 2
                        1. ⪨  

    ய  ᥣ ࠡ⠥  16-⮢묨 ᫠,  
 ਭ 祭,    ॢ騥  65536    64.  ᪮
  ᯮ  ᫮    ᪠ ᢮  १
,  ।,      ᮤঠ  64 .
  , 64  ᫨誮   쥧 ਬ -
;    ஢ 㤮 ,  ன
  ࠧ  - 640. ⮬  :  믮 -
,  ᯮ ⠪    த  ਬ  16-⮢
᫠  㯠  ?
     襭, ஥ 뫮 ॠ ମ Intel  ᥬ⢥ ய-
஢  8086 砥  ਬ ⠪ 뢠 ᥣ஢-
 ᮢ.  ஢  ⠢     16-⮢
᫮,  ꥤ塞  ⠪ ᯮᮡ,  ⮡   । 
1048576 ( ਡ⥫쭮 ) ⮢  .    ⮣,  ⮡
ᬮ,    , 㦭 ᬮ ᫥饥: 䬥⨪,
 ᯮ  ꥤ  ᫮ ᥣ஢  -
,    ᯮᮡ ࠡ⪨  ᥣ஢ ᮢ  ய-
.
     䬥⨪ 砥 ⠪ 뢠 "᫮  ᤢ",  ஥
 ᮧ 20-⮢ 筮 ᫮ (஥   ਭ
祭  1048578)   16-⮢ ᥫ.  ।,    
  16-⮢ ᫮,    ⭠ 祭
ABCD  1234.  ,    ⭠  ।⠢
 ,  ⮬  ⠤    (ABCD    1234)
।⠢ 16 ⮢.  쬥     ᥫ, ᪠ ABCD, 
 0   :  ABCD0.  ᪨  砥 ᤢ ᫠  
 ⭠  (    樨)  -
 祭 ᫠  ⭠.   ᫮  ⮨    
⭠   ( 20 ⮢)  ਭ  -
.  ,   ᮦ,      ᯮ짮  ⢥
 20-⮢  ,  ᪮   ⮣ ᫠ ⮨
0:   ᫮  ।⠢ ⮫쪮 ,  稢騥    0,
.. ⮫쪮  ⭠ .
      ⮣,  ⮡  ᠭ 奬 ᥣ஢ -
樨,   쬥 㣮 16-⮢ ᫮ (1234  襬 ਬ)  -
   ᤢ⮬ :

                                ABCD0
                              +  1234
                               -------
                                ACF04

       ꥤ塞  16-⮢ ᫮ ⠪ ᯮᮡ,   -
砥 20-⮢ ᫮,  ஥  ਭ  祭  0  
1048577.      䬥᪠ 奬,   ᯥ稢 ᯮᮡ-
 PC ࠡ   ⮢ ,  ᯮ 16-⮢ -
.
       ⮩ 奬 樨 뢠  ᥣ  
ᬥ饭.  襬 ਬ ABCD  祭 ᥣ,  1234  -
祭 ᬥ饭.   ᥣ ।   ,    16,
..  ,   ᫥ 樨 ண  ⭠ 0.
 ,    16,  뢠 ࠭栬 ࠣ䮢 
ࠣ䠬 ᥣ⮢.
      ᬥ饭 ᥣ஢  । ஥  -
  ⮯ ,  ᫥饥  ⮯ ࠣ ᥣ-
.  ᪮ 16-⮢ ᫮ ᬥ饭  ஢  0 

                                     - 2 -
65535  ( 64),    ᬥ饭 ᥣ஢  
 ࠡ  64 ⠬ ,  ᯮ       ᥣ-
.
     ।⠢ ⠭ ᯮᮡ  ᥣ஢ ᮢ, -
      㤥   祭 孨᪨ ਠ,
⭮  PC.  ஢  筮 뢠  ᫥-
饬 :  ABCD:1234.   㪠뢠  ᥣ, ⥬ ᫥
稥   ᬥ饭.  ᫨  ࠡ⠥  몮 ᥬ  
ᯮ ணࠬ DEBUG,   ⠪   㤥  祭
.  ᫨  ﭥ  ⨭ ணࠬ DEBUG,  ।⠢ 
ࠧ  "  ஢  뢠",    㢨 ⠪  
ࠢ ⮫.
      ᥣ,      ਬ      襣
,   頥     ᥣ஢ ଥ.  
 㦭      筮 ଥ,    ᥣ-
஢  ꥤ;    ॡ ᤥ,   -
뢠 ᮮ⢥騥  ᮫묨 ᠬ,  ⮡  
⠭.  襬 ਬ ꥤ ⥩ ABCD  1234 १騬
᮫ ᮬ  ACF04.
      ᥣ ᥣ஢     ࠡ뢠
஬   ᯥ樠 ॣ஢ ᥣ⮢,     -
 ॣ஢ ।祭  樨  ࠣ  ᥣ.  -
 ᥣ  CS 㪠뢠,   室  ணࠬ. 
ᥣ  DS । ⮯ ᭮  ணࠬ.
  ⥫쭮  ᥣ  ES  ᥣ  DS ⠪,
   ᤢ   ⤥묨 ﬨ . , -
, ॣ ᥣ ⥪ SS ।⠢ ଠ   -
 ⥪ .  ⠫쭠  ⢫  ।⢮
ࠡ⪨  ᬥ饭.   ६   ᥣ ᥣ஢-
   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   㦠   
    ॣ஢,   ᬥ饭  ᯮ짮 
 .   ணࠬ   ᬥ饭 ᮢ  ࠧ-
 ॣ஢ (⠪  㭨ᠫ ॣ AX,  BX  ..   -
 ॣ SI  DI). 饭  ⠪ 㪠뢠  䠪-
  ணࠬ  設 몥,    ।⢮
ꥤ ᮤন ॣ஢   設 몠.  
   ᯮᮡ ࠡ⪨ ᮢ ᬥ饭.
      ணࠬ 믮  ,      ᪨
᢮   । ⥩ ணࠬ,  ⠪  । ᮮ⢥ -
.   饭 ନ,   ணࠬ ᯮ  ॣ
ᥣ   CS  । ⮯ ⥩ ணࠬ  -
 ᥣ  DS  㦥 .    ६  믮
ணࠬ   ॣ  ࠪ⮢  䨪஢  -
.  ᫨ -   䨪 (..   ணࠬ
  ६  믮),   ᮮ⢥  ( ணࠬ
 )   ᯮ짮  64 ,  㥬  
⢥ 祭 ᥣ.  ,  ᫨ -  ॣ஢
 ᪨   ६ ࠡ ணࠬ,      ᮮ-
饩   ⠪ ࠭祭   ࠧ ᭨.  ᫨
䨪  ॣ,       ,  -
࠭稢  ணࠬ  ꥬ  64     64  ;  ᫨
   ॣ,      ,  ࠭-
祭.   ⨬ ﬨ    :     -
஢ 䨪,  㣮  .
     २⢠   ⥩    ॣ஢ ᥣ⮢
( ࠭祭  64) 祢;     २⢠    ⮫
祢,  ,   ॠ쭠.  ணࠬ ᬥ -
㫨஢ ॣࠬ ᥣ⮢,  ॡ ⥫쭠 ࠡ  
㧪  (  㭪樮஢)  ⥫쭠 ⥯ -

                                     - 3 -
ࠢ  (  ᫮    ணࠬ).    ᪮-
, ࠧ஬  ⮩,   ஭, 室 ஬.

                 2.訥  

       襣   ᠬ묨 訬 ᠬ ⢮-
    ਬ,  । 㭪樮஢
.  ᯥ樠쭮 ਬ 襩    뤥-
  .
     ࢠ -  ⠡ ஢ 뢠,   । -
⮯ ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠.  1024 ⮢ 
ᯥ樠쭮 ⢮  ⠡ ஢ 뢠,  ।ᬠਢ
  256 ࠧ 뢠 - ᪮쪮 ,  祬 筮  -
.   ⠡     ᮫묨 ᠬ
 0  400 (⭠筮). ( ⠫쭮   
 ⨬  ࠧ " ஢ 뢠".)
       ᯮ  ⢥ ࠡ祣   ண-
ࠬ  ROM-BIOS.  ᪮  ROM-BIOS  ࠢ  ᭮ ⥫쭮
  ⠢  ,    ࠭  ᮡ⢥-
 ᥩ ॡ ।  .   -
   ROM-BIOS,     ⥩ -
୮ . । ᥣ ⮣ ,  ࠭   
ROM-BIOS,   ,  ஬ ࠭ ଠ  , -
   ⮣,    ணࠬ ⮢ ਭ ⠪ ଠ,  
⠪ ଠ  ꥬ 饩        
०  ᯮ짮  ࠭,    ஬   ᫥饩 
(᫨  ⥫쭮 ᬮ ணࠬ ALL-CHAR  ਫ ,  
 㦨 ணࠬ,  ஢  ᯮ ० 뢮 
࠭).
        ROM-BIOS ⠭ ⤥쭠  ࠧ-
஬  256 ⮢   ᠬ  400  500.
     쥩   ᯥ樠쭮   ᮢ   -
 ࠡ    ᨪ,  室  ᮫묨
ᠬ 500  600.   ᯮ ᮢ⭮   ᨪ 
⢥ ࠡ祩 ,  筮 ࠡ祩  ROM-BIOS, 
। .
     祢 ࠡ祩      ,    -
   ணࠬ  ᮮ⢥ :    ⮨
    (0-9).     뢠  -
 짮⥫  ⮣, ⮡ ⫨   ⠫쭮  -
 ࠭⢠.    ਬ  ꥬ 饩   PC  ,
䠪᪨    ꥬ  짮⥫,   ⠭-
  ⮩ .  ᪨   짮⥫    
ࠧ  16 (⢥  ࢮ   64)  640,  -
⠭    .  ᨬ  ꥬ ⠭
,   ࠧ  뢭 ᮪,  稭   0  -
   ⠭ .
     ᪨  ᪮쪮 ࠧ   ( ஡-
  ⮬  㧭 )        ,    ।
,    筮   ந 㯮 (ந쭮
롮મ),  ᯮ  믮 ⥭   , -
 뢠 ⠪  (饥 ன⢮  ந쭮 롮-
).    ⫨砥 ᫥饥:  -, , ࠭騥 
⮩    ஢ (᫨)   (뢠),
,  -,   ﭭ,  砥,  , ࠭-
騥  , ࠭ ⮫쪮  ६ ࠡ .
       ।祭  ࠭  ணࠬ  , -
  ࠡ뢠 . ꥬ ⠭    
। ࠧ    ஡,      ࠧ  

                                     - 4 -
.

      0   1-   64    筠  짮⥫    64
      1   2-   64    筠  짮⥫   128
      2   3-   64    筠  짮⥫   192
      3   4-   64    筠  짮⥫   256
      4   5-   64    筠  짮⥫   320
      5   6-   64    筠  짮⥫   384
      6   7-   64    筠  짮⥫   448
      7   8-   64    筠  짮⥫   512
      8   9-   64    筠  짮⥫   576
      9  10-   64    筠  짮⥫   640
      A  11-   64    ७   
      B  12-   64    ⠭⭠   
      C  13-   64    ७  (XT,EGA,3270 PC)
      F  16-   64    ⥬ ROM-BIOS  ROM-BASIC

     .   PC

     ᭠  ᥬ⢠ PC  ⤥쭮  ⠭  ⮫쪮
    ⭠   ᭮ ࠭⢥  ⮩ 
ࠡ祩  .   60%  饣 ꥬ.   -
 ꬮ  640  ᫨誮   ஡,   -
    PC,  ,   ⮣ ६,  ࠧࠡ뢠
PC,  ꥬ  ஬.   ६  ᮭ -
 ࠭稢  ꥬ 64  128  PC     640
⠫ . (  訡,      
ਨ ਧ樨: 業 ॡ⥩    ७).
      ᫥        짮⥫   
640,  ࣭    ᫥   ⥬ ⥩,
   祭 ࠧ㬭,    , ᯮ騥  
짮⥫,  १ࢨ  ᯥ樠 ਬ (  
 ).
        ⤥    짮⥫  -
    ᯮ짮 訬 ணࠬ.   ⮩  ,
稭    0,  ᯥ樠쭮 ⠭  
ᥩ,     .  ⮬ 㯮  ࠧ
"訥  ",   ⠫쭠 孨᪠ ଠ  -
   ⥩ ⮩  ਢ  ࠧ " ஢ -
뢠".  ,   ᪫祭 ⮩ 让 ( ᭮) ,
  ࠧ    640  ᯥ樠쭮 ।祭  ᯮ짮 訬
ணࠬ, ⮬  ⮨ 㤥   .  㣮 -
஭,  ⠫  ,    ᯮ짮 ।⠢
  ᮬ .

                  3. ७ 

       ६   童 ᥬ⢠ PC,  ᯮ騥 ய-
  8088,  ࠭稢  樥    ,
 AT ᥬ⢠,   ᯮ ய 286,  ࠡ-
   襣 ꥬ.
      㯮  ᬮ७ ய 286 (  -
 6),  , 騥  ய 286,   
16  . ᭮ ⬥,  筮 ⠪   
ਬ   祭    ஬  㭨ᠫ-
 ࠬ  IBM.  ,   ஬ 㭨ᠫ 設
 IBM  ,  ன  ॢ蠫   -
 쪨 ய஢.
      ᯮᮡ   ஬ ꥬ ॠ쭮 ࠡ祩 -

                                     - 5 -
,  ய 286  ⠪ ࠡ  ஬묨 ꥬ -
㠫쭮 ,  樥 襣 ꥬ , 祬  
稨.  (.  ࠧ "  㠫쭠 "). 㠫쭠
    AT    ।⠢  ꥬ   
(1024 ⮢)   ணࠬ,  믮  -
.
      ⮣,  ⮡   २⢠  ᯮ짮  -
७   㠫쭮   AT, 室 稥 -
樮 ⥬ ( ணࠬ ᮯ஢),    ᮮ-
騬 ﬨ. ᪮ ᭮ 樮 ⥬ 
ᥬ⢠ PC,  ,  ࠧࠡ뢠   ਬ ७ 
㠫쭮 ,  ⥭樠 ᮮ⢥ ⥩ 㤥 -
   ,      樮  ⥬
   ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ࠧࠡ⠭ 
⮬ ᮡ⥩  AT.
     ᬮ   ,  ணࠬ ,  । ⥯, -
짮  ७  AT.  ⠭ ᯮᮡ 
ணࠬ   ᯮ짮   楫 㦨 ணࠬ,
祭  ROM-BIOS.   ⠪ 㦨 ணࠬ ⢫-
  ।   ( 㦭  ࠧ)  ᯥ樠-
 ७   筮 .  ணࠬ  ⠪  -
⢫  ४祭 ய 286  ॠ쭮 ० ( -
஬     ய 8088)  饭  ०.
,    ᯥ譮  㫨஢ 饭 ०,  ணࠬ
   ᫮.  ᫨ ,   ॡ  ணࠬ -
   룮  ᯮ짮 ७ ,    
 ᯮ짮 㦨饩 ணࠬ ।   -
,  ᮤঠ饩  BIOS,    ᫮⥩, 易  ࠡ-
⮩  饭 ०.
              ________ ________ ________ ________    
             |        |        |        |        |    ,
             |________|________|________|________|     -
                 |            \               \        -
㠫쭠      |             \               \     㠫쭮 
 ணࠬ  |              \               \
짮⥫     |               \               \
 ______          |                \               \
|      |         |                 \               \
|______|         |                  \               \
  |             _|______            _\____        ___\__ 
  |    ________|        |__________|      |______|      |____
  |-->|        |________|          |______|      |______|    |
      |________|        |__________|      |______|      |____|
          \                |                /            /
            \              |              /            /
              \            |            /            /
                \          |          /            /
                 \         |         /            /
                  \        |        /            /
                   \       |       /            /
                    \      |      /            /
                     \     |     /            /
                 ____________________________
                |                            |
                |  ,  ஬ ࠭ |
                |   㠫쭮   |
                |____________________________|
                            . 㠫쭠 

                                     - 6 -

1-ॠ쭠 ; 2-࠭ ⨢ ⥩ 㠫쭮 ;
3-ணࠬ ᯮ 㠫 ; 4-㠫쭠 ;
5-; 6-࠭ ⥩ 㠫쭮 


                  4. 㠫쭠 

     㠫쭠  ।⠢ ᮡ 㬭 , 
砥 ।,  ⥫쭮 ࣠    -
ய஬,  ணࠬ প 㠫쭮   ᪮ -
.  , 㠫쭠   ᫥騬 ࠧ.
      ணࠬ ⠭  믮  , -
樮 ⥬ ᮧ "࠭⢮ 㠫쭮 ",  ஥ -
    ᮢ ,  ணࠬ   ᢮
ᯮ.  ⥬  "ॠ쭮"  䠪᪮ 䨧᪮ 
 ।  㠫 ,    ஬ 楯-
樨 㠫쭮 . ᯮ ।⢮, ஥  ꥬ-
  ய 286,  ணࠬ প 㠫쭮 
樮 ⥬ ᮮ頥 ய 286  ⮬,    ॠ쭮
, 뤥塞 ணࠬ, ᫥   㣮 ,
 㤥 짮 ணࠬ. ।⢮ "। " 
ய  286   ⠪,   ॠ쭠  த  
ࠡ稩 , ⫨  ⨭, ॠ쭮 .
     ணࠬ 稭  ࠡ    ஬  (讬) ࠭⢥
㠫쭮 , ⮡ࠦ   ॠ쭮  ( -
 ꥬ) .  ணࠬ ࠡ⠥ ⮫쪮  ⮩  ᢮-
 㠫쭮    .  ணࠬ 䠪᪨ ᯮ
 ,  ⫨  ,   ।  ணࠬ,  
   祭.  ந室,  ணࠬ ⠥ ᯮ-
 ᪮쪮  㠫쭮 ,  祬 뫮 뤥 ॠ쭮
 (  訩 ꥬ,  祬 㠫쭠 )?    ⮬
砥 ⠡ ⮡ࠦ ய 㦨,   ணࠬ
⠥ ᯮ짮 ,       ⥪騩  ;
ய    ⠪ 력 뢠 - ⢨
࠭.
      ந室 뢠 - ⢨ ࠭ (饥,
 ணࠬ ⠥ ᯮ짮 㠫 ,    䠪-
᪨  ⮡ࠦ  ॠ쭮 ), 㯠  ⢨ ᯥ樠-
 ணࠬ প 㠫쭮 .  ६ 頥 ண-
ࠬ  ﭨ ஢,    ⨬ ਧᮬ. ணࠬ
প 롨ࠥ ।  㠫쭮 ,    -
騩  室  ॠ쭮  , ६ 頥  ᮤ-
  ;   뢠 ⪠窮.    ॠ쭮  -
  ⢥ 襩  㠫쭮 .
      ⪠砭   ॡ ,    稢
 ஢  ᪠.
      ,    ᯮ   ⢥  ᪫  
࠭  ⥩ 㠫쭮 ,    ᯮ  ⥪騩
.
      ᨬ   室 ᫨⥫쭮 ,  㭪樮஢
㠫쭮   ⥪ 祭 ,      -
  ⮫쪮  権  ⪠窨  窨,     ४窨
    ᪮ 㤥    ᫨誮    ६.
  ந室,  ⠪  뢠 "஡ᮢ": -

                                     - 7 -
 ⥬ 㠫쭮  稭  ஡ᮢ뢠,  ந⥫-
  १ .
     ࠪ᪮ 㭪樮஢  ⥬  㠫쭮    
 祭 ⢨⥫쭮 ࠢ訢饥 ⢨,  ⭮ 
ன ⥬.   ப     㬥-
७   襭 ᯮ짮 㠫쭮 ,  ,   
⥬,   ᫨誮   ᫨誮 ⥫   ⮣,  ⮡  
ᨬ 룮  ਬ ⮩ 魮 楯樨.


      5. 㯯    㢥祭 
     ----------------------------------------------

     ४祭      䠪᪨  
,  祬  ᯥ稢    ࠭⢮
ய.  ࠪ᪨  室  , , 
 ⪮  ९ -      ᭮  ࠭⢥
ய.   ⮣    ॡ뢠  ,  
,   㯭   ணࠬ,    ந室 
祭.
       ⮣ ᯥ樠쭮       ४祭  㯯
 ,   㣮,   몫  -
.  ਬ,  ⠪   ᮤঠ ᥬ "" -
,     ꥬ 64 (ᥣ 512). ᥬ ⨬  
64 ᮮ⢥    (64)  ୮ .  -
   ⨢      쬨 ,   -
㯭   ⮣ , 㣨   ஢.
     २⢮ ४祭  ⮨  ⮬,    
    , ,    -
㯭    .  , ॡ ᤥ  祭 ,
 ᫠    ᮮ⢥ , ᮮ  -
 樨 .  ४祭  ⮫쪮 ६, ᪮쪮
ॡ  믮 ᮮ⢥饩  -   -  -
প.
       ⥬,  ᫮, 易  ᯮ짮 
 ४祭 㯯 .  ⫨稥  筮 ୮ ,
  ४祭 㯯  ॡ ⨢ ࠢ, -
稢饣 㯭 㦭 ⪮   ᮮ⢥騥 -
 ६.  ॡ  ⮬ ࠢ -  ⠭  ᯮᮡ  
⢫  -  ᤥন ਬ ४祭    ,
      ந  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,  ଠ  "-
"(Lotus),   㤥᭨   ந⢠ ⠫ ய-
஢, ଠ "⥫",  ꥤ  । ⠭⭮ ᯮ-
ᮡ  ࠡ      ४祭 㯯 .  樠쭮 
室  ४祭  뢠 "䨪 ७ -
  /⥫/",  ,        
ᯥ樠쭮  , ࠧࠡ⠭ ମ "⥫"  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
⮩ ᯥ䨪樥: " " ("Above Board").
     ᭨,    㢥祭  .    㭪樮஢
ᯥ稢  ६  ⠬:   - ⭠ (  
४祭 㯯 )     ணࠬ  (ணࠬ  ࠢ
㢥祭 ,   ਪ ணࠬ,  ᯮ -
).     ४祭 㯯  (ன    
"  "  "⥫"   筠  ) -
稢 -  64 ⠬  8 ⠬  ,  ࠧ塞
 訥 ࠭  16,    ॠᮢ뢠 -
㠫쭮 ।⢮ ४祭 .
     ணࠬ ࠢ  㢥祭  () ⨢ 
ࢮ ᪥    뢠 㭤  㭪樮஢

                                     - 8 -
㢥祭 . 祢  ,    ணࠬ-
,   ᪠ ᯮ㥬    PC,  -
  ᯮ짮   ⮡ࠦ     ४祭 㯯
.   ⮩ ணࠬ ॡ  ࠡ   -
  64,  뢠 ࠭ , 祬  ࠡ 
 ᯮ   .   饩 奬 । 
  㢨,    D  E   ⮩묨 -
⠬  ⮩ 楫,  ,    ࠭  ⠪
  C.  筮 ⮯   祭,  ᫨   蠥
-  ᯮ짮  ᭮  ࠭⢠.  ஬  ⮣,
࠭    ࠧ  ࠭  .  -
, ࠭   稭   ᥣ C400  
⠢   C   16  D.
      ணࠬ  ।,  㤥 ᯮ  ࠭-
  (64),          16. ᫥ ⮣
 ⮢  ⢨,  ⮢  প  ਪ  ணࠬ,
  ,    ᯮ짮  ४窥    
 16 (   ).
      ᯮ짮 㢥祭 , ਪ ணࠬ ᮮ-
 ணࠬ   ⮬,   㦤  ਬ   
  㯭 .  ਪ ணࠬ   㯥-
   뤥  ࠭ ,   ⥬ ᤥ   ࠭
㯭묨 ।⢮ ४祭    .   ਪ-
 ணࠬ 㦭 ࠡ  ࠧ묨 ࠭栬 (  16)  ,
  뫠     ᮮ⢥饥 ४祭 ࠭.

 ____________________________________________________________________
|                                                                    |
|                                                                    |
|        _______________________________________                     |
|       |                                       |                    |
|       |      -------       -------            |                    |
|       |      |     |       |     |            |         |
|       |      |     |       |     |            |              |
|       |      -------       -------            |                    |
|       |         |   -------   |   -------     |                    |
|       |         |   |     |   |   |     |     |                    |
|       |         |   |     |   |   |     |     |                    |
|       |         |   -------   |   -------     |                    |
|       |         |      |      |      |        |                    |
|       |_______________________________________|                    |
|                 |      |      |      |                             |
|                 |      |      |      |                             |
|                 |      |      |      |                             |
|                \|/    \|/    \|/    \|/                            |
|    ------------------------------------------------------          |
|   |          |      |     |       |     |                | |
|   |          |      |     |       |     |                |   |
|    ------------------------------------------------------          |
|   0    640   \___________ ____________/                           |
|                           V                                        |
|                                                                    |
|                                                                |
|____________________________________________________________________|


     . ७ 

       奬 祭 魠  쬠 ,    

                                     - 9 -
祢 ⪨.     ⮨  ⮬,    ᯮ-
 ⮫쪮  ணࠬ ,     ᠬ ணࠬ.
   ࠢ  ᪨ 筮    筮 -
  ࠭  ணࠬ,  ,   ணࠬ 믮-
  筮 ,       ਬ 㢥-
祭 , ࠡ  訬 ꥬ , 祬  ࠧ
 筮 .  㣨 祢 ⪮  ,   ண-
ࠬ, ᯮ 㢥祭 ,  ,  ࠡ ᮢ-
⭮    ணࠬ    㤮 ࠡ  묨,  ࠧ묨 
࠭  16.    ⥬, ᫥ ⬥,   ࠬ  -
࠭祭  奬  㢥祭   ⢥  -
 襣    ࠡ⪨  ꥬ .
      奬  㢥祭            
筮  童 ᥬ⢠ PC,   AT ᥬ⢠.  ⮣,
  AT   ᮡ⢥  ७  ,  ꥬ
ன  ॢ蠥    । PC,   ᯮ짮
⠪  㢥祭         ࠬ   筮   ⭮
࠭⢠.

                 ࠯।  DOS

      0000:0000    ஢ 뢠.
      0040:0000    ६ BIOS.
      0050:0000    ६ DOS.
      XXXX:0000   IBMBIO.COM -  DOS, ᯥ稢
                  ⢨  BIOS.
      XXXX:0000   IBMDOS.COM - ணࠬ ࠡ⪨
                  뢠 DOS ( INT 21).
       ࠢ騥 ⠡ DOS  㦥 ࠩ.
      XXXX:0000   ⭠  COMMAND.COM -
                  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠
                  22 (襭), 23 (Ctrl-Break),
                  24 (⠫ꭠ 訡 ) 
                  ணࠬ 㧪 १⭮ .
      XXXX:0000   १⭠   ணࠬ -
                  ( 䠩 .COM  .EXE)
      XXXX:0000   ⥪ ணࠬ ( .COM)
      XXXX:0000   १⭠  COMMAND.COM -
                   ,
                  १  DOS,
                    䠩,
                  稪.


