

                    .

         ६   ᭮뢠    ᯮ짮  
     (),  뢠 ꥪ । ⥩ 
    裡  .   ᭮    -
    樨,      ᭮뢠 :  ५樮  
    (),  ⥢   (), ᪠  
    ().
         ᭮ ࠧ稥  ⨬  ﬨ    ⮨  
    ᯮᮡ  ᠭ  ⢨  ꥪ⠬  ਡ⠬.
     ࠦ ⭮襭  ⢠ . ᯮ-
      裡 "  ",  "  "  "
     ".  "  " -   筮 ᮮ⢥-
    ⢨, ஥ ⠭   ꥪ⮬   -
    ⮬.  Hਬ,   ।  ६    -
        ।  .  H ࠭ 
    ᮮ⢥  ࠭ . "  "- -
    -筮 ᮮ⢥⢨,  ஥ ⠭  -
     ꥪ⮬   ਡ⠬.  ਬ,   짮⥫
      襭 ࠧ  ᯮ ࠧ 모 ணࠬ-
    ஢."  " -   ᮮ⢥⢨    
    ꥪ⠬   ਡ⠬. Hਬ,  ⢮  
    ६ ࠡ ⢮ 짮⥫. 裡 
    ꥪ⠬    ਡ⠬ 㤮 ।⠢   䮢  -
    䮢.
          ᭮  ५樮     ⥬᪮ ⨥
    ⥮⨪-⢥ ⭮襭,  ஥ ।⠢  ᮡ
    ⢮  ⮢ ந ᯨ᪠ .  - 
     ⢮ 祭.
             D1,...,Dk. ⮢ ந-
      D1, D2,...,Dk (砥  D1 x D2 x ... x Dk)
    뢠 ⢮  ⥦ (v1, v2, ...,vk)  k, -
    , , v1 ਭ D1, v2 ਭ D2  ..
                  (D1,...,Dk) = {(d1,...,dk) / dicDi}
         Hਬ, ᫨ k=2,  D1 = {0,1},  D2 = {a,b,c},  D1 x D2
     {(0,a), (0,b), (0,c), (1,a), (1,b), (1,c)}.
         ⭮襭 뢠 ஥ ⢮ ⮢ -
        .   ।⠢ ⭮-
      ⠡,   ப-  ⥦,   ⮫
     ਡ⮬.  -  ⢮ 祭 ਡ.
    ⥦ -  㯮冷祭 ⢠.  ⮫  ⠡  -  
     ,  ப - .
         Hਬ  .1 ।⠢ ⭮襭  ਡ⠬:  -
    த, , ᥫ.
         ( , 宬, 13880) -  ⥦.

               த                           ᥫ
        
             -                          4490
                          宬            13880
                                        509

         .1. ਬ ⭮襭.

         ⭮襭   ।⠢   䠩.  䠩-
        ,  ᮮ⢥ ਡ⠬  奬 ⭮-
    .   모 । , ᭮  ५樮

                                 - 2 -
    ,   짮⥫  ᯥ஢ ࣠-
     䠩. 짮⥫   ஢ (  䠩-
      ࠧ   ⪠,     ᮤন 
       )  ஢.  ⭮襭  -
    訬 ᫮ ⥦,  ୠ⨢ - "".  ⮬ -
    砥 ⥦     䠩    ।
    浪.
         ⥢        ⠡  䮢
    ।⠢: 設  筮  ᮯ⠢  
    ⨯ 魮,   ।⠢ ⠡栬,   㣠- ⨯
    痢.  ࠧ⮩ ⥢      -
    , ।     (५ 1971 .) 祩 㯯 
      () 樠樨  몠 ⥬ ࠡ⪨ 
    (CODASYL), ᯥ䨪樨 ன ᫥⢨ ⭮ -
    ਢ.  ।   ᮧ⥫ ࢮ-
    砫쭮   ᫥ ⠪ 楫 ᯥ 祭 
    ।  .
              ⭮襭    ।⠢-
       ਥ஢  (設 - ,  㣨 - -
    襭).
         ᬮਬ ""  ⥢     CODASYL.
    ᭮ "ந⥫ "  ⥢      -
    ⨯   ⨯ .   ।⠢ ᮡ ⢮
    ᥩ,   ன  㣨 ᢮⢠, ᯥ-
    ஢묨    ᠭ   ⨯ ᥩ  奬  
      ᥩ ⮣ ⨯.
          - ᮢ㯭 ᪨ 易 , ࠪ-
       ﬨ, 室騬  .  뢠 
      ଠ樨,   ࠪਧ -
    ஬, ⨯  ࠧ஬.
         饭      ⢮   
    ⮫쪮 ᠬ⥫쭮,     ६ ⠫쭮 
      - ஢  ᨬ  ⮣, ᠭ
      ⨯  奬    ⨯    ⠫-
      - ⨯ ஢.
            ⥢  ।⠢ ᮡ ⢮ -
    ஢,   ன  㣨 ᢮⢠, ᯥ-
    묨    奬    ⮣ ⨯ .  H 
    㦠  ।⠢ ⭮襭  1:n  묨 -
    ﬨ  ⠫묨 ﬨ   ᪮쪨 ⨯.
            ⮨     -
    ,  뢠   ,   饬 砥 -
    ᪨  饣           ⢠
    ᥩ, 뢠 ⠫묨 ﬨ .
           ⠫쭠    뢠  -
      㪠⥫  楯  ࠧ 㯮冷祭 ᫥⥫-
    .   ।ᬮ७ ⥫ 㪠⥫, -
    騥    ⠫      ।⢥   
     ,  ⠪ 㪠⥫, ᯥ稢騥 室 ᥩ
      ⭮ ࠢ.     ⠫ ᥩ
    ஢  ⨯   ᠭ ⮣ ⨯   
    奬.      ,   
    , ஦   ⮣ ⨯.
            ⠫   ஢   -
    ६ 묨 / ⠫묨 ﬨ 㣨  ஢  ⮣
     ᠬ   ⨯.   ࠧ,  ᥩ  
     ஢    ᪮஢      ந쭮
    ᫮ .


                                 - 3 -
                              
                          Ŀ
           Ĵ   몮 Ŀ
                                       
        Ŀ                                       Ŀ
                                                   
                                               
                       Ŀ              Ŀ     
           Ĵ  Ĵ  
                                      
                Ŀ
              Ŀ                 Ŀ
                                   
                               
                  Ŀ    Ŀ   
                Ĵ  Ĵ  
                       
         .2. ਬ  ⥢ .

         : 䠪;
          : ;
         ⠫쭠 : , , , ;

         : ᯥ樠쭮;
          : ;
         ⠫쭠 : , , , ;

         : ;
         : , 몮.
         ᪠   () ᭮   ⨨  -
    ॢ쥢,    設  ॡ.  設 ॢ ⠢ 
    ᮮ⢥⢨ ᮢ㯭 ਡ⮢ ,  ࠪਧ -
     ꥪ.  設  ॡ ॢ   ࠧ -
     ॢ ,   n ஢.

         ஢ 1                               ୥
                             Ŀ           設
                                몮 
                             
                        Ŀ
         ஢ 2   Ŀ  Ŀ  Ŀ  Ŀ  ஦
                                     設
                             ஢ 1
                         Ŀ
         ஢ 3     ĿĿĿĿ            ஦
                                           設
                                   ஢ 2

         .3. ਬ  ᪮ ॢ .

          設 뢠 ୥ 設.   㤮⢮-
     ᫮:
         1.  稭  ୥ 設.
         2.  設 ᮮ⢥   ᪮쪨 -
    ⠬.
         3. H ஢  訬 ஬ 室 ᨬ  -
    . 設 ।襢饣 ஢  砫쭮  
    ᨬ 設.
         4.  設, 室  ஢ i, ᮥ  -

                                 - 4 -
      ⮫쪮  設 ஢ i-1,   ᪫祭 ୥
    設.
         5. ୥ 設   易    ᪮-
     ᨬ묨 設.
         6.    設  ந室  १  ୥  
    ⢥ .
         7.  ந쭮 ⢮ 設   ஢-
    .
         ᪠   ⮨  ᪮쪨 ॢ쥢,
    ..  ᮬ.  ୥ 設 ࠧ 砫 -
     ᪮  .   設, 室騥  ஢-
     i, 뢠 ஦묨 設  ஢ i-1.

                        樮  .

         H   ᭮ ᯮ ,  ন騥 ५-
      .   ⥬,  ५樮 
     ਯ୮ 魮 㣨   襬 -
       ⨩.   ᮮ⢥⢨  ५樮  
     ।⠢   ᮢ㯭 ⠡,    묨
     믮 樨, 㫨㥬  ନ ५樮
      ५樮 ᫥.
          ५樮 모 㫨஢ 묨 ।⠢-
     짮⥫  ᯥ஢  ᢮ ᬮ-
          ਡ⠬  ⢠ -
    ਡ⮢.
         樮   ।   ᯥ稢 堭
     ᯥ䨪樨  ਡ     ⢠    ⢥
     ⭮襭.  ⭮襭     ⥦,  -
     ᮢ  ਡ .  ਡ,   ࠧ
    ⭮襭, 㦠 ⠪  箬  䠩.
         ᭮묨 ﬨ,     
    ,  : 祭, 㤠  䨪.  -
    樨 ਬ  ⥦.
         ᭮ ⮨⢮ ५樮 室 -    
    㯭. 짮⥫ ࠣ஢  䨧᪮ 
    .    ᯫ஢     ⮤  
    ᯮᮡ    ஥.  ᭮  ⮨⢠   ᫥騥:
    ,  ᨬ ; ;楤 ,
    ⥮᪮  ᭮  ᭮ ⥮ਨ ⭮襭.   
     짮⥫ ନ஢     -
    ,  ନ  㯭 ॣ⮢.
         H   ⠪  室     ஡,  易 
    ᯥ祭 筮 ᮪ ஢  ந⥫쭮 
    ⮣ .    蠥 ࠧࠡ稪 .  㣠
    ஡ ,   㦭 ᯥ 䥩 , -
    ন騩  ५樮  ,   ࠤ樮묨 몠
    ணࠬ஢.  砥  ᮮ⢥⢨  -
         몮 ⠪ ⨯,  ਥ஢  ࠡ
    " ".    襭 室   
    ᯥ樠묨 ᮣ騬 ⨯ ꥪ⮢.
         設⢮   ᮭ   ⠢  ⥬,
    ন騥 ५樮  .  ⮬  ᫥
    ⭥ ᠬ  ࠭      ⥬  dBase  
    Ashton-Tate Corp.(ᨨ dBase, dBase, dBase PLUS, dBaseIV) 
    ᫥ ᥬ⢮ ᮢ⨬    ணࠬ த⮢
    -  FoxBase+    FoxPro    Fox  Software,  Clipper'87  
    Nantucket  Corp.,  QuickSilver    dBXL    Wordtech,   User
    Interfase  WallSoft Systems Inc.,  dBFast  dBFast Inc.

                                 - 5 -
    ப ࠭ ⠪  ५樮  ⥬  Oracle  
    Oracle  Corp.,  Paradox  Borland International,   ᨩ
    ⥬ R:base 4000,  R:base 5000,  R:base System V,  R:base for
    DOS, R:base 3.0) Microrim, ⥬ DB2  IBM Corp.
          ஡  ॠ樨    易  -
    祭   ਥ  ஢  ந⥫쭮.  ஢
     ᫥,  ࠢ  ࠧࠡ  䥪⨢
    ⬮ ॠ樨 ५樮 権  ⮤ ਬ樨
    ࠡ⪨ ᮢ,   ⠪  ᮧ ᯥ樠쭮 㤮-
    , ।祭  প ५樮  .
         ਥ ࠧࠡ稪 ணࠬ ।   
    ᮭ    । 㤮⢮ ⮩    
    짮⥫,  ४묨 ᮮࠦﬨ -  ⮨⢠ ५-
      㦥 뫮   ⭮,    ⠪  ࠢ⥫쭮
    ⮩    ॠ樨,  ᮡ  ᫨   쥧
    ஡ ந⥫쭮.
         樮 ⥬  ᮭ  ⭮ ࠧ-
     ஬  ५樮 権,     ॠ.
      ⥬   ।ᬮ७ 樨 祭,
    ꥤ  ࠧ ⭮襭.  믮 樨 ᮥ-
     ⭮襭 ॡ,  ࠢ, 㯮冷祭 ⥦
    ⭮襭 - ண ࠭   ᮥ,    拉 -
    砥 - ᯮ짮     ⠪   ।-
    ⢠ ண ᪠ 室 ⥦  ஬ ࠭.
          㬥⮬ ࠪ樨 ,  ᯥ稢騬 -
     ᪮ ᨬ   ⥬   ,
     堭 ।⠢ (View).  設⢥ ५樮-
     ⥬,     ⠪ ப ⠭,    dBase
    PLUS  Paradox,  堭 ।⠢ .  -
     ६ ⠪ ।⢠ ।ᬮ७     R:base  for  DOS,
    Oracle,  DB2 . ᯮ짮 ।⠢ ⢥ 砥
    ࠧࠡ ਫ,  ᮪頥 ꥬ ࠡ    ॠ樨  
      筮 ᯮ짮  , 筮,
      㢥祭 ६ ࠡ⪨ ᮢ.
         筮    ⥬ ।ᬠਢ  -
     ਬ⨢ ⨯ .  ᥣ ᪠ ᯮ짮-
     ⠪ ⨯: ᫮ 祭  䨪஢  饩
    窮,   ⠪   筮, ப 祭 䨪-
    ஢   (筮  255 ),  ப 祭 -
     , 㫥᪨ 祭, 祭  樮 -
     ,    ⬥⪨ ६. ।ᬠਢ ⠪ 
    砥 ᯮ짮 ᮮ⢥ ⨯    ⢥
    䬥⨪ , 祭 ६   稭.
          ஢ ᫠  ଠ  饩  -
      ।ᬠਢ   ࠭ , -
    ,  dBase-ᮢ⨬ ⥬.  ᮧ 訥 㤮⢠
      ᯮ짮     ਫ.
          ஫  孮   ࠥ 楯  -
    । 祭 (NULL-value). ।,   -
     ।⢠,    ஢  -
         ⠪  ꥪ  (  ᥩ,  ਡ  ⥦
    ⮭襭  ..), 祭    뫨  짮-
    ⥫.   楯  ন  拉 ᪨ 
     ᮭ .  ,    ⥬ dBase PLUS 
    ᮢ⨬   ⥬  ⫨ । 祭
    ᫮   祭 "",  ୮  -  -
     ஡,   㫥᪮ -  祭 "".  ⮣ -
    ⪠ ᢮ ⥬ Paradox  R:base for DOS.
          ⥮ਨ  ⥬      讥    㤥

                                 - 6 -
    ।⢠  ᯥ䨪樨  ࠭祭 楫⭮   -
    ⠢   . ࠭祭 楫⭮ ᬠਢ-
        ⮬   堭 ஢ ᥬ⨪ ब⭮
       . H㦭 ⬥,   ᯥ-
    樨 쬠 ਬ⨢. 筮  樨   ꥪ⠬
     ,       ﬨ  -뢮.
     ⮬  ন  ⥩訥 ࠭祭.  H-
    ਬ,    ⢥ ⨯ (᫠,  .  
    稭) ᯮ,   ࠢ, ࠭祭, ᯥ-
    騥   ,    ப - 蠡-
     ।⠢ 祭.
          ⥬ Clipper'87   뫨 ᨫ. ᪠-
      ᯮ짮    䨪樨        
    祭  ᯥ஢ 짮⥫ 㭪権.  筮 
    dBaseIV    -뢮  樨஢ ࠭-
    祭,   짮⥫᪨ 楤ࠬ ந쭮 -
    ࠪ.
          ࠭祭  ⠪ ,  樨㥬   -
    ᠬ   ,      ஫஢  襭
    楫⭮   "" -   ࠡ⪨ -
    ᮢ,  ⠪ ন ᮮ⭮襭, 뢠騥 祭 -
    ⢠ ࠧ ⮢  .   ⮣, 
    த 堭    ন    
    ਢ  ᨬ ⨬   祭
     ﭨ  .  ,  dBase-ᮢ⨬ ⥬ 
    䥪⨢ ।,  ন ࢨ  -
    襭.  㡫 ⥦   ⭮襭,  
     祭 ⠪   ࠬ஬ UNIQUE   "-
    "   짮⥫.
         ᪫祭  ⥬ R:base for DOS.    ⮫-
      ন  ࢨ    ⭮襭  (⠡),   
    ।ᬮ७ ।⢠ ᯥ䨪樨 쭮 ᫮ ࠭祭
    楫⭮,  뢠  ࠢ  樨㥬  ਡ⠬
    ⭮襭.  㬥⮬   ⢮ 祭 ਡ⮢
     ⥦   ᪮쪨 ⭮襭. ஢ઠ ⠪ -
    祭 ⢫  믮 ᥢ 権  -
         ᨬ  ⮣, 맢  
    ᠬ    ⥬묨 ﬨ.  -
     ।⢠ ।ᬮ७  ⥬ -.

                       ⥬ CLIPPER.

         CLIPPER -   ᮧ  ମ  Nantucket  Corp.  ⥬
    ணࠬ஢ ਫ  । ,    ᥡ -
      ணࠬ,  ᠭ  몥,     
     dBaseIII PLUS, । 痢, ࠧ ࠪ⨢ ᨬ-
    ᪨ ⫠稪,  騩 짮⥫᪨ 䥩ᮬ  
    ⨫  ,    易  ࠧࠡ뢠 ணࠬ
     祭  ⫠,   ⥪ ꥪ 㫥
    ⥬ 㭪権,  ⠪  㦥 ணࠬ (⨫).
         ⥬ Clipper ।⠢ ᮡ,   ,  -
    饣 ⨯  ⮭ (self-contained) 몮,   -
    ⥫쭮  ᮢ⨬  室    ணࠬ஢  
    ࣠樨     dBaseIII PLUS. ᭮ 楫 ࠧ-
    ࠡ⪨ ⮣ ணࠬ த -  ⨦    ᮪
    ந⥫쭮 ਪ ⥬  ࠢ  ᮧ묨 
     । dBaseIII PLUS.   蠥  -
    짮   ⠤ ᯮ ࠭ ᪮஢ 
     樨 室 ணࠬ,   ⠪     

                                 - 7 -
    䥪⨢ 堭 ஢ 䠩 .
         Clipper ࠡ⠥  । 樮 ⥬ MS DOS ᨨ
    2.0  .  १ 樨 ⥪⮢ ணࠬ  室
    몥  ஦ 㧮 ணࠬ 㫨,   ॡ騥
    - ⥬ ।   ⠤  ᯮ.    ᠬ
    ࠧࠡ⠭  ਪ  ணࠬ   "㦤" 
    㬥⠫ ।  ࠧࠡ⪨,   ࠭
    ᨬ  ,  짮⥫ ⠪ ணࠬ  
    室   㬥਩.
         ᪠  ணࠬ 㫥    ⠢
    ,       ⠤ ।஢  ନ஢
    㫨 ૥ . ࠡ⪠ 㯭 ਪ ண-
    ࠬ  ⥫쭮  砥    孮 ᥯⭮
    樨  ⮢.
         Clipper ᯥ稢  ᮪ ᪮  ⮫쪮  ᯮ-
     ணࠬ,    ⠤  樨. ⥬ 쭮
    ᮢ⨬    ⥬  dBaseIII PLUS  ࣠樨 䠩 .
      䠩  ⥬ Clipper    䥪-
    ⨢  ࣠,      樥 ᯮᮡ -
    ⢥ 襭 ந⥫쭮 ணࠬ  ⠤  -
    .    䠩  dBaseIII  PLUS   䠩
    ⥬ Clipper 筮 祭 ⮬᪨   ⠤
    ᯮ  ६   ᯥ樠쭮 ⨫.
          몥 ணࠬ஢ ⥬ Clipper   ⠪
    ࠭   몠 dBase,   ASSIST,  BROWSE,  EDIT,
     ࠭祭   ᯮ짮  㭪樨  ய⠭
    (&).  祭 ப ६,   ன ਬ 
    㭪,    ,   ⭮,     ࠧ
      祢 ᫮,  ⠪ ᯨ᮪    䠩-
       㣨 ꥪ⮢ 몠  ࠧ⥫ﬨ-묨. 
      ⥬       ७.     ( ⭥
    ᨨ 1987 .) ⭮  ࠡ   ᨢ  -
    ,      室 묨
    稭,  ᯥ䨪樨 㭪権,  ।塞  짮⥫,
     饭  㭪  몠   ᥬ  -
    ।祩  ࠬ஢,  ।⢠ ணࠬ஢  짮⥫-
    ᪨ 䥩ᮢ, ஥  ⨫ , ࠭  -
     ࠦ,    ࠭,  讥 ⢮
     㭪権 ࠧ筮 祭,   ⭮,  権-
     ப.
          몥  Clipper  ।ᬠਢ  ।⢠  ஢
    䠩  ᥩ 䠩 ,  室  ᯮ짮 ண-
    ࠬ  ⮬ 몥  ⨯짮⥫᪮ । ⥢ ⥬
    .    ᨭ⠪᪨  樨,  ਬ  横
    FOR...NEXT,  ࠧ VALID  䨪樨 ,  
      GET,   㣨.
          짮⥫᪮  ணࠬ    -
     HELP,  ᯥ稢   ⥪⭮-ᨬ -
    .  楤 뢠  ⠤ ᯮ ࠤ樮
    ⨥ 㭪樮쭮  F1.   ⮬    ⮬᪨
    । 室 ࠬ.
         Clipper 砥,   㦥 㪠뢠, 쬠  -
    ⥬ ⥪ 㭪権 ࠧ筮 ࠪ, ⢥ -
     ,  ⥫쭮 ᮪  ६
     ਪ ணࠬ஢  㬥 ꥬ 室 .
     ⭥ ᨨ 1987 .  ।ᬮ७   ࠧ 㭪-
    権   ﭨ ⥬, 権  ᨢ,  -
    ᫥  ⥬᪨ 㭪権, 権  -
    ,   ।஢   ,     ᮧ  䠩  DOS  

                                 - 8 -
    믮 権  ,  ࠡ  祭ﬨ    ⨯
    Memo   䠨    㣨 楫.
         ஬ ⮣,  짮⥫   ᮧ  -
    짮 ᮡ⢥ ⥪ 㭪権.
          ᠥ ⥬ ⥪,  Nantucket Corp. -
    ﭭ    ⠢.   1988 .   ⥫쭮 祭
      㭪権,  ஬ ⮣,  ଠ 砫  ⠢  
    Clipper, ।祭   ᯮ짮 ᮢ⭮  ⥬
    Clipper.   ᮤন   ਧ -
    ⥪  㭪権  ७ ࠩ ࠭  ,  ਧ-
      騩  ⥬ Clipper ࠩ.  㭪樨
     ࠩ    ணࠬ  ⠤ ।஢.
          㭪樨 ⥪  ᮪ ந⥫쭮
      ।  ॡ  ⨢ .  
    ॠ  몥 ᥬ    ⨬஢.  ⥪
      砥    㭪権   ஢ 
    짮⥫᪨ 䥩ᮢ,  ।⢥ ࠡ  -
    㤮, 祭  ᫥⥫쭮 䥩 , -
     BIOS  饭  DOS.
         ।ᬮ७  㯯 ப 㭪権, 㭪権 
    ८ࠧ ᫮ 祭   ⮢  権,  権
     ⠬  ६,  ⠭ ⥬ ४⥫  -
    祭 ଠ樨   ﭨ,   ⠪  ࠪ⨪ 
    ﭨ 樮 ⠭, 㭪権, 㭪権  -
      ᪠,  䠩   ਭ஬. ᥣ ⥪ 
    砥  270 ࠧ 㭪権.
          ⮨⢮ ⥬  Clipper    
    ᯮ짮 ⥫쭮 ( 640 )  ᮭ-
       ᯮ ࠧࠡ⠭  ।⢠ /.
           ⥬ ⥬ Clipper   ⢥ -
    ⪮ - ஦  㧮 㫨  쭮    
    ꥬ.   ᯮᮡ ८ ⮣ ﭠ - ।⠢-
     ⮬  ஢ ணࠬ  㫥  
    ૥  ன.     "楫쭮" 㧮
    , ⠪  ୥ ᥣ   ૥ ன 
       ࠧ஬  110,  ᪮   
     室  ⥬ ।  㭪樨 ⠤ ᯮ-
    .
           ⪮ ⮣ த ᫥,  ⭮,  -
      ⠪  ⢨ ⭮ ।  䥪⨢ ࠧ-
    ⪨  ⫠ Clipper-ணࠬ.     । 
    ⮩,  ன ,  ਬ, ࡮⥬ ணࠬ஢
     Borland Int. 室騩  ⠢ ⥬ Clipper ᨬ-
      ⫠稪     ⠢ ⥩ ⠪ -
    .
         ஡ ᮪饭  ꥬ  ॡ㥬 ⨢  
    㬥襭 ࠧ஢ 㧮 㫥  ଠ  Nantucket  Corp.
    訫      ᨨ ⥬ - Clipper 5.0.   ⮩ 楫 
    ⠢  ணࠬ த 砥 ᪨  -
     痢 - 稪,  ᭮  堭 㠫쭮
      ⥬ ᠬ  ᪫騩 室 ᯮ짢
    ૥   ᮧ  ணࠬ 㫥.
          Clipper  5.0   㣨 묨 ⮨⢠-
    . 짮⥫ (ணࠬ-ࠧࠡ稪 ਪ ⥬) -
         묨    ⮬ ନ-
       ⢠   ,    㤮        ணࠬ஢
    ᯥ᪨ ᮢ .  ।ᬠਢ  ⨯ -
    ,   ⠪  ᨢ. ࠡ⠭ 設-ਥ-
    ஢  㬥,    ன      ०

                                 - 9 -
    on-line   Guide to Clipper  Norton Guide.
         ⥫쭮  Clipper 5.0  ।। ꥪ-
    ,   ᠭ  ணࠬ.   ⭮-
    :

    Error class    - ࠡ⪠ 訡  ६ 믮 ணࠬ.
    Get class      - ।⠢ ꥪ    ᮧ -
                     ࠭  ।஢.
    Tbrowse class  - ।⠢ ꥪ  ⠡筮 ᬮ 
                     ।஢  .
    TColumn class  - ᯮ  Tbrowse-ꥪ⮬    ࠡ  
                     ⮫栬  ⠡.
            ᯮ짮      ६  
     ꥪ⮬   Tbrowse-, ᯮ짮 -
    ண     ਫ    ᨫ  ॠ
    ⠡ ।,  樨஢   -  ,
     䠪᪨  祭 ਪ ணࠬ.
         ⥬ ணࠬ஢  Clipper  ( ⭮ ᨨ 5.0)
      ᯮ짮   ,   室 ஥
    ( ப) ᮧ 祭 ਪ ணࠬ,  ਥ-
    ஢  ࠡ ଠ樨 ।⠢  ⠡筮 -
    . ⥫쭮 ਬ ⥬  襭  ᮤঠ
    ⥫쭮 ⢮ ᫨⥫ 権 (ᮡ  -
    饩 窮).   ᨬ ଠ⮬ ࠭ -
    ᥫ,  ਢ  ⥫쭮 㬥襭  ᪮ ࠡ⪨
    ଠ樨   ﭭ 믮 ८ࠧ  ᨬ-
    쭮 ।⠢  ਬ設 ଠ   , 
    ⢥ ਢ   筮 ᫥.

                          ⥢  .

         楯㠫쭮 ⥢         﫠   
    㬥  짮⥫   - ணࠬ⮢.  裡
     ⨬      㤥  ਧ樨  ,
    祬 ࠧ  樮 ⥩.
            ⥢   祭  楯 ⥪-
    饣 ﭨ   .    ਪ ணࠬ,
    ࠫ쭮     ,    -
    ন  ᮡ⥢  ஢ ⥪饣  -
    .
          ஢ 奬   樮   -
            ,    뢠    묨    㭪ﬨ
    㫨஢ 묨,  楯㠫 ࠪ. 樨
     ।⢥    ⨢஢.
         樨  묨     ஢ 奬  -
    ᬠਢ   ६饭     
     ஢ ⥪饣 ﭨ,   -
     ᥩ,   㤠   , 祭  ᪫祭
    ⠫ ᥩ  ஢,  ४祭    -
       ⨯  㣮,  㯮冷祭 ᥩ  ,
    宦    ⭮   ⨯   -
    ன ⠫쭮  ,  ⨥  ⨥  -
      .
         ᭮ 祭  ,   ।ᬠਢ -
     ࠡ⪠ ⮫쪮  ꥪ⮢    
    - ᥩ,   ᥩ  .  樨  -
     :  ᫥   ⨯  ᤥ  -
    饩,    ⥪    ਪ ணࠬ 
    ࠡ⪨,   祭  祭 㪠 -

                                 - 10 -
    ⮢      祭,   
       .
         ᭮ ⮨⢠    -  稥  ॠ  ,
    ᯥ稢  ,   ॠ樨 ⭮襭 "-
      ".  ᭮ ⮪  -  ᫮.  -
    ࣠樨    ᨬ .
         । ⥢  ⥬     
     db_Vista  III(Raima  Corp.).      ⮩  ⥬
    ।⠢ ᮡ 饭  CODASYL,   ன 
    ᪫祭 ⮬᪨ 堭 ६饭   
    .  㣨   ६ ⥢ ⥬ - MDBS- 
    mdbs Inc, ⥬ Q-Pro  Zim.

                        DB_VISTA III

         ⥬ dB_VISTA III -  ⥬  ࠢ    
     Raima Corp., ন ⥢   CODASYL.
     ।祭  ᮧ  ᯮ짮  ᫮ -
        ࠬ  ࠧ ணࠬ ⥬,  ॠ 
    몥 .    ।⠢ 䥩 饣  몠.
    ஬  ⮣,   짮⥫   ࠪ⨢
          몠 ᮢ SQL.
          ⥬  dB_VISTA  ॠ  몥   
    ⮬  ७ᨬ.    ᯫ஢  ।
    樮 ⥬ MS DOS, OS/2, UNIX, XENIX, ULTRIX, VMS  -
     㣨   IBM PC, PS/2, SUN  VAX.  ࠧࠡ⪨ ਫ-
     ᪠ ᯮ짮 Microsoft C,  Lattice C, Turbo C
     㣨 ஢ 몠 . ଠ ⠢  짮-
    ⥫, ⠪  ⨯짮⥫ ᨨ ⥬. ᯥ-
    稢  ⮤ 㯠   ᯮ짮 樨
    ஢  CODASYL  䥪⨢ 堭 ஢,  ᭮-
      -ॢ.
         ⥬ ⠢    ᮢ㯭  ⮢:
    ᮡ⢥ ⥬ - ⥪ 㭪権,   ࠧ
        -ணࠬ ।⢠   ।
    痢,  ⮢ dB_Query  dB_Revise,   ⠪ 鸞  ⨫
     祭 ᯫ樨 ⥬.
          dB_Query ।⠢  짮⥫  
      ࠪ⨢ ०  ᠬ  ⥬   -
     몠 SQL  ஢ .  室騥    㭪樨
    ५樮  ᮢ   몥    ஥  
    । 痢  ਪ -ணࠬ.
          dB_Revise  㦨   ਧ樨   -
    ᨨ        .
         ⨫ ⥬    樠஢ ,  ஢
    ⨢稢   ,  ᬠਢ    ।஢
          ࠭ ०,  ந  
     砬, 뤠    , 뢮
       ⠭   ࠧ襭, ⢫ -
     묨   ⥬  ASCII-䠩.
         ⥢       CODASYL   ॠ    ⥬
    dB_Vista  쬠 饭 ०.   ᮢ襭 -
     ⮬⨪, ।ᬮ७  室 CODASYL, - ⮬-
        ,  ᥫ ஢ ஢,
    প ⮬᪮ 童⢠ ᥩ  , த-
     ந ⮢    ᥩ,  -
    ࠭  㤠     .    
     ᯮ짮 騥 㯯.   ।ᬠਢ
    প ࠭祭 楫⭮ , 楤 , 堭-

                                 - 11 -
     ࠢ 㯮.  ॠ 楯 奬.

          ⥢   db_VISTA.

         ।   ⥢ ,  筮 ।-
       ᪠  ᠭ    ,  ᯮ
     㯯஢ 易 ⮢ .   । -
    ᥩ ᯮ    㯠    権  易묨
    ⠬   묨 ꥪ⠬.  ᫥饬 㦤-
     । / 㤥 뢠 "⨯" /-
    ,    㤥 ,   / । ⨯  
    ।⠢ ᮡ "" /.
          । ⭮襭  ⨯  ᥩ  ⠪,  
      ⨯   ""    ⨯ -
    ᥩ.  稭   "⠫묨". db_VISTA ࣠-
     , 騥 ⮫쪮     
       ஢ ⠫ ᥩ.  楯 ⭮-
    ,   ⭮襭 "  ", ।⠢ ᮡ
    ᮮ⭮襭     ⥭樠쭮  襬  -
     ஢ ⠫ ᥩ.
         裡   ॠ  db_VISTA ନ஢ 㭠-
    ࠢ ᯨ᪠  ࠬ ⠫ ᥩ    -
            㪠⥫  砫   ᯨ᪠.
    २⢮ ⠪ 室  ⮬,  db_VISTA ஧ ண-
    ࠬ  ࣠     ᥬ ⨬ 㪠⥫  楯,
    ।⠢ ⥬ ᠬ 祭 ,    ᯮ짮
     ஥ . ᮪ 㪠⥫  ࠧ-
       ᠬ ,   ଠ樨, ᮤঠ饩
     ⠡ ᫮ , ᮧ  ᯥ䨪樨 DDL.
         㭮 4  뢠    db_VISTA ।⠢ 
    . אַ㣮쭨 ।⠢ ᮡ ,  ५-㪠-
    ⥫,  ᮤঠ騥  , ࣠㥬 ᠬ . 
      ᮤন 㪠⥫     ᫥  
    .   ⠫쭮  ᮤঠ 㪠⥫  ।-
      ᫥ ⠫      .

    Ŀ
         㪠⥫                        㪠⥫           
         砫      ͻ                 
         ĺ  Ŀ      
            >   <Ŀ        
             㪠⥫         㪠⥫          
                  ͼ                   
                              ^ 㪠⥫                   
                                                      
         v      㪠⥫           㪠⥫       v      
     ͻ᫥ͻ ᫥  ͻ 
      ⠫쭠 > ⠫쭠 > .. > ⠫쭠  
                                          
         1      <ĺ    2      < .. <ĺ    n       
     ͼ㪠⥫ͼ 㪠⥫  ͼ 
                 ।           ।              
    
         .4.    db_VISTA.

         "奬"-  饭  ,  뢠  몥
    DDL.   ⠢ 奬   室 뢠,  -
      । 易 ᯨ᪨ ᥩ,   -
      ᮤন 㪠⥫  砫 ( ) ᯨ᪠.  -

                                 - 12 -
    ,      ஬  ⠫    ࠧ    ᯨ᪥,
    ।  ⢥ ᠭ 몠  㫨஢ 묨
    (DDL).      ᫥:

                 -     砫 ᯨ᪠;
         ᫥     -      ᯨ᪠;
         ᫥騩   -     ⥪饩 ;
          ⠭-     ᯮ  饬
                         浪   ;
          뢠   -   ᯮ  뢠饬  -
                         浪   .

            ⠫쭮    뢠-
     "祭"   . 筮,  㤠 -
       뢠 "᪫祭"   .
          db_VISTA    祬  ⨯    ।
      । .   ⮣,   
    ।    祬  .  ᪠-
      ⨯  ।    ⠫  -
     .
         ஬ 㯠    १   db_VISTA ᯥ-
    稢    祢 ,ᮤঠ騬  .
     䠩 B-ॢ 易   祢  -
     ⢨    ⤥ ,  ⠪  
      ᬮ ࠧ饭   .

         㭪樮஢ db_VISTA.

          㭪 5   ࠡ⠥ db_VISTA.































                                 - 13 -

    Ŀ
                         ͻ                     
                          ᠭ   DDL                      
                         ͼ                     
                                                                 
                                  v                               
                         ͻ                     
                              DDL                      
                         ͼ                     
                                                                 
            Ŀ       
                                                              
            v              v               v              v       
       ͻ   ͻ   ͻ   ͻ  
             砥     室     vista.h   
               䠩        -⥪               
       ͼ   ͼ   ͼ   ͼ  
                                                              
                                 
                                                                
                                  v                              
                          ͻ                      
                           ࠭                        
                          ͼ                      
                                                                
                                  v                              
                        ͻ    ͻ  
                         ࠭᫨஢      ⥪   
                          ணࠬ            db_VISTA    
                        ͼ    ͼ  
                                                               
                                          
                                                                
                                  v                              
                          ͻ                      
                            騪                        
                          ͼ                      
                                                                
                                  v                              
                           ͻ                        
            > ਪ                         
                             ணࠬ                          
                            ͼ                        
                                                                 
                                   v                              
                           ͻ                      
                              db_VISTA                        
                           ͼ                      
    

         .5. 㭪樮஢ db_VISTA.

         ᠭ  몥 ।  (DDL) db_VISTA ⠢-
        DDL ,   ࠭᫨ ᠭ 
    ᮮ頥   ᨭ⠪᪨ 訡.  DDL ନ-
      䠩:  ᫮   䠩  , ᮤঠ騩 -
      । ⠭  祭   -ணࠬ.
         室 ⥪ -ணࠬ ⥬ ࠭᫨,  祭-

                                 - 14 -
     ꥪ    ⥪ db_VISTA  -
      믮塞  ਪ   ணࠬ.   ⥪   㭪権
    db_VISTA,     ਪ ண, 㤥 -
    㫨஢    ।   ᫮,    맮  㭪権
        ਪ -ணࠬ.  ᠭ -
    ⥫쭮 蠣,  室 ᤥ   ᠭ
    ⥬  ᯮ짮⥬ db_VISTA.
         1. ஥஢  - । ᯮᮡ ࣠樨 -
      .
         2. ⮢ ᠭ  DDL.
         3. ࠭ ᠭ    DDL:
         * ࠢ  ᨭ⠪᪨ 訡    ࠭-
           , ᫨ 室;
         * ᯮ ⨫  㯠   , ஢  -
           쭮 ஥  ஥஢  ,    ,
           ᫨  室.
         4. ⠢     ணࠬ  ,   ᮮ-
    騥 맮 -㭪権 db_VISTA.
         5. ࠭᫨஢ -ணࠬ.      䠩
     vista.h  䠩 , ᣥ஢ ஬
    DDL.
         6.  -ணࠬ  ⥪ db_VISTA.
         7. ᫨ 室 ந樠஢      ண-
    ࠬ initdb.
         8.  ணࠬ.

          ᥣ   襨      ᤥ   뢮,   
    ਬ    db_VISTA   ॠ樨 ,  ⭮⥫쭮
    ⮩,  ⥬ ᭮,   易    室
    ਬ ⥫ ண ।⢠  ॠ樨 -
    .  db_VISTA    ४    ᠭ  
    ᫮  ⥬,   ࠧ 䥩ᮬ,  ଠ樮 
     筮 뢠 ⥢ ன .

                       ᪨  .

         樨      "" ࠪ.
      ६饭     䮢  㦨 
    ⠭  ꥪ⮢ ,    㤥 ਬ -
    ।  㫨஢ 묨.  ꥪ 뢠-
     ⥪騬.  堭 㯠    ६饭  -
          ⠪   筮 ᫮  ⢥
    ࠧ   楯 ⥪饣 ﭨ 堭 -
    㯠.
         ᭮ ⮨⢠ :  ஥  ᯮ짮-
    ,  ᯥ祭  ।  ஢  ᨬ  ,
     業 樮 ࠪ⨪. ᭮ ⪨:
    ⭮襭 "  " ॠ 祭 ᫮,  -
       ॡ ࠭  ,  -
     ⥫쭮  䨧᪮ ஢,  ᪠ 㯮冷-
    祭 ᫮ 樨 㤠  祭,   
    設    ⮫쪮 १ ୥,   㢥稢 ६
    㯠.
              ᪮  ⨯  ⭥ PC/Focus,
    Team-Up, Data Edge,  ⠪ ࠧࠡ⠭  襩 ࠭ ⥬
    H,  ॥  ப ࠭ ᮢ᪮ ⥬ H
      .
