            ய஢᪨ 㤠⢥ 孨᪨
              㭨 ஦ ࠭ᯮ

                           䥤 ""









                            ⥬:
                "ய  짮⥫."



                    ⠢ 㤥 942 㯯
                     ⨭  堩















                         Idea Software (c)
                           ய஢
                                1996


        1.   ᮭ .

        ᮭ  -  ⠪ ,   
ᥡ  㯨 ⤥ 祫.
         "ᮬ"     ⥬-
  (  뢠 ஬,     -
 訡).   ᯮ   ⠭,      業-
ࠫ ஬ (),  ,  ⪨  ,  ᪮
 ᪮  㣨 ன⢠  / 뢮 ଠ樨.  -
   ஫ / 뢮 ࠧ饭 אַ  -
 .  ⥬     ࠧ  ।⢠  ⨬:
㪮   ன⢮ ⥭ ᪨ ᪮ - CD-ROM.  -
 ⮣,  ⨥ "" 室   .  -
   易⥫쭮,  쬠    ⠫.  -
 ⪮  롮 ᭮ ⮢  .    
᭮ ⮬  .  饥 ६   -
࠭   Intel,    㣨    (AMD,  Cyrix,
NexGen  .) ⠢  ⮩ ७.  ⠪ -
ਭ᪠ (MotherBoard) . ᭮ ࠪ⨪  ਭ᪨
   ⥪. ᭮묨 設    ६
⠫ ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture)    EISA  (Extended
ISA),  騥 ࠧ來 10  32 ᮮ⢥⢥.   ᯥ祭
ଠ쭮 ࠡ ஢  ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠭ VESA (Video
Electronic Standart Association), ⠭  ਬ -
 ਨ 486, ࠡ饩     饩 "-
⠢"  設 ISA  EISA.      Pentium  뫠
ࠧࠡ⠭ ᠬ⥫쭠 設 PCI,     ᥣ譨  
  ன  ᯥ⨢. 筮    
᪮   ᪮.   ⠭ : 5.25"  3.5".
 ᥣ譨  設⢮ ஢ ⠢   ᪮-
 3.5". e⪨  (), 砢 ᢮e ⢨  ꥬ   5
, ⨣ 뢠 .   ᥣ譨      㤨  ᪨
e 2  4 .   設⢠  ਫ    筮
e 420 - 700 ,  ᫨  室 ࠡ    -
묨 ᪨ ࠦﬨ  e⪮,   ਤe  -
  ᪥  1.5- 2     ⠪  ᪮.    -
 祭  ⮫쪮  ᪠,     ६  ࠪ-
⨪.  ⢥ ⨬    ४  
 Western Digital, Seagate  Corner.    ⨢  
(RAM, )  ⮩: 祬 , ⥬ .   饥  ६
㤭  䨣  e     4  .    -
쭮 ࠡ 設⢠ ணࠬ  த⮢  ⥫쭮  
  ,   㢥祭   祬 32   த-
⢨  㢥稢  ⥫쭮,  ⠪ 䨣 -
室 㤮  ⨯ࠬ. Hꥬ   -
 . ⠭⭮  ᨨ  101 - 譠 -
  ᪨  ᪨ ᨬ. . 室   ࠡ-
  ᪨ ⠬, ⥦,  ࠧࠡ⪥ 奬   -
  Windows.  ⬥ ,  ஥ ஢    ண-
ࠬ ᯥ祭 ॡ 稥 . ᭮    
ࠧ ᯮᮡ , 塞  窠     (dpi).  -
쭮 ⠥ , ᯥ稢 ࠧ襭 300-400 dpi.  -
  ⠪ ᯥ樠 ਪ  ,    ᯥ稢  e
࠭  筮. 롮   ᫥ 㤥 -
 , ᪮  ⢠   ࠭ -
襣 ७   ⮬塞  ࠡ.   ⠭-
 ࠧ   14,15,17,19,20  21 .  室  ࠧ-
   롨ࠥ 室  ࠧ襭 ,    -
஬  ᮡࠥ ࠡ. ,  設⢠ ਫ  
筮  14  ,    ᯥ稢  ࠡ
 ࠧ襭  800  600 祪.    㪮  .
  ஭, 㪮      室  ⮬
, ,  㣮 ஭,  ॢ    魮
ᯮ  祭  ᠭ 모, 祭 몮.   -
   ࠣ  ࠭, ᫨      ।ᬥ
ਪ. ⥩襩 ⮩  Adlib,   ந-
 ⮫쪮   ஢ .  CD-ROM,   -
, ⠪   室    㭪樮஢  
,  ⠭ e    묨  裡    ⥭-
樥 ⠢ ᨮ쭮, 饥    ஢  ணࠬ-
 ᯥ祭  CD-᪠.









        2. ⫨ ஢.

        2.1. ⫨ pp SX, DX, SX2, DX2  DX4.

        SX  DX 砥 "祭"    p    
⮣  pp.  386 p SX  ᤥ  16-pp來 -
p䥩ᮬ,  﫮   離    ⠭  -
   SIMM,        p,      DX.  p  p  
16-pp來묨 pp 386SX   ⠥  386DX  ⮩  
,   32-pp來 pp  p⠥ ⨬  -
 - p  32-pp來 p      
 16-pp來. H ᠬ   設⢮ p    386DX
p p p  SX   16-pp來 pp  -
p ⮬,     386DX  ᥣ ⠭ p-
 , p   設⢥   SX. p  p⥪-
p 386SX -  32-pp來,  pp p㦨  p-
  SX  DX  p  pp  p  ᪮p
p p  饬 砥 .
         486 SX 砥 p  p  ᮯpp.
  p⠢﫨 ᮡ p p  DX  p-
 ᮯpp - ᮯpp    p,    -
 ⠪ pp  DX p pp  ⥬-
 .   pᨨ ᪠ ᠬ⥫쭮,   
⠭  DX   p .  p  -
⢨ ᮯpp  䨪樮 ,  SX ⠪ -
祬  ⫨  ᮮ⢥  DX,  pp  p-
祭   饬 砥 ⮦ .
        SX2, DX2    DX4 - p  ᮮ⢥  pp  
p 㤢   p  .  Hpp,  p⭠
p   DX2-66 ,   DX33,   室 -
  33 ,    pp  p    p-
 㢥祭 p p p饭       樨
p襩 ᪮p p pp.  p p樨  p-
p 믮 ᮮ⢥⢥    p p p,  -
   譥 p p 譥 ⠪⮢  -
⮩.   ⮣ DX4-100 p⠥ p p DX33 ⮫쪮  
⪠ pp, p 楫    p  ,
  p  ⭮襭  㯠      -
  .
        Hp p pp AMD ( ⭮ - 25253) -
   p⠫ DX4, p   p    p
㤢   p  뢮 B-13. pp    DX2  
DX4 p  p⠬  ⮢;  ᮮ⢥⢥,  pp,
pp  DX4,  p  DX2   p.  pp
Intel DX4-100  p  p 㤢    p-
  뢮 R-17.
        pp AMD 5x86 ⠭p⭮ p⠥   p  譥
,   p  뢮 R-17  p砥      p
⢥p.


        2.2. 祭 "SL-Enhanced" y pp Intel 486.

        H稥 SMM (System Management Mode - p p  -
⥬), ᯮ㥬  p  p pp  -
 p.  砥   "S-Series",      
祭 pp  䨪  "-S".    SL-Enhanced  pp
 ⠪  CPUID, p p頥  䨪p  p-
p.


        2.3. ⫨ pp UMC 486 U5  Intel, AMD  p㣨.

        p ᥣ -  ⨬p p,      祣
 ᯮ㥬  믮  襥 ᫮ ⠪⮢,  祬
 pp Intel, AMD, Cyrix  p㣨.  pp  U5    
p 㬭 ,  p  65   , -
砥 p묨 pp,  ⮬,    p-
  pp 室 p쭮    pp  -
筥, ᫮ ⠪⮢,  p    믮  ⮢  ᫥-
⥫쭮,  設⢮ ppp  pp    㬥  p-
쭮  U5.    ⮩    p稭    U5  ᠥ  p
Heretic, 訡筮    ᮯpp  -  ⮡    ᪫,
㦭   p Heretic 㪠  "-debug".

        2.4.  RISC  CISC.

        RISC -  ॢ  Reduced Instruction Set  Computer
(  ᮪饭 ஬ ),  CISC -  ॢ  
Comlex Instruction Set Computer (   ஬ ).
⢥ ࠧ   ⮨  ᫥饬: 稯 RISC -
   樨,          믮-
 祭 . ணࠬ  RISC-設  筮  ᫮,  
믮  ॥ ,  ᮢ⨬  CISC-設. H,
 ,    ⠪? (᫥  ந⥫쭮    
襭.)
          稯  Intel  80x86  (     稯    Motorola    680x0
(68010,68020,..,68040), ᯮ㥬   Macintosh  NeXT)
 ન ।⠢⥫ﬨ CISC-稯. H ࠡ稥  ⠭-
樨, 稭  IBM, ᯮ 稯 RISC.


        2.5. 䨪 稯 Intel  AMD.

        2.5.1.  .

          த   ०, 祬   㯨  -
.     ᪠,  ⠢   -
. ⮢,   ਮ⠥  ,    -
.

 ਬ A80486DX33 ( by Intel )
          V74400223
  V   -  ᨬ,   (plant code);
  7   - ன ᨬ,  ᫥   ᪠  ,
        ᬠਢ  饭  1987 ;
  44  - ᫥騥  , 44- ࠡ   ⮬  (1987);
  002 - ᫥騥 3 ,  ⨨ (sequence number);
  3  -    (change code).

 Hਬ E6 9433 DPD (on AMD CPUs)
  E6   -  ॠ樨 (version release);
  9433 - 饭  33 ࠡ祩  1994 ;
  DPD  -  ਨ (wafer number);

        2.5.2.  .

           ᨨ . ࠢ   -
,   ।  ࠬ Intel  800-468-3548  
AMD 800-222-9323, ⠪     ࠭  ᨨ  ஢  
訡  ࠧ 䥪.

        2.5.3. Demo-ࠧ.

            業  demo-ࠧ. AMD   Intel
 孨᪨ ࠧ   ᨨ , ०, 祬
㤥  ਩  .      訡-
(䥪), ⠪  筮  ᮧ    ⠭.  襭  
।,  ⠪  த 筮 짮⥫.
        Hਬ:
  ଠ쭠  (normal version): i486DX-33:
  ࠡ⪠ ࠧ殢 (engineering samples): i486DX-33 E

        2.5.4. ६ન஢ .

        ६ન஢  (remaked CPUs) -   -
,  ࠧ ᨫ쭥 祬 ਣ   ᮪ -
  ਡ뫨.  ⢨  묨. ᯮ짮  -
  ᥣ ᪮.    뢠 ᯥ-
, ਬ,  33MHz  40MHz,   25MHz  33MHz,   ᥣ.
ᯮ짮 ࠧ  ਢ  ॣॢ 稯 
 ⠡쭮 ࠡ,   㦨 稭 ᥢ -
, ᡮ  ᠭ ⥬. ६ન஢  ࠧ  
 ࠧ 訩 ப 㦡, 祬 ਣ ,  -
  ॣॢ 稯.















        3.   Intel.

        3.1. ६ யୠ 孮  Intel.

        ⨦  Intel  ⢥ ஥஢    ந-
⢠ ஢   ந   ய-
     . ࠡ稪  ய஢
 饥 ६ ࠡ   孮᪨  -
ᮬ ⠫-ᨤ ஢ (CMOS)  ࠧ襭 , 祬 ஭.
        ᯮ짮 㡬஭ 孮   ࠧࠡ-
  Intel ᯮ  ࠭஢    .
 ᤥ  㢥祭  ⢠  ࠭஢    -
⢠ X86  29,000  8086   1,2   -
 Intel486 DX2,  訬 ⨦  Pentium  .  -
  0.8 ஭ BiCMOS 孮,  ᮤন  3.1  -
 ࠭஢. 孮 BiCMOS ꥤ  २⢠  
孮: ୮ (᪮)  CMOS (    ࣮ॡ
).   , 祬   ࠧ 襣 ⢠  ࠭஢
Pentium   ࠢ  Intel486,  ࠧࠡ稪  ⨫
  , ࠭ ᯮ訬  ᭠㦨  .
稥 ⮢  㬥蠥 ६ 㯠,   ⢥
㢥稢 ந⥫쭮. 0.8 ஭ 孮  Intel
ᯮ ᫮ ⠫     ஢,    ᮪  
ࠢ  ਣ쭮 1.0 ஭ 孮 ᫮  -
⠫, ᯮ㥬   Intel486.

        3.2.    Intel.

         20-  ࠧ ய୮ 孨  -
騥 樨   ⮩      ਪ᪠  ଠ  Intel
(INTegral ELectronics).  ⮣   ଠ  Intel  砫  ᪠
ப,  ࠧࠡ뢠  ந 㣨   ⥣-
ࠫ 奬.   த樥 뫨 奬  -
஢.  1971 .  ࠧࠡ⠫  ⨫     4--
 ய 4004. ଠ ࢮ砫쭮 த    -
⢥ ஥ ஫ (- த ।⢠ ࠢ  㫨-
 ᢥ஬  ஢ ).  4004    塨⮢,
..   ࠭, ࠡ뢠  뢠      -
   塨⮢ ᫠. ᫥ 稯 4004  4040,  
4040 ন  譨 뢠.  稯    䨪஢
᫮ ७  ॣ஢.  砫,   믮塞
ணࠬ 뫨 ࠭祭 ᫮  ணࠬ  7.
         1972 ., ..   ᫥  4004,  Intel  -
⨫ ।   8008,      ᯥ    ਭ
8- ய 8080,      1973  .  
ய 稫 祭 ப ࠭   ᥬ  .
  襩 ࠭   - ய  KP58080  ਬ-
   ⮢ ᮭ      ࠧࠧ
஫.  稯 8080 ⠪ 易  ⥪ 譥 -
,   ᯮ짮 ணࠬ  .
         8080  ᭮  ࢮ  讣  -
,  稫 ப  ࠭      .
樮 ⥬   뫠 ᮧ ମ Digital Research 
뢠 Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M).


        3.3.  8086/88.

         1979 . ଠ Intel ࢮ ⨫  16-  ய-
 8086,  ண 뫨    -
஢ ஢ 70- . ய 8086  "-
த⥫" 楫 ᥬ⢠, ஥ 뢠 ᥬ⢮  80x86  
86.
        H᪮쪮   ய  8088,  ⥪୮
騩 ய 8086  騩 16-  ७  -
,    設  ⠢ 8 .  ப  -
୮ ய ᯮᮡ⢮  ਬ ମ IBM  
ᮭ  PC  PC/XT.


        3.4.  80186/88.

         1981  .   ய  80186/80188,  
࠭﫨  ⥪ ய஢ 8086/8088,   ᮤ-
  ⠫ ஫ אַ 㯠  ,  稪/⠩-
  ஫ 뢠. ஬ ⮣,  뫠  ᪮쪮  ७
⥬ .  ப ࠭   ய
(  ᮭ  PCjr   ᭮),  稫.


        3.5.  80286.

        騬 㯭 蠣  ࠧࠡ⪥   ⠫ ய-
 80286, 訩  1982 .  ࠧࠡ⪥ 뫨  ⥭
⨦  ⥪  ப஢      ஢.
 80286  ࠡ   ०:    ०  ॠ쭮
  㫨 ய 8086,   饭 ०  -
㠫쭮  (Protected Virtual Adress Mode)   P-०  -
⠢ ணࠬ   ⥩    ।.  ।
   ⬥  ७  ᭮  ࠭⢮    16
,  ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢  ਯ ⠡,  -
稥   ६ ஢  ਢ,  প  ࣠樨
㠫쭮   ⨧筮.  80286 ਬ 
 PC/AT    PS/2.


        3.6.  80386.

         ࠧࠡ⪥ 32-⭮  80386 ॡ -
  ᭮  - ᮢ⨬  ந⥫쭮.  -
   뫠 襭   樨 ய 8086 - -
 ॠ쭮  (Real Adress Mode)  R-०.
         -०  80386  믮  16-  ண-
ࠬ ()  80286  - ⥫ 䨪-
権.   ⥬,  ⮬  ०   믮 ᢮  "-
⢥" 32- ணࠬ,  ᯥ稢 襭  ந-
⥫쭮 ⥬.   ⮬ ० ॠ     -
  ।⢠  80386, ।     ⬥
⠡஢   , ⮣쭮 ᯮ짮-
 ॣ஢ 饣 祭,  , ।⢠  ⫠.
᭮ ࠭⢮   ⮬ ० ⠢ 4 .
        ய 80386  ࠧࠡ稪 ⥬ 讥  ᫮
  䥪⨢ ⥩,  ந⥫쭮  3 
4  権  ᥪ㭤,  32- ⥪, 4  -
⭮ (2 ) 䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢮  ७  -
祭 ࠡ  ࠭筮 㠫쭮 .
        ᬮ     ᫥  ⨦  ய-
୮ 孨, 80386 ࠭ ᮢ⨬  ꥪ⭮  
 ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  讬 ⢥ ᠭ   
।⢥, 8086  80286. ᮡ    ।⠢  ⠪
᢮⢮ 80386,  㠫쭠 設, ஥  80386  -
४  믮 ணࠬ, ࠢ塞 ࠧ묨 樮-
묨 ⥬, ਬ, UNIX    MS-DOS.    ᢮⢮  
ந⥫ ਣ ⥬ ।⢥   ਪ-
 ணࠬ ᯥ祭  16- 設   ⥬    
32- ய஢. 樮 ⥬ P-०  ᮧ-
 ,   ࠡ  ० 㠫쭮  -
 8086 (Virtual 8086 Mode)  V-०. ਪ ணࠬ, -
 믮  ⮬ ०, ,   ࠡ⠥   -
 8086.
        32-⭠ ⥪ 80386 ᯥ稢 ணࠬ  -
, 室  প  "  "  ⥬,  ࠪਧ㥬
ﬨ  訬 ᫠, 訬 ࠬ ,  -
 ணࠬ ( 訬 ᫮ ணࠬ)  ..  ᪮  -
᭮ ࠭⢮ 80386 ⮨  2   4 ;    -
᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢮ ⮨    2      64  ࠡ
(⡠). ᥬ 32-  ॣ஢ 80386   -
塞 ᯮ짮  ࠭    ६  ࠧ
ᯮᮡ 樨.     ᥡ 8-, 16-   32--
 楫  浪, 㯠  㯠 , 㪠-
⥫, ப , ⮢,  ᫮      ᫮.  ய
80386   ⥬   権  ⨬ ⨯ -
,  ⠪  ࠢ 믮 ணࠬ. ᮡ  樨
80386 ᯥ稢 䥪⨢   ⠬ ⠭ -
 : ᨢ, ᥩ, ᨢ ᥩ  ᥩ,  ᮤঠ-
 ᨢ.
        ய 80386 ॠ    孮  
Intel CH MOSIII - 孮᪮ ,  ꥤ饣    ᥡ
 ᮪ த⢨ 孮 HMOS    ॡ-
 孮 . ᯮ짮 ਨ 1,5   ᫮  -
⠫樨  80386  275000 ࠭஢   ⠫.  -
 ᪠  ਠ 80386, ࠡ    I2    I6
  ﭨ , 祬 ਠ 80386  16  ᯥ-
 ᪮ ࠡ 3-4  権  ᥪ㭤.
        ய 80386 ࠧ   6 ⮭  ࠫ-
쭮 ࠡ   ᮮ⢥饩 ᨭ஭樥.  -
७ 設, ᮥ騥  ,  ࠧ來 32 . -
ୠ ࣠ 㭪樮   80386  ᪠  ६-
  믮 ࠧ ⠤    -
६ 믮 ᪮쪮 権.  ஬  ୮  ࠡ⪨
 ,  80386 믮 鸞  権  ⢫
ᯥ樠묨 묨 㧫.  㬭/ 80386  
믮 32-⭮ 㬭  9-41 ⠪ ᨭ஭樨,   -
  ᫠  ;   ࠧ 32-  ࠭
 38 ⠪⮢ ( 砥 ᥫ  )   43 ⠪  (  砥
ᥫ  ).  㯯 ᤢ  80386      
⠪ ᤢ  1  64 . 饭     (-
  ன⢠ /뢮)  ந   ᯮ짮
୮ ନ஢    㢥祭  ६  ⠭
 ᫥   3 ⠪⮢  ࠭ ⠪ 横  
. ᫥⢨ ७ ୮ ନ஢  
 ᯮ , 80386,  ࠢ,     -
 ᫥騩 ࠫ 横  ६ ⥪饣  ࠫ쭮-
 横.  ୮ ନ஢  ।   -
 ଠ  ⥬ , , ⥬  ᠬ,  
  ஢ ᫥騩 ࠫ 横,    ६
 㣮  ॠ  ⥪騩 ࠫ 横.


        3.7.  80486.

         1989 . Intel  ।⠢  ࢮ  ।⠢⥫  ᥬ-
⢠ 8086, ᮤঠ饣   ࠭஢  稯.  稯
  室  80386.   100% ணࠬ ᮢ⨬   ய-
ࠬ 386() DX & SX.   ࠭஢  ꥤ
- (ᢥன ⨢ ),     ன
 믮 権  饩 ⮩  ࠢ   
 奬, ⥬    ন  ணࠬ  ᮢ-
  ।騬 童 ᥬ⢠  ஢  ⥪  86.
 ᯮ㥬 樨 믮   横,    ࠢ
 ᪮ 믮 RISC-. 쬨 㭨஢-
     , ᮥ  設 ⭮  -
묨  ᪮ 80/106 /ᥪ   25/33   ࠭-
 ᮪ ந⥫쭮 ⥬     ண  ᪠
(DRAM).     筮  ⥬.  
樨 㢥稢 ᪮ ࠡ  ᥬࠬ  . 㤮-
  奬 ࠭ ⨢稢 -  -
ন  ।⢠    ॠ樨  ஢   ஢.
஥  ⥬  ஢  ஢  奬   ,
-  奬 ࠭筮 ८ࠧ ᮢ  -
.  ⫠      ᥡ  ⠭  襪  -
஫ 祪  믮塞    㯥  .  -
 i486  ஥  奬 ७     ࠭
8   .  㢥稢 த⢨ ⥬,  -
  ७  ⥭ ॥, 祬  믮  横-
 ⥭ ⨢   設.  ।⢮  㬥蠥  ⠪
ᯮ짮 ஬ 譥 設. ७  ஧祭 
ࠡ ணࠬ.  i486  ᯮ짮  譨  
ண ஢  奬 . 筮 譨   -
 㢥 த⢨  㬥   ய᪠  設,
ॡ㥬 ஬ i486.


        3.8. Intel OverDrive .

         ﭭ ᮢ襭⢮. 짮⥫ -
ᮭ ஢   ⠫  ⨬     -
 ॡ  யࠬ    ஭  ⭮  
ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ଠ Intel 㢥७:  ⥣  -
襭⢮ - ࢮ砫쭮   ⥬  -
୨樨, ୨樨 ᮣ᭮ 訬 㦤.      -
   ।⠢  訬  ॡ⥫.  ଠ  Intel
㯨   Intel OverDrive , 뢠饣  
⥣  ᮯ஢. ᫥ ⮩ ⠭ ⮣ ᮯ-
   १  ᪮ ࠡ ᥩ ⥬  ਪ-
 ணࠬ  MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2, Windows'95  UNIX.
          ⮩ -⢥  奬    ࠧ  
ᬮ ᯮ짮 २⢠  ⥣   Intel,
  襩 த樨.   ⠭  ⨬  ,
  ॡ ந⥫쭮 , 祬  襣  -
,  ,   㤥 㦭 -  ⠢  OverDrive  -
   ⥬ -  짮 २⢠,   
  யୠ 孮  Intel.  祬  -
 ୨, OverDrive  -   ⥣    
     ᮭ .
        Intel OverDrive  ࠭   ⢥  ⠭-
⠬   ୨. ᥣ   奬 㢥-
 ᫨⥫  襣   ॡ ᠬ  ᮢ-
६ ணࠬ ᯥ祭    ணࠬ,   
 ᠭ,  MS-DOS,  Windows,  PS/2,  UNIX,   AutoCAD  -  
WordPerfect.
        ⠪,   ய  ਨ Single Chip  Upgrade
(⢥ 襭 -  奬) -  OverDrive -
    ⥬    ᭮  Intel    i486SX.    ⠭    
OverDrive-ࠧꥬ,    ⥬ i486SX  ᯮ짮-
  孮 "㤢 ᪮", ᯮ㥬  -
 i486DX2,   饥 㢥祭 ந⥫쭮    70%.
OverDrive   ⥬ i486SX ᮤন   権  
楫묨 ᫠,  権  ᫠  饩 窮,  -
 ࠢ   8 -   ⠫, ࠡ-
饬  ,   ࠧ ॢ饩  ⠪⮢    ⥬
設.  㭨쭮 ᢮⢮   㤢 ⠪⮢  -
 襩 ⥬,    㯪  ⠭ 㣨  -
⥫ ⮢. OverDrive  㤢, ਬ,  ७-
   i486SX 25   50 .
         Intel OverDrive  -   ᮢ襭  孮 -
⢥ ୨樨,   㧭    䠬    Intel.
⮢  ⠭   ᮮ⢥⢨    ⪨  ⠭⠬
Intel, OverDrive ⫨砥 ४訬 ᥡ ᢮⢠  -
樨 Intel: ⢮  . OverDrive ᯥ祭  -
 ࠭⨥   ਢ  ࢨᮬ    প    ᥬ  .
OverDrive  ᮢ⨬  祬  50000 ਪ ணࠬ.
OverDrive   i486SX - ⮫쪮       -
஢.  ஬ 㣮 1992   ⨬  OverDrive  -
  ⥬ i486DX2, ᠬ  ᥡ ।⠢   -
 孮 .   㯭, OverDrive   ஫-
   뢭   ⢥  ஢  ந-
⥫쭮 ᮭ ஢.
        H १  ⠭ Intel  overdrive
:
        1.   Microsoft Word for Windows 6.1   ।  Windows
3.0,  ⥪⮢ ஬.
         ᯮ  ⥬  i486SX 20   䠩  330  
WordPerfect, ८ࠧ  ଠ Windows Word,  뫮  믮
648 ⥪ ᪮  , ஢ઠ ࠢᠭ  ᥬ  䠩-
, ⥬ 䠩  ࠭.
        ६ ᯮ:
             i486SX  OverDrive =107 
             ----------------------------     = 57%
             i486SX  OverDrive =   68 
        2.   Lotus 1-2-3 Release  3.0,  ஭  ⠡,
ਡ饩    ⥣஢  ।,  饩
ப 롮஬ ᪨, ᪨   ᪨  -
権.
         ᯮ  i486SX 20   ⠡楩 ꥬ 433  
10000 祥,  뫠 㦥  ⠭. ஬  ⮣,  
ࠡ⠭ 让  ⥪⮢ .
        ६ ᯮ:
             i486SX  OverDrive=250 
             ----------------------------     = 481%
             i486SX  OverDrive = 43 

             i486SX  i487SX =  72 
             ----------------------------     = 67%
             i486SX c OverDrive =   43 c

        3.   AutoCAD, ୮ ⥬ .
         ᯮ  i486SX 20   嬥  ⥪
⥦,   믮﫨 樨 稢, ࠬ-
஢, ⠡஢, 㤠    ୮ -
樨 䠩  譥 ଠ.
        ६ ᯮ:
             i486SX  i487SX =  162 
             ----------------------------     = 45%
             i486SX c OverDrive =   112 c
             OverDrive  ,  㦥  -
⫨ ࠡ  :
        ७ : (ᯥ樠  ⮬⨧樨  ᮢ, US Bank,
⫥) " ⥬ ﬨ ୨樨,   ।⠢
Intel 486,    稭  ᯮ짮 OverDrive . 
ᠥ  ⠭  ⥬,      ⨬  ࠢ    
10-⭨ 뭨誠."
            :    (㪮⥫    ஥⭮    㯯,Turner
Corporation,  ) " ࠡ⠫  Windows   OS/2      Banyan
Wines, ᯮ OverDrive    .  ᮢ-
襭⢮ ⥬  i486SX 25  ࠡ⠥  㦥, 祬  ⥬
 50 ."
        ⨢  :  (孨᪨    ,CompUSA,    )
"Windows   ,  ࠡ⠥  OverDrive  ஬.
  ஭ ⠡  Excel 믮 ."
        3.9.  Pentium.

          ६,      ᪨,  砢  
 1989  ࠧࠡ Pentium ,       ॢ,
   த 㤥        ⨦  
Intel.  ⮫쪮 믮 । ⠯ ஥, ࠧ  稭-
  ᥮ꥬ饣 ஢.  ஢ 뫠 ࠧ-
⠭ ᯥ樠쭠 孮,  ஢  㭪樮-
 Pentium   ᯮ짮 ணࠬ㥬 ன,
ꥤ  14    . 쪮  뫨 -
㦥  訡,  ᬮ ࠡ  ॠ쭮 ⥬.  -
  ᥬ,   ࠧࠡ⪨  ஢ Pentium -
 ਭ ⨢ ⨥  ᭮ ࠧࠡ稪  -
 ஢  ணࠬ ᯥ祭,     ᯮᮡ-
⢮ 饬 ᯥ ஥.   1991 ,  뫠 -
襭  ,  ᬮ      ணࠬ
ᯥ祭. ஥஢騪 砫   ᪮  ࠧ
 宦 ᨣ    楫 ⨬樨  ⮯  
襭 䥪⨢ ࠡ. ஥஢  ᭮  뫮  -
襭  䥢ࠫ 1992  .  砫  ᥮ꥬ饥  ஢
⭮ ⨨ ஢,  祭 ண ⠭  ࣠-
    㧫.  ५ 1992  뫮 ਭ 襭,  
 稭 ஬諥 ᢮ Pentium .    ⢥
᭮ ஬諥  뫠 ࠭ 5 ॣ᪠ 䠡ਪ.  
3  ࠭஢ 뫨 ⥫쭮  ७ᥭ    蠡.
砫 ஬諥 ᢮ ந⢠      孨᪨
ࠪ⨪, 訢訥 १ 10 楢, 22    1993  
ப १樥 Pentium .
        ꥤ , 祬 3.1  ࠭஢   ६-
 , 32-ࠧ來 Pentium  ࠪਧ  -
᮪ ந⥫쭮  ⠪⮢ ⮩ 60  66 .    -
᪠ୠ  ⥪  ᯮ  ᮢ襭⢮   ᯮᮡ
஥஢,   믮 , 祬   
  ਮ ⠪⮢ ,  १ 祣 Pentium  -
 믮 ஬ ⢮ PC-ᮢ⨬ ணࠬ -
祭 ॥, 祬  㣮 ய.  ஬  -
 ࠡ⮪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᮪ந⥫ -
᪨   饩 ⮩ Pentium   ᯥ稢
㢥祭 ᫨⥫쭮 魮  室   ᯮ짮
㯭 ࠭ 孨᪨     ਫ,  ࢮ砫쭮
।祭   ࠡ ⠭権.
        ᫥    -   ࠪୠ    ᮡ
Pentium    㭨쭮 ⠭  ᮪  ந-
⥫쭮, ᮢ⨬, ⥣樨     騢.  
砥:
     - 㯥᪠ ⥪;
     - 쭮 ஢ ணࠬ   ;
     -  ।᪠ ࠢ쭮  室;
     - ᮪ந⥫  ᫥  饩 -
       ⮩;
     - ७ 64-⮢ 設 ;
     - প ୮ ० ࠡ;
     - ।⢠  ࠧ ࠭ ;
     - ।⢠ 㦥 訡  㭪樮쭮 -
       ;
     - ࠢ ந⥫쭮;
     - 騢   Intel OverDrive  .
        C㯥᪠ୠ ⥪ Pentium    ।⠢
ᮡ ᮢ⨬ ⮫쪮  Intel 媮 ਠ  -
⥪,   ⨣  ஢ ந-
⥫쭮 ।⢮ 믮 , 祬       
ਮ ⠪⮢ . ନ "㯥᪠ୠ" 砥  ய-
 ⥪,    ᮤন      ᫨-
⥫쭮 .  ᫨⥫ ,    ,  
㧫,  ந室  ᭮  ࠡ⪨    -
.
          㯥᪠୮  ⥪  Pentium   
।⠢ ᮡ ⢥ ࠧ⨥ ।饣 ᥬ⢠  -
஢  32-⮢ ⥪ன  Intel. ਬ,  
Intel486 ᯮᮡ 믮 ᪮쪮 ᢮       ਮ
⠪⮢ ,    ।騥  ᥬ⢠  ஢  
Intel ॡ ⢮ 横 ⠪⮢   믮 -
 .
         믮 ⢮    ਮ ⠪-
    ⮬,  Pentium    
 ,   믮  樨  ६.
 ,   Intel486   ஬,    Pentium
 믮          ⠯:  ।-
⥫쭠 ⮢, ࢮ ஢ ( ஢   ),
஥ ஢ (    ),  믮    ⭠
㧪.
         १  ⥪ ,  ࠢ 
।騬 யࠬ, ⥫쭮  襥  ⢮  -
   믮      ६.
        㣮 襥 ॢ樮 ᮢ襭⢮,  ॠ-
  Pentium ,    ࠧ쭮  ஢.
஢ 㢥稢 ந⥫쭮  ।⢮  ⨢樨
 ६ ࠭   ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ  
 , 砥  ன ,    -
饭  譥 ⥬      .  
Intel486, ਬ, ᮤন  8-KB   ஥  -,
ᯮ㥬 ६  ஢ ணࠬ   .
        ஥஢騪  Intel 諨  ࠭祭  ᯮ짮-
 ⥫쭮 , 믮  3.1   ࠭-
஢ Pentium  (  ࠢ, Intel486  ᮤন  1.2
 ࠭஢ ) ᮧ ࠧ쭮 ७  ஢
ணࠬ   .  蠥 ந⥫쭮  ।-
⢮ ᪫祭 䫨⮢  設        ஢
㯭 , 祬  뫮  ࠭. ਬ,  ६  -
 ।⥫쭮 ⮢, ᯮ  ,  祭
  .  砥     -,  
䫨  ᮬ ।⥫쭮 ⮢   -
  . 믮 ࠧ쭮 ஢      -
 ᪫砥 ⠪ 䫨,      -
  ६.  -  ணࠬ       
Pentium  ᮤন  8 KB ଠ樨 ,    -
   媠쭮 樠⨢  - ।-
祭   ⮫쪮 ।⥫쭮 ᬮ७  ᯥ-
 32-⭮ ᥣ, 祬 ॥, 祬 譨  .  
 ᮡ ७ ந⥫쭮 ॡ  ᯮ짮-
 64-⮢ ७ 設 ,   ᯥ稢  -
  ஢  㯥᪠୮ ୮ ࠡ⪨
६  㧪 ᫥ .      -
䥩,        ஢,     
ᯥ稢 묨  ⤥ 樨  祭    -
設 横. ᫥ ⮣,     ,  -
     ० ⭮ .  孨  -
஢   ந⥫쭮, 祬 ⮥ ஢  
।⢥ ,  ஬    뢠  
६    ᭮ .   , Pentium  -
 ᯮᮡ ᪨ 䨣஢   প  ஢-
  ।⢥ .
         ࠧ, ஢  ᯮ    ࠧ
 襭:   ⭮    ,  
MESI ( 䨪, ᪫祭, ।, ᢮)  -
.   ⭮   뢠      -
  ᭮   ⫨稥  ᯮ㥬  ⮣  ।-
⢥ ⮣ ஢.  襭  㢥稢  ந-
⥫쭮 ।⢮ ᯮ짮 ८ࠧ 設  ।-
⥫쭮 ᪫祭 ᠬ 㧪   ⥬.  ᢮  ।
MESI-⮪    -  譥   ᮢ-
 -  襭   ᮢ襭⢮  ⨯-
 ⥬,  ࠧ   ᯮ짮   ࠡ-
     .
         ।᪠ ࠢ쭮  室 -   ᫥-
饥  襭    ᫥, 㢥稢饥  ந-
⥫쭮 ।⢮   ஢ , ᭮-
  ।⥫쭮 । ࠢ쭮  , -
   믮.
        Pentium   믮 ⥬᪨  -
   ᮪ ஢  ᯮ짮 ᮢ襭⢮-
 ஥  ᫥   饩  ⮩,  
砥 쬨⠪⮢   ⭮ ॠ  ᭮
⥬᪨ 㭪樨. ⠪⮢   ᫥-
  饩 ⮩  ⠪⮢ 楫᫥ -
ਧ.    ᫥  饩 ⮩ -
 믮   楫᫥ , ᫥ 祣 
  ᫥  饩 ⮩.   㭪樨 ᫥-
  饩 ⮩, ⠪  ᫮,  㬭    ,
ॠ ⭮  楫 ᪮७ ᫥.
         १  権, Pentium  믮 -
 ᫥  饩 ⮩   ࠧ ॥, 祬  33-
Intel486 DX, ⨬   ᮪᪮ ᫥  ᫥-
,  ꥬ   ⠪  ᮢ襭⢮  -
ਫ,  CAD  3D-䨪.
        Pentium  ᭠㦨 ।⠢ ᮡ 32-⮢  -
ன⢮.  設      64-⮢,  㤢-
 ⢮ , ।  祭  設  横.
Pentium  ন ᪮쪮 ⨯ 設 横,  -
  ०,  祭 ண ந室     
256       祭  設 横.
            ࠫ,    ।
ଠ  ஬  ⥬  .    ⮩
64-⮢ 設 , Pentium  ⢥ 蠥  ᪮-
 ।  ࠢ  ஬ Intel486 DX -  528  MB/ᥪ
 66 ,   ࠢ    160  MB/ᥪ    50    
Intel486 DX.  ७ 設   ᯮᮡ  ᮪᪮-
 ᫥  প ६ ⪨ -
  묨 ୮  㯥᪠ ᫥, -
 祬 ⨣       ந⥫쭮  Pentium
  ࠢ  ஬ Intel486 DX.
          ࠧࠡ稪 ஥஢ ⥬   -
ࠢ ࣮ॡ, ⮩  㣨 ᢮⢠,  Pentium
 ন ० ࠢ ⥬ (SMM),  -
 ⥪ Intel SL.
          ᥬ,  ᤥ   32-⮢  ய-
୮ ⥪  Intel, Pentium   ᪮஢
  騢  ᯮ짮  ⥪  騢
 Intel.    樨 짮⥫ -
।⢮ 騢 ந⥫쭮,    ন-
 ஢ த⨢ ⥬, ᭮   ⥪  -
஢  Intel, , 祬 த⥫쭮   ⤥
⮢. 孮 騢      ᯮ짮
२⢠ 設⢠ ஢ ᮢ襭⢮ 孮 
㦥  ⥬   ⮩ ⠫樨 ।⢠  -
⠫쭮  騢  ந⥫쭮.  ਬ,   ࢮ
।⢮ 騢 -  OverDrive  ,  ࠧࠡ⠭  
஢ Intel486 SX  Intel486 DX, ᯮ騩 孮 -
⮣ 㤢 ⠪⮢ , ᯮ짮   ࠧࠡ⪥  -
ய஢ Intel486 DX2.
           Pentium ࠡ⠫   60  66
  頫  ᢮ 譥 - ண ஢  64--
⮢ 設 , ࠡ饩   ᪮ ୮ .
H ᫨ ᪮  Pentium ,  ⥬  ࠧࠡ-
稪  㤭  ஦ 室  ᮣᮢ    ਭ᪮
⮩. ⮬   Pentium ᯮ ⥫  -
  ᨭ஭樨 譥 設   襩 .  H-
ਬ,  100   Pentium  設 ࠡ⠥  66 ,
  90  -  60 .  Pentium ᯮ       
設  㯠  ᭮       ਩  ⥬,
⠪  奬 PCI.


        3.10.  Pentium Pro.

        3.10.1. 饥 ᠭ .

        Pentium Pro  ᮪孮  ⮣  -
  ᮪஢ ⮯, ࠡ ⠭権  ⨯-
 ࢥ஢. ᮢ ந⢮  Pentium  Pro,  -
ঠ饣  ⠫ ⮫쪮 ࠭஢, ᪮쪮    -
  ਩ , ࠧ  ᪮쪨 ਠ   
1 , ..  ᠬ  . 楤 砩 
ਨ ,   ஭ ஬諥.
        H   ᮡ. ᨢ 㯥મ-
ୠ 奬, ন ᯮ   ந쭮  -
, ᫮ ᯮ  । ( 30 )    寮-
 㯥᪠ୠ ஠⥪.   ⮤    ࠧ
ࠦ,        祬- ਣ:  -
 稯 NexGen  Cyrix ⠪  ᯮ    奬.  ,
Intel  祢 ॢ室⢮.      Pentium  Pro
஥ 筠 -, ᮥ     ⤥쭮  設.
 , 믮   ⤥쭮  ⠫  ᪮  
 256  512, ᬮ஢  ஬  ᠤ筮  
筮 嬥⭮   Pentium Pro,  ⥫쭮
⨫ ࠧࠡ稪 ஥஢    ஢  ᫨-
⥫ ⥬   ᭮.
        쭠 ந⥫쭮    -
 200 ,  뢠  ⢥ ஢  -
⮢ ਥ  䥢ࠫ᪮ 孮᪮ ஢ P6.
        Pentium Pro  ⥫ 蠣 ।.     -
 Pentium  뫠 ॠ 㯥᪠ୠ ଠ  ⥪-
 86,   뫠 ࠭祭 ॠ:   ⥣஢ -
 楫᫥ ஢,   ࠡ뢠   
 ࠫ쭮,   浪 ᫥     ணࠬ  
 .. ᫮ ᯮ (।). H⨢,    
 寮筠 㯥᪠ୠ 設,  ᯮᮡ ६-
 ᫥ 宦  .  ᮣᮢ  ⠪ -
᮪ ய᪭ ᯮᮡ ॡ १  奬 -
஢,  䠩 ॣ஢,    㡨  ०饩
롮ન  ᫮ ᯮ  ,  ᮢ襭⢮  
।᪠ ᮢ 室  ॠ ⨭ 設  ,
ࠡ뢠    浪,   ࠧ      ⮢
  . ᭮,   奬  襥, 祬 Pentium,  
 ન,   Intel, 䨪 Pro   .


        3.10.2.  ⠫   .

         ࠧ⥫쭠  Pentium Pro -  ᭮  易  
஬ - ண ஢ (L2), ⠫ ன ᬮ-
஢  ⮩  ,   .  ⠪, Pentium Pro  
稯   . H  稯 ࠧ饭 ᮡ⢥    -
,  饥   8-⮢    -  ࢮ
஢; 㣮 稯  256- , 㭪樮饥    媠-
쭠 浪-樠⨢  ண ஢.
          ⠫ ꥤ  饬 387-⠪⭮  -
,  易 ﬨ,  室騬  譨  ⠪.  H-
  뢠 ⠪ 稯   (multichip module),  -
 Intel ᯮ     ନ  dual-cavity  PGA  (pin-grid
array).  ᫨誮 易  ,  ⭮,    -
 થ⨭,   孮, ⠪  ᯮ짮  ࠡ-
⠫ ᥡ ९ ண饩 孮. H ࠢ  業  
 Pentium  Pentium Pro,  ⢥ত,   ନ-
 ࠢ  , ⠪  P6 ⥭   -
ᮢ  .      ਨ  ஬諥  -
⠫  ⠭ 㯭਩ .
        ⥯ ⥣樨   ⠪ ࠦ:   -
ন 5.5 . ࠭஢,   15.5 . 室  ⠢ -
⠫ -.  ࠢ, ᫥   Pentium
⮨  3.3 . ࠭஢. ⢥,   ᫮   -
祭  L2, ᪮ Pentium ॡ ⠭ 譥  
奬 ᪮   ॠ樨 筮 -.
            6祬    256  
ॡ ⠪ ஬ ᫮ ࠭஢.    ᪮  ,
஥  ⫨稥  ᪮, 饣 ᥣ    ࠭
  ࠭  ਮ᪨ ॣ㥬, ᯮ   -
  祩   ࠭஢:
        256  1024  8   6 -஢ = 12.5  .  ࠭஢.  
⮬ ஢  離 ⥫  ࠧ  멤 15.5 .
        頤 ୮ ⠫ ࠢ 306 .. (  ࠢ-
,   ࢮ    Pentium  ⠫    頤  295
.). ⠫ ᪮ ,   猪  猪  ॣୠ
, 㯠  ⭥ - 202 .. 쪮 Pentium  Pro
150 MHz ⠢  0.6-஭ 孮.    ⠫
ᨨ       ⠢        0.35-஭
BiCMOS-孮  ᫮ ⠫樥.
        祬   Intel  諠    ⠫  ,
ꥤ     襬? - ஢ -
 ⥫쭮 ⨫ ⮢⥫  ࠧࠡ  ᮪ந-
⥫ ⥬   Pentium Pro.
           ஡    ஥஢    
஬  易   ᮣᮢ  ஬ -
筮    ࠧ  䨣樨. ஥  6  -
  㦥 ⮭ ஥      ࠧࠡ稪  -
⥬  ⥣஢ ⮢   ਭ .
        -, 筠  ᭮ 易   ஬      -
 뤥 設 ਭ 64 , ࠡ饩      
 . ᫨  ᨭ஭ ⮩  150  ,    
 ࠡ   150 .
        ᪮   Pentium Pro  뤥 設  
筮 ,  蠥 ࠧ  ஡: ᯥ稢  ᨭ-
஭ ࠡ  ன   ᪮  ⢨ -
७樨  設  稬  ﬨ  -뢮.  쭠  設
L2, "" 設  ⤥   㦭,  "।"  設
-뢮,  祬  P6 筠   蠥 ᢮  横-
     ਥ. । 64-⮢ 設   -
  ⮩, ࠢ ,   ⢥ ᪮  -
 Pentium Pro. "" 設  த  ࠡ  ᨬ,  
 ᪮.
         ॠ ।⠢ 쥧 蠣 ।   ࠢ-
  ࣠樥 設   pentium    㣨 ஢
86. 쪮 NexGen ਡ  ⠪ 奬.     -
 Nx586   L2,  ஥  ஫  ᪮-
⭠ 設  裡  譥  -.    6,  
Nx586 頥  ᭮   ਩묨  ⥬  -
 ⤥쭮 設 -뢮, ࠡ饩   .
         ᪮ ஬ Alpha 21164  Digital -
  , ⥣஢ אַ  ⠫      -
筮 -   96  筮.   㢠 -
 ⠫ ⨣ 楤⭠ ந⥫쭮 ஢-
. ࠭   ⠢ 9.3    ࠭-
஢,   ண ࠧ ᨢ .
          :   Pentium  Pro,  ,
㤭 ᯥ⠬  ᫥ ᮮ⭮襭 業  ந-
⥫쭮. ⥣஢    த     .
Penyium Pro ᬮ   ண, 祬  ७,  
 ᮧ   㣨    ॡ  譨
  奬      -஫.   䥪⨢    
- 砥,  㣨 ࠬ, ⥭騬   -
⠢ ந⥫쭮, ॡ  -  ,  祬
256 .
          ।⠢ ᢮ ᮧ    -
ਠ⮢ .  饬   襭 ꥬ  --
, ⠪   ⤥      ᮮ⢥⢨    ࠤ-
樮 室. ᫨ ᫥ ਠ ,     -
ᮢ⨬  譨 뢮   ⠫    ᮬ,
⠪   室   72  ⥫  뢮  (64-
"" 設  8  ஫ 訡). H  㤥   ⠪  
, ᫨ 㤥 ப 㯭 ᪠      
०.   ஢ Intel,  祭  譨  奬
  "।" 設 Pentium Pro  楫  ॠ樨  -
쥣 ஢,   ࠢ. ࠢ 窮  ⠪ 㡥-
 㦠 १ ୮ ஢ ⨯  -
,  ᫥⢨ ᮪ 䥪⨢ 䥩   L2--
, ࠪ᪨   ⥮᪮  ।  㦠  ᫨-
⥫  .  Alpha 21164,  ⨢,  ஥-
  ⮬ 室  L3.













        3.10.3. 祭 ⮢   稯  Intel.


 Ŀ
                 Intel    Intel    Intel    Intel    Intel  
  Processor     Pentium  Pentium  Pentium  Pentium  Pentium 
  Benchmarks      Pro      Pro      Pro      Pro   processor
               processorprocessorprocessorprocessor(133MHz) 
               (200MHz) (180MHz) (166MHz) (150MHz)          
                                 w/512K L2                  
 ͵
 UNIX                                                       
 Ĵ
 SPEC95                                                     
 SPECint95        8.09     7.29     7.11     6.08     4.14  
 SPECint_base95   8.09     7.29     7.11     6.08     4.14  
 SPECfp95         6.75     6.08     6.21     5.42     3.12  
 SPECfp_base95    5.99     5.40     5.47     4.76     2.48  
 Ĵ
 SPEC92                                                     
 SPECint92       366.0    327.4    327.1    276.3    190.9  
 SPECint_base92  336.7    3.5.8    306.6    258.3    175.9  
 SPECfp92        283.2    254.6    261.3    220.0    120.6  
 SPECfp_base92   234.3    210.4    209.6    182.0    107.3  
 ͵
 Windows                                                    
 Ĵ
 Norton System                                              
    Index                                                   
 SI32             86.7    77.6      Not      67.0     34.2  
                                   tested                   
 Ĵ
 Ziff-Davis                                                 
 CPUmark32        541      466      Not      412      278   
                                   tested                   
 



        4.  ७⮢ Intel.

        4.1.   ७⮢ Intel.

        Intel 뫠  ⢥ ମ - ந⥫ ய-
஢:  ⢮    MOS  Technologies,  Mostek,  Motorola,
Rockwell,  Standart  Microsystems  Corporation,   Synertek,    Texas
Instruments.    ᯮ짮 ᢮ ᮡ⢥  ஥  -
, 㣨 - 業 ஥ ᢮ ७⮢. ᯥ譥  
  70- ࠡ⠫ ଠ Zilog.  ᮧ 稯 Z80.
          ६,   ,  ࠡ騥    ࠢ
/, ࠭  ,  Apple II 㪢쭮  -
  誮. ଠ Apple  ⢥ ᭮    ᢮
 ࠫ 稯  MOS Technologies 6502.     業-
 稯  Rockwell and Synertek. Apple  砫  ᯮ짮
 Motorola   ᢮  Macintosh.  ࠡ⪨
 Intel  Motorola   ६,  ꥤ 
 ⮫쪮 . ய Intel 80486  Motorola 68040,  -
,    ᫮      室  㭪樮
.   ,  ᮢ襭 ᮢ⨬.   -
⮬  Macintosh  PC   믮     ணࠬ.
         ਭ樯쭮 ⫨稥    樮  ࠧ⨨
  ᥬ ய஢. Intel 砫  쭮  -
⥫쭮  訬 ᮢ६ ઠ ᭮  ࠭⢠    1
  ﭭ 騢   뭥譥  ࠧ    4  .
Motorola  ᢮ ਨ 680x0 ᥣ  ᭮ ࠭⢮   4
. IBM ⨫ 稯 ROM  ᭮ ࠭⢮ ᢮  PC  
 .    訡 뫠   ⮬,     Intel  ந
"ன ⠦"  ⠪ ࠧ ⠢ ROM   IBM -
।,  ண ᯮ짮 RAM,  ᠬ   ᥡ,  -
 ,   . ࠡ稪 ᥬ⢠ 稯 6800   
뢠  㤮,  ⮬ 祭    ணࠬ⮢
,  Mac .
        Intel ਫ ⥫  ᨫ,    ⠭⨧-
 ந⢮  ஢ 8086  8088  ।--
稪. H᪮쪮 ।⨩ ਭ﫮 ⠪ ᮣ襭.   Haris
⨫ ᢮ 稯 -  8086  8088,   ᥣ  㤮-
⢮﫨 ⨬ ਭ ᮣ襭.  ᯮ짮 孮 CMOS,
⥫쭮 ᮪ ॡ ࣨ,     ᢮⢮
ᤥ  稯 祭 묨, ᮡ । ந⥫ 
 ࠭   ⠫.
        ଠ NEC । ᢮ ⠪  뢠  V-  稯  
,  稯 V20   ⨢  ᮢ⨬    稯
Intel 8088,   ᮢ襭⢮   権,  
 ⮬  樨 稯 8080.  砫,      -
 ணࠬ, ᠭ   CP/M,      䨪樨,  -
  ணࠬ,   ⮬  २⢠ -
権 8080, ᮤঠ  稯 V20.  稯 V30     8086  
祭묨 ⥫묨 ﬨ.
         V-ਨ  NEC ⠪ ࠡ⠫  ॥ -
 稯  Intel.  稯   ᯥ,  祬  뫠
ࠧᠤ Intel. ᫥     NEC  䠪  -
    ᪨ ࠢ. NEC  ⢥ .    -
 ᯮ  㫠  ਧ ⥫ - -
. 묨 뫨 ⠫ ⮣  㤥  ࠧ⥫⢠.  뫮
ਧ,  NEC  ⢨⥫쭮  ᯮ짮    ப
Intel,  뫮 襭  ᪮ ࠢ,  ᫨      뫮
 ࠧ ଫ. H ᪮ Intel ந  த-
  稯 8088   ᪮ ࠢ,     ⥭
뫨 ਧ ᭮⥫묨.  Chips and Technology,  -
 ⠫ ⭠     BIOS,    饥
६ ਫ   ந  稯. H   -
᪠  386.  ᪮  稯   묨 -
  ࠭ 稯, ⭮  㤥   .


        4.2.   AMD.

        4.2.1. 㤥 ࠧ⥫⢮  Intel.

        ଠ AMD 뫠 業 ந⥫ Intel, ந-
饩 80286. AMD ,   ࠪ  Intel   -
   稯 386. Intel ⥣᪨  ᮣ-
  ⨬. AMD 㤠 먣   㤥  ࠧ⥫⢮,  
⥯  ᪠  稯 386   ⠪⮢  ⮩  40  .
 稯  । ᯥ,  ⭮, -   -
 ᪮  ࠢ    ᠬ  த騬  稯  ਨ
Intel 386.  ᪥ ମ AMD  486 ଠ Intel ᭮ -
⠫ ⠭ ७.    ⮬ 砥    
஭ AMD.

        4.2.2.  ᥬ⢠ AMD5k86.

          1994  ᮢ ந⢮ 稯 5- -
 - ய஢ Pentium, ௮ Intel 魮 諠    -
. ᠫ쭠 ⥫㠫쭠   ஢,  
⥩訥 ந⢥ , ,  ⠢﫠  -
 蠭ᮢ ७⠬.  ⥬     ஬  ᨫ
ࠧ ᪮쪮 ᫥⥫. । , ,    -
 AMD  ᠬ "㤠" ⮢ .    Advanced
Micro Devices  ஥     ந ய-
஢.  ᥣ譨  饥 ᫮ 稯,  饭  ମ
AMD, ॢ   ⬥ 85  ,  ,  ᮣ,
ᠬ  ᥡ   ஬ ⥭樠 .
         "5"      AMD  뫠    ⫨.  Intel
Pentium  騢 : 66, 75, 90  ...  ⮢  
  㢥稢     .    ࠧࠡ-
  AMD, ஬  -  "K5",  ।⠢  뫮  -
⥫쭮 祣.  ⠭ .
        饥 饭   ᨫ   -
 Am5x86. , 稯 Am5x86     頭  5.  ய
।⠢ ᮡ "⢥"  訬 ﬨ,  -
,     "⭮" Pentium.   ࠭-
  ᯥ樠⮢, த:  "ந⥫쭮,  ࠢ  
ந⥫쭮 Pentium,  ⭥ ய Am5x86
 ன⢠ ⮣ ".
          ⥬, ⠢  ᢮  ( ७ ⥪-
)    486-, 稯 Am5x86, 騩  ⠪⮢  
133 ,  ᮯ୨  ࠢ   ஬  ᢮ -
 ஬ Pentium/75 . ᭮,    뫠  
 ⠪⮢   Am5x86,  ⮡    ந⥫쭮,
ࠢ  Pentium/166 !
        ⮬ ᮧ 稯 ⮣      Advanced
Micro Devices 뫮  ।.  ஥஢ ᢮  ।
஢  ࠫ     প  ௮樨
Intel.   砫 ࠧࠡ⪨ ᮡ⢥  ⮣ -
 ப ⢨ 業 ᮣ襭  ௮樥 Intel  -
襫  .   ࠬ AMD 諮   ࠧࠡ,  
뢠,  ⮣ .  ⭮, 諠 ஬誠   ஥-
஢ ஥  .        ஢
ࠧ  ⢥ ⫨. -ࠧࠡ稪  -
 AMD  ⠫  業 ᫠ CISC-権, -
 ࠧ .  १,  㤠   ஥-
 ஢ ந⥫쭮  ᯮ ணࠬ,  ⨬-
   Pentium.   ஥ ६  ,  -
 㣨 訡 뫨 ࠭.     1996  -
 AMD  म     ᢥ   -
 ⮣  - AMD5k86.

        4.2.2.1   ७ ⥪.

         AMD5k86,   ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨  AMD-K5
  Krypton,      童  㯥᪠୮   ᥬ⢠
(Superscalar family) K86.  ᮥ    ᥡ  ᮪  ந-
⥫쭮   ᮢ⨬  樮  ⥬  Microsoft
Windows.
        㯥᪠ RISC- AMD5k86 믮   035--
஭  -孮  (complimentary  metal-oxid    semiconductor
process)  ⮨  4.3 . ࠭஢.     
 ⮩ ਨ  ୮  ⥪ RISC  86.
            ᯥ樠⮢,  ࠧࠡ稪  稯  AMD5k85
諨 ⥫쭮  ࢮ砫쭮 ᫠: ᮧ ,
騩 RISC-,   ⮬ ᮢ⨬  ஬  権  86
砥 ᮢ⨬  樮묨 ⥬ Microsoft Windows 
ᥬ , ᠭ  ⥪ 86. ⮫ ⫨  ⠭
砩襩 ந⥫쭮     ᮢ⨬    Microsoft
Windows  稯 AMD5k86 ࠢ 童 5-    -
ய஢.
        ய AMD5k86  4-⮪ 㯥᪠୮  -
  﫥   㯮冷稢  믮  権
(full out-of-order execution).  AMDk586 㭠᫥ 訥  
    ᥣ譨   ய  ⢥:
ᥬ⢠ 86  㯥᪠ RISC-஢.     㭠-
 ⮫ 室  ᯥ譮 த   ୮
뭪 ᮢ⨬  樮 ⥬  WINDOWS.    ᥬ⢠
㯥᪠ RISC-஢   㭠᫥  砩訩  ஢
ந⥫쭮, ࠪ  稯, ਬ    ࠡ
⠭.
        ࠡ⠭  ࠬ    AMD    ।-
⥫쭮 ஢  ८ 騥 ⥪ 86
࠭祭 (ࠧ筠  権).  砥 ᯮ짮 -
権 ࠧ筮 , 稯 4-   ६ -
ࠡ뢠 1 ,  5-  (Pentium) - 2 -
.  ⮫쪮 ய AMD5k86 ᯮᮡ ࠡ뢠   4  -
権  ⠪.
        ᯮ짮 ࠧ쭮  権      (ꥬ
 権   ࠧ ॢ室 ꥬ  )  ᪫砥
  ७ 䫨⮢.
         ᪠ ய AMD5k86-P75,  AMD5k86-P90
 AMD5k86-P100 ந⥫쭮  (-३⨭)  ᮮ⢥
 Pentium  ⠪⮢묨 ⠬ 75, 90  100 .
         Advanced Micro Devices      ⮬
(1996)  3  .  ஢  ᥬ⢠  AMD5k86    祭ﬨ
-३⨭  75  166.       ᮯ⠢
  業    筮  ந⥫쭮  ஢
Pentium, ⭮,   ᪮쪮  .  ।  業  
AMD5k86-P75 ⠢  $75, 稯 AMD5k86-P90 - $99.
        ࠪ⨪ ய AMD5k86:
     - 4-⮪ 㯥᪠୮   6- ࠫ쭮  ࠡ-
 ᯮ⥫묨 ன⢠, ⠢騬 5-㯥  -
;
     - 4-⮪ 樠⨢        樥
ꥬ 16 ;
     - 4-⮪ 樠⨢    ⭮   -
 樥 ꥬ 8 ;
     -  㯮冷稢  믮  権,  ।-
⥫쭮 (speculative) ᯮ;
     - ᪨  ।᪠ 室 ꥬ 1 ;   -
砥 ࠢ쭮 ।᪠ প ⠢  3  ७-
 ⠪⮢;
     - 80-ࠧ來 ⥣஢, ᮪ந⥫쭮  ன-
⢮ 믮 権  饩 ⮩,  饥  訬
६ প  믮 権 +/*;
     - 饥 殮 - 3 ,  ⥬  SSM  (System  Management
Mode)  㬥襭 ॡ塞 魮;
     - 64-ࠧ來 設  ⥬ 䥩 饭    296--
⠪  SPGA, ᮢ⨬   뢮    ஬  Pentium
(P54C)    Socket-7;
     -  ᮢ⨬  Microsoft Windows    ⠫஢
   ஢ ⥪ 86.
        4.2.2.2. ਬ ન஢ ய AMD5k86-P75.


          Ŀ
             ####   ###   ### ######     Ŀ \
            ##  ##  ## ### ## ##   ##     `\Ŀ  \
            ######  ##  #  ## ##   ##      /      \
            ##  ##  ##     ## ######       ,  \
                                          /   \ \
   1 Ŀ                             \
   2  AMD5k86-75                           \
   3 Ŀ                         \
   4  AMD-SSA/5-75ABQ                         \
             E <datecode>         Designed for      \
   5          /\/Ŀ       \
             (m) (c)1996AMD         /\/Ĵ       \
                                    /\/       \
                                    Microsoft        \
   6  HEAT SINK              ----------       \
          \   AND FAN REQ'D          Windows 95     \
           \                                          \
            `\
             \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

                      祭:
  1. P-३⨭                   5. 饥 殮
  2.                         B=3.45 - 3.60B
  3.               C=3.30 - 3.465B
      W=55C     R=70C                F=3.135 - 3.465B
      Q=60C     Y=75C                H=2.76 - 3.0B
      X=65C     Z=85C                J=2.57 - 2.84B
  4. ਩                   K=2.38 - 2.63B
                 6.  ०







        4.2.2.3. .

        ⥬ -३⨭ ७ ந⥫쭮 ஢
뫠 ।  砫 1996   ﬨ  AMD,  Cyrix,  IBM  
SGS-Thomson Microelectronics. P-३⨭ ⠢,    १-
⠬ ஢ ⠫  Winstone  96,  ࠧࠡ⠭  -
⥫⢮ Ziff-Davis.   ।⠢ ᮡ   13  -
  ਬ塞 ਫ, ⠪  Microsoft Word  Exel.
         ,   ⫨稥  ⥬ ⮢ iComp, -
ன   ௮  intel    業  ந⥫쭮
᢮ ய஢, ⮢  Winstone 96  饤-
㯭.
         ᢮  稯 AMD5k86  AMD  ⨫  ⨭
᪮  ⠭    権  86      㯥᪠୮
RISC-⥪ (reduced instruction set  computing  architecture).
 ⢥ত  ᯥ樠 AMD,   ⠪  襭
ய  AMD5k86  ᯥ稢    30%     ந-
⥫쭮, 祬  Pentium  ⠪  ⠪⮢ ⮩. -
祬, १ ஢  ᯮ짮  ⮢ Winstone
96  Ziff-Davis 뢠,  २⢮ ᪮쪮 ஬-
.
                       ⮢ 䨣:
 Ŀ
  ਭ᪠     FIC PA2002                              
                 VIA Apollo Master                       
                    EDO DRAM ꥬ 16                   
  - L2        256                                   
             PCI Diamond Stealth64 3200              
  (640480256)                                                
  ࠩ         Diamond GT 4.02.00.218 for Windows 95   
  ⪨           EIDE Quantum Fireball  1.2   
 

                    AMD5k85-P75 CPU (index 48.8)
                    Pentium 75 (index 47.4)
                    AMD5k85-P90 CPU (index 56.7)
                    Pentium 90 (index 54.9)



        4.2.2.4. ਭ᪨   AMD5k86.
          ᮪ ப ࠭ ⥬  ,
          ஢     AMD 
         ४  ⠭   AMD5k86.
Ŀ
 ந⥫                   BIOS              
Ĵ
 Abit           PH5 1.3        SiS 551       Award Pentium PCI 
                                                 Sys BIOS (N35)
Ĵ
 Abit           PH5 2.1        Intel Triton  Award Pentium PCI 
                                                 Sys BIOS (C4) 
Ĵ
 Atrend         ATC1000        Intel Triton  Award             
                                             i430-2A59CA29C-00 
Ĵ
 Atrend         ATC1545 A1     OPTi Viper    Award OPTi Viper  
                                             ATS-1545 ver. 0.6.
Ĵ
 Biostar        8500TAC A1     Intel Triton  AMI 1993          
Ĵ
 ECS            TR5510         Intel Triton  Award             
                                            i430FX-2A59CE1NC-00
Ĵ
 ECS            AIO            Intel Triton  Award             
                                            i430FX-2A59CE1NC-00
Ĵ
 FIC            PA2002 1.21    VIA 570       Award 4.052G800   
Ĵ
 Gigabyte       GA586ATS 1B    Intel Triton  Award Intel 430FX 
                                                PCI-ISA v.1.26 
Ĵ
 Hsingtech      M507 1.1       Intel Triton  Award 2/1/1996x   
Ĵ
 Mycomp (TMC)   PCI54ITS 2.00  Intel Triton  Award             
                                            i430FX-2A59CM29C-00
Ĵ
砭: ࠭ ᨨ 㪠 ⥬  㦤  - 
 BIOS    ,ࠢ쭮 ᯮ 稯 AMD5k86

        4.2.2.5. AMD   K5.

         AMD ᨫ쭮      ᯥ譮  襣
஥ 5-ࢮ ᠬ⥫쭮 ஡ ⥪ ᨫ   
86.  5 ᭮ ⪫뢠 㦥    ࠧ.    ࢮ
⠫ ᫥饣  AMD  ॢ K5    孮-
   ஥묨 ଠ 0.35    ஢ ⠫-
樥, ࠧࠡ⠭  ᮤ⢨  H  ᪠   -
 AMD Fab 25  ⨭,  .    㬥  5  
4.2  ࠭஢  167 .     業  室
,  ⠪ ⠪⮢ .
          㪮⢠ AMD  1996  ꥬ ᪠  5  -
 騢 筮 ,   㧨   
    ஢. ⢥⮬  맮 Intel    
஬ Pentium Pro   ⮫쪮  6,  㦥 -
  ,   㤠 㢨 ࠭ 1997 .  Hᬮ  
ᥬ 室   Pentium,  ᫥饬     
࠭  뭪  486-. ᯥ ,   ॡ-
 ⠪ ॣ 뭪,  ⠩, ,  ,  -
 ய  ਪ,  486- 稯 ⠢  20   -
஢  1996 . AMD 뢠,      㤠  -
    ⮣ ⢠.  ⮬    蠥
⠪⮢  486-  133 ,  ⮡  ஢    訬
ﬨ  Pentium  ⮫  砫쭮 ஢. -
, AMD 㤥 ᨫ 騢  5, ᪮ 486-  
室  .


        4.3.  NexGen.

          ६:   Intel ⮢   讪-
 室   ਩  ࢥ஢   ⮫  設  
Pentium Pro, ଠ NexGen ।⠢﫠  ᢮     ࠧ-
⪥  Nx686.  㯥᪠ 86-ᮢ⨬  -
,  ࠧࠡ⪥ ண 砥      ⥪஢
 AMD,   ᮡ⢥ 㤠筮 ஥  6,  㤥  ᮤ-
  6 . ࠭஢,  ᫨⥫  饩 -
   ⠫  ஬ (⪠  ।饣 -
⠫쭮 室, ᫠襣 Nx586). 孮    ஥묨
ଠ 0,35   ᫮ ⠫樥    "㯠"
  c⠫ ᥬ ᯮ⥫ 㧫:   楫᫥,
  権    饩  窮,        ࠡ⪨
⨬,  室,  㧪   .  -
⥫ ந⥫쭮 ।⠢⥫ NexGen    ᬮ,
 ࠧ ।,   ॢ Pentium Pro   16-ࠧ-
來 ணࠬ ,   32-⮢ -  33 %.
             ⭮  Nx686, ⠪  稯    
஢  NexGen   뢠  ।  ७-
   AMD, Cyrix  Intel. , NexGen   뢠 -
 । ७⠬   AMD, Cyrix   Intel.  ,  NexGen
⠨  ⮬,  Nx686  ந⥫쭮 ᮯ⠢  -
᪨ Pentium Pro  AMD K5,   ᫥  ஠⥪  Nx586,
  1994 . NexGen 뢠  RISC86.   ,
   砥  Pentium Pro  K5, ⮨  ८ࠧ  ᫮
CISC- ணࠬ ᯥ祭 x86   RISC-  樨,
ᯮ塞 ࠫ쭮  ୮  RISC-⨯.   室,
   易 ஠⥪,  -
 CISC- 訬 ⨦ﬨ RISC-⥪   -
࠭ ᮢ⨬  騬   86.
         Nx686  䨫 த     ᪨  -
.   Nx586   ᯮ⥫  , 媮-
୮ 㯥᪠୮ .  ᯮᮡ 믮    ⠪  
  86.   ᮢ襭⢮ 祢: Nx586
㤥 ᮤঠ  ᯮ⥫ ,     -
쪮 ஢, ᯮᮡ ࠢ  믮     
  86      設  ⠪.    ⮣  ॡ
ந ⥫ ॣ २  । .
        室  ᯮ짮  ⥣஢  -஫  
䥩  ᪮⭮ - ⠥ . ।⠢-
⥫ NexGen ,     ᯮ짮 -
⠫ 筮 -  ࠧ   Intel, ⥬  
 ந⢥ ⭥  IBM  Microelectronics  ᯮᮡ  
      ⠫ ᡮન  (MCM  -  multichip
modules).
        ਬ ࠪ᪮  ॠ樨  孮      IBM
।⠢    Nx586, ஢  -
   ⮣    ⠫ CPU  FPU    -
. ६ ९஥஢ ⮯   ⠡஢
 ࠧ  0.35 ஭    NexGen  ᭮⥫쭮
㬥 ࠧ ⠫  -  118 . -   ⮬ -
 祣 .
        NexGen, 箪    㯯  ந⥫ ஢  86.
Nx596  ࠫ쭮 ࠡ뢠    ᪮쪨  ᯮ⥫
   ⥩  権,      
RISC86.  5  宦  寮  ,  
१  ࠡ  뢠 R-ops.


        4.4.  Cyrix.

        ࢠ   ࠭ ஥ 1  Cyrix, -
 த.    686-100,  ய  -
⠫ ண ᫮  祭 ண  ⮣, ⮡  ⥭  
ᮢ   祭 ⥫쭮 ப.  ஡ ᬮ -
 ,      M1rx    -
騩  孮   ᫮ ⠫樥, 騩   ᬥ
᫮ ᨨ ⮩  0.6- 孮. ᫨ ஥  㢥砥-
 ᯥ宬,  ࠧ ⠫  394 . 㬥  225 .,
⮣  Cyrix  蠭  ⠪⮢   120  .  
⮬ 砥 ᯥ ।᪠뢠  ந⥫쭮    ।-
 176-203   SPECint92, ..   ஢    Pentium
133 (SPECint92=190.9)  150 . ᫨   頭  ,  
Cyrix ᬮ த ⮫쪮 ஢, ᪮쪮 ந.  
 cyrix । ஬ ਠ   -  586,
᭮   486-, ᨫ ⠬ ⥪  686.
⮢  ⮣ ਤ 㤥 ᮢ⨬  殪  -
 486-.


        4.5.  Sun Microsystems.

        Sun  Microsystems    UltraSparc-II.    
RISC-孮, SUN  1988   SPARC  ⢥ ⠡-
㥬 ⥪,  ᮬ  饥. ,  1993  ॠ-
 SuperSparc ⠫  蠣 ⠢  ᢮ ७⮢.
          UltraSparc,  ⢥⮣    ⥪
SPARC,  뢠   ⠭ 祭  -
権.  ᮤন    ,   ᯮ⥫  :
 楫᫥ ,    ᫥    饩  窮
(  ᫮,   㬭        -
 ⭮ ),  ।᪠    室    
㧪/.  UltraSparc  ᮤন    ࠡ⪨   室,
஥  ࢨ  ,  ᫮  믮  ।᪠-
 室,    뤠   襭    ।-
.  㭪 ४뢠  ⨬騥 .
        ⥪ SPARC ᥣ  ॣ஢  ,  ..  -
ᥬ ४뢠   24   ॣ,    
। ⠭    ᭮ ४-
, 易  ⥭ᨢ묨 ﬨ  . ࠡ稪 -
஢ ᪫     襭,  ⮬  
UltraSparc ᯮ ᪠ ⥬ 易 設.  
 ࠧ來 128  ࠡ⠥   ᪮  ஬  -
.  ᮥ १  奬    128-ࠧ來
⥬ 設, ࠡ饩  , ⠢饩 , 
 ⢥ ᪮ ୮ .  ᮣᮢ    
"" ਥ 㦨 設 -뢮 Sbus.
        ଠ Sun ॠ  奬   ⭮  ஢    -
 樮 奬, 饩 ⠢  奬-
  㦥.  奬  ஢ 設  -
  設 -뢮, ⠪   த, ਬ,   
 ⥬    ன⢮ -뢮,    -
⠭  ६ ⥭ .   奬  ࠭  
ᯮ짮 ᮢ 設  ⠭ ய᪭  ᯮᮡ
1.3 /.
            UltraSparc-II  ᯮ  ⥬   
Visual Instruction Set (VIS),  30      -
⪨  ⨬, 䨪, ࠡ⪨  ࠦ    㣨
楫᫥ ⬮.  VIS    樨  ᫮,
⠭  㬭,   믮  쬨  -
権  楫묨   ࠫ쭮  樥 㧪  -
     樥 室   ⠪.  室  -
  ந⥫쭮 ⥬.


        4.6.  Digital Equipment.

        Digital Equipment  Alpha  ᭮  ᫥  
᫥ RISC-䨫䨨  ࠢ  ᢮ ७⠬,  "१
誨 ᠫ"    ⥬     楫  ᨬ쭮
שׂ  宦 . ࠡ稪 Alpha  㢥७,
 祭 ᮪  稯    訥  २⢠,  祬
㤫   ⢠.    ਭ樯  ࠡ⠫: ⠫
21164  ᠬ    ஬   ᢮  
1995 .  21164   ࠧ ॥   楫᫥  -
᫥, 祬 Pentium-100,  ॢ室  ࠡ⪥ ᫥   -
饩 窮, 祬 㯥મ    奬  R8000  
Mips.   ᫥饣   21164    -
,   ᬠ⠡஢, ஬ ⮣, ୨஢  ,
 ᨫ ந⥫쭮   SPECmarks. ।,
 ⮢ ࠧ  , ⮢   -孮-
  ଠ 0.35 ஭,  ⠪⮢   300   -
  ந⥫쭮 500  SPECint92  700  SPECfp92.
         ᥬ⢠ 21164  ਡ  २⢠  -
   浪 । (out-of-order),    
 ⥫㠫 ,     ஢  ,
᢮騥   ⮨ .  ᠬ ᪨  -
   -   ⠫ ࠧ饭 9.3  ࠭஢,
   諠  祩 -. Alpha 21164  
 ⠫ ⭮⥫쭮  ࢨ   אַ ⮡ࠦ-
  8   96  筮.   㢠 頤 -
⠫ ⨣ 楤⭠ ந⥫쭮 ஢.
         21164 ࠡ⠥  ᯮ⥫  (   楫
   ᥫ  饩 窮)   ࠡ뢠    -
  ⨯  ⠪.   㯥  -
,  "⠥" ⤥   楫 ᥫ, ᥫ  
饩 窮   .  ࠢ  稬 RISC--
ࠬ   稯 21164  ⭮⥫쭮  㡮  
 ,   ᪠    ᮪ ⠪-
 ⮩.
               ᨬ  -
 ( ⫨稥  pentium Pro,   ન ਬ஬ -
 ),  뤠   浪  㯫  ᢮  室
( 浪 ᫥  ணࠬ). ᫨ ⥪騥   -
 ᫠ ࠧ    ࠧ  ᯮ⥫  ,  
  ⠭   ,    ⠭  -
.  ⫨稥  ७⮢ 21164 ⠪   ᯮ  孨
२ ॣ஢,      ।⢥  
ᮤন ᢮ ⥪ ॣ஢,  १  ⨣
䨭쭮 㯥  - write-back.    প  
ᨬ             ⨢  -
    室  ॣ஢,  ⮬  ᮢ⭮  -
㥬 ࠭ ⠭ 㯭묨  ⠤ write-back.
         Digital த       ࢥ-
஢ Windows NT,    ࠤ樮 UNIX-ࢥ.


        4.7.  Mips.

        Mips  R1000 㭠᫥ ᢮ 㯥᪠  
 R8000,  ।砫  뭪 㯥મ஢  筮-
 祭. H R1000 ਥ஢  ᮢ . ᯮ짮-
  R1000 ᪮ ஢ , ஥ ᫠ -
ᨬ  ४樨 , ᠭ    -
஢, ⠫     Mips  ᢮ ⭥-
஬ Silicon Graphics, 騬 ⥩訩     ᫮  -
᪨ ਫ.
        R1000  ⠫   Mips.  ।-
饭 ⠭    ᯮ짮  ᪮  ।-
᪠ 室,   ஢ﬨ ᫮ ᯮ,   -
짮 २ ॣ஢, ࠭饣  १-
   ।  ॠ ॣ   ,   -
   室   㤥  .    ন
"⥭ " ⮡ࠦ ᢮ ॣ஢ २.    -
砥 ୮ ।᪠  室      ⠭-
   ⮡ࠦ,   믮 䠪᪮ ⪨  -
஢  "஬뢪" ஢,  ⠪ ࠧ  ⠪.
        R1000 ⫨砥 ⠪ ࠤ쭮 奬 奬  ।-
 ࠡ⪨. 冷 ᫥     筮  ᮮ⢥⢨  
ணࠬ ࠭    㯥 ,    ⥬
⮪ ࠧ⢫   । (    ࠡ-
  楫᫥ ,  ᫥  饩 窮   -
 㧪/).  । 㦥 㦨    ᢮-
 ⮣   .
        ।  ந⥫쭮  R1000,  믮  
-孮    ଠ  0.35  ஭      300   
SPECint92   SPECfp92.
        ணࠬ 冷    殢  ⠭  ⠪,
 ᠬ ""     ࠡ  ࢮ.  ⭠
প ᯮ  ⨫ out-of-order  訥  २⢠
筮 짮⥫, ⠪  , ᠭ    ᪠-
  Mips (ਬ, R4000), 稭 ࠡ    
᪮   ॡ ४樨.    ⥭樠쭮  
R1000 ᯮᮡ 뤠     ᯮ   ⠪,
 롨ࠥ  頥 ⮫쪮 ,  ᯥ   
⮬  ⠪.
           ன   ᫥    筮  
饩 窮  ᫮ﬨ,  㣮 㬭ﬨ/ﬨ 
祭 ⭮ . H ⠫ R1000  ॠ  ⠪
䥩 譥 設, 騩 뢠      
஢  ⥫쭮  ࠬ.


        4.8.  Hewlett-Packard.

        Hewlett-Packard  PA-8000.   Hewlett-Packard
   ᢮ RISC-孮, 멤    1986    
᢮  32-ࠧ來 ஬ PA-RISC. ࠪ᪨    -
᪠  PA-RISC ᯮ  ࠡ ⠭ HP  -
ਨ 9000.  ਮ  1991  1993 (।  ⥬    
PowerPC) HP 㧨 筮  ⠪ 設, ⠢  㯭訬
த殬 RISC-稯  ஢ ࠦ.
          楫  ய  ᢮  ய஢  ।  㣨
ந⥫ ⥬  HP  ⠫  ࣠஬  ࣠樨
Precision RISC Organization (PRO).   1994     ࢠ
, ꥤ  Intel   ᮧ    ⥪.  
⠢  ᮬ 饥 PRO.
        PA-8000   64-ࠧ來,  媠  㯥᪠
  ࠤ쭮 奬 㯮冷祭 ᯮ ணࠬ.
 ⠢ ⠫  㭪樮 ,    楫-
᫥  ,        ᤢ  楫  ᥫ,     
multiply/accumulate (MAC)  ᥫ  饩 ⮩,    
/祭 ⭮   ᥫ  饩 ⮩ 
  㧪/.    ⠪⮢  প  
  㧪   ࠡ⪥ ୮ 筮  -
稢 ந⥫쭮 4 FLOPS    ⠪.      
17-⠪⮢ প   ਧ஢,      ࠡ
६   .
         PA-8000 ᯮ짮  㯮冷稢   (IRB)
㡨 56 , 騩 "ᬠਢ"ணࠬ   ᫥-
騥 56  ।  ᪠ ⠪  ,    
믮 ࠫ쭮.  IRB 䠪᪨ ⮨     28-᫮⮢
஢.   ᮤন   楫᫥    -
 饩 窨,    -  㧪/.
         ⮫쪮    ᫮ IRB,   ᬠ-
ਢ  , ࠢ  㭪樮 , ⮡ -
 ।  ⠪,   筨 ࠭  -
, 室饩  ᫮.   ᫮  ᪠  ⮫쪮  ᫥
⮣,  㤥 ।  ᯮ ᫥ ,  -
 ᤥন .   ஢ IRB  뤠     -
   ⠪,    砥 뤠 ᠬ  ""  -
  . ᪮ PA-8000 ᯮ  २  ॣ-
஢  頥 १ 믮   IRB   浪  
᫥  ணࠬ, ⥬ ᠬ ন 筠   -
ࠡ⪨ ᪫⥫ 権.
        HP ஥஢ -8000  ᯥ樠쭮    ᪮
ࠡ⪨   ᫮ ᫥, ⨯  ਨ,   -
 ꥬ  ⮫쪮 ,    㬥     
 ᫨ ਪ⠫ 襩.  祬, -8000 
 譨 ࢨ    .   쥬 28-᫮-
 ,  뢠  ஬  㯮冷稢  ᮢ
(Adress-Recorder Buffer - ARB),    樨஢   ᫮-
⠬    IRB.   ᮤঠ 㠫   䨧᪨
  뤠  㧪/. ஬ ⮣,   -
 믮 㧮  ᥩ  ந쭮 浪,   -
࠭ ᮣᮢ  ᣫ ﭨ প,  易
 樥 譨 襩.


        4.9.  Motorola.

        Motorola/IBM  PowerPC620  ࢠ 64-⮢ ॠ-
 ⥪ PowerPC.  64-⮢ ॣ    ७
ࠫ   ᥬ  ࠭஢,    
ॡ   訩  ᫮ ⠫, 祬  PowerPC 604.
 620  媠 㯥મ  奬    
ᯮ⥫묨 ன⢠:  楫᫥ ,   饩
窨,  㧪/   室. ᫥ ᯮᮡ  
஢ ।᪠ ⢫  ணࠬ   ᫮  -
  ᯮ짮 奬 २ ॣ஢.
         ஠⥪ RISC- 620- 宦  604-.  ⫨
᢮  ᭮  ਭ ॣ஢  ࠫ ,   ⠪-
  㢥祭  ⠭権 १ࢨ஢  ᫮  ᯮ-
 . ਡ ந⥫쭮 ⨣     -
襭 設 䥩.    128-⮢ 䥩  
,  ஬   横 饭     64--
⮢  ᫮,  40-⮢ 設 ,  ன   -
ᮢ   ࠡ 䨧᪮ .
         ⠢ 設 䥩 室 ⠪ প  --
 ண ஢ ꥬ  128 ,   ࠡ  
⢥,     ᪮ .


        5.  ⠭  ஢ ய஢.

        5.1.  ⠭ ஢ i386DX.

         1992   뭪    ,  ᯮᮡ  -
 騥 386DX  ᯥ 襭 ࠪ⨪ -
⥬  ᭮ i386. : Intel RapidCAD, Chips&Technologies 38600DX,
 Cyrix 486DLC.  騩   ।  ⮫쪮  ᨨ  33
,  C&T  Cyrix    砫 1993    ਠ
40 . 筮,  ⠪   ⠢ ࠡ  33  
ਠ,    뢠,   ,     
設  . Intel RapidCAD  ࠭,    -
   짮⥫, ..    設    ⠭
 . ⨢, C&T    Cyrix  ⠢  ᢮    
ந⥫. Cyrix ⠪ ந  486SLC,  騩
Intel/AMD 386SX. C&T   ᮧ    38600SX,    
த   ⮫쪮  1993 , ᫨  .
        RapidCAD, 㡮 , ।⠢ ᮡ    486DX
 ७ -   殪  386.    ண-
ࠬ  ᮮ⢥ 386  ᮯ஬, ⠪     ᯥ
 i486 㤠   .   ,
 "᮫ ᮯ" ,  祬   뢠  ⠪  ,  
।祭    386DX    ⥬  
१ 襭 ந⥫쭮 権    饩  窮,
⠪,  CAD, ஭ ⠡, ⥬᪨ ணࠬ  -
 (SPSS, Mathematica  ..). RapidCAD ⮨    ᮢ;
RapidCAD-1,   PGA (132 뢮), ⠭騩    
 i386, 砥  ᥡ    権  饩  窮,
 RapidCAD-2,   PGA (68 뢮), ⠭騩   -
  ᮯ i387, 砥  ᥡ ,  騩  ᨣ  
奬 ⥬   ࠢ쭮 ࠡ⪨ ᮡ  権  
  饩 窮. 設⢮ 権 ᯮ  -
祭  横,    i486.  㧪 ⮬    -
䥩 設 386, ⠪   横 設 ࠢ  横 -
.  ,   믮 ॥,  祬  뢠
 . ᪮ 樨  饩 窮 믮 -
  ,      ᪠뢠,     -
  ⠪  ᪮,       i486DX.    ⮬
RapidCAD    ᮪ ࠪ⨪    -
饩 窮, 祬    386/387.      SPEC,
⠭⭮   設  UNIX, 뢠,  RapidCAD  -
 樨  饩 窮  85%,   楫묨 ᫠  -  
15%  ࠢ   樥 386/387     ⠪-
 . ॡ塞 魮  33  ⠢  3500  .
 業 RapidCAD 33  ⠢ 300$.
        ।,     C&T  38600DX  
ᮢ⨬  i386DX.  ⫨稥   Am386   AMD,  -
 ᯮ ப,  ப Intel 386,  -
 38600DX ᯮ짮 ⥭⭮    ப,    ᯥ祭
 ᮢ⨬     祭  㬥஢-
  LOADALL386.   믮 ॥, 祬 
i386. C&T ⠪ ⨫  38605DX,  騩  -
  512 ,      ந⥫쭮.  
ᮦ, 38605DX ᪠   PGA (144 뢮)     -
  ⠭ ।⢥  ࠧꥬ i386DX.   ஢
⠭  ⨫,   38600DX  쥧 ஡  㭨-
樨 - ᮯ,  - ⮣ ᪮ 믮  設-
⢥ ணࠬ 権  饩 窮      ஢
i386/i387.  ஡    ந   -
騩  387- ᮢ⨬ ᮯ஢  (ULSI  83C87,  IIT  3C87,
Cyrix EMX87, Cyrix 83D87, Cyrix 387+, C&T 38700, Intel  387DX).  
   ⮦ ஢ ⠪   38700DX  襫  -
 뢮.  易  C&T,   ⢥⨫,      
⮬. । ॡ塞 魮 38600DX 40  - 1650  ,  
, 祬 ॡ i386 33 .  業 38600DX 33    -
80$.
         Cyrix 486DLC  -  ᫥   뭪  -
⥫ i386DX.    ᮢ⨬  i486SX,  ⠭  1
 诠  ⭮ ॠ 1616  㬭⥫.  ᯮ-
⥫쭮 ன⢮ 486DLC, ᮧ    ᯮ짮  
ਭ樯 RISC, 믮 設⢮    横.  -
 㬭⥫ ६ 16-ࠧ來 祭  3 横,  
12 - 25 横  i386DX.  ᮡ 㤮  ᫥  ᮢ
(, 㥬 묨 ⨬騬  ࠬ,  -
 ᮤঠ   MUL  㯠  ᨢ)     ண-
ࠬ ᫥  饩 窮 (.,  樨 ᮯ-
). ७ 诠 ।⠢ ᮡ  쥤  
   ᪢ ,     䨣஢,  
   ⮡ࠦ,      2-쭠  樠⨢.
- 室 ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬ ᫥  १-
㧪  诠 ⪫砥,    祭  -
  让  ணࠬ,  ।⠢塞  ମ  Cyrix.   ᫨
- 祭  㧪, (.,  "祩"  १-
, Ctrl-Alt-Del), BIOS   (- AMI) ᠥ   㧪,
  室  믮  ,    ⪫
 । १㧪.    稭 ⮣,  ᫥  ᪠
 - ⪫砥.  㢥७,     ᫥  -
 BIOS  AMI  㤥 ⥭  ஥  -  㤥
ন. -   486DLC ८ -
࠭祭 䥩 設 386,  業  ⠢  
 50%. ଠ Cyrix ।ᬮ५    ࠢ-
 - , , 筮,     譥  
७ -. ६ ⥬ 386   ਭ  
ࠢ騥 ᨣ,  騥 祭  i386DX,     쭥-
襬 ⥬, ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮬  ⥩ 486DLC,  
ᯮ짮 . ஥  486DLC ᪠   4-  -
 ⥩ ,    祭   ⮬ 砥,  -
  ⥬ ᯮ ਩ ன⢠,  ⮡ࠦ  
 (., ᮯ Weitek).   ⥬ 386  -
뫪 DMA (., SCSI ஫,  㪠)    ⪫
७ , ⠪      㣨  ᯮᮡ  ᯥ
ᮮ⢥⢨ -  ᭮ , , 筮, ᭨ -
ࠪ⨪ 486DLC. ॡ塞 魮 486DLC 40  - 2800 .
檨 ਡ த 486DLC 33    ⥪饩  業  115$.
486DLC ࠡ⠥    ᥬ ᮯࠬ       -
⥫⢠, ᮡ 祭  ⮬ ⭮襭   -
饭 ० (襭 ०  MS-  Windows).    ᯮ짮
486DLC ᮢ⭮  Cyrix EMC87, Cyrix 83D87 (   1992)
 IIT 3C87 設 ᠥ - ஡ ᨭ஭樨     
ᮯ஬  ᯮ  FSAVE   FRSTOR,  ࠭  
⠭ ﭨ  ᮯ    ४祭  .
 ᥣ  ᯮ짮  486DLC    Cyrix  387+  (࠭
⮫쪮  ய)  Cyrix 83D87 ᪠ ᫥  1992,  騩-
    ᮯ஬  ।  ᮢ⨬  ᮯ஢
486DLC. ᫨   㦥  ᮯ Cyrix  83D87,      
, ᮢ⨬    486LCD,    ४      ணࠬ
COMPTEST, ࠭塞  CTEST257.ZIP १   ftp  
garbo@uwasa.fi  㣨 ftp-ࢥ. ᫨ ணࠬ ᮮ  ᮯ-
 387+,    ⠭  387+,  筠  -
  83D87  ஡  ᮢ⨬  㤥.

 ⠭ ᯮ짮 ⥬:
    ⭠ 䨣: 33,3/40  ⥬  ,  
奬 Forex,  128   㫥  ﭨ  ,  אַ
⮡ࠦ, ᪢ ,   , 4    ப,
4 横 প  -஬. 8  ᭮ , । -
ﭨ  1,6 横. BIOS  AMI.  Cyrix  EMC87  
० ᮢ⨬ 387,  ᮯ.    
 Cyrix 83D87/387+  ᠬ묨 묨 ᮯࠬ  ࠡ-
  386DX/486DLC/38600DX. ⪨  Conner  3204F,    203
, 䥩 IDE (ய᪭ ᯮᮡ      CORETEST  1100
/, ६ ᪠  16  ).    SVGA  (ISA,  Diamond  SpeedSTAR
HiColor), ᯮ ET4000, 1  DRAM,  ࠭ , -
᪨ ᪮⥫ ⪫祭. ४⥫    ⠭
    ன ࠡ,    ய᪭  ᯮᮡ
6500 /  40   5400 /  33 .
     ணࠬ 䨣: MS-DOS 5.0, MS Windows 3.1, HyperDisk
4.32  ० ⭮ , ᯮ 2  ७ ,
 ⢥   ᯮ 386MAX 6.01.   ணࠬ
⠪ ᯥ稢 DPMI   .

 ⮢
         ⮢ Whetstone, Drhystone,  WINTACH,  DODUC,  LINPACK,
LLL  Savage 訩 ⥫ 砥  ந⥫쭮.
        ⮢ MAKE RTL, MAKE TRANK    String-Test  訩
⥫ 砥  ந⥫쭮.

 33,3                   Intel  C&T     Intel    Cyrix     Cyrix
                           386DX  38600DX RapidCAD 486DLC    486DLC
                                                    몫.  .
   楫묨 ᫠

 Whetstone (kWhet/s)       447    585     563      695       803
 Drhystone(C) (Dhry./s)    11688  11819   12357    14150     15488
 Drhystone(Pas) (Dhry./s)  10455  10877   10751    12154     13858
 String-Test (ms)          459    453     441      347       327
 MAKE RTL (s)              51,32  47,10   46,34    43,45     39,13
 MAKE TRANCK (s)           62,42  55,47   55,37    53,64     46,12
 WINTACH                   4,85   4.90    5.49     5.53      6.14

   饩 ⮩

 DODUC ( ᪮)   79.0   76.4    150.3    89.4      90.7
 LINPACK (Mflops)          0.2808 0.2707  0.4578   0.3158    0.3438
 LLL (Mflops)              0.3352 0.3537  0.6083   0.3816    0.4139
 Whetstone (kWhet/s)       2540   2340    3990     2908      3061
 Savage (襭/)        71685  53191   72464    88757     93897

 40                     Intel  C&T     Intel    Cyrix     Cyrix
                           386DX  38600DX RapidCAD 486DLC    486DLC
   楫묨 ᫠                            몫.  .

 Whetstone (kWhet/s)       536    702     676      835       963
 Drhystone(C) (Dhry./s)    14128  14116   14836    16987     18750
 Drhystone(Pas) (Dhry./s)  12490  13067   12890    14573     16624
 String-Test (ms)          384    377     368      289       273
 MAKE RTL (s)              43.46  40.11   39.84    37.25     33.54
 MAKE TRANCK (s)           53.00  47.59   47.07    45.36     39.00
 WINTACH                   5.65   5.73    6.41     6.46      7.23

   饩 ⮩

 DODUC ( ᪮)   94.9   77.5    180.3    105.1     106.6
 LINPACK (Mflops)          0.3324 0.3260  0.5418   0.3789    0.4131
 LLL (Mflops)              0.4025 0.4204  0.7260   0.4562    0.4956
 Whetstone (kWhet/s)       3061   2632    4798     3505      3677
 Savage (襭/)        86083  49587   86957    106762    112360
        । ⠭ ஢  Cyrix  486DLC    ᠬ
让 ந⥫쭮  楫 ᫠.   祭  ७-
 诠 ந⥫쭮  楫 ᫠   ⠪-
⮢  486DLC  80% ॢ蠥 386DX, । 㢥祭 ᪮-
 ࠡ ਪ ணࠬ ⠢ 35%.  ࠡ   ਪ-
묨 ணࠬ, ᯮ騬 樨     楫묨  ᫠,
⠪   饩 窮, 祭  ᯥ稢   5%  -  15%
 ᮪ ⥫  ࠢ  ࠡ⮩   .  
権  饩 窮  ࠢ  i386DX  㢥稢  
15% - 30%
        Intel RapidCAD  ࠡ  i386DX  ᯥ稢  ᠬ
᮪ ࠪ⨪  믮 権   饩  窮.
ਪ ணࠬ, 믮騥 ⥭ᨢ 樨    饩
窮, ࠡ ॥  60% - 90%  ࠢ    i386DX/387DX,
⠢  i486DX  ⮩  ⠪⮢   ᪮  権
 饩 窮 ᥣ  25%.  権  楫묨  ᫠
㢥稢  15% - 35%  ࠢ  i386DX/i387DX.
         Chips&Technologies 38600DX  ᪮쪮  -
 ᮪ ࠪ⨪    ࠡ    楫묨  ᫠,  祬
i386DX,  । 㢥祭 ᪮ 浪 10%.


        5.2.  ஢ ய஢    -
              The Speed Test.

         ஢ ࠧ  ய஢    ਬ-
 ᯥ樠  ணࠬ processor benchmarks.  ਢ-
 १ ஢ ஢        ணࠬ
Speed  Test,  ARA  Copyright   (C) 1994,95,96    Agababyan    Robert
Assotiation Used TMi0SDGL(tm)

  Pentium iP5-200(3-200), 512K PB                   1318841
  Pentium iP5-200(2.5-200), 512K PB                 1309353
  Pentium iP5-200(2.5-200)                          1290780
  Pentium iP5-200(3-200)                            1290780
  Pentium iP5-180, 512K PB                          1181818
  Pentium iP5-180                                   1151899
  Pentium iP55-166, Intel Triton, IWill TSW2        1109756
  Pentium iP5-166, 512K PB                          1096386
  Pentium iP5-166                                   1076923
  Pentium iP5-160, 512K PB                          1052023
  Pentium iP5-160                                   1040000
  Pentium iP5-150, 512K PB                           983784
  Pentium iP5-150                                    968085
  Pentium iP5-133, 512K PB                           879227
  Pentium iP5-133                                    866667
  Pentium iP54-75(1.5-120), Intel Triton             812500
  Pentium iP54-75(2-120), Intel Triton               812500
  Pentium iP54-75(2-120), SiS 501/503                812500
  Pentium iP5-100(2-120), Intel Triton, ASUS P55-TP4 798246
  Pentium iP5-120(1.5-120), 512K PB                  798246
  Pentium iP5-120, 512K PB                           787879
  Pentium iP5-120(1.5-120)                           781116
  Pentium iP5-120                                    777778
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(3-150,Opt)                         771186
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(3-150,Opt)                         758333
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(4-200)                           710938
  Pentium iP5-100, ALR Revolution                    679104
  Pentium iP5-100, Intel Triton, ASUS P/I-P55TP4XE   669118
  Pentium iP5-100, Intel Triton                      669118
  Pentium iP54-75(100), Intel Triton                 669118
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(3-180), UMC8886BF/8881F          640845
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(3-120,Opt)                         614865
  Pentium iP54-75(90), Intel Triton, ASUSTeK P54-TP4 606667
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(3-120,Opt), SiS 471, GMB-486SG     600660
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(4-160), SiS 471, BTC 4SLD5.1     568750
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(4-160), SiS 496/7, ASUS PVI-SP3  568750
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(4-160), SiS 471                  561730
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(4-160), SiS 496 PCI              561728
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(4-160)                           561128
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(3-120), SiS 496/7, ASUS PVI-SP3    548193
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(3-120,Opt), SiS 471, GMB-486SG     535294
  i80486DX4-100(120), UMC 8498F                      535294
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75(3-150), SiS 471, BTC 4SLD5.1     529070
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(Opt)                               511236
  Nx586-90(100), NxVL System Logic, Alaris           505450
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100(Opt), SiS 471, GMB-486SG           501377
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75, SiS 471, BTC 4SLD5.1            469072
  Am5x86-133-X5-P75, SiS 496/7, ASUS PVI-SP3         469072
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100, SiS 496/7, ASUS PVI-SP3           455000
  i80486DX4-100, UMC 881                             455000
  Nx586-90, NxVL System Logic, Alaris                455000
  Pentium iP5-60(66), PCI58PL                        450495
  Pentium iP5-60(66), SiS 501/502/503, ASUS P5-SP    450495
  Cx5x86-M1sc-100, SiS 471, GMB-486SG                446078
  i80486DX2-66(4-100), PC Chips 18                   446078
  i80486DX4-100, SiS 82C471, SOYO                    446078
  OverDrive iDX4ODPR100 (486DX4-100)                 437500
  i80486DX4-100, Compaq ProLinea 4/100               433333
  Am80486DX4-120SV8B, SiS 471, BTC 4SLD5.1           425234
  Am80486DX4-120, SiS 471, SOYO                      425234
  Pentium iP5-60, Compaq DeskPro XL 560              406250
  Pentium iP5-60, Compaq Proliant                    406250
  Pentium iP54-75(60), Intel Triton                  406250
  Pentium iP5-60, OPTi 596/546/82, Bison III v1.0    406250
  Pentium iP5-60, SiS 501/502/503, ASUS P5-SP        406250
  Am80486DX2-80(100), UMC 8498F                      352713
  Am80486DX4-100, PC Chips 18                        350000
  Am80486DX2-80(100), SiS 471                        345351
  Cx80486DX2-100, Opti VIP                           344697
  i80486DX4-100(75), UMC 881                         337037
  Pentium iP54-75(50), Intel Triton                  334559
  Pentium iP54-75(45), Intel Triton                  303333
  U5-S33(60), UMC 491F                               301325
  i80486SX2-50(80), SiS 471, S486G                   282609
  i80486DX2-S-80, PC Chips 18                        280864
  i80486DX2-80, Symphony Haydn II                    280864
  i80486DX2-S-80, UNICHIP U4800VLX, U486 WB          280864
  Cx80486DX2-66(80), OPTi 495SLC                     277560
  U5-S33(50), SiS 471, AV7541                        250000
  U5-S33(50), SiS 471, SOYO                          250000
  U5-S33(50), UMC 491F                               250000
  U5-S33F(50), UMC 8498F                             250000
  U5-S33(50)                                         246612
  U5-S33(50), CONTAQ 82C596A, G486VLI                245946
  U5-S40(50)                                         245946
  i80486DX2-66, DELL                                 238196
  Am80486DX2-66, Forex 46C421                        234964
  Am80486DX2-66, Bioteq 82C3491                      234536
  Am80486DX2-66, OPTi 495SLC                         234536
  i80486DX2-66 &E5, AcerMate 466                     234536
  i80486DX2-66, ALI M1429/M1431                      234536
  i80486DX2-66, SiS 82C471                           234536
  i80486DX2-66, Symphony, Predator I                 234536
  i80486DX2-66, OPTi 82C682, ALR Evolution 4         233333
  i80486DX2-66, PC Chips 11&13                       233333
  Am80486DX2-66, IMS 8849                            232143
  i80486DX2-66, Compaq ProLinea MT 4/66              232143
  Am80486DX2-66, UNICHIP U4800VLX, U486 WB           230964
  i80486DX2-66, Intel Champion                       230964
  Cx80486DX2-66, UMC 82C491F                         230964
  OverDrive iDX2ODPR66 (486DX2-66)                   230964
  Am80486DX2-66, SiS 82C471                          229798
  i80486DX2-66, Symphony Haydn II                    229768
  i80486DX2-66, SiS 82C471                           228643
  U5-S33(40), SiS 82C471                             200441
  U5-S33F(40), UMC 8498F                             200441
  U5-S33(40), Expert 4045                            194861
  i80486DX-50, UMC 82C480                            176357
  i80486DX2-50, Headland HT342/HT321                 176357
  i80486SX-50, SiS 82C471                            176357
  Am80486DX-50, UMC 82C491F                          173004
  i80486DX-50                                        173004
  i80486DX2-50, OPTi 495SLC                          171053
  Cx486S-40(50), UMC 82C491F                         171053
  U5-S33, SiS 82C471                                 167279
  U5-S33, Expert 4045                                162645
  IBM486SLC2-66, OPTi 495XLC                         161922
  i80486SX-33(40), SiS 82C471                        140867
  i80486SX-33(40), OPTi 82C495SLC                    140867
  Am80486DX-40, OPTi 82C495SLC                       140432
  i80486SX-33(40) &E5, Forex 521                     140000
  i80486SX-33(40), Forex 521                         139571
  Am80486DX-40, SiS 82C461                           138931
  Cx486DX-40                                         135821
  Ti486DLC/E-40BGA, PC Chips, M321                   126389
  Cx486DLC-40                                        126389
  Tx486DLC-40, OPTi 495SLC                           126039
  Cx486DLC-40GP, SARC RC4018A4                       123641
  IBM 486SLC2-50, WD7600                             122642
  Cx486SLC-40, SARC RC2016A4, M396F                  120053
  i80486SX-33, SiS 82C471                            117571
  i80486DX-33, HP Vectra 486/33VL                    116967
  i80486DX-33, OPTi 82C498, Simens-Nixdorf PCD-4H    116967
  i80486SX-20(33), Symphony                          116967
  i80486DX-33, Intel Champion                        116667
  i80486DX-33, Toshiba T9901C, LapTop                116667
  i80486DX-33, UMC 82C481                            114035
  i80486SX-25, IBM PS/1                               88694
  i80486SX-25, SiS                                    87838
  i80486SX-25, HiNT CS8005                            87500
  i80486SX-25, HP Vectra 486SX/25VL                   86502
  Am80386DX-40, ALI M1429/M1431                       81835
  Am80386DX-40, CD-COM, M326                          81835
  Am80386DX-40 WC, SARC                               81835
  Am80386DX-40, UMC 82C491F                           81688
  Am80386DX-40, OPTi 82C391                           81531
  Am80386DX-40, UNICHIP U4800VXL                      81182
  Am80386DX-40, PC Chips 5,6                          80817
  Am80386DX-40, UMC 80C481                            80647
  Am80386DX-40, OPTi 495XLC                           80531
  Am80386DX-40, Forex FRX46C402,411                   80247
  Am80386SX-40, P9 MXIC                               73387
  i80386DX-33                                         68114
  Am80386SX-40, M396F                                 67407
  Am80386SX-40, Acer M1217                            63459
  Am80386SX-40, ALI M1217                             62329
  Am80386SX-40, PC Chips 2                            61905
  i80386SX-33, Acer M1217                             51066
  i80386SX-33                                         49296
  i80386DX-25                                         48925
  i80386SX-33, HP Vectra 386SX/33N                    48611
  Am80386SX-33, Acer M1217                            47744
  80286-25                                            45867
  80286-20                                            38625
  Harris 80286-20, UMC 82C208L                        37387
  80286-16, HT12                                      29111
  i80286-12.5                                         24125
  i80286-12                                           22392
  i80286-10, IBM PS/2                                 15545
  i80286-10, IBM PS/2 60                              15242
  i8088-9.54, Commodore PC-20                          5395
  i8088-7.16, Commodore PC-20                          4011
  i8088-4.77, EC-1841                                  2968
  i8088-4.77, Original XT                              2697
  i8088-4.77, Commodore PC-20                          2658


        6. ࠢ⥫ .

         ।  1995   .- (୨)  -
 । ய .  諮     -
஢ ⨯ ஢ IBM Power PC 620, MIPS R10000,
SUN UltraSPARC, HP PA-8000  DEC Alpha 21164.
         諮 ஢-஢  뭪 襫  ⮫쪮
 Alpha 21164/300.  ந⥫쭮   SPECint92
⠢ 341  .  ॡ뢠    ⠪  饩  ந-
⥫쭮     த⢨ ஢,    
Alpha ய⨫ ।  Intel   ஬  Pentium  Pro.
      뭥譥 㬥 Digital ᮮ-
騫,    㯨    ਠ  ⮣  -
 - Alpha 21164A  ⠪⮢ ⮩ 333  ,  믮  
孮  0.35  .  ஥㥬  ந⥫쭮  500    
SPECint92.
        Hewlett-Packard ஢ 32-ࠧ來  ⥪-
   ᫥饣    -7300LC    ஥묨  㭪ﬨ
⨬. H砫  ᪠  0.5   孮    
ன  ᫥饣 .    PA-RISC,  -
饭 ७ 64  蠬 ࢮ ஢    
, ।⥫쭮 㤥  200 SPECint92  275 SPECfp92.
        १  ᫥   UltraSPARC ଠ SPARC
Technology ।⠢  ஥ UltraSPARC-II.  H  
㤥  5.4 .  ࠭஢,  ⠢    孮
0.35 ஭, ࠡ   250-300 . ஥㥬  -
⢨ 250  ᨨ - 350 SPECint92  550 SPEFfp92. ஬  -
 ⥬ ,  㤥 ᭠饭 ஬  30   -
 Visual Instruction Set,  ।祭  ன -
⪨ 䠩  ଠ MPEG-2, ७ਭ 嬥  祪,
७裡.
         Pentium Pro ⥫쭠 ,   -
  ᪮쪮 쥧 ᮢ. H ᠬ    -
    Pentium?      Intel  ᢮
७⮢ ⥫쭮?    ᠬ  
롮஬  窨 ७   ᮢ⨬?    
 룮  窨 ७ ᮮ⭮襭 業  ந⥫쭮-
?    ᭮  , ᪮쪮    ࠢ-
  ᢮ RISC-⠬? H ५  㭣  Apple    ⮬,
 Power Mac ᯥ⨢, 祬  x86?
        H    ⢥  ਭ樯 ⢥न⥫쭮. -
७   86      ⢥न ᢮ ⥭-
  ࠢ⢮  ॢ室⢮.  H祣      ਫ筮
(Cyrix)  㪠  .  業 ਥ Intel  ⥭:  -
⮫ high-end   ଥ Aurora, Pentium Pro 150 MHz,
 16 , ⪨  EIDE 1 , 2  SVGA,  17" NI digital
SVGA, Windows 95       魮  짮-
 襢 $5000. 騥  ࠢ  業  ࠡ祩  ⠭-
樥 Sun  IBM  ᤥ ᢮  뢮. Hᮬ  - ࠭-
஢ ᮢ⨬  ᠬ ࠭ ணࠬ  ᯥ-
祭.      ᯥ樠஢ ਫ-
 - ᪮   ᨨ  ⥫ ⮢  
⥪ Intel, 祬 業    맢    ୮
  楢 ࠡ ⠭権.
        ᫨  ந⥫ ࠡ ⠭権   RISC-
ᬮ  ᫥饬  ᮢ  뢮    ந⥫쭮,  
ࠧ  Intel, ᯮ騬     ,    設
RISC 㤥 , ⮡ २⢮ ࠡ ⠭権 뫮 -
८.
         ࢮ  Computer Week Moscow   ᠦ  -
᭮ ࠪ.  ᫮:  "  ⥬  P6  ᯮᮡ  
襥, 祬  뤥ন ७  ஭ 㣨  ࠡ-
 ⠭権 । .  ।⢥ ᮯ⠢  -
 ⠭権 Intergraph  200-  Pentium Pro  Silicon
Graphics Indigo-2 Extreme  200- ஬ Mips R4400,  ᫥-
   iSPEC  浪 160 ,  ⮣    業
Intel  ⥬ P6  䨣樨 ᮮ⢥ 366 栬."
         ᮧ  Pentium Pro  㯮   ᯮᮡ-
 ⮩ 奬 믮 ᪨ ७ਭ   ࠡ  
32-ࠧ來 .
        Pentium Pro  뫠뢠  ࠬ  Pentium  
ਭ ⮬  ⥪ Intel x86.   -
७, ⮢⥫ ஢-   ࢠ  -
,    묨 ஬ᠬ,  ⥬  ᠬ  ४
ᥡ   襥 ⠢        뭪.
 ⠪⨪ ᥡ ࠯,  ஧   ३  -
७⭮ᯮᮡ,   ⮬  Intel 㪢쭮 ৠ  ७⮢
ﭭ묨 ᠬ 業  ७ , 㦠騬 ,
    .
         祬 AMD, NexGen  Cyrix 諨    ᮡ⢥-
 , ⪠   ஢ 奬 Intel.
        H ਭ樯쭮   ७⠬ .  -
  Pentium Pro  ᫮, 祬 Nx586, K5  M1,    㣨
.  楫  奬 P6 ࠢ  稬  ࠬ;  -
     5,   ᯥ.
        ᮡ 室 Intel  ᮧ ਤ CISC/RISC  -
砥  㫥 dynamic execution (᪮ ᯮ). -
୮ ⠪   ਭ樯  㦨, ᫨  ⠭  ࠧ-
  ஡      ⥪ன    ᫥    RISC-஢
IBM/Motorola PowerPC 604    Power  PC  620,  Sum  UltraSparc,  Mips
R10000, Digital Alpha 21164  HP PA-8000.
        ⥫쭮 室⢮ 室 ࠧ   ਤ樨  -
室 CISC  RISC. 譥 Pentim Pro 룫廊 ࠤ樮 CISC--
஬, ᮢ⨬    ᥬ  ࠡ⠭  ணࠬ-
䮭.  "ᠤ" ਪ뢠    짮⥫  RISC-
.  "ᠤ"  " ⠬" ࠡ⠥ 㬭訩  -
, ࠧ騩 ᫮    86    -
樨, 宦   RISC -  Intel  뢠    u-ops
 micro - ops.  micro - ops 㯠   ,  -
஥  㪢쭮 ५稢.    ம樨  
।  ࠫ쭮 ࠡ뢠, 祬 ஦騥   
86.     뢠, 楫  ᫥  :  ८
࠭祭 ⥬  86,  ࠭ ᮢ⨬   -
騬 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 86. 譥 -   ணࠬ-
, 襣 ணࠬ  -        룫    ⠭
86-ᮢ⨬ CISC-.    ࠡ  ᮢ६-
訥  RISC-稯.
        H ᥣ Pentium Pro ""  ॥  ⮫쪮  
"" ஢ ⥪ 86,  Nx586  Cyrix6x86,  
  ᪠ RISC-஢.
         ,  ࠧ 讣 ,    㤥  
᪢襭 ᮬ.  ⠪  ᫠ Intel   -
७⮢: NexGen, Cyrix  AMD.


                         ᮪ :



           -  㤬 "ࠢ   ",
                       ⨪, , 1996


         .. ਣ쥢 "ய i486. ⥪ 
              ணࠬ஢", ࠭, ᪢, 1993.


            ଠ樮-४  "-"


                    " World/"


                    " Week/Moscow"


                ..   . "㪮⢮ 
            ⥪ IBM PC AT", , , 1993


         㪮⢮ ணࠬ   Intel i386,
         孨᪠ 㬥 ஢ 2, (C) Intel Corp.


         㪮⢮ ணࠬ   Intel i486,
         孨᪠ 㬥 ஢ 2, (C) Intel Corp.


              ਠ 宪७樨 SU.HARDW.PC.CPU
                     ୮  FidoNet






                             ঠ

    1.   ᮭ . .....................2
    2. ⫨ ஢. ...................................4
    2.1. ⫨ pp SX, DX, SX2, DX2  DX4. ..........4
    2.2. 祭 "SL-Enhanced" y pp Intel 486. ...5
    2.5. 䨪 稯 Intel  AMD. .....................6
    2.5.2.  . .................................6
    2.5.4. ६ન஢ . ......................7
    3.   Intel. ................................8
    3.1. ६ யୠ 孮  Intel. 8
    3.2.    Intel. .......................8
    3.3.  8086/88. ...................................9
    3.4.  80186/88. ..................................9
    3.5.  80286. .....................................10
    3.6.  80386. .....................................10
    3.7.  80486. .....................................12
    3.8. Intel OverDrive . ...........................13
    3.9.  Pentium. ...................................16
    3.10.  Pentium Pro. ..............................21
    3.10.1. 饥 ᠭ . ........................21
    3.10.2.  ⠫   . ....................22
    3.10.3. 祭 ⮢   稯  Intel. ..25
    4.  ७⮢ Intel. ..........................26
    4.1.   ७⮢ Intel. .................26
    4.2.   AMD. ................................27
    4.2.1. 㤥 ࠧ⥫⢮  Intel. ..................27
    4.2.2.  ᥬ⢠ AMD5k86. ......................28
    4.2.2.1   ७ ⥪. ..............29
    4.2.2.2. ਬ ન஢ ய AMD5k86-P75. ...31
    4.2.2.5. AMD   K5. ......................34
    4.3.  NexGen. ...................................34
    4.4.  Cyrix. ....................................36
    4.5.  Sun Microsystems. .........................36






    4.6.  Digital Equipment. ........................37
    4.7.  Mips. .....................................39
    4.8.  Hewlett-Packard. ..........................40
    4.9.  Motorola. .................................41
    5.  ⠭  ஢ ய஢. 42
    5.1.  ⠭ ஢ i386DX. ...........42
    5.2.  ஢ ய஢  
          Speed Test.....................................47
    6. ࠢ⥫ . ..................................52


        ਬ.
              ⥪ ࠧ  40 ப  .