  r.
     Sr=n -   ॣ   ஬ r ᫠ n.  ᫮
n   祭  0  255.      
ᮤন     S-ॣ஢.   S-ॣ
ᮤঠ ६ ࠬ,    ⮫쪮 -
 S.
     Vn - ந 롮  ⢥      AT-.
 n=0 ⢥ ந室 ஢ ,    n=1  ⢥-
砥  ᨬ쭮   ᪮ 몥.  ᯮ짮 -
஢   ⢥  砥 ࠡ १⮢ 믮
  ᠭ ᮡ⢥ ணࠬ ࠢ .

               ⠭  ⢥⮢ 
     OK           0  믮   訡
     CONNECT      1  ⠭   ᪮ 300 bps
     RING         2  㦨 ᨣ 
     NO CARRIER   3    
     ERROR        4 訡   ப
     CONNECT 1200 5  ⠭   ᪮ 1200 bps
     NO DIALTONE  6 ⢨ ᨣ ⠭樨  ⨨ 㡪
     BUSY         7  㦨 ᨣ ""
     NO ANSWER    8  ⢥ ᫥  ᨣ
     CONNECT 600  9  ⠭   ᪮ 600 bps
     CONNECT 2400 10  ⠭   ᪮ 2400 bps

     Yn -  ᮡ  ⪫祭    .   
ᯮᮡ ⪫祭   :  ⠭,    
砥 ⨢ ᨣ DTR  ,  ਭ㤨⥫,
   砥    㤠    ᨣ  뢠
BREAK.  ATH0 ࠢ 㤠  ᨣ 뢠
BREAK,   4.  n=0  ⪫砥 ⠭⭮,
 n=1    ⪫砥  ᫥  祭    ᨣ
BREAK.
     Z -  뢠  䨣 .   ⮬   -
 㦠 祭,  ਭ   㬮砭.  祭
ॣ஢, ਭ    㬮砭   ࣮ᨬ
  ,  ᫨  ⠪   ,  -
ﭭ   । 室  ४⥫  
.
     +++ - Escape-᫥⥫쭮, ᯮ㥬  室
  ० ࠡ .   ⮩   
३  ० ।     ० -
  ࠧ뢠 裡.  ॡ 設 ।  ᫥ -
ࠢ ⮩ Escape-᫥⥫쭮.  稭 ⮣ ஬-
⪠ 設 ।  ॣ S12.
     &Cn -         ࠢ  ᨣ  DCD  
RS-232-C.  n=0 ᨣ DCD ᥣ ⨢,    n=1  ᨣ
DCD ⠭  ⮫쪮  ⮣,      㦨
   㤠 .
     &Dn -  ࠢ  ᨣ DTR.   n=0  
DTR, n=1 -   ᨣ DTR  室    
० ࠡ,  n=2  -     ᨣ DTR  ४頥
, ⪫砥  , ⪫砥 ० ⮮⢥  -
室     ० ࠡ,  n=3 -   ᨣ DTR
⮬᪨ 뢠 䨣 ,    믮-
  ATZ.   㦨  ᨣ DTR, ᫨
ᨣ DTR   ६, ।  ॣ
 S25.
     &F -  ⠭ 䨣, ᠭ  -
ﭭ .
     &Gn - 祭/몫祭 ⭮ .  n=0 - -
  몫祭,  n=1 -    
550 Hz,  n=2 -          1800  Hz.
ᯮ짮     ᮡ⥩ ⥫䮭
.
     &Ln -   裡.  n=0 ।   (-
㥬)  裡, n=1 ।  뤥 .
     &Mn - ⠭ ᨭ஭/ᨭ஭ ० ࠡ.  
n=0 ⠭ ᨭ஭ ०,  n=1,2,3 ⠭-
 ᨭ஭ ०.
     &Pn - ⠭ ᭮ 樥     
ᮮ⢥⢨   ࠧ묨  ⠭⠬.   n=0 - 樥
 몠/ࢠ 39/61 (ਪ),   n=1 - 33/67
().
     &Rn - ࠢ ᨣ CTS:  n=0 - ᨣ  室  
⨢ ﭨ ᫥ 祭 ᨣ RTS. , ।-
   㯫 ᨣ  RTS,  .  ᫨
n=1   RTS.
     &Sn - ࠢ ᨣ DSR  RS-232-C.  n=0 ᨣ-
 DSR  ⨢  ᥣ,     n=1 ᨣ DSR ⨢
⮫쪮 ᫥ 砭 ⠯ ⠭ 裡  .
     &Tn - ஢ .  n   .
     &V -  뢠 ᢮ ⥪ 䨣  ⥫䮭-
 , ᠭ  ࣮ᨬ .
     &W -  뢠 ᢮ ⥪ 䨣   ࣮-
ᨬ .       㤥 㦥 
 䨣.
     &Zn - ᯮ   ⥫䮭   ࣮-
ᨬ  .  ⢮ ⥫䮭   -
 .

          ᭮ ਭ樯 ணࠬ஢ 

          ந室 १ ᫥⥫ ᨭ-
஭ .   ⮬  ।    室
     ॣ  COM-,   ஬ -
 .  ⢥   ⠪ 㯠 १  ᫥-
⥫ .।  ,   ந樠-
஢, ॢ  ० ⮮⢥  ⠢   -
.
         㤠      
  ० ⮮⢥ ਤ 맮,   ⠥ ⠭-
   㤠 .  ᫥ ⠭ 裡 
।   १ COM- ᯥ樠쭮 ᮮ饭  -
४   ०  ० । .  ᫥
⮣ ,  । ,  ਭ 
   ࠧ ।  ⥫䮭   㤠
.
     ⠪, ᫥ ⠭ 裡  㤠 , -
樮 ணࠬ  稭  묨.   -
묨 ⠪  ,      ।  ,  ⢫  १
COM-. ⥬      ᯥ樠쭮 Escape-᫥⥫-
  ४   ० ।  ⭮
  ०   㡪, ࠧࢠ   㤠
.

     ᫥⥫쭮 ⢨  ⠭ 裡

     )樠 COM-
     ஢ 樠 COM-,  ஬ 祭 -
.  ⮣ ணࠬ㥬 ॣ 奬 UART,  
ଠ   ᪮ .  ⨬,   㤥 -
 ᮥ  㤠   ࠧ  ⮩ ᪮.
 ᪮ ,  ⥬ ॥ 㤥 ந室  묨
 㤠 .
       㢥祭 ᪮   ⥫䮭 
ᨫ쭮 ⠥ ⢮ 訡.

     )樠 
     ।  AT- १ -, ந 
樠.   -  ⠭  ࠧ
० ࠡ  -  ⮪ ,  ⠭ -
 ᪨ ᮮ饭   ..

     )  㤠 
     ।     (ATD).  ⮬ 砥
 ࠥ   ⠥ ⠭      㤠
.  ।   AT S0=1  ॢ  
० ⮮⢥. ᫥ ⮣     㤠-
 ,    室, ⠥ ⠭   .

     ) ⢥  
      ᨬ  ०,  ஬ 室 ,  -
 ।  ࠧ ᮮ饭.  ਬ,  ᫨
 ந 맮 㤠  (-  ATD),  
  뤠 ᫥騥 ᮮ饭:
     CONNECT       ᯥ譮 ᮥ
     BUSY           
     NO DIALTONE      ᨣ 
     NO ANSWER       ⢥砥
     NO CARRIER    㤠筠 ⪠ ⠭ 
      室 ,  ।  ᮮ饭
RING, ᫨ ॣ  S0 ࠢ .   ⮬ 砥  -
    ᫠   .  ᫨  -
室  ० ⮮⢥  ॣ  S0  ࠢ  ,
   ⮬᪨ ⠥ ⢥     -
 ᫥騥 ᮮ饭:
     CONNECT       ᯥ譮 ᮥ
     NO DIALTONE    饩  㤠 
     NO CARRIER    㤠筠 ⪠ ⠭ 
     ᫨  ।  ᮮ饭  CONNECT  ,,
 ᯥ譮 ந ᮥ  ⥯ ࠡ⠥  ० -
 .    ,    ।  
१ -,   ८ࠧ   , ਣ
 ।  ⥫䮭 ,   । 㤠 -
.  ,  ,  ਭ   ⥫䮭 ,
ॢ  ஢          ⠭  १
-,  ஬ 祭 .
     ᫨  ।  ᮮ饭 BUSY, NO DIALTONE,
NO ANSWER, NO CARRIER , ந ᮥ  㤠
  㤠     ᮥ.

     )祭    ०
     ᫥ 砭  ࠡ  㭨樮 ணࠬ 
ॢ    ०  ।    -
 㡪 (ATH0).  ॢ    ० 
ᯮ짮 Escape-᫥⥫쭮  "+++".  ᫥  ⮣
  襫   ०,   । 
-.

     )뢠 ᨣ   DTR  RTS
      ஢  ᨣ  DTR   RTS ᮮ頥 ,  
  ⮢  ਥ  १ COM-.
      ࠡ  ᨭ஭ ᫥⥫ ஬  -
 ᯮ짮 堭 뢠.   ।  ਥ
  ।⠢ ᮡ ⥫ ,  ਬ-
 뢠     ᯮ짮  ୮
६  㣨 㦤.


                  5.⮪  묨

         5.1.⮪ ४樨 訡  ஢
      ।   㬫 ⥫䮭  ᥣ-
  ⭮,   , ।  -
,  ਭ 㣨   ᪠ .  ਬ,
 ।      ᢮ 祭 
  祧.
      ⮣, ⮡ 짮⥫  ࠭⨨,   
।  訡, ᯮ ⮪ ४樨 訡.
      ଠ  ।      ⮪  ४樥
訡 ᫥:  । ⤥묨  (-
)  16-20000 ,   ᨬ  ⢠ 裡.  
 ᭠ ,   ஬ 㪠 ஢筠  -
ଠ, ਬ ஫쭠 㬬 .  ਭ騩 -
 ᠬ⥫쭮 뢠 ஫ 㬬  -
   ࠢ      ஫쭮 㬬   .
᫨   ஫ 㬬 ᮢ,  ਭ  ணࠬ
⠥,   ।  訡.  ⨢ 砥 ਭ-
騩  । ।饬    -
 ⮣ .
     ⮪ ४樨 訡   ॠ    
⭮ ஢, ⠪   ணࠬ.  ஢ ॠ-
樨  䥪⨢.  த⢨ ⭮ ॠ樨
⮪ MNP ਬ୮  30% , 祬 ணࠬ.

     MNP-⮪
     MNP (Microcom Network Protocols) -      -
࠭   ⮪,    ॠ 
  Microcom.   ⮪  ᯥ稢  ⮬-
 ४ 訡   । .
       10 ⮪:
     MNP1. ⮪ ४樨 訡,  ᯮ騩 ᨭ஭
㯫 ⮤ । .  ᠬ ⮩  -
⮪ MNP.
     MNP2. ⮪ ४樨 訡,  ᯮ騩 ᨭ஭
㯫 ⮤ । .
     MNP3. ⮪ ४樨 訡,  ᯮ騩  ᨭ஭
㯫 ⮤  ।    (䥩 -
 -  ⠥ ᨭ஭).
          ᨭ஭ । ᯮ  
  - ᥬ  ,  ⮢   ⮯  ,  
 ᨭ஭  ⮫쪮  ᥬ,     ⮬ ஥ 
᪮  묨  20%.
     MNP4. ⮪,  ᯮ騩  ᨭ஭  ⮤ ।,
ᯥ稢 ⨬ 䠧 ,  ᪮쪮 -
 䥪⨢ ⮪ MNP2  MNP3. ஬ ⮣,  -
 ᫠ 訡   ᮮ⢥⢥      ࠧ
 । .   㢥祭 ᫠ 訡 ࠧ
 㬥蠥,  㢥稢 ⭮ ᯥ譮 宦-
 ⤥ .
     䥪⨢ ⮣ ⮤ ⠢  20%  ࠢ-
  ⮩ ।祩 .
     MNP5. ⥫쭮  ⮤ MNP4,  MNP5  ᯮ
⮩ ⮤  ᦠ  ।  ଠ樨.   
騥  ।    楯窠  ⮢
襩 ,  祬 । 騥 ᨬ.  ⥫쭮
  楯窨  ᨬ. 筮  ⮬
⥪⮢ 䠩 ᦨ  35% ᢮ 室 .  
20% MNP4   襭 䥪⨢  50%.
     ⨬,  ᫨  । 㦥 ᦠ 䠩,   -
設⢥  ⠪  ,  ⥫쭮  㢥祭  䥪⨢-
   ᦠ   ⮣  ந室.
     MNP6. ⥫쭮  ⮤ ⮪ MNP5 ⮬᪨
४砥   㯫  㯫 ⮤ -
  ᨬ   ⨯  ଠ樨.  ⮪  MNP6  ⠪
ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬  ⮪ V.29.
     MNP7.  ࠢ  ࠭ ⮪ ᯮ  
䥪⨢ ⮤ ᦠ .
     MNP9. ᯮ ⮪ V.32  ᮮ⢥騩 ⮤ -
, ᯥ稢騩 ᮢ⨬  ᪮묨 .
     MNP10. ।祭  ᯥ祭 裡  ᨫ쭮 -
 ,  ⠪,    ⮢ 裡, 㣮த
ﬨ, ᥫ᪨ .   ⨣    ᫥
⮤:
     - ⭮ ७ ⪨ ⠭ 
     -   ࠧ  ⮢   ᮮ⢥⢨  
஢   
     - ᪮  ᪮ ।  ᮮ⢥⢨
 ஢  

      ⮪ MNP ᮢ⨬  ᮡ ᭨ .  
⠭ 裡  ந室  ⠭ 襣 
஢ MNP-⮪.  ᫨    뢠  
ন ⮪ MNP,  MNP- ࠡ⠥  MNP--
.

      MNP-.
     MNP- ᯥ稢 ᫥騥 ० । :
     - ⠭ ०.  ᯥ稢 ਧ , 
 ࠡ  ࠧ묨 ᪮ﬨ ।  -
 ஬      .    १
 襭  䥪⨢  ।    ⠭-
 ᪮  - ,  祬 -.  
⠭⭮ ० ࠡ   믮 ⭮ ४-
樨 訡.
     -  אַ ।.   ० ᮮ⢥ -
 ,   ন饬 MNP-⮪. ਧ -
   ந   ⭠ ४ 訡  믮-
.
     -   ४樥 訡  ਧ樥.   ⠭-
 ० ࠡ  裡  MNP-. ᫨ 㤠 -
  ন ⮪ MNP,   ⠭.
     -   ४樥 訡   ⮬᪮  ன.
 ᯮ,   ࠭  ⭮, ন 
㤠  ⮪ MNP.  砫 ᥠ 裡 ᫥ -
 ०  㤠   ⠭   
㣨 ०.

     ⮪ V.42  V.42bis.
     ⮪   ४樥  訡  ८ࠧ ᨭ஭-
-ᨭ஭. ⮪ ᯮ ⮤ ᨨ,  -
஬ ।   ⤥ ᨬ ப 
ந室      ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ  襩
.  ⮤ ᨨ   Lempel-Ziv.  
⮤ ᨨ  ᯥ稢  50%  ᦠ⨥  ⥪⮢  䠩.
  20% 먣襬  ᨭ஭ ८ࠧ  㢥-
稢 䥪⨢  60%.

                5.2. ⮪ । 䠩
      ⫨稥    ⮪   ஢  ⮪
 ࣠ ਥ  । 䠩.

     ASCII.
      ⮪ ࠡ⠥  ४樨 訡.   १
 । 䠩  ⥫䮭  -  㬠  ਭ
䠩 ᨫ쭮 ⫨砥  ।.  ᫨  । -
塞 䠩,   訡  ।   ப묨  -
祭 ணࠬ   㤥 ࠡ.  ᫨  । -
⪨ ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭,   訡    ࠢ-
.

     XModem.
      ࠭  ࠧ ⮪ XModem:
     - ਣ ⮪ Xmodem
     - Xmodem c CRC
     - 1K Xmodem
     ਣ ⮪ Xmodem  ࠧࠡ⠫    ⥭ᥭ
(Ward Christensen)    1977 .   ⥭ᥭ   
 ᯥ樠⮢  ⮪  묨.    
 ⮪  뢠 ⠪ ⮪ ⥭ᥭ.
      । 䠩     ⮪  Xmodem  ଠ
   ᫥騬:  8-⮢ ,   ⮯
  ⢨ ஢ન  ⭮.   ।  ᯮ-
 㯫  ⮤,  ..     । 
  ६ ⮫쪮   ࠢ.

     ⮪ Xmodem  Cheksum  ।   ⠬  128
.   ⮬ ।   ஫쭠  㬬.  
祭   ஫쭠 㬬  ᭮  ࠢ-
  㬬,  ᫥  ।饩 設.  -
  訡, ᫨ 㬬 ᮢ.
      ⮤  ᯥ稢 筮    -
. 쪮   256 ⮢   ᮤঠ  訡,  
᫨ ஫쭠 㬬 ࠢ쭠.

     Xmodem c CRC.  饭  訡  ⮪
Xmodem CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).  Xmodem CRC - ⮪  
஢મ 横᪨   .    8-⮢ -
஫쭠 㬬     16-⮢  横᪨  
.   ⮪ ࠭ ⭮ 㦥 訡,
ࠢ 99,9984%.  쪮   700     ⮢
㤥  ࠢ CRC-. ⮪ Xmodem CRC ⠪ -
  ⠬  128 .

     1K Xmodem.  ᫨ ।     訡,  ⮪  1
Xmodem 㢥稢 ࠧ   128  1024 .  㢥-
祭 ᫠ 訡 ࠧ  ᭮ 㬥蠥.  -
      㢥 ᪮ । 䠩-
.  ⠫쭮 ⮪  1K  Xmodem  ᮢ    ⮪
Xmodem CRC.

     Ymodem.
     ⮪ Ymodem ࠧࠡ⠫  ᡥ  1984-1985 .
⮪ Ymodem 宦  ⮪ 1K Xmodem,     -
稥:  ⮪ Ymodem  ।  ਭ   
室 ᪮쪮 䠩.
      䨪 ⮪ Ymodem - Ymodem G. -
 Ymodem G ।祭  ᯮ짮  , ⮬-
᪨ ⢫騬 ४ 訡  ⭮  ஢.
ਬ, MNP-  ⭮ ॠ樥 MNP.   ⮬ -
⮪ 饭   訡,  ..  믮 ᠬ .
 ᯮ    ⮪,  ᫨    ⢫
 ४ 訡.
     㣮 ᮡ  ⮪  Ymodem    ,  
  䠩 ।   ਡ.   १  
  䠩    묨.

     Zmodem.
     Zmodem -   ⮪ । ,  ᯮ-
騩 .  Zmodem  ⢫  ।    ⠬  
᪮쪮   .  ⮬ ਭ騩   
। ᨣ  ⢥ত  ᨣ  ࠢ-
 ,       .
     ⮪ Zmodem,  ⠪     ⮪ 1K Xmodem,  
   ()  64  1024    ᨬ
 ⢠ .
     ஬ ⮣,  ⮪  ᫥饩   ᮡ-
: ᫨  । 䠩 ந襫 ᡮ     
ᯥ ।  䠩,   ᫥騩 ࠧ  । -
  䠩  ⮬᪨ 筥 ।  ⮣  ,
 ந襫  裡.   ࠧ,  祭 訥 䠩
  ।  .
       ⮪ 孥 ஢,  ᠭ ,  
⮪ ᠬ   㤮.

     BiModem.
     ᮡ ⮪ Bimodem   -
६ ।  䠩  ࠧ ࠢ.  ஬ -
, ६  ।祩 䠩     ᥤ  
஬ 㤠    .

     Kermit.
     ப   ࠧ ⮪ Kermit - ⠭-
   Super Kermit.   ⮪  ࠧࠡ⠭  -
᪮ 㭨  1981   裡  ࠧ묨 -
 ஢,  訥 , - 
ᮭ .    ⫨稥    ⮪  Xmodem  
Zmodem  ᯮ  ।   ६ -
  ᨬ ࠧ஬ 94 .
         Ymodem,  ⮪ Kermit  । 
ਭ ᪮쪮 䠩   ᥠ.
     ⮪ Super  Kermit ।祭 ᯥ樠쭮  ᯮ-
   ⨯ TeleNet  TymNet.      祭
訥 প  । .    ᫨  -
ত   ,   ਢ  १ ᭨-
 ᪮  .    ⮪ Super Kermit  ஡
蠥 ᫥騬 ᯮᮡ.  ᪮쪮 ⮢  ।  
 ࠧ.    ⢨  ஫  訡 ,  
᪫祭 ⮣,   ਭ騩    ।
ᨣ ⢥ত   ᨣ   ࠢ쭮 -
,       .
      १  ᯮ짮  ⠪  堭  ந室
१ ᮪饭 ६ প.   ᮤঠ  -
  31 .
       Kermit ᯮ ⠪ ।⥫ -
   㢥祭 䥪⨢ ᪮  -
.

               6.㭨樮 ணࠬ

      ஬ ⢮ ࠧ ⥫㭨樮-
 ணࠬ, ।⠢ 짮⥫ 㤮 ।⢮ -
   - MTE, Telix, Comit, Bitcom  ..
     ᭮ ࠬ   業 㭨樮
ணࠬ :  ணࠬ   ⮪  ४樨
訡 (MNP),  稥 ࠧࠧ ⮪  䠩,
䥩  짮⥫.

     MTE.
     ப ࠭ 㭨樮  ணࠬ  
MagicSoft Inc.   MTE ᨨ 2.10 ணࠬ ॠ ⮪
MNP. ⮬,  ᫨       ⭮  ॠ樨
⮪ MNP,  ᯮ짮   ⠭ ⮩-
   MNP-.
       ᫥騥 ஥ ⮪    䠩:
ASCII, Xmodem CRC, Ymodem, Ymodem-G, Zmodem, Kermit.

     Telix.
     Telix,  3.12 - 㤮  㭨樮  ணࠬ,
ন  ⮪  䠩.   Telix ॠ-
 ᫥騥 ⮪:  Kermit,  Modem7,  SEAlink, Telink,
Xmodem, Xmodem-1k, Ymodem, ymodem-G, Zmodem, HSlink, MobyTurbo,
ASCII.
      Telix   让 ⮪:   ணࠬ
 ন ணࠬ 樨 MNP.  ᫥⢨  ⮣  
 ᯮ짮   ᨫ쭮 㬫   -
,  ᯥ稢騬  ४ 訡.

     Comit.
     Comit, ᨨ  1.27b - 㤮 㭨樮 ணࠬ,
 ⠢    ,  騬 -
 ॠ樨  MNP.  믮  ணࠬ  ⮪
MNP2, MNP4, MNP5, MNP7.
      ᮦ,    㭨樮  ணࠬ  祭
  ⮪   䠩. ন -
⮪ Xmodem, Xmodem CRC, Ymodem, Ymodem-G, ASCII.

     Bitcom.
     Bitcom, ᨨ 3.584 - 㭨樮  ணࠬ,  
⠢塞    ,  騬 ⭮ -
樨 MNP.  믮 ணࠬ  ⮪ MNP (
MNP5 ⥫쭮).
     Bitcom ন ᫥騥 ⮪  䠩:
ASCII, Xmodem CRC, Ymodem, Ymodem-G, Kermit, CompuServe Plus.
      ⠪ ⬥,    Bitcom 㤠筮  ॠ
䥩  짮⥫.

                   7. ᯮ짮 

               7.1. ஭ ᪠ 
     BBS ( Bulletin Board System ) -  ,  ᭠
   ᪮쪨 ,   ஬ 믮 ᯥ-
쭠 ணࠬ.    ணࠬ      㤠
짮⥫ 뢠      ⥫䮭   믮-
  䠩  ᮮ饭ﬨ.
     設⢮ ஢  ⠭権 BBS ⠪  童
 FidoNet.  FidoNet ।⠢ ᮡ 㭠த -
   짮⥫  ஢  ࠭.  
  BBS  FidoNet.  ⠭樨  BBS      室  
FidoNet,   ᢮ ।,  㧫 FidoNet    BBS,  
ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  뫪 .
     ᫨   ᯥ譮 ⠭   ᢮ ,  
   ⢥  㤠- . 
⮣      ᯮ짮    ⥫㭨樮
ணࠬ - MTE,  COMIT, BITCOM. ᫨     -
⭮ ४樨  訡,    ᯮ짮 MTE  
ணࠬ,   樨 MNP (ਬ COMIT).
      ࠧ  BBS ᯮ ࠧ ணࠬ  -
樨 ᢮ ࠡ  -  TPBoard,  Allan's  Kakboard,  Remote
Access, Opus, Phoenix, Maximus  .., 䠪᪨   
   .      ᬮਬ  ⠭樨  BBS,
ᯮ騥 ணࠬ Maximus.
     Maximus ࣠   짮⥫,  -
⥫    ᮢ  ᮮ饭 (),  -
  㣨 짮⥫   ⠭樨  BBS    
FidoNet (᫨  ⠭ 室   ).
     짮⥫ BBS 砥  ᬠਢ 娢
䠩 BBS,  ९뢠 ᥡ 騥  䠩,  ।-
  BBS ᢮ 䠩,    -  -
.
     ⠪,    BBS.   設⢥ 砥 ᫥ ᮥ-
  BBS  襬 ᯫ  ᫥饥 ᮮ饭:
     CONNECT 2400
     FrontDoor 2.02; Noncommercial version
     Press Escape twice for Maximus
     Maximus is being loaded

 砥,   ⠭  㧫 - , -
ਬ FidoNet,     믮 ᯥ樠쭠 ⮢ ண-
ࠬ FrontDoor.    ।    ࠧ  
ESC  㧪 ணࠬ Maximus,    㤥  -
ন   .
     ᫨   ६ ⠭ ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮   ⮩
 ,   ࠭  㣮 ᮮ饭:
     CONNECT 2400
     FrontDoor 2.02; Noncommercial version
     Mail-only system. Please hang up.
     ᫨ BBS  ࠡ⠥,    १  ஥ ६   -
 ணࠬ Maximus  筠     襬  ࠭
 ⠢  -  ଠ     BBS,   
  ⥫䮭, ᯨᠭ ࠡ, 䠬 ⥬-
 .
     ⥬ BBS    ᢮   䠬.  ᫨ 
室   BBS   ࠧ,      襭 ⨭
  䠬,  ࠡ稩  譨 ⥫䮭,  ⨯ ᯮ㥬
 ନ.
      ⨯ ନ   ᯮ 
  ࠢ騥 ᨬ.  筮  ।⠢ 롮
   ⨯ ନ - TTY  ANSI.
     TTY ।⠢ ᮡ  ⮩ ⨯ ନ.  
  ࠢ 梥⮬ ᨬ,  뢮   ࠭  
⠭    .
     ANSI -   㭨ᠫ ⨯ ନ.    -
ন ࠢ  ,   ⠪ 梥⮬ ᨬ-
  䮭 ᨬ.  ࠢ 梥⮬     
ᯥ稢 ᯥ樠묨 Escape-᫥⥫쭮ﬨ.
     ᫥ ⠪ 楤 ॣ樨    -
 ஫     ⮬᪨ ⠭ 짮⥫ 
BBS.  ᫥ 室   BBS ᯮ     
䠬,     ࠧ.  ணࠬ  BBS    
ᯨ᪥ 짮⥫  ।   ஫,  ।-
  ࢮ 宦  ⥬.

                         BBS
      ⥬  ਧ   ᢮  짮⥫,
 ࠭ 㤥 뢥 ᭮ :

     MAIN:
     M)essage Areas       F)ile Areas        S)tatistics
     C)hange Setup        W)ho is on         /)Chat Menu
     Y)ell for Sysop      R)egistration      G)oodbye

   ᬮਬ    :

     Message Areas
     ࠢ     ᭮ ,   室  -
 ᮮ饭.  ࠭ ⮡ࠧ  ࠡ  ᮮ饭-
,   ண    ᬮ ᬮ,  ᫠  ਭ
ᮮ饭.

     File Areas
     室   䠩   BBS.   ࠭  
 ࠡ  䠩.      ᬮ  ᬮ  ᯨ᮪
䠩,   BBS, ਭ  ।  BBS 䠩.

     Statistics
       ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ ⨪ 襩 ࠡ 
BBS: ६, ⢥   ᥠ, ६ ஥  㦥 -
ࠡ⠫  ⮩ ⥬  ⠢襥  ६.    뢮
ଠ  ࠧ ਭ⮩  ।  ଠ樨,  
⠪ ᪮쪮     ४ ᥡ ᥣ.

     Change Setup
      롮  ⮣      ᬮ  
, ஫,    ⥫䮭,  ⨯  ନ,     
ᯮ.

     Who is on
     ⥬ ᮮ ,   ⮬,    稫  BBS  (
᫨ BBS  ᪮쪮 ⥫䮭 ).

     Chat Menu
     ᫨ ⥬  ᪮쪮 ⥫䮭 ,    ᬮ-
 ।  ᮮ饭  ⮬,    室  㣮 
⮩ BBS.

     Yell for Sysop
        ⮩   ஡ 맢 ⥬-
 ,  ᫨  室   BBS  
㯨  ॣ.  ᫨  ,   ᬮ  
 ।  ᮮ饭   ⢥.

     Registration
     ⥬ 筥      襩 ॣ樨
 BBS.

     Goodbye
       ⮩   ࠧࢥ   BBS.

                    7.2. ஭ 
     ஭ ᪨  BBS ,  , ᠬ
 ᯮᮡ    ᮮ饭ﬨ    䠩.  ⥫쭮
訩  ।⠢ ᯮ짮  ⥩.
       ⥩ ᯮ짮  ⥩ -
 ࣠ ஭ .  ᫨   -
祭   쭮          ᯥ樠쭮  ணࠬ
ᯥ祭   ⮩,      ࠢ  १
 쬠 㣨 짮⥫ .
      쬮 ।⠢ ᮡ    䠩,  ᮤঠ騩
⥪ 쬠  ᯥ樠 ,  ஬ 㪠,  -
 쬮 ࠢ,   ।祭,   ⥬ 쬠 
 ࠢ.
      ᨬ  ᯮ㥬   ஭  
  ࠧ ଠ.
     ࠢ ஭ 쬮,    ⮫쪮  -
⥫. ,   ஬  㤥 ।, ।-
 ᠬ ⥬ ஭        
ᨬ  㦥 ⤥ .
      ࠧ,  ࠢ  쬮  १  ᪮쪮
     (  ᨬ  ﭨ  㣨 稭)
   .    㤥 ६, 
ᬮ ᬮ 襤    砥 室 -
ࠢ  ⢥.
     㣮   ᯮ짮   ⥩ -
 ⥫७樨.   ᯮ짮   ⥫७権   ᮮ-
   ᮮ饭ﬨ  BBS,   ।-
 訩 ࢨ   짮⥫.
     ७樨     筮   ᨬ
  ⥬⨪  ᪮쪮 ⥩.     "-
"  騥  ७樨. ᫥ ⮣  -
砥  ࠢ ᢮ ᮮ饭   ⥬⨪  
७樨   ⮬᪨       ᮮ饭 
⮩ ७樨, ࠢ 㣨 짮⥫ﬨ .
      饥  ६  襩 ࠭ ᠬ묨 訬 
 Relcom  FidoNet.  Relcom  쪨 ⢮
 InterNet.          ।  
⮫쪮  ᨨ,    ᥬ .

                   7.3. - 
      ᫥  ६  뭪  ⢮ 䠪ᨬ-
  䠪- . ᫨      襬
,    䠪ᨬ .  ⨬
⠬   । 䠪     䠪ᨬ  
   䠪-   .
     -   ᯮ짮    -
.
     ணࠬ ᯥ祭, 㦨饥 䠪- ,
 ८ࠧ뢠   ࠧ ଠ  ଠ
䠪ᨬ ⮢.  ਬ,  ணࠬ Quick Link II Fax
 ।  䠪-設  㣨 䠪- ᫥-
騥 :  ⥪,  䠩  ଠ TIFF, IMG ⮢
ணࠬ GEM Artline  Ventura Pablisher,  BMP  Microsoft
Windows, CUT  Dr.Halo  PCX  Paintbrush.
           ᫠ 㪮 쬮.
 ᯥ稢   ᫥饥 ந  祢
ᨣ    ஥ -஢  ஠-
 ८ࠧ⥫.

