



                          .




     ஡ ᯥ祭    ଠ樨    -
   ஥  ଠ樮   ०
    . ஡ 墠뢠  䨧   
 ⥬ ணࠬ,⠪    ᠭ樮஢  㯠  
 , ।      裡   室騬  -
 , 饣 १⮬ ⥫쭮  ஭ ,⠪ 
 ᯥ樠 ணࠬ-ᮢ. ࠧ,  ⨥1  
   ࠭ 楫⭮   ࠢ  -
 㯠     (ᠭ樮஢).
     ⮡  䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ࠡ⠭  ࠪ⨪
 ।⢠  ,  祭 室 ।ᬠਢ 㦥
  ࠭ ⠤ ஥஢ ०᪨ ⥬. -
 ભ,   ࣠  ०᪨   ⥩  
  ஭ :  饯ਭ 楤 䨧᪮ -
 ࠭祭 㯠     ⠭ 䥪⨢묨  業 ஡
 ६頥  ࣠ ஫  ⨢  ᯮ짮
 . ⮬  ⨢ ᯮ짮 ࠭  ஡-
  筮 ଠ樨  짮⥫ .
     ஡ ࠭  楫⭮    ࣠樮
  孮᪨ ᯥ.࣠樮 ᯥ 砥 ᫥騥
 ࠢ:
     -⥫ ଠ樨  ࠭   ,    㯭
  ஭ ;
     - ଠ   ᪮쪮   ࠧ -
 ⥫;
     -   ⪮ ⭮ ᪥  ন
 ਮ᪨ ஢    ⥫. -
 ஢  롨    ᮮࠦ  樨  ।
 ६  ஢  ६  ⠭ ଠ樨 ᫥
 ᫥ ஢  砥  䥪⮢   -
 ஢ ᨨ;
     -, ⭮騥  ࠧ 砬, 楫ᮮࠧ ࠭
 ⤥쭮;
     -室 ண 㪮⢮ ࠢ 饭  -
 묨 ⥫ﬨ.
     孮᪨ ᯥ 易  ࠧ묨   ࠭祭,
  ন ன     㯭 -
 ⥫.  ⭮:
     -࠭祭  । ਡ⮢  楫 ࠭-
  ॡ㥬 ய権   묨  묨 祭ﬨ;
     -࠭祭, ॡ騥  ࠭  祭  ⥫ 
 ஬ ;
     -࠭祭, 易   묨 㭪樮묨 ᨬ-
 ﬨ.
     筮     㫨஢  묨 㦥 뢠
 室  ॠ樨 㪠 ࠭祭.
     ஡ ᯥ祭  ᠭ樮஢  ᯮ짮 
  筮,    ᭮  墠뢠    
   ⥫쭮 䨪樨  㭨⮦,  ⠪  -
 ᠭ樮஢  ⥭. 뤥  饭 堭-
  ࠢ 㯠  :  䨪 짮⥫, -
 ।⢥ (䨧᪠)      প  ࠢ  㯠
 짮⥫      ।.
     䨪 짮⥫ । 誠 㯠   ࠧ-
         (⭮襭  ਡ⠬).
 ,  ,  ଠ樮 ⠡  ࠭.᪠ 
    ⭮   ࣠樮 ய,   -
     ।⢥ , ਬ, 
 ஢.  ,  ।⢠ প  । ࠢ 㯠
  ண  ࠪ ७஢ 饭   -
 묨.
     ᮡ ᯥ䨪       ᪨  ,
 ।祭  祭 ॣ஢ ଠ樨,  ਬ,
 १⮢ 樮᪮ ᫥ ਠ쭮 ॣ.
 ᭮ ஡    砥 ⮨  ᪫祭  -
 㯠  ଠ樨, ⭮饩  ⭮ .

     2⮤    ணࠬ ஫.
     ᭮ ⮬  ⮤, ॠ㥬  ணࠬ묨  ।⢠,
 楤 饭 짮⥫   ஥ ⠪,  頥-
    樮 ⥬     ,      㤥
   ஫.஫ ন 짮⥫  ⠩  ਮ᪨
 ,⮡ । ᠭ樮஢  ᯮ짮.
 ⮤ ஫  ᠬ   襢,   ᯥ-
   .ᯮ ⮤ ஡  訡,     ⮩
   ⠭   讥 ६  騩
 ஫      .  ⮣, ᭮ 梨
 ⮤ ஫ 砥  ⮬,  짮⥫  롨-
  祭      ( ⥬ ᠬ  ࠧ-
 ) ஫,     ⥫쭮 ६,  । -
  ०   ᬥ 짮⥫. ᬮ  㪠 -
 ⪨, ਬ  ⮤ ஫    ᫥ -
  樮   稨 㣨    ணࠬ
 ⮤ .
     筮 ⮤ ணࠬ ஫ ⠥  㣨 ணࠬ-
 묨 ⮤, ।騬 ࠭祭    ꥪ⠬ -
 . ᪨  ⥬  ।⠢    -
 ࠢ 㯮,  ।  㯠, ।ᬮ७
  ࠧ 짮⥫  .   ࠢ,   -
 ন  讥 ⢮ ॠ ⮢,  ⠪  騩
 ਭ樯  ॠ   ᯨ᪮ ࠢ 㯮, -
      饭     ⤥묨 묨.
  ⠪ ᯨ᮪ 砥    ꥪ⮢      㯯
 짮⥫,  ।⠢ ࠢ 㯠   -
 .   ࠢ쭮 ࣠樨 ⮣    
 ⢫ 樮  ⥬.  ᮪    ࠢ 筮
 砥 ⠪   ࠧ襭 権 㯠:  ⥭,  -
   믮 ணࠬ.
     樮 ⥬   ॣ஢  짮-
 ⥫ ࠭  ⪨ , 騥 ஫ 짮⥫ (
 ࠢ, ஢),  䨪 㯯 짮⥫  ᮮ-
 騩  ࠢ 짮⥫  ⭮襭  .ਬ,
 樮 ⥬ Unix   䠩  ।⠢
 ࠢ 㣨  짮⥫ ⮫쪮   뢠 (-
 ஢)    ᢮ 䠩.  砥,  䠩 -
  ணࠬ,  㦭 믮,  樮 ⥬ Unix
 ।⠢  䠩  ।  짮⥫,
 ஬ ࠧ蠥 믮  ணࠬ.
     ணࠬ ⮤    ஢ 樮 । 
 饥  ६ 稫  প   ய-
  ஢.ਬ஬  ஥  ।  ஢-
  ⠫   ய  Intel, ᫥騥 
 16-ࠧ來 80286 (  ᠬ). ।ᬮ७   -
  ᯮ  権  ꥪ⠬,  ਬ  -
 砬, ⠪  ﬠ ⭠ প ࠢ  -
  ନ஢    . ய 80286
 ॠ   ࠧ ஢.⤥쭮 ࠭⢮ -
  ᮢ, 뤥塞   ,   -
  ⮫쪮  ⥬ ᥣ⠬,  室  । ।ᬮ-
 ७    饭.   । ᢮ ᮡ⢥ -
 ᭮ ࠭⢠    㯠  ⪮  ࠧ-
  ᥣ⮢   㯠  ⥭  , ⠭-
  業ࠫ ஬.
     ।ᬠਢ ⠪    ஢ન ࠧ襭 
   饭  ᥣ .  ⫨稥     
 ய୮ 鸞   Intel ய 20286  -
  ஢ ,     ᨬ   -
  ᯥ稢   ⥬  ਪ ணࠬ  ࠧ-
 筮 ⥯ ⠫樨.

     2⮤ ⮬᪮ ⭮ 맮.
      ᯥ稢     ⥬  ᠭ樮-
 ஢ 㯠, 祬  ணࠬ ஫.  砥
 짮⥫   室  ஫  ᫥  ᮡ-
   ᥪ⭮. ⥬   맮  筮
 .    業ࠫ쭮  짮⥫   -
 ।⢥   ,   砫    ᯥ樠-
  ணࠬ, ன  ᮮ ᮮ⢥騥 䨪樮-
  .᫥ ⮣  ࠧ뢠      ந  ஢ઠ
 䨪樮  .  砥,  ᫨ ,  ᫠  
 裡,  ࠢ,   ந  맮 짮⥫  
 ६ 䨪樥 , ६   ⥫䮭. -
  ᬠਢ ⮤ ᫥ ⭥  ᪮  -
 । ६ প   ⪠ ᥪ㭤.

     2⮤ ஢ .
        䥪⨢ ⮤ .    -
     ᫮ 楤 ᠭ樮஢ -
 ,  ᫨  ।⢠  㤠 . ⮣  -
 筨 ଠ樨      ண ⬠ -
 ஢   ஢.  砥 ஢ 室 -
     ,  ஬  .  ਬ, -
  ஢  ।ᬮ     㪢  䠢
 ᫮,   箬  ⮬  㦨 冷 ஢ 㪢 ⮣
 䠢.
     ᮡ ᮪   堭   ⮤
 ஢     ⭮  প.ࠡ稪   
 Intel ᮧ  ணࠬ㥬    㯮     
 27916.  ᯮ짮       㯮    ,
    ⠭   짮⥫ (ନ쭮),
  㣮    ⨢  ,   㯠    㦭
  ஫.   믮 㭪 ""  "", ।-
       ஭  㤠 ,   -
 ঠ饩   㯮   箬, ᮢ騬  ᮮ⢥-
 騬 箬   .   ⪥ 饭   ஭
 ନ쭮      業ࠫ쭮     ஢-
 , ᮢ  ""  "",   ᫨ ᮢ,     
    ࠧ蠥.ࠬ      । 
  裡,  ⮬  । ,  ᫨ ᠭ-
 樮஢    裡.
      ⢨ ନ쭮         
 ᯠ     ᫥⥫ ⠯. ⠯ -
 ⢨ 樨 ନ쭠 ,   ன -   .-
  ⮬  ࠪ᪨  ᪫砥 ᠭ樮஢  
 ⥬,  ன   砥, ⮡  ᠭ樮-
  ,  室  ஢  ᮮ⢥騥 䨪樨 
  ஭.
      ࢮ  ⠯ ନ쭠   砩 ᫮ 
 뫠    裡    . 設  ࠡ-
   ᫮   ஢  ᯮ짮 ᮡ⢥
 祩. ⥬    頥 ᢮ ஢ १-
    裡  ନ쭮 ,  ࠢ ਭ
 १  ᮡ⢥ ஢ १⮬.  ᫨  ᮢ-
 ,   ஬ ⠯ ந室  ,  ⮫쪮 -
 樠஬ ⥯ 㯠   .
      ⠯ ॠ樨 堭   ᭮    -
    ⨯ 27916 ⮨  ணࠬ஢ ,室-
   믮 楤 ஢ન ࠢ 㯠.    ண-
 ࠬ஢   27916 ந ⠪ ணࠬ஢ 64-ࠧ-
 來   ,  । 㭪樨  㯠    .
  ணࠬ  ,  ᯥ稢騩 㯭 -
    ⥭   ,    ந  -
 ⢨       .  ६ ணࠬ  
 , 饣 ᮬ   ( 1024 ),  -
  室 ᯮ짮  믮 ⢨  -
  ஢ન ࠢ  .  롮 64-ࠧ來   -
 ,    ਡ⥫쭮 18*10  㭨 祭
 . ᫨    ,  ਬ 㣮 , -
  ⮤  ஡    訡  । 祭   ⥬
 0.08  (ᨬ ⥬  ஢ப ࠢ 㯠,  -
 ⨬   ),  ॡ 46 . , ⮡ ஡-
   祭.    㯮   짮⥫ -
 ⠢       প,  
  ⢨   । ࠢ    (  0.08
  15 ).
     ⢮ ࠡ  砩 ᥫ      
 䠪஢, ᯥ稢   ⥬.  -
 ஬ ⠥   砥 ,   ࠪ᪨  뤠
  ᥫ. 祭  ⠢  27916  砩
 ᥫ ᯥ稢   1 .  ⮢ ⮫쪮 0.03%  ᥫ,
  ᪮쪮 ࠧ.
     ᬮ७ ⮤ ஢  ⮩ 㯠   -
 稢 ᮪ ⨢,    짮⥫  -
 樮   ࠢ  ࠭ ᠭ묨 ⮤.

     2   ᮢ.
      ᮡ   .
       ࠧ  ᫮    ⥬  ⠥
 ꥬ   蠥 梨 ࠭   .  -
  䠪஢,  १ ᨢ  梨,    ᮢ
 ந⢮ ணࠬ-ᮢ⨬ ᮭ ஢, -
 ஥     稭    ணࠬ
    ᮢ. ᭮,  
 裡   ࠦ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  -
 묨 ᠬ,  ⮨  ᪠  㭨⮦  
 ଠ樨, ஥  ਢ  ⮫쪮  䨭ᮢ  ,
     ᮡ 祫᪨ .
     ணࠬ :
     1娢஢: 0஢ ⠡ FAT,    -
 娢  䠩. ᠬ ,  ᭮ ⮤  
 ᮢ.
     1室 ஫:  0஢ઠ 㯠  ணࠬ  ⥪ࠬ,
     ⮢ ᥪ 砫쭮 㧪  -
 㦠 ᪥ ( 㭨⮦ boot-ᮢ).
     1䨫⨪: 0ࠡ  ᪥⠬,  饭묨  , -
  ਮ 㯭 ᪥⪨  , ࠧ쭮 ࠭-
   祭  ᯫ஢ ࠭ ணࠬ, ࠭
 ணࠬ  ""  娢஢ .
     1ॢ: 0    祭 ணࠬ ᯥ樠묨 ।-
 ⢠, ஫ 楫⭮    ॣ୮    -
 ஫ 㬬  ஢ન ᥪ 砫쭮 㧪 । 뢠-
  ଠ樨  㧪  ᪥, ஫ ᮤন ⥬-
  䠩  (०  ᥣ  COMMAND.COM  )  .   楫 
 ணࠬ-ॢ஢, ᯥ稢  ஫ 㬬.
     1࠭⨭: 0    ணࠬ,  祭  ஫
 㬬,   室 ࠭⨭, .. ⥫쭮 ஢  -
   ⥭묨  ᯥ樠⠬  襩   
   ᮢ,   祭 । ६  
   ࣠   ⤥쭮 ;  ᢮
 ᯥ樠쭮  짮⥫  ࠡ      㯨訬
 ணࠬ,  祬    ⮣ 짮⥫  ⠫ ࠧ
    ,    READ_ONLY.
     1ᥣ: 0ᯮ짮  ணࠬ Advanced Disk Manager 
 ࠧ ᪠    ⠭ ਡ⮬ READ_ONLY.
     1䨫: 0ਬ ᯥ樠 ணࠬ  㦥 -
 ⮪ 믮 ᠭ樮஢ ⢨.
     1樭஢: 0ᯥ樠쭠 ࠡ⪠ 䠩,᪮, ⠫,
  १ ணࠬ-樭,   ⠭ ᫮,
  ᯮ    ⨯   । (-
 ) ࠦ, .. 뢠 .
     1⮪஫ 楫⭮: 0ᯮ짮  ணࠬ ᯥ樠
 ⬮,  ᫥ ᪠ ணࠬ ।, 뫨 
 ᥭ   䠩  ண 㦥 ணࠬ  .
     1࠯: 0⨢ ⭮   ࠦ  ணࠬ-
  ᯥ樠쭮 ணࠬ 䠣  ⠭ ࢮ砫쭮
 ﭨ ணࠬ ⥬ "뢠"  ஢    
  ࠦ 䠩  ᪠   ⮩ ணࠬ.
       ࠡ ணࠬ-䠣 (ਬ AIDSTEST , ANTIDIR ,
 DOCTOR) "뢠" ⥫   ⠭  -
 ᮬ ᫥⥫쭮 .
      ⬥,   ᥩ ᥬ⭮ 㢫祭
 樮஢ ணࠬ-䠣,   ᠬ  । -
 ,  ᮢᥬ ࠢ.  ᭮ ᨫ   ࠢ 
 ।० ࠦ.
     ᨬ  ⮣,  ᪮쪮   ࠧࠡ⠭  ணࠬ
 ⮤ ,    䥪⨢      -
 쭮 ⢨ 짮⥫, ⢨,    訡-
     ᥫ. ਬ, ᫨   㤭 ॣ୮
 ᪠ ९뢠 - ஢ ணࠬ,    蠭  -
  ࠦ    ணࠬ  ᫮ -
 .
     ࣠樮    ᫥饬:
     Į饥 ॣ㫨஢ 㯠, 饥 ⥬ ஫  ᥣ-
   㯠;
     Į祭 ᮭ;
     Įᯥ祭 䨧᪮ ᭮    -
 ⥫;
     Ģࠡ⪠ ࠢ 娢஢;
     ࠭ ⤥ 䠩  ஢ ;
     ᮧ  ࠡ⪠  ⠭ "".
     饥 ॣ㫨஢ 㯠  ᯥ稢    -
 ஢  業묨 묨.᫨ 祫 ⠢  㫨 ⮬
  묨 栬  ⠢ 箬 ,    砥
 㣮 ⮬  ।   㤥   ⮬ 祫-
 .   ࠬ  ⭮    筠. 
 ᭮ ࠦ ᠬ,   ஢  䨪-
  䨤樠쭮 ଠ樨   ⥫ । -
 樨,  ᯥ稢饩 ਥ ஢ ஫.
      ⪮ ᬮਬ   祭 ᮭ.  -
 뢠,    祬     㤭  ࠬ,
 ⥬  ᭮  ।⠢   窨  ७  
 ࠦ   묨 ᠬ.⥫쭮  ᫮
 ᭮ ᫥ ਧ ᮮ⢥騩 ஢ 祭 -
 㤭.  ⬥,   ॣ㫨஢ 㯠 ᠬ  ᥡ
  楥.






     Ĉ .. ᮭ   ࣠樮 ࠢ.
     ᪢ "". . ।. 䨧.-. . 1989.
     đ .  奬   맮, ।騥 ᠭ樮-
 ஢   ࠬ  ⥫䮭 .
     ஭.-1984. -N 5. -.39-45
     āࢠ .  ।⢠    -  ⥬ ࠢ 
 .
     ஭.-1984. -N 5. -.46-52
     Ċ ..   ஢  ଠ樨   ᠭ樮-
  㯠.
     ஭.-1985. -N 4. -.77-82.
     ā㪮 ..   ⮤   .
     ᪢ :   ࠩ. 1991.



                1ࠣ  ࠢ 㯮.
 
                                    ꥪ
 짮⥫
             ணࠬ                       
 
 ஢ ..   ⥭,      ⥭                     ⥭
                                             
 ஢                                        ⥭
 㦡                                            
 壠  믮                 ⥭    
                                                   
 ᮢ ..               ⥭,                
                                             
 


                  1奬 ⮤ ணࠬ ஫.0

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