
       殮  1,244   ( 773  )  ⮪    1,289
 ( 801 mi )  ᥢ  ,   ,   , -
  7.5 業⮢  饩 ਪ᪮   - 
⠪ ࠧ,     ,  -,    ᨫ좠,
     ꥤ.     1994  ⮡
  ⮬    ᥫ  ,  ६  ।
-મ  ᫥ ୨.    ᢮   ᯠ᪨
 ᪨ ᫮ tejas  techas,  ""  "".

        來 뢠 ﭨ   ᮢ    ᯠ᪨,
࠭᪨,   㣨 ய᪨ 뢠⥫  ᨮ஢.  1820,
Moses  Stephen F. Austin 砫 -ਪ ᮫, -
  訫   ⮣  ࣠樨 ६ ࠢ⥫⢠  
 3 ,  1835,    ⮣ ᨬ  ᨪ  2  ,
1836 .  ஢     ᨬ 㡫,  
 ⠫ ਪ᪨ ⮬ 29 , 1845.

      ६ ᪠ ࠧࠡ⪠   砫   -
  1901  থ ﭮ ᪢    Spindletop,
 Beaumont.  ஥ ⨥   㣨   ਢ
 ,     ⠭.   ⠫ ᮪
ࠧࠧ,   ᥫ  祬 ⢥ਫ   祭  20-
⮫.

                          

                         

         ᪨ ࠧ  ਪ -
   :  ਡ०   ⮪  -⮪,
஖ࠫ    ᥢ    業 ,  訥
᮪   ᥢ-,   ᪨   ࠩ  
  -.      蠥 ⥯  ⮪ 
,  ⨣ ᠬ ᮪  窨      Guadalupe  (  2,667
m/8,749  )  ୮ ⥬ .

       ਡ०   ,   騩  ਡ⥫쭮  
80-100 ( 50-60  )   ᨪ᪮ ,    
᪮ ஢   ਡ⥫쭮 150 .  ( 500 ⮢ ), -
  ⭮襭  宫.    ⮨  த -
,   ॣ୮ , ⭮  ୮ .

      室騩     ਡ०  ,   ࠫ
,    -    த  ,   
⨣  ४ ᥣ   ४ Rio-Grande.    ࠢ-
 ⭠  Edwards .   ࠭    ன  ࠫ쭮
   -  Staked,   Llano Estacado  ᯠ᪮.
 ⮨  ॢ  襭  ਡ⥫쭮  1,200  .  (
4,000  ).  ᯮ  ᨪ   ᨪ, ᯫ-
  ᪨   -      ।  
宫⮩  ⭮       Pecos  ஢  ᮪
ᨢ Guadalupe  Davis .

        ࠧ  14 ⥩ ࠧ筮 ,  -
    易 ,  ⥫쭮,  ५,   .
   㡨      㣮    뢠
ࠧ 䨧᪨ ᢮⢠;      ﬨ, -
, 㦤  ਣ樨 ⮡   ந⥫묨.

                           

           筨  :  ,    
 祬  ,  ⮪   १஢.   -
⮣ 筨 ࠤ樮 뫠 室  筨  㭨-
 ᮢ; -  ⮫  த   ⥯
  孮 reservoirs.

      3,700 ४   ꥤ  ਡ⥫쭮 130,000
 ( 80,000 mi ).  ।  ४ - Rio GRANDE,   ᪠
ਡ⥫쭮  3,650 .  ( 12,000 ⮢ )  筨     
⠢ ࠭  ᨪ;  Red River,  ⤥  
  宬  ઠ; Colorado River   ( 965 km/600
mi ) - ᠬ  ४  । ;  Sabine,  ନ-
   ࠭  ⮬   ⮬ 㨧. 㣨
४   PECOS  Demon River,   ⮪ Rio Grande:  Nueces 
Guadalupe.

         ᪮쪮 ⢥ ,   ᪮쪮 ⥭
⢥.   뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭ ⮡ ᯥ ᭠ -
⢮,  ࠭ ,  . । ᠬ  - 
Texoma ( 筮   宬 )  ᭮ , Falcon  Amistad
१  Rio Grande,  Sam Rayburn १    Angelina  
⮪  ,  Texarkana   Sulphur, Toledo १
 Sabine,   Travis  ४ ࠤ,    Livingston  
Trinity.

                              

           ᯮ  祣  -
   Rio Grande   宫  㡥ᯫ    ᥢ୮
 Panhandle,   ⥯    ⮪ ᯫ  
.     1,400 . ( 55  )  ⮪   祬
250 . ( 10  )  . । ᫮   ᠤ ᯮ
 44   Paso  110  ⮭.     쥧 ஡-
, ᮡ   ᮪ ,    १
10-⭨ ਮ.  , ⠪ , ᯮ  49
ࠤᮢ  31ࠤ.    ਡ⥫쭮 100 ୠ ந-
室,    ᭮ 筮 .

                    ⥫    .

         筮     -
ﬨ    ,   ࠢ ࠢ ᥢ  
㡥ᯫ묨 ﬨ   . 筠 ⥫쭮 -
  ࠪਧ 묨 ᠬ , ࠧࠧ묨 ⥬묨
ᠬ,   ,  ⢥,   .  業ࠫ쭮 
 ,  ,  pecan,  ⠪,  Edwards  -   -
.       mesquite,  mimosa; 
   ,  fir,   spruce.  Rio Grande   ࠧ
 mesquite, ஬, 㡮,    prickly pear.  --
  , agave.

        - ६      讣 ⢠
 .  Aransas   த,  ਬ,  
 Corpus Christi,  ᯥ稢      
 .      mule,tailed deer,  
,   , antelope,  bighorn,  ਪ bison,  -
,  ⮫쪮  zoos   ᪮쪨 ࠭. । 襣 mammals
- muskrat,  raccoon, opossum, jackrabbit, , mink, coyote,  armadi
llo.

                             

       ᪮ ।⠢ 祭  ⢥    -
⢥ ⢠ .      -
ਡ⥫쭮 8 म ५ - ⠢ ਡ⥫쭮  
   ᥣ ਪ᪮ .  Panhandle   -  
ᥬ୮ 讣  ⢥    १஢.  ࠫ
⮯ ⠢  祬 90 業  ⮨   -
 ந  ,     - ⠪ 騩 ந-
⥫ ⢥ ,  , ,  楬   -
⥫  㣫 .  ࠭  㦥  1954  ਡ० -
,    ⥫  뫨   ࠧ 㣨 
.  讥 ࠧࠧ     ⠪  ᬠਢ
 .

                              

      騩   ᥫ  ୨,      -
⥫쭮  ९ 祬   楫; ஬   -
  砥,   ⭮ ᥫ  -  祬 樨  -
.    ᥫ 㢥稫 ⥫쭮  ᫥  ⨫-
, 쥥 祬 㤢  1940  1980  㢥稫  19.4 -
業⮢  ⨫⨨  1980  1990 (      1980-90  ।
᫠ ᮮ⢥ 9.8 業⮢ ).
        ⮫    - DALLAS-FORT  HOUS-
TON-Galveston-Brazoria  ꥤ  ⮫  ᪨ .
  ⠢ ਡ⥫쭮 45 業⮢  ᥫ  .
஬ ⮣  23 ⮫ ᪨  (  -
 - த᪨ ⮫  )     쥤  ⮬
⥩  祬 80 業⮢  ᥫ.

         ⮨  ,   ⠢ ਡ⥫쭮
75 業⮢  ᥫ;  ୮, ਡ⥫쭮 12 業⮢; 
㣨 梥,  ਡ⥫쭮 13 業⮢.  ᯠ ⠢ 25.5
業⮢  ᥫ. ய᪨ ᥫ  祭 19-   -
砫 20 ⮫ 砫 楢, ,  客.

                        ॢ  த

         254 ॢ,  騥  ᥫ  107
(  㣠,  1990 )  2,818,199 ( Harris,  1990 ),   ࠧ 
386  .    Rockwall's ( 149 .  mi )  16,035 .   Brewster's (
6,191 .  mi ),  ࠢ묨 ꥤ   ⨪
  Rho  de ஢.   த  ⮫,  AUSTIN;  ᠬ
让 த  , ⮭;  Dallas  Fort-Coast, ⮫쪮 ਡ-
⥫쭮 50  ( 30 mi ) ᮡ.   ANTONIO -   -
騥 業   ᥫ᪮宧⢥ ;
      㣮  業 - ABILENE, AMARILLO, BEAUMONT, BROWNSVILLE,
CORPUS CHRISTI,   PASO,  GALVESTON,  LAREDO, LUBBOCK, MIDLAND, 
ARTHUR, WACO,  WICHITA ().

                             ࠧ

       1839, १   Mirabeau B. LAMAR ।⠢ -
   㣥  ⢥ 誮    㤠⢥  㭨-
.    ⢮   誮 ⢥ 
 ॢ蠥 3  ,   襥 ࠧ      砥
ਡ⥫쭮 100 ⢥ ⮢. ⥫  -
   㤥⮢   誮,     
 ᪮쪮   ० 襣 ࠧ ( 
BAYLOR, ,   㭨⮢ ⮤ ).

                     ᪨ ⪨

         ᪮쪮 ⥭ ⢥ ⥪ - ᠬ묨
訬  ⥪    ⮭; ⥪ -
    ⨭  ᠬ  讥  ᮡ࠭    .
   祬 300 㧥 ( 82  1964 ),    3  -
 ᨬ䮭 -  , ⮭,   ⮭.

      । ॢ室 㧥 - ᪨   ⮢᪨  㧥
,  Marion  Koogler  McNay 㤮⢥ 㧥  Witte 㧥 
 Antonio,  㧥   ६ 㧥   ⮭,
 Amon Carter 㧥  ⮨ Fort.  饨 થ ᨬ䮭
- ⠪  Amarillo,  Fort ⮨,  Austin.   
 Austin  ⮭,  Alley   ⮭  樮 ९-
.  Dallas   ⮭   - 㤠⢮( ﭨ)
" s   .

      ALAMO     Antonio -   ᪨ ⮪;
㣨 -  Antonio ⢥ ᨩ ᪨ ,  Ja-
cinto ⭨ ⮪ ⮭,  Fort Davis ⢥ -
 ⮪,   Lyndon Baines Johnson १᪠ ⥪ - 
    Austin.

                          㭨樨

      ࢠ      ,  Gaceta de s ,  뫠  
1813  Nacogdoches.  । ᠬ  ᪨   -  Galveston
"  " (1842)  Dallas  ஬ (1885).   -
 ७  ୨   ,        
᭠ ࠤ⠭ﬨ,  ⠪ ⥫묨 ⠭ﬨ.

                          

      ⨫⨩       ᯥ ᪮ ࠧࠡ⪨
 ,    ,  ⠪  ᮪ 業 
室     祭    .   
। 1980-  業   㯠,  祭 㬥 室  
  ⭮ ⢨   ⮫쪮 易  -
᫨ ஬諥,  ⠪  㣨, ⨯   -
 .  ᪮ ⠭ 砫  1987,
, & ਠ diversification   㦥  
     ⥯ ᨫ.  㦨, ᮡ -
  ஧  ⮢ ࣮,      祬  
 㤠⢥   .

                            ᪮ ⢮

         -  饥  ᥫ᪮宧⢥  ,   
 (᫥ ୨    )   室 . ᪮-
宧⢥  ⨪    뫠 襭 ᮢ६ -
,   㢥稢 ந⥫쭮:   ᫥⢨, -
⢮ ,   ଠ, ⭮ 㬥訫  ᫥ -
⨫. 㣠 ⥭ 뫠 ᭨  騥 ᫥   ࠭.

         ᥫ᪮宧⢥ 室 祭  ࠧ-
 ண⮣ ᪮;       ண⮣
᪮ ,  ஥ ॢ蠥 13  .  - 騩 ஦
 ஥  業   .   - ⠪ 
 樮쭮 ந⢥ ୠ sorghum,  watermelons,  cabbages , 
spinach.  襭,  ୮,  㣮 ୮ ⠪ .  訥
,  ᯮ  襬 ⢥ ⥩ ,  
 ⮣ ந  ந⥫   ਣ樨  
ଥ᪨ ⮤ ( ᯮ㥬  Panhandle,  ਬ,    ந-
⢠ 襭 ).

                       ᮢ⢮   

      ந⢮ ॢᨭ  - 襥 ⢮ softwoods 祬 hard-
woods - ।⠢      㤠⢥  
  ,   㧪 ॢᨭ  ॢﭭ   㬠 
᪨  ⠢   ⮣ ६.  ᠥ
 ,  訩 室 ਭ  ॢ⮪.  㣮 
 ⢠  crabs, oysters, flounder,   snapper.

                      ୠ ஬諥

        室 ।   ந⥫ -
 ᪮.      ந⢥ த  
࠭    , ᫥  ᪠,  ஬ ﭮ ந-
⢥.      ⠢    ਪ-
 ந⢠ த    ਡ⥫쭮  25  業⮢  
ਪ᪮  ந⢠ .       
⮯  ᪮,     -    ந⥫
magnesium,  , ᪠  ࠢ, , ⠫쪠, ᮤ,  楬. -
筠    㣮묨 ⠬.   ⠪ 뢠-
.

                           ந⢮

      । 2- ஢ ,   ⠫ ।祭 -
⪨  ਠ, ᮡ   ᥫ᪮宧⢥ -
,  㯭  .  ⨫ 稭    業 
diversification  ந⢥,  ,  ᫥ ந諮 ⢥
ਠ쭮  ७.    ,  㤠⢥ 
⠫ ਢ  ᮪孨᪨ ᫨  ஬諥  
 .

      ஬諥 砥 ப    㣮 -
, 設, 娬,  த⢥ த⮢. 㣨 ப
⥣ਨ  ⮢  楢  ᪮ 㤮,
 ᮪孨᪮; ⮢ ⠫; ⠭ -
;   ࠭ᯮ⭮ 㤮.  । ⮢ 
⠪ ࠧࠧ   ,  ࠤ,  ᬥ⨪   મ⨪,
⮢ , ᠬ   ᠬ, ,  ᯨ -
⪨,   모 ,  ᨭ᪨ .

                               ਧ

        ਢ  ࠭ ⥫ ;
易  ⮬ ।ਭ⥫   ⮩  ୨ 
ਤ  ਪ᪮ 뭪 ⢨. 讥 ⢮ -
⥫  ,  ⮭, ⮭,  , ⨭,  -
 த. ⪨ ᯥ樠쭮  ᯮ  Nacogdoches
 ⮪  ,    ᠬ  த ,   ᬨ-
᪮   ᮭ  ⮭.  樮 ઠ
 ,    Guadalupe ,  ⠪ -
,    ࠧ 㤠⢥  ᮧ.   
 -  ᫥ ६  ⥫.

                 ࠭ᯮ஢   ࣮

         ࢮ   饬    ண
  ࠦ.    ⠪   ᥣ ய⮢ ( ਡ-
⥫쭮 1,600 ).   13  ⮢  ᨪ᪮ ,  
⮭  ᠬ    (   業騩 ।  ⨢ 
 ਪ᪨ ⮢ ).    1988  ࠧ  135-  騭
ࢮ  ⢨   ண   ;  ࠦ 
ண ⨣   1922 ( ਡ⥫쭮 27,500 km/17,000 mi  ),  
ꥬ   ண 㢥祭 ᭮ ᫥   II.

         -  ਪ᪨ ᯮ ⮢ ⮢-
஢,   娬  ᪨ .  ᯮ㥬 -
ᥫ᪮宧⢥  - ᮡ ୮ த⢨  嫮.
  - 筮 騩 ᯮ 樨    ᯮ    
⠫    ᮪  .  㣮 ᯮ  த
   롮⢠, ᮡ ॢ⪠.

                              ࣨ

        ॡ  ࣨ 祬    㣮    -
  த     ந  㤠⢥( ﭨ)
  ⠢ ࠭.  ਡ⥫쭮 85 業⮢   ࣨ
ᯮ짮    ਡ뢠    த .

                        

      ।⠢     뫠 ਭ 15 䥢ࠫ,
1876,   讥 ⢮ ࠧ. 㪮⥫ - 㡥ୠ,
 稭  1975 㦨  祭 4 . ⥫쭠  -
⢫ ᥭ⮬,   31 童 ࠭묨  4-⭥ ࠢ,
  ।⠢⥫,  150 童 ࠭묨  2-⭨ ப.
⥫ ࣠ 믮)  biennially    ⭮  ᫥
䣮.    ᮪      客   -
 童  樮   㣮    童-
.      㤮  ࠭  6-  뢠騬  ப.
    .   ।⠢⥫ 稫 
⥫  ᫥ 1990 ९.

       1978     ࠭ 㡫᪨ 㡥ୠ஬ (
William P.  Clements,  訩 )    1870,   㡫 John
Tower 㦨  .    1961   ⠢  1985.  ᬮ 
୮  㠫 㡫楢,    Ronald
Reagan,  ஢  ⨪  㤠⢥ ஢
稭  樨; ७ ந室  ᭮  -
ࠫ묨   ࢠ⨢묨 ﬨ ᪮ ஭.  讥
⢮ 楢,  ⨯ 㯮,    Sam RAYBURN,
ࠫ  ⥫ ஫  樮 .  enry Cisneros ਢ
樮쭮  ᫥ ⮣,   ⠫  1981  ᨪ-
-ਪ᪨ ஬  ਪ᪮ த (  ⮭ ). 
1993 ᯥ樠 롮, 㡫 Kay Hutchison ⠫  -
஬-騭  .

                              
                       

       ய᪨  뢠⥫ﬨ      뫨  Spaniards
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda (1519),  Alvar Nunez CABEZA DE VACA (1528), 
Francisco  CORONADO  (1541).    㣨 ᯠ᪨ ᯥﬨ
஢묨  祭 ᫥饣 ⮫,   1682, Ysleta,  
Paso,  砫  ࢮ ய᪮ ॣ㫨஢   .  
  Robert Cavelier,  ਭ ன 䫠 (࠭᪨)   
.

       Salle  㡨    ᮡ⢥   1687,    
  ࠧ襭 ﬨ  栬.  ਡ⥫쭮  1714, -
, ᯠ᪨ 뢠⥫  ࣮ Louis Juchereau de Saint ॡ-
 ⠭ ࣮,    ⮢  뫠  娪 - -
 ᨪ.  ᯠ ⮣ ୮ 㤢  ᨫ  ⮡  㫠
  ,   ।  18- ⮫  ⠭  祬
100 ᯥ権  .

                               

        ਪ᪮ , ன   ஬ 
,   ⢨⥫쭮  祭 ୮ࠡ稩  
㤭  筮 ⮭ ࠡ.  祭  ᫥ ࠦ᪮ 
஬諥 ண ᪮⮢ 砫  ࠧࠡ뢠 ᭠砫 
  ,  稭  1870,  -   ᥢ  .
      ࠡ⠫   ࠭ 뫨 
ᥢ- 㤠, ⭮ 設⢮ ਡ뫮  ,  讥
⢮  ஫  ࠦ᪮ .    뫨 묨;
ਡ⥫쭮  뫨 ਪ᪨ ਪ  ᨪ᪨ ਪ.
 ⮤  㤮 ⠢   ᯠ᪨
ࠤ ᥢ୮ ᨪ       ਡ० 㤠
.

        ।祭   , ᢮ ⥩  
室.  ⥩ 뫨 ஢ ᭮ 
 ⠪  (ᥭ). ᫥  ࠢ﫨 ண ᪮ 
業ࠫ쭮 ⮯,   ஦, ஢ 
㡨   , , ᭮, 롨ࠫ ண ᪮ 
㦭 ਭ ⮡ ࣮.  1865  1880  ࠩ  3.5 
ண⮣ ᪮  ஢  ⠤  1,500  3,000  
   த ,  ᪠,  Wyoming.  
 ᯮ㥬   CHISHOLM,  襫(堫)  Abilene, Kans.
  20 ᮢ ,   ਢ   
   ᫥饣, ਭ  ⨢ 魨, ०  ண
᪮.   㤭  吝 ࠡ ⨯  砫  $25  $40 .

      ਡ⥫쭮  1890  ண⮣ ᪮  㬥襭
 ७  ண ࠭ ॡ  
室 ண⮣ ᪮.  ࠧ  ࠤ樮 
ਡ뫠  .   ६,   뫮   ࠢ,
஬  ࠡ ⨯ Virginian (1902)    砫 ।⠢
⢥ ஬᪮  .

                      ਪ᪨    

      த (1803)  㨧   ⠬ 㢥祫 -
     ⮪.  Augustus Magee, ਪ᪨ ଥ᪨
稭   㨧,  ஬ 뢠  প  ᨪ᪨
ਮ Bernardo Gutierrez,  ஢訩  ᨬ  ࠭ 
ᯠ.   ᯥ     墠⨫ Nacogdoches,
Goliad,   Antonio ०, ० 祬 Magee 㬥  Goliad.

       1819,   James Long,   ᯥ   -
,  ᤥ 
ᨬ 㤠⢮.  墠⨫ Nacogdoches,   㦥
ᨫ 뫨 ᪮ .  , Moses Austin ⨫  Antonio 
ࠧ᪨ ࠧ襭  ᫠ ਪ楢   . ᫥
饭  M,  㬨騩  o  ⮬,   ,
Stephen AUSTIN, 믮  ,  ᯠ ਫ.

       1821  ᥫ   뫮 7,000, Goliad,  Anto-
nio,  Nacogdoches 뫨 ⢥묨 த.  祭 ⮣ ਮ-
 ᨪ ࠭஢ ᨬ  ᯠ,  ,  1823, Stephen
Austin 堫  娪 - ⮫ ᨪ  ⮡  ᪠  ⢥ত
।⠢  .   ॡ ⮡  ।⠢
 ࠩ  200 ᥬ colonists, ⠪ Austin ᤥ ᮣ襭 
ᨪ᪨ 㡥ୠ஬ ⮡ ᫠ 300 ਪ᪨ ᥬ. -
 뫠 ⠪ ᯥ譠,  1836 ᥫ    ⠢
50,000.

                        㡫

        몥,  ,  ५ ᪮ ਢ  -
  묨 ਪ᪨  ᥫ栬    ࠢ⥫⢮
ᨪ.  - 讣 ﭨ  ⮬   娪 - -
楩 ᨪ,    ᪨ 裡 ⠫  ᨫ묨 
  ,    ᥫ 﫨  ਪ᪨ ࠭ 
७ ⮡   .

       1830 ᨪ᪨  ।ᠫ    ⮡  ࠭
 ⮬ .    ⢥ 㢥祭 㤮⢮-
७,   樨 ᨪ楢  樨 1827  
  ।⠢ ࠢ ਪ楢 ᬠਢ ⤥-
,  ⨯ ⠭(㤠)   ࠢ .   ᥣ -
楢  ⠪  ⨬묨 ॡ ⮡  ⠫ -
 ⮫ ⮬  襥 ⢮ 뫨 ⠭.

       㫠  ਪ᪨ ᥫ栬   ࠢ⥫⢮
ᨪ  1835,   먣ࠫ ࢮ ࠦ  Gonzales 2 -
, 1835.   ᠬ   墠⨫  ⮭ ᫥ ࠧ-
⥫쭮 ᠤ;  ६ ࠢ⥫⢮ 뫮 ᭮ 2 , 1836, 
Sam    騩  㪮⥫ ନ    -
, Stephen Austin 諨  設⮭ ⮡ 室⠩⢮  .

       䥢ࠫ    1836    ந᪨ ࠦ 
ਨ ந諮  Alamo. ᠦ 㦥 ᨫ   -
묨  William B. TRAVIS  ᮪饭  157.  ⨫ 
,   ਡ⥫쭮 30 ⥫   Gonzales  ᫮
 ᨪ楢 .  187 ⭨, 묨  Travis, ஡
BOWIE,   Davy CROCKETT,  ⮣ ஢  Alamo   ०,  祬
㯠.   ⠪ ந諠 १  Goliad,   ॢ
᫥ , நࠫ.

      ᬮ  ६,     ᨬ  -
讬  ᮯ⨢,   2 , 1836, David Burnet   -
 १⮬.   뫠 祭,

                   Statehood   ᨪ

      㡫  , 祩 ᨬ ਧ -
 ⠬,  ⠭,  ࠭樥, ,  죨, ᪮
஫  ᪨ , ᠤ ᨪ楢 㦤,  䨭-
 ஡.   ᥭ 1836,  ⢥ত  ਫ ation
묨 ⠬;  ७ .    祭   1845,
,  -  樨(  ࠦ)  ᥢ  㤠 -
(த) slavery.  29 ,  1845, .  ਭ 
   ,     ⠫ 28- ⮬,  sla-
very.

         묨 ⠬  ᨪ  ᮯ-
  । ᪮쪨 楢 ᫥ 室 ⮢   -
. ਪ᪠     ⠭  Grande  -
  ᨪ  묨 ⠬.  , , ॡ-
    mouth  Grande  筨     -
ࠤ, ॡ ࣨ筮 ⨢⠢ ⥬   ᪫-
 ࠡ⢮  ਩  ਮ⥭  ᨪ.    1850,
   1850,    relinquis hed ॡ  -
  ᥣ -  ᨪ      ࠤ,  Wyoming,
 宬,       $10 .

         ⢥  ᪠    1 䥢ࠫ,  1861.  
졠    碥    祭  ࠦ᪮  ,
    易⥫⢠  墠   墠 Gal-
veston,  ᭮ .  ࠦ    Palmito   
筥 sville, ᫥ ⮣,  騩 Lee 㦥 ᤠ  Appomattox.

                            ६ 

       20-  ⮫ 砫,  ਡ⥫쭮 3  
   ,   ᥫ᪮ 宧⢮ ஢  .
  1901,  Spindletop,  ࢠ   ᪢ 뫠 -
㦥.    뫠   䠪᪨   , 
஬ 筮 ஦   ,  㦨 
1930,  㬥 ⢨ ᨨ.

      ᮢ ᥣॣ 뫠  த ஡ 
襣 ⢠ 1950-  '60s,   1966,   業
᭠砫 ।  㤠  ꥤ 誮.    ⬥
⢨ 㤠  1966. 㣮 襭 㤠 ஥   ॣ樨
⥫ ࣠   ⮡ ᮮ⢥⢮ ⨪
客 㤠  ,  .

      ᪨    1960-, '70s, '80s,  '90s 稫 
ਪ᪨ १⮢, Lyndon B. JOHNSON  George BUSH, Congresswoman
Barbara , 㡥ୠ Ann RICHARDS,  .  ᮢ Lloyd
BENTSEN, 㯮 ᥭ    -१᪨
  1988.  1987 ⥫ ࣠   ਫ  $5.7
म  .









