                             - 3 -

                           


     ⨢ -    ;  ⮨
 ⮬,    ⠫ " ᯮ짮. 騥 -
  ⢮     ஦    
⢮  ᬮ   ᠬ . -
⨢ ਠ 諨  ⠢   ᠬ " ஦. -
 祫 ᫥ ࠤ⨢,  ⠪   类   ⪠
  ᫥ ⢠ ࠤ⨢ ⢠.
     ⢨ 饩 ࠤ樨   ࣠ -
  ஢        蠣 ਬ-
 ࠤ⨢ 祭.  砩, ⠪   ᠬ-
 砫 ᫥⥫ ⮫㫨   ⥫묨 䥪-
⠬. ,  1895  魨 ⣥ .㡡 稫 ࠤ-
樮     ࠡ  ७⣥᪨ 砬,   ࠭-
᪨ 祭 .५,  訩 ࠤ⨢, 稫
ᨫ    祭 ࠤ [43].
     ᪨ ᫥ ⢨ ࠤ樨   祫
 㦥 40 ,  ⮢ୠ 筠 ଠ  -
  ⢨ ࠤ樨  祫    㦠  ।  祭
  室  ᥫ,  ஥  ⮬ -
묨 堬.   ⢨⥫쭮 ᬥ⥫쭮  ᭠.
    뢠 쥧訥 ࠦ ⪠, 
   맢 ࠪ  ஢ ᪨  䥪-
.
      ᫥ Ichimaru M.,  Ishimaru  T.(1975),  砨
襭  ᪠      ० ⮬  

                             - 4 -

ᨬ  ᠪ 﫨 १  5    ᫥  祭.
᫥ ⮣ ந室 ꥬ ⭮⥫쭮 ᪠,  -
⥬ १ ᭨  祧 १ 25 - 30  ᫥ 祭.
⠫  砨  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ஬  -
 [52].
     ᪨ 祭   ஢  ਭ  ஢  ⥫
  ୮ ࠩ  5    ᭨,    
 㢥祭 ᪨  ᫥ ਨ.  -
ᢥ ⨪ 㤨  騭  ࢮ -
६ ᮣ  ,    ᫮ 
 ६  த.    " ᫥ ୮-
" 袥᪨ 祭 .㫫  .ᮭ : " 
ࠧ  㤠 㦨 ᪨ 襭  ᫥⢨
祭.      78000 ⥩  ﯮ楢,   ०
⮬ न஢ ᨬ  ᠪ,   뫮 -
  - 㢥祭 ᫠ 砥 ᫥⢥ -
" [39].
      , "",   ਨ   -
⠬  ⨪,  䠪   ⥫ -
権   ஢  訩 ,  祬 ࠤ樮 -
.
        1989  ࠢ⥫⢮  樠쭮 -
    졮 ஢ 㭠த ᯥ⨧ ࠧ-
ࠡ⠭   楯樨 ᭮ ஦ ᥫ 
,   ࠤ⨢  吝    
業  䥪⨢ ய⨩  ࠭ ஢ ᥫ,
஢   ࠩ.   १  ᮧ 㭠த-
 ୮᪨ ஥ (),  ஬ ਭ﫨 ⨥ 

                             - 5 -

 祭-ᯥ⮢  ࠧ 㭠த ࣠権
 ࠧ ࠭ .
      ⬥⨫ ⥫쭮,   ᫮ ࠤ樥, -
襭 ஢  ⥫  ᫥ 吝,  ⠪
 ᫥ ஫ ᥫ 㭪⮢,   -
  ࠬ ஥,   뫮  - 襭
஢,  ।⢥ 易   ⢨  ࠤ樨.
    ᮡ ⥫ ⥫ 宫-
᪨ ᫥⢨,  ࠦ  襭 ⢥ ॢ  
  - ﭭ 饭 쬠 ᨫ쭮
।,      ।  吝
ࠩ.  ᭮ 業  ࠬ ஥   ਭ
 饥 ६ 業 ࠤ樮 ᪠  ᪠, 
饥 㢥祭 ᫠ ࠪ   ᫥⢥
  ࠢ  ⢥ ஢ 㤥 㤭  -
।   ப⠡   ࣠ -
 ᪨ ᫥.
     饭  ।  ஢ ᫥⢨, 塞
⢨ ࠤ樨,   ⢥न  騬  ࠧ
஢묨 묨 ᫥ﬨ,   ᫥ﬨ  ࠬ-
 ஥.  ࠢ  ஫묨 ࠩ  뫮 -
㦥  ⮢ ⫨稩 ᫠   宫᪨ -
襭, 饣 ﭨ ஢, 襭 थ筮-㤨⮩
⥬,  㭪樮஢ ⮢ ,  ⮫᪨
⥫,  砥 ࠪ  ,  ࠪ,  権
஬ᮬ   ᮬ᪨ ⮪,     ᪨
.
     뢮       ⠢ ⨭  ⮪ 㡫,

                             - 6 -

஢  ,  뤥塞 " ୮" [40]. 
ப ᫮ ᥫ  .
      ࠧ,  ᬮ७   
 ࠧ, ᮢ襭 ⨢ 窨 ७  -
⢨ ࠤ樨  ࣠.
     ᪮   ⠩᪮   ᥢ-⮪
 ⨭᪮   ॣ   -
୮⥩  쭮 樨 ⬮ ᫮  
50%  ⭮ 宦 ࠤ⨢ த⮢   ⬮-
 拉 뢮  ⨭᪮   -
ਥ ⠩᪮ .  ਢ  ᮧ  諥 ⥫
⠩᪮  ᪮ ,  ,  ᭮ -
⥫쭮 ⭮襭  ᯮ짮 ⮬ ࣨ   
   뫮 楫.
        ६ ᫥ ﭨ  拉  ⠭  
⨭᪮    ஢ ᥫ ⠩᪮ 
⮫쪮 . 砥 饥 ﭨ ஢, 㭪樮-
 ⤥ ⥬ ࣠,   ᪨ -
.
        ࠡ  뫮  ᫥  ﭨ  拉
뢮    ⨭᪮    㭪樮 ⨢-
 祭  騭,  ஦    ࠩ  ࣠
⢨ ࠤ⨢ த⮢ 拉 뢮,  ࣠
饣 "業ࠫ쭮 "    .
      ᮮ⢥⢨  楫 ࠡ 蠫 ᫥騥 :
     1) 業 ᨭ⥧饩 㭪樨 祭;
     2) ᫥ ०饩 ᯮᮡ 祭;
     3) 祭 饩 㭪樨 祭.

                             - 7 -


                   1.  


                      1.1.  祭

     騬 뢠  祭 אַ  ᢥ ᯮ-
ᮡ ஢ ।.    ⭮ ७⣥᪮  -
-祭,    ⠪  祭 騥  ⮪ ,
殮  ࠫ,  묨  -
樨 ࣨﬨ [36].
     ⨢ ⢠ 筮 ᪠ -  --
,  -  ମ 祭, ஭ (   -
⮭  殮  ).
     - -  ⥫쭮 殮  ⮬  .
   让 樮   ஭饩 ᯮᮡ-
ﬨ.  -  ன ᫮   ⮫騭  
 11   ᫮   150 .
     - -  ஭. ஭ ᯮᮡ -
⥫쭮 ,  祬  -. -  ஭-
 १  ᫮  (0.07 ).   ᮪-
᪨  -   ன १ ᫮   5
.
     ମ   -祭  - ஬ 祭
᮪ ࣨ,  让 ஭饩 ᯮᮡ. -
  ᯮᮡ ⥫쭮 ,  祬  -  -
-.
     ஭,   ⮭, ᢥ 騥 , -

                             - 8 -

 ।   ஭ 祭 ஢  殮-
묨  栬,  騬  ⮫ ஭  -
⢮ [36].


    1.2. ⢨ 饣 祭  ⢮

     室 १  ⢮ -  -祭  ᭮
  ஭ ⮬,  ।  ᢮  -
,  室    ( ஭  -
)  㦤 (ॢ ஭   訥 ࡨ⠫).
     ᫮ ஢  㦤 ⮬ ࠧ㥬 -
-楩      ।,  ⭨ ࠧ ,
祬  -. ⮭   ஭ ⮬
  ᪨  .  室 १ ⢮, ⮭
祭   頥 .   ⮬  ⫨稥
 ୮ 祭.
     । ࣨ ⮭ 祭 ந室  
᪮ 饭,   १ ண ⮭ -
祧, 室 ᢮ ࣨ   ஭.
      ࠧ ⮭ 祭 ।⢥ 樨
  ந,     ⢨  ⮬ ।"
   ᢮ ࣨ ஭,  ⥬ ந
.
     ਭ樯쭮 - ந室 ⢨   -
宦  ஭  १  ⢮.     
஭,  ⮫쪮  ࠬ ⮬ ।, ।  
᢮ ࣨ. , 稢訥  ஭  ᪮

                             - 9 -

ࣨ, 뫥  ஭ 窨 ,  ⥫-
 殮묨, ந  ⮬ । [4].

                      1.3.  祭

     饭  - ࣨ 饣 祭, -
饭  砥  ⥫  (⪠ﬨ ࣠),    
 .   ⥬    ().
     ⭠  - 饭 , 㬭  -
樥,  ࠦ騩 ᯮᮡ   祭 ०-
 ⪠ ࣠.   ⥬   , 뢠-
 ⠬ ().
     䥪⨢ ⭠  - ⭠ , 㬭-
  樥, 뢠騩 ࠧ ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ-
 ⪠  祭.
     ⨢ 䥪⨢ ⭠  -  䥪⨢
⭠ , 祭 㯯   - -
筨 ࠤ樨.   祫- (祫-).
      ⨢  䥪⨢ ⭠  - -
⨢ 䥪⨢ ⭠ ,   -
    - 筨   ६  쭥-
襣 ⢮ [39].

     1.4. ᪮ ⢨ ࠧ  祭

     ﭨ ࠤ㪫  ࣠  ⢥    
 䨧᪨ ᢮ (⨯  ࣨ 祭),  ,  
 ᮥ,    ⬠  㯫,  ᮡ⥩

                            - 10 -

।,  䥪⨢ ਮ ᯠ, ।饣
⥫쭮 祢 ⢨, 䨧᪨  -
 ᮡ⥩ ࣠.  ᨬ  ᫥ 䠪-
஢     ࠤ㪫   ⢥  㬥-
७ 㬥 ⢥ த⥫쭮  , 
 뢠 ﭨ   ᪮쪮 㢥稢   ࠢ-
   ஫ ( 10-15%) [37].
     䥪⨢ ࠧ      祭   ।
࠭⢥  ।  ࢨ 䨧᪨ ᮡ-
⨩,  ᫮  ᪨ 䥪.
      Neary G.J.(1960),    ஭ 䥪 㬥-
 । த⥫쭮  襩    0,16  p  
 ⥭ ⮬  䥪  -祭  -
 2,1-1,1 p   [38]. -祭   魮-
  ﭭ  ⢥  䥪⨢, 祬 祭
 ᮪ 魮 .  䥪  祭  ஭  
襩 ⥯   魮  [58].
     祭  ᮪  ।祩 ࣨ ()  -
⥫쭮   䥪⨢ 뢠 ஬ᮬ 樨,  祬
祭   .  ⭮⥫쭠 ᪠  䥪⨢-
  ()  ࠧ ஬ᮬ 権  
᪮ ஢ 祫  -  10-30 ࠧ 
 ࠢ  ७⣥᪨  -祭 [55].
     ᪮ ⢨  饣  祭   ᫮
  ࠧ  :  1)  ࢨ 䨧-娬᪥ ,
騥  㫠  ⮪  㦠饣   -
; 2) 襭 㭪権 ࣠  ᫥⢨ ࢨ -
ᮢ.

                            - 11 -

     ᪮   祫  ᭮   ⥫ ⠢ -
 (75%), ࢨ    । 饭
祭   ⮪,      ࠧ
᮪⨢  娬᪮  ⭮襭  ᢮  ࠤ  
᫥騬  楯묨 ॠﬨ ( ᭮ ᫥ ⨬ -
  ).  ᢥ ⢨ 祭.
     אַ ⢨ 饣 祭  맢 -
饯     㪫 ᫮, ࠧ -
  痢,  ࠤ  㣨 樮
 [37].
     室 ,  ﬠ   ।⢥-
 । ࣨ ⪠  ⥫      ०饣
⢨ 祭.   ᮫⭮ ᬥ⥫쭮 , ࠢ
 祫 6    ⥫,   1 㡨᪮ ᠭ⨬ ⪠
ࠧ    ஢ 㫠  10  -
.
      쭥襬,   ⢨ ࢨ ᮢ  ⪠
 㭪樮 ,  稭騥 㦥 -
᪨     ⮪.
       筮 ஢,   ⮪  ਢ  
⠪ 襭  ⪠,  㭪 ⤥ ࣠   -
࣠ 易  ࣠,  뢠
ࠧ ᫥⢨  ࣠   ࣠ [23].
      묨 ﬨ  ⪠ :  )  -
० 堭 ⮧ ()  ஬ᮬ  -
祭 ⪨;  ) ஢ ᮢ   -
७஢  ⮪;  )  ஢  ᮢ ஫樨 
᫥饩 䨧᪮ ॣ樨 ⪠ [45].

                            - 12 -

      ࠭  䥪  ⪠ 뢠  ᪮
,   筮 易   ०  ࠭.  ⠢
  ᪨ ࠭  .    
⪠ ⠪ ।⠢ ᮡ   䠧.  㤨⥫쭮,
    ᫥⥫,   ﭨ 饣
祭   ࣠,   ࠢ    
த⮢  ࠤ樮-娬᪮  ᫥  ஢  
䠧 ⪠.  ࠤ樮-娬᪮ ᫥ ஢ 
⪠   窮 ਫ ⢨ ࠤ樨  -
   ࠧ  ᮪⮪  ᮥ,  ᯮᮡ
 㡨⥫쭮 ⢨.   ⮬,  ⮮᫥ -
   䠧 ।⠢ ᮡ 楯 ᢮ࠤ-
 ,  楯 ᫥ " ᢮ ࠤ [1, 38,
52].
     ᬮ  ⢨ ⮢    -
४ᥩ   祭  ࣠  ᮬ  
  䠪,       祭 "  
묨 ᢮⢠, 祬  " [32, 42].
     , "  祭 " , -
 ᭨ ⨮᫨⥫쭮 ⨢ [1, 38].
     -ࠤ 楯 ॠ樨,  樨஢ -
⢨ 饣 祭,    ਢ    筮
०   ⪠ . த 筮 
⪠ ࠤ樨  ⨫樨    䨧-
 ﬨ  ᫠ ⥫ 㧪  ⪨
୮-䠣쭮 ⥬ [32, 47].
     ⮧  ࠡ⪠ த⮢ ࠤ樨 ᮯ஢-
 १ ⨢樥 ࣥ᪮  䠣   -

                            - 13 -

樥  鸞  ᮪⨢ ᢮ࠤ  ᫮த
(),  ࠫ 䨧᪨ ⨮ᨤ묨
⥬  ࣠.  筮 ⨮ᨤ⭮  
᫮ 筮 த樨    ਢ    襭
䨧᪮  ࠢ    ⮪᪮ ⢨
᫮த ࠤ,  ᨫ ०饩 䥪  ࠤ-
樨.   ࠧ騥 த ᯠ 㦠  ⨬㫮
䠣୮ ⨢ 䠣 [1, 17, 46].
     ⢥⢥     ন 
:  ࠧ த⮢ 筮 ࠤ樨 -  ⨬
䠣 - 䠣⮧  ᥪ  - 饭 䨧-
 ⨮ᨤ ⥬  -  ᨫ  ᮢ  ४᭮
᫥  - ०  ࣠  ⪠.
     ⥫쭠 ⨬  ਢ  ࠧ  㭪樮-
쭮  筮  ୮-䠣쭮 ⥬ ,
 ᫥⢨,   믮塞  㭪権,  : ᫠-
 ⨢宫  ⨢䥪樮 㭨, -
襭 ࠧ ⠡᪨ ᮢ,   ⮬ ᫥ 
, 宫ਭ  㣫, 襭 ᮢ ࠤ樨
ᮡ⢥ ⮪  ⪠ [12, 46].
      ᫥ 娬᪨ ⥫ 뢮⪨ ஢
襭 㦨  13%  ᪮᪨  27% ᪨ -
஢,   ᭮   -  ⥨ਥ, । -
让 ࡨ㡨.
     襭  ⠡     48-51% -
஢    ࠦ    ⥫쭮  襭
஢  뢮筮 ⨭  䮭 ଠ쭮  
襭 ஢  [32, 36, 52].

                            - 14 -

     ⨭   ᭮    騬  
࣠.    ஢ 筮    ⥫쭮
⢮  ⨭ ᥪ饣  ᭮ 䠣 
⠬.   襭  ஢     -
:  室    ᮢ ⨭  १ 
⨢ ᮢ  ࣠  ⪠;   襭 ᥪ-
樨 ⨭  뢠 ⪠ .
      ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨬ 襭 ஢ ⨭  (뢮-
筮)  ࠦ,  襭 㭪樮쭮 ⨢-
 䠣쭮 ⥬,  ⠪   ⥭ᨢ  ⨢
ᮢ  ࣠ [17, 38, 46].

     1.5. ᪮ ⢨ ௮஢ ࠤ-
                       ⨢ 

        㯫 ࠤ⨢   ࣠

      ⮬  祫  ࣠  ⮫쪮  -
⥫쭮 譥 祭,   ⢨ ௮஢-
 ࠤ⨢  [39].
     ⨢ ⢠    㯠   ࣠ ६
ﬨ:   饩   १ 筨,  १    १
.
     ⥫ ⢠   䮭묨 業ﬨ  -
⢥  ࠤ⨢    吝 -
⢥묨 ࠤ㪫,    譥 ।   -
᪨ 饢 楯窠   ᥫ宧 ⥭,  ࣠
    殢  த ⠭ 祫.  ६

                            - 15 -

宦 ࠤ⨢    ந室 祭 -
筨 [39, 52].

          । ௮஢ ࠤ㪫
                           ࣠

     졠 㯨  ࣠ ࠤ㪫    
᢮  娬᪮ த.
       ᭮ ⨯ । ࠤ㪫 
࣠: ᪥, ⨪㫮-⥫  㧭.
      -  㪫  饫筮-쭮  㯯  ⮢
(Ca, Sr, Da, Ra).
     ⨪㫮⥫쭮 ।  㪫 ।-
  ⮢ (Ge, Pr, Pm, Zn, Th, Am)  ࠭࠭
⠬.
     㧭 - 饫 ⠫ (K, Na, Cs, Rb).
      砨 ᮪  ⥫쭮  ।  -
࣠ᯥ᪨.
      ᯮᮡ   ࠤ㪫  ᭮  ࣠
ᯮ ᫥騬 ࠧ: ⮢ , 祭, -
㤮筮- ࠪ (), 窨, ᪥,  [4, 38, 52].


                 1.6. H襭  

     樮 ,  ந室騥  ﭨ -
     ⪠ ࣠,    ᪠
   [52].

                            - 16 -

            ࣨ  ਠ쭮
᭮  , ந室  ࣠. 娬᪨
襭 -   ⮢   ०  -
  ⤠ ப.    稭  ⢨ -
 ࠤ樮 ० 祭 ய묨 ࠤ-
,   ⠢ ⥫  ⨢  .
  ࠤ㪫 祭  ஥ , -
  ⮢ . 祭  "業ࠫ쭮 -
᪮  ਥ"   " ०    ᪠
 ﭨ ᮢ .    ந室 ᨭ⥧  
 ஢,  ࠭ᠬ஢,  ஢, 饯
㦭 ࣠ ,  ࠧ 祢.
      .H. ,  ࠤ१⥭ ⪠ (, -
   .) ⠡᪨ ᤢ   ,
  ࠤ⢨⥫ ⪠ ந室 ⢥ 娬-
᪨  ,    ⮣ ਮ ࠪ 㣭⥭ 
ᨭ᪨ ᮢ  १ ᨫ ⠡.  -
稥  ⮣,  祭 祭  ८ -
᪨ ⨯  ᤢ,  ࠦ騩  ᨫ ᨭ⥧
㣫,  ,   H.  ⠥,  ⨢
ᨭ⥧ ᭮ ⠡᪨  ⮢    祭  
᫥⢨ ॣ 䥪⮢, 뢠 ⠡⠬ ࠤ-
⢨⥫ ⪠, ० ᥣ ᫮⠬ [52].
     㦤 娬᪨     ࣭⮬ 祭
࣠,  ᫥ ᥣ        -
ਨ: 娬᪨ ⠯  堭 ࢨ筮 ⢨ -
 祭  娬᪨  ,  ந室騥  
࣠  ࠧ⨨ 祢    ⤠ ᫥-

                            - 17 -

⢨.
     ⢨ ᮢ 娬᪮ ⠯ ࢨ筮 -
⢨ 饣 祭 ᫥ ਧ ⠪   -
⮫᪨ ᮡ,  樨,  ⭮ ࠧ ஬ᮬ,
 ⠪ ०, ਢ騥  䠧  ⮪ [22].
      ⮬,   ࠧ ஬ᮬ - ⥫쭮    ᫮
ᮡ⨥,  祬  堭᪮  ᫥⢨ 宦 饩
,  ᢨ⥫   ⢮ 娬᪮ -
⠣,  娬᪠ த ண    ᮬ-
.
     ⥫⢮ 堭᪮   ஬ᮬ ࠧ-
뢠   ᨬ 室 ஬ᮬ 権  
,   ࠧ  易⥫쭮 ந室   宦
.   ⨢ 筮 ࠭ ਭ⨥ -
⥧ ᢮ ଥ⮢ ᫥⢨ ࠤ樮 襭
ਪ   ᫥饩 ⨢樥  ଥ⮢  
襭  ࠭⢥ न樨 [26].


              1.7. ࠪ⨪ 拉 뢮

      ᫥ 50     ࣠ 祭 
ࠤ⨢ ᠤ,   ࠧ  १ 拉-
 뢮.       ࠤ⨢ ᠤ, 
믠 ᫥ न஢ ᨬ  ᠪ  1945  ,  
 ᠤ, 易  ⠭ 拉୮ 㦨  ⬮.
     ᨬ ⠭ 拉୮ 㦨  ⬮  室
  ਮ:  -  1954-1958 ,   ஢-

                            - 18 -

 ⠭,    ,  ன,  ⥫,
-  1961-1962 ,    ஢  ᭮ 
  ᪨ .   ࠭  1963  ᠫ -
    ࠭祭 ⠭ 拉୮ 㦨,  뢠騩 
뢠   ⬮,       ᬮ.  
⠭ ஢   ,   筮  ᮯ஢-
 ࠧ ࠤ⨢ ᠤ [39].
     設⢮ 拉 뢮 ந  ᥢ୮ -
 .  ⨢ ,  २⢥ -
묨 ࠬ  ᥢ୮    ᢮  -
뢠  孮 ࠤ⨢ ஧ [43].

                 1.8. த 拉 뢮

     த 拉୮  ।⠢ ᮡ  ᬥ  
祬  200 ࠤ⨢ ⮯.  㯠   ࣠,    
    ⠡    -
 ࠧ 㪫 ᥤ 㯯 ਮ᪮ ⥬. -
 ࠭樮 䥪,   ⠪    娬᪨
஥  १ ࠤ⨢ ⤠,  ந室饩 
ᨨ -  ஭,  । ᢮ࠧ -
᪮ ⢨ த⮢ 拉୮ .
         ⠭ ࠤ⨢  
        ࠧ ᢮ த 祭,
     ᪮ ਬ୮ 200 /.
     ⨢   饥  뢥 拉୮ 
       .
     ᭮  ᥫ  ⮣,  ࠤ⨢-

                            - 19 -

   ⬮ 믠  ᠤ  ,  ,
,   ⢥  믠 ᫥ 뢠, 筮 ।-
  [22].
      ࠤ⨢ ਠ 믠   -
 ⠭,  -  ন   ய, -
墠뢠 ஬  ६頥  訥 ﭨ,  -
  ਬ୮    ⮩  .  室   
।  ,  ࠤ⨢ ⢠  ६  -
६饭 ⥯ 믠  .     ࠤ-
⨢ ਠ  뢠        
10-50 .    ⠥  ,   ᪠ 
ᥨ  ᥩ  孮    .  ⨢
ᠤ ᮤঠ ᪮쪮 ⥭ ࠧ ࠤ㪫, 
設⢮    ⮦ 業   -
. ᭮   祭 祫  ⮫쪮 -
 ࠤ㪫:  㣫த-14,  楧-137,  મ-95  ஭-
権-90.  મ-95, ਮ ᯠ ண ⠢ 64
⮪, 㦥   筨 祭. -137  ஭-
権-90   ਮ ᯠ ਬ୮ 30 ,  ⮬ 
    祭 ਡ⥫쭮      ⮣
.   ⮫쪮 㣫த-14,  ண ਮ ᯠ ࠢ
5730 ,  㤥 ⠢ 筨 ࠤ⨢ -
   ⤠ 饬:   2000     7%
᢮ ⨢ [39].
       ࠡ ᬮ७  ४樨  -
䥪⨢  () 祭 ᥫ,  ஦饣  ॣ
쭮  믠  ࠤ⨢  த⮢  ()  拉୮
뢠.  ⮤ 業  砥  樨 ࠤ㪫

                            - 20 -

 饢 楯窠,  㯫   ࣠ १ -
  堭  饢७,  ௮樨  ନ஢  
࣠  ⪠ 祫.  ஡ ४樨   -
 믠  蠥  ᯮ짮 䠪᪨  
  ᭮  䨧-⥬᪮  ஢  ᮢ
ନ஢ ⮯ ⠢ ࠤ⨢ ,  ࠧ
 뢠  ࠭ ࠤ⨢ ਬᥩ    -
 [31].
      ⮤ ᯥ⨢ ⠭  -
  祭, 맢 묨 믠ﬨ 拉 -
,  稭 ᠤ Cs51370  碥  饥 ६ [28].
      稭 㢥祭  ᪨  -
    ⠩᪮ ࠥ  樮 㯫
 ࣠ ࠤ㪫  믠 த⮢ ⠭
拉୮ 㦨  ⨭᪮ .   ஢ન ⮩
⥧ । ᯮ짮 ࠤ᪨ ⮤  ᪠
Pu-239   ⪠  ᪨ .  祭 -
  稥 Pu-239  ᪨ 㧫  ࠩ-
  10  25 ᫥  ࠪ  [35].

            1.9. ⤠ ᫥⢨ 祭

        쬠  ࠪ  ᮡ⥩ 祢 
⮨  ⮬,    쬠 ⤠ ப ( 祫 १
10-20  )  ᫥  祭   "매஢襬"   ,
  ⠭襬    祢  ࠦ  ࣠
  ࠧ ,   뢠 ⤠-
묨 ᫥⢨ﬨ 祭.    ⭮,   ।,

                            - 21 -

᮪饭  த⥫쭮  ,    ,
⢥ 宫  ࠪ [52].
      ⤠  ᫥⢨  ⭮ ࠧ騥 -
襭 ਭ ࠢ,  ᪫஧, ᭨ -
, ਫ쭮  襭 ਮ쭮 ࠧ.
     ⤠ ᫥⢨ 祭,      
⮬ 릨 ⮪ ⥭ᨢ .   室 ᯥ-
ਬ⮢ 㦥,    뢠  50% ⮪
⮬ 뢠 묨  ᫥⢥ ⭮襭. -
祭 뢠   ⮩稢 ﭨ 拉୮ 
 殮 ⥭  権, ᫥⢨ 祣  -
  ⮪  ६ ந室 饯  ᯮ-
ᮡ ⮢,  ⠪  ⮪  ࠧ묨 ᫥㥬묨 -
襭ﬨ 䮫᪨  䨧᪨ 㭪権.   ᫥
६ ⠪ த ᫥⢨ 祭  ନ -
᪠ ⠡쭮 [38].
     ⪨ ⪠     ஢ 䨧᪮ ॣ-
樨,  ᫥⢨ 祭 ᫠ ⥪  ᮢ  ९樨,
   襥  ࠤ樮 ⢨,   
㭪樮쭠 業      ᯥਬ-
.  ᫨  ,   ࣠  ⮨ २-
⢥  ⠡ ( ⮫᪮  ⭮襭)  ࣠,
  ।,    祭 ⥫쭮 ६ ᫥
祭   ।⠢  ᮡ  㭪樮쭮  業
⥬. H業 ࠤ樮 ⠭ ࣠-
 祭  ਢ   襩  থ
ࠧ ,  ⭮ ﭨ 䨧-
 ॣ㧮  ࠧ 譨 ⮢,    ⮣,  

                            - 22 -

஬  訢  ࣠  ᮪饭 த⥫쭮
 [52].
     த⥫쭮   ࠤ ப ᯮ-
  ⢥     ਥ    業  ०饣
⢨ 譨 筨 祭  ௮஢ ࠤ-
㪫.
     த⥫쭮   ७⣥   ਮ  1938 
1942  뫠  5,2  , 祬 祩 㣨 ᯥ樠쭮-
⥩  ⠢﫠 ᮮ⢥⢥ 60,5  65,7 .
      த⥫쭮  ७⣥   樭-
 ࠡ⭨,  ࣠ 祭,  ᫮ ࠧ묨
稭:    ࠧ⨥  ࠧ,  ,
⨢ ,  䥪樮 ᫮  ⠪ .
⭮ ७⣥   뫠   ࠧ ,  祬
ᥣ ᫮ ᥫ.    ᬥ⭮ 祧 ᫥
1945 ,    ᫥⢨ 䥪⨢  ࠤ樮-
 , ࠭稢襩 祭   0,01   -
. ⠥,  祭    0,01     -
뢠  饣  㦥  ᯥ᪮  ᮪饭
த⥫쭮  祫 [37, 38].
      魮 ,   ࣠   -
祭,   ⠪     । த⥫쭮  
襩 [56].
      祭    2,7 p  5    ஦  
१  13,  49   121  ᫥ ஦ । த⥫-
   뫠 ᮪饭  3-6 楢.   ᮪-
饭,  -,      ⭮  
祭.  p 祭    2,2 p  5    

                            - 23 -

p,    릨   ⤠ p  ⥫쭮
⫨砥  p  [38, 52].
     祭 p  襩  p    襬  ᮪p饭
p p⥫쭮 ,  祬  襩.   祭
襩   ᢮  ᠬ 뫨  ⢨⥫  -
 2,5 p, 祬 ᠬ.  p  祭 p -
   㬥p ᮪    맢 㢥祭,
  㬥襭 p p⥫쭮  [38].
     祭   ஬      ࠯᪨
䥪  ⭮襭  (।⥫쭮 ᪨)
   祭 [ , 1982] [39].
       祭 ( 0.5 ) 뢠   ⮫쪮  -
࠭騩 䥪  ୮ 祭  ᮪ -
,    뢠 ⨬㫨饥 ⢨   㭪樨
࣠, ਬ 㬥   -
 宫,  㢥稢 த⥫쭮    ...  E.
Lorens  ᮠp (1954 .) ,    砢訥 
 0.11 /   ஫ [39].
      ⢨  ﭨ    ࠤ㪫  -
 த⥫쭮  ,    "  㢥祭  
ࠢ   ஫,   ᪫砥  ࠧ ࠧ-
 ⤠ ᫥⢨,    拉  砥  ᯮᮡ
 , ⠪  㢥稢 ६ 室  ॠ-
樨 ⮫.  ࠧ ⢨ ࠤ樨  த-
⥫쭮      祭  ᫮ ࠪ.    
⮫쪮 㬥,    㢥稢 ",  ࠧ㬥   ।
権,  ࠪ   . ⢥ ﭨ
 ⥫ १  뢠  ﭨ  䨧᪨

                            - 24 -

ᮡ⥩ ࣠,  , ࣨ,  祭  -
 ࠤ樮 ⢨  ६ [39].
     饭 த⥫쭮   - 㭨ᠫ 䥪
祭, ࠪ७   ࠧ .  
, .  (1963) 襫  祭,   ᮪饭
⥫쭮  ࠧ   ⭮  -
⢨   2-5  ⠢ 2-4 %, 祬 ࠪ᪨ -
  㤠 ⮣     2  [38].
          १  祭  த⥫쭮 
᮪頥   , ந室  ⢥-
 ७ 㯠   ࠭ ,    -
७ ࠤ樮 ७ ࣠ [52].
     祭   ஢﫨 ⥧  ᪮७ 樮-
 ᮢ  ⢨ 饩 ࠤ樨.  ᯮ짮-
  讣   -,  䨧᪨,
㭪樮  䮫᪨ ⮢,    ଠ-
⨢묨  ᮢ ७,  ⠭,   -
० ⮬ न஢  ⬥祭 ᪮७  ᮢ
७  設 ᮢ ⭮ 樨. H -
㦥 ⠪ 㡫饣 ﭨ ࠤ樨   祭  楫
鸞  - ⮭, ॢ᪮ , ஭-
 ,  襭  ୮  [39].
         ᪮쪮 ⥧, ।⥫-
   . ᭮   ᫥騥:
  1) 뢥      ࠤ⢨⥫쭮 ᪮
ணࠬ஢ 堭 ⬨࠭;
  2) ⭮  (⨬㫨饥)  ⢨  祭   
;

                            - 25 -

  3)  㭪樨 ࠧ [52].
     Hᨬ   祪 ७ 쬠 ᭮ ᮮࠦ-
 .   (1962)  ⮬,  "⥧  ᪫⥫쭮 ।-
 䥪 饣  祭,  ⭮  﫨  ᢮
祭 ,   , ,  ᢥ⮢  ⥯ -
  ᢮ 䨧᪨  ⮫᪨ ஢" [2].
      ᠥ  쭮  ࠭ 뢮  ﭨ
 ஢ ஭᪮ ⢨ ࠤ樨  祫, 
    ᥣ 㤮⢮ ॡ 筮 -
.
     ⠪ ᭮  ⤠  祢  ⮫    筮
஢ ⠢  ⨯ 襭,    १
।⢥ ⢨ ࠤ樨:
     1) 䥪,  뢠騥  ;    祭
  ⮣  ᫥⢨,    ᥡ ᯮ
 쭮 १ࢠ,  ਬ     
祢 樨;
     2) ࢨ騥 ᫥⢥  襭;  襥
祭    ⪠   ஢ 䨧᪮ -
樨,   ⤠ ப;
     3) ⠫ ᫥⢥ ; 襭, ⮩
९த騥  ࠧ ᮬ᪨ ⮪. 饥
祭       ⪠   騬 
⠢,   ।  ந [52].
      ࠧ⨨  ⤠  祢 ⠫   -
  ஫ ࠧ  襭,  ⥬ 
 ⪠  ᭥ ⮫쪮  権 樮 ⥧
砥  㤭⥩. -,  ᮢ 魮 ,

                            - 26 -

"㤢 ᪮ ७" (12.8 /)    -
権   ⪠ (0.5 /). -, ⢥म ⠭-
 䠪 㢥祭 த⥫쭮  ࠧ  ꥪ-
⮢    ।  ०    祭.  -,
ࠪ᪨   祭      ᯮᮡ
ᠬ ᥣ ,  祬  ᠬ殢, ⮣,  ᮪饭 த-
⥫쭮 , ᫨  뢠 ᮬ᪨ ﬨ,
   ࠦ    ⭮ ,    
ᠬ, ᫥⢨  権  ஬ᮬ.
     ஬ 拉   襭  祭 ⪠
 ࠧ⨥ ⤠ ᫥⢨ । ﭨ 
뢠 襭  ਭ  ॣ樨,  ।騥
᭨ 鸞 ⨢ ⥩ ࣠ [22, 27, 52].
      । 㤭 ᪮ -
祭 ⤠ 祢 ⮫.   : 1) 室-
 ⥫쭮     ᯮ஢  ⮩  (
  -      童),   裡  ⥫ -
⥭ ਮ   祭    ᪨  
宫; 2) 易⥫쭮   ⮢୮ ⥬ ॣ-
樨 稭 ᬥ ,  ᮡ ᫮, 殮 ஭᪨
 ᥫ;  3)  筮 業 ६ -
祭,   ,  ।  孮 ⥫  ࠪ-
⨪  筨  祭    ;  4) 稥
஫쭮 㯯,  ᮯ⠢   稬 ⭮襭 
᫥㥬 ⮩,   ࣠襩 祭 [39].
       ଠ  ⤠ ᫥⢨  -
樨  祫 祭  , ०  ⮬
  ᨬ  ᠪ.  ।  뢠 ⮬  

                            - 27 -

1.9#
襭  ࠧ ࠪ ⮫⮩ 誨,  ⠭, ਤ
 , ⪨, 筨, 祪, ஧ 祭, ⮭,
 ஢,  ୮ .  । 让  ,
릨 ᫥ 뢠 ⮬   ᨬ    ᠪ,  
1981  뫮 ⠭ 㢥祭  宫 (,
ࠪ ⮢   , , 㤪, ⢥
), ⭥ ⠫, ஬ᮬ 権  -
,  䠫   ⢥ ࠧ,  
䨧᪮  ࠧ.   㦥 㢥祭  ஭-
᪮ 䮫, ⥮મ, ᪮७ ७, ࠧ
थ筮-㤨 , ᭨ , -
 ஦ 䥪⮢  㢥祭 ᬥ⭮  ࢮ  -
 [37].
      ᭮ ᪮᪨  ᫥  3000  
⥫   ᥫ 4- ࠩ ⠩᪮    -
 ࠪ⮩  ᫥ 30 .    ﭨ
⠪ 䠪஢,   ᥫ 㭪  ⨭-
 ,  ப ஦    ஢ -
 ࠪ⮩. ᬮ७ ᪮᪨ ࠪ-
 ⭥ ⠫,   ᫥    ࠪ⮩
[42].
        祭,  ⥬ 㤭  -
᪨ ⮢ १,  ࠦ騩    ண-
묨 䥪⠬. ᯥ   ,   ।
⮢    ࠪ,     0,01
  , ॡ ᫥ ᪮쪨  祫
 殮 鸞 ,    稬 १  -
 ,      ࠤ樮 䮭 
㦠饩 ।, 뫮  ࠧ 㤭 [11].

                            - 28 -

0
                   2. ਠ  ⮤


          2.1. ᮡ ⨭᪮ 

                   ᪮ 

     ⨭᪨  ᯮ     ॣ  ४
,   몥 ਩ ᪮, ⨭᪮  -
ࠣ᪮ ⥩ ⠭.  ⥫ 頤 뭥-
ᥭ   த (.⮢)  -⮪  -
  60  120 ஢.  쭮 ﭨ   אַ
  ⥫ 頤  ࠭ ⠩᪮  ⠢
150 ஢   60 ࠤᮢ.
     ᪮   ⠩᪮   ᥢ-⮪
 ⨭᪮   ॣ   -
୮⥩  쭮 樨 ⬮ ᫮  
50%  ⭮ 宦 ࠤ⨢ த⮢   ⬮-
 拉 뢮  ⨭᪮   -
ਥ ⠩᪮ .
     ᥣ  ६ ⢮    뫮 ஢-
  470 拉 뢮,   ⮬ ᫥ 87      26
.  拉 ⠭ ( ᪫祭 ᪠-
樮 뢮)  窨 ७  ࠤ樮  ⢨  
 ⠩᪮    ।⠢.  113 -
 뢮  50 뫮 ஢  ࠢ ।-
 , 墠뢠饬  ⠩᪮  [30].


                            - 29 -

                 ஢ 拉 뢮

        [9] ।⠢ ⠫  118- ⬮
拉 ⠭,  ஢  1949,  1951,  1953, 1954-1958
    1961-1962   ⨭᪮ ⥫쭮 -
,  ⮬ ᫥   뢮: 30  拉 -
,       拉 ன⢠  ࠡ⠫,  
88  拉 뢮. ⮤ ᫥ ⥣஢
⢠  ࠤ⨢  த⮢,  ᫮  ᫥
ࠤ⨢   ।    -祭  
  ᯠ  த⮢, 믮 ࠢ⥫쭠 業
⥭樠쭮 ᭮    稬  ⠭,
  ।  䨪  ⥯ ⮩ -
  । ਨ .

              ⠩᪮ ,   
        ᮪ ⭮ ⢨   ஭  -
        ⨭᪮ 

     ⠩᪨ ࠩ ᯮ   ⭮ ࠢ-
  ஢    ஭ ⨭᪮ ,   ஬
拉 ⠭  1949  1962   ஢    ᮬ
ࠤ⨢ த⮢ 뢠 ()  ⬮.   -
,   ᥪ 譮 ࠭⢠  ࠢ  -
⠩᪨  ࠩ ६⨫ 襭  ⮫ ⬮  
 56 ,   䫥  뢮.
ᥣ    ᯨ᮪  롮  ﭨ  ⠩᪨ ࠩ
祭 62 뢠 [18].

                            - 30 -

        ࠡ  業 㭭  -
 ᥫ 㭪⮢ ᪮  殢᪮ ࠩ ⠩-
 ,   ࠤ樮 ⢨  ਮ -
⠭ 拉 冷  ⬮. ᫥ ࠭-
  㭮⮢  ࣨ,  㭮᪠
 権  ஢ 2-      ᥫ-
⨢  HLA-,    ᭮ -
 [19].
        ᪨ ᬮ஢   㭮ࠬ -
 ﭨ 㭭  ⥩, ஦  -
 㭪,  ࠤ樮 ⢨  ਮ
拉 ⠭  ⨭᪮ .  43,7% ᫥-
  ⥩   ਧ 筮 㭭 -
.    㭮ࠬ 㦥 ᭨  ⢠
-⮪,  㭪樮 १ࢮ ⨬, த樨 㭮-
㫨  ᮢ [20].
     뫠 ᬮ७ ⥬᪠ , 뢠 -
᪨ ⥫ ᬥ⭮   ꥪ⨢  ⢥
業 ஢ ᥫ ᫥㥬 ॣ.   ᯮ짮-
     ஢  祭 -
  ஢ ᥫ ⠩᪮   ᥫ ᥤ -
⥩ [13].
      १ ᮢ ᫥  ਬ -
 室᪨ ⮤ ,     
ਠ⮬ 宫᪮ 樨 ᥫ ࠩ,  -
  ⨭᪮ 拉୮ ,  稥
樮 ன   ⠭⭮ ﭨ ॢ-
  ᨢ ⥭権  ନ஢  ᮬ-

                            - 31 -

 ।ᯮ樨,  室  裡  ப ஦ 
 ॣ [33].
      뫨 ᫥ 騭 ࠧ    
᪮  ࠩ,  ࠧ  ஢ ࠤ⨢ -
吝 (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -
 250  1000 ,  III  -  250 ). 뢠,  -
 ,   , 訩 ﭨ   -
⠩᪮ , ந襫  1962 ,  ࠧ 騭 
⠬:  1) த訥 ᫥ ⮩ ,     ।-
⢥  ⠢訥  ᥡ ⢨ 拉 뢮 ( -
騭  32 );  2)  ।⢥  ⠢訥    ᥡ
⢨ 拉 뢮, ( 騭  32 ).

                      2.2. 祭 ஡

      祭 ᮡ⥩ 㭪樮஢ 祭 ஢-
 । 娬᪨ ⥫ ஢    93  騭
⮣ ᪮ ࠩ.
      ஢ ⢫  ७ , 頪  -
⥢ .
     祭  "業ࠫ쭮 娬᪮ ਥ" 
" ०    ᪠  ﭨ ᮢ -
.    ந室 ᨭ⥧   ஢, ࠭ᠬ-
஢,  ஢,  饯 㦭 ࣠  -
,  ࠧ 祢.  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨬  뫨 -
࠭ ⥫   [4, 5].
     ﭨ 祭   業  " ⮪ᨪ樮-
,  ,  饩 㭪.  ⮪ᨪ樮 㭪

                            - 32 -

業  ஢ 祢 ᫮, אַ  饣 㡨-
,  ﭨ     -  ᮤঠ 饣 ,
㬨, 祢, ॠ⨭  뢮⪥ ஢,  -
 ᮤঠ     뢮⪥ ஢.
     ঠ     ஢ ।﫠   㭨-
஢ 娬᪨ ⮤,  ஢  ⮬-
 娬᪮ .
     । 樨   ஢ ஢  -
⮬᪮   BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM (Austria).


            2.3. । ⤥ ⮢

                            㬨
     ਬ᪨ ⮤.
     ਭ樯:
      ୮  ⢮ (H 4.05) ஬१ " ࠧ
 㬨 , 襭   梥. ⥭ᨢ
᪨   אַ ய樮쭠 業樨 㬨
 ஡.
     ⮤ :
      :       630 
     :       ⭠ ⥬
     :            1 
     ன  : ஫ ॠ⨢
     ଠ 祭: 35 - 55 /



                            - 33 -

                  㡨 (騩  אַ)

     ਬ᪨ ⮤.
     ਭ樯:
     㡨, 易  , 뤥   -
. 騩 㡨 㯠  ॠ  2,4-嫮࠭,
ࠧ 襭 ,   ண  
546 .  ஢ אַ 㡨 ।   -
ࣥ.
     ⮤ :
      :       546 
     :       20 - 25
     :            1 
     ன  : ⨫஢ 

     ଠ 祭:
     騩 㡨:  19 /
     אַ 㡨:  5 /

                            ॠ⨭

     ਬ᪨ ⮤  ⥨樥, ᮮ⢥⢨  
ॠ樥 .
     ਭ樯:
      饫筮 । ॠ⨭  ⮬  ࠧ -
 ࠭-᭮ 梥 (ॠ ).  ⥭ᨢ -
᪨ אַ ய樮쭠 業樨 ॠ⨭  -
  520 .

                            - 34 -

     ⮤ :
      :    520  (490 - 530 ; " ᢥ䨫)
     :    20-25
     :         1 
     ன  : ஫ ॠ⮢
     ଠ 祭: 48 - 101 /

                          騩 

     ਬ᪨ ⮤. .
     ਭ樯:
      饫筮 ।     ࠧ ᨭ-䨮-
 , ⥭ᨢ ᪨   546 .
     ⮤ :
      :    546  (530 - 570 , " ᢥ䨫)
     :    20-25
     :         1 
     ன  : ࠡ稩 ⢮.
     ଠ 祭: 62.0 - 78.0 /

                           祢

     ᪨,    ⮬᪨ ஢.
     ⮤:
     ஢ ⮤ 쪥  㡥.
     ਭ樯:
                     4ॠ
     祢 + H420 ????????760 2NH430 + 42

                            - 35 -

                                     4
    NH430 + -⮣ + HH ????760 ⠬ + H + H420

     ଠ 祭: 2 - 8 /

                        祢 ᫮

     ଥ⨢-ਬ᪨ ⮤.
     ਭ樯:
                                 4ਪ
     祢 ᫮ + 2H420 + 420 ???????760 ⮨ + 420 + H42042
                                                        4ப-
    H420420 + 2,4-嫮-䥭䠭 + 4-⨯ਭ ????????
     4
     ?????760 娭 + 4H420
     ⮤ :
      :       510  (492 - 550 )
     :       20-25 (30, 37)
     :            1 
     ன  : ஫ ॠ⨢
     ଠ 祭: 150 - 360 /

                             

     ਬ᪨ ⮤.
     ਭ樯:
      १ ⨢ ᮫ﭮ ᫮ "墠⭮  -
 饯  ࠭ਭ  ॢ頥  墠⭮

                            - 36 -

    ⠭⥫.    ⥨஢  뢮⪥
⠭   ࠧ   䮭⮬ -
஫ ᭮ ᭮ ᮥ, ⥭ᨢ -
   546 .
     ⮤ :
      :     510 - 560  (546, " ᢥ䨫)
     :     20-25
     :          1 
     ன  : ஫ ॠ⨢
     ଠ 祭: 14 - 21 /


                  2.4. ᪨ ⮤

                    ᪨ ⥧

     ⥧ -  ।  饭 ⭮⥫쭮 -
஢ ࠢ 㯯,  ஥ ࠦ  ନ -
    ஢७  롮 ࠪ⨪.
       ਨ ப ਬ 稫 ⠪  -
 "㫥 ⥧" ().  魮 " ᢮  ।-
,   ࠧ  ࠫ묨 ࠬࠬ ࠢ-
 㯯 ࠢ    ࠧ,   롮-
묨 ࠪ⨪,   ⥬᪨,  ᪫⥫-
 砩 ࠪ.  ⨢ 㫥 - "ୠ⨢-
 ⥧".
      ஢ન ਭ⮩ ⥧,   ᫥⥫쭮,  -
୮ 業 ࠫ ࠬ஢  롮  -

                            - 37 -

 稭,  㭪樨 ।  . 
稭,  뢠 "ﬨ ⮢୮",    
  ⭮ 砥 ,  㤮⢮  롮
⥫ ਭ⮩ ⥧.  㭪樨 ।  㪠
稭 ⠡㫨஢,   ᢥ  ᯥ樠 ⠡.
     ஢ 稬,   ⭮  訡,  ᪠
  業  ਭ⮩ ⥧,   ࠧ.  筮 
஢થ ᪨ ⥧ ਭ  ஢  稬,
ࠢ 5% (⭮ 訡筮 業 =0,05).
       ਨ ਬ   ᪨ -
ਥ:  ࠬ᪨,  ஥   ᭮ ࠬ஢
 ᮢ㯭  ।⠢騥 㭪樨  ࠬ஢, 
ࠬ᪨,  ।⠢騥 ᮡ 㭪樨, 騥 -
।⢥  ਠ  ᮢ㯭      ⠬.
  㦠  ஢ન ⥧  ࠬ ᮢ㯭⥩,
।塞  ଠ쭮 ,  -  ஢ન -
  ⥧ ᨬ   । ᮢ㯭⥩,
   ࠢ 롮ન. ਬ ࠬ-
  ਥ  易   室 ᫥ 롮
ࠪ⨪ - । 稭  ⥫ ਠ樨,  ⮣
  ᯮ짮 ࠬ᪨ ਥ ⠪ -
 ⯠.
      ଠ쭮 । ਧ ࠬ᪨ -
ਨ  襩 魮,  祬 ࠬ᪨ -
ਨ.  ᯮᮡ  訡筮 ⢥࣠ 㫥 ⥧,
᫨  ୠ.  ⮬   ,   ࠢ
롮ન   ଠ쭮 । ᮢ㯭⥩, ᫥-
 ⤠ ।⥭ ࠬ᪨ .

                            - 38 -

      砥  祭   ⫨稩 । ਧ 
ଠ쭮  ᫥ ਬ ࠬ᪨  ਨ,
  ⮩ 樨 뢠   묨.   -
,   騥 ਧ ࠦ   ᫠,  
᫮묨 ,  ਬ ࠬ᪨ ਥ -
뢠 ⢥  [29].
     ।⥫쭠 ᪠  ࠡ⪠  ,
 ࠢ 롮ન      ᮢ㯭⥩,    
। ਧ ⫨砥  ଠ쭮.

                        롮 

     ࠢ쭮 ਬ  ࠬ᪨  ਥ  -
ન ᪨ ⥧ ᭮  ।    -
쭮 । ᮢ㯭⥩,    ࠢ-
 롮ન.     ᥣ  , ⠪   
᪨  ਧ । ଠ쭮.  
     ⥫⢮,    ᫥⥫  室
     ⮫쪮  ⢥묨,     ⢥묨
ਧ,     ࠦ 浪묨 ࠬ,
ᠬ  㣨 ᫮묨 .   ⠪  -
 ᯮ짮 ࠬ᪨ ਨ.
     ⥭ 楫  ࠬ᪨ ਥ,  । -
    ⠪ 뢠  ࠭  ਨ,
ਬ  ᭮  ࠭஢ 童 ࠢ
㯯.   ⮬ ࠢ  ᠬ  ᥡ 童 ࠭஢-
 冷,   浪 ,  ࠭.
       ⠪ ਥ    U-਩  ᮭ

                            - 39 -

(-⭨).     ஢ ⥧  ਭ-
 ࠢ ᨬ 롮ப    ⮩   -
ࠫ쭮  ᮢ㯭   ᮢ㯭  묨 -
ࠬ,   㫥 ⥧.
       U- 室: 1. ᯮ ᫮
祭 ࠢ 롮ப  饬 浪   -
騩   ஭㬥஢ 童 饣 鸞    N=1+2.
    "࠭" 童 鸞.  2. ⤥쭮  -
  롮ન  㬬 ࠭ R  । 稭 
⮡ࠦ   㬬 ࠭ ࢮ  ன  롮ન.
3.  ⢥ U- ᯮ짮  稭 U-䠪-
᪮,  ࠢ  ⠡ 祭 U-⠭⭮.
᫮   ࠭ ਭ⮩ 㫥 ⥧ 㦨 -
⢮  U-䠪᪨  >  U-⠭⭮.  ᪨   窨
U- U-⠭⭮  n1, n2  ਭ ஢ -
稬 ᮤঠ  ᯥ樠 ⠡ [29].













                            - 40 -


                3.    㦤

      室 ஢ ᫥ 娬᪮  -
⥫쭨  ࠧ    ᪮ ࠩ,  ⫨-
  吝 ࠤ⨢묨 ᠤ,   뫨 -
祭 ᫥騥 .

                      3.1.  

                      3.1.1. 騩 

     ஢ 饣     㯯  騭,  ।⢥
஦  ᪮ ࠩ   ⠭ 拉୮ 㦨
 ⨭᪮   室    ࠭  ⭮
 ().
     U-਩ -⭨    稬 ⫨  ஢
饣   ᪮ ஢  I  II   -
騭  ।⢥    ⢨ 䫥
拉 뢮   ⮬ ⥫쭨  襩  -
⭮ 㯯 (⠡. 1).
       U-  㦨 ⮢୮  㢥祭
஢  饣   ⥫쭨    32  
I  II ,  I  III  (⠡. 1).
      ࠧ  ⬥,   ⥫쭨 襩 -
⭮ 㯯   ⮬  ⫨  ஢ -
   ᨬ   ஦.
     祬   騭  襩 ⭮ 㯯 ஢ 饣

                            - 41 -

  I  II  ⮢୮ , 祬  쥩 ஫쭮
.
     ஢ 饣   騭    㯯  
  孥 ࠭  .  ⮬  ஫-
   騭  32    ,  祬  ஫쭮
  騭  32 .
      ᮣ  묨 묨,    -
饥  祭  ਢ   襭 ᮢ ࠤ樨
࣠  ⪠,  襭  , ᮯ஢騥-
 襭 ᮤঠ    ஢ [14, 32, 45].
      ᫥ 娬᪨ ⥫  -
   ஢ 襭 㦨  13%  ᪮᪨  27%  -
᪨ ஢  ᫥⢨ 뢠  ୮᪮ ⮬-
 ⠭樨 (),  ᭮     ⥨-
ਨ [17, 32].

1#                                                  1


             ஢ 饣   ᪮

                       ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

        250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120<0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 74.497+01.70 < 81.37+02.49   < 76.827+02.78    <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+


                            - 42 -

                                           த ⠡. 1

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 78.477+01.68 < 80.537+01.62  < 70.647+02.35    <4130<0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230<0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

                       3.1.2. 㬨

       ࠪ権 饣  ஢  㬨. 
業 ﭨ 祭  ᫥ ஢ 㬨   -
᪮ ஢, ⠪    த⮬ ᨭ᪮
⨢ 祭  ࠧ ⮫쪮  .
     뫨 祭 ᫥騥 १:
      騭 ࢮ ⭮ 㯯 ( 32 ) U - -
਩   ⮢ ⫨稩  ஢ 㬨  -
ᨬ  ,    騭 II  ஢ 㬨 ਡ-
  孥 ࠭ .  ᮮ⢥ 襭
஢ 饣 ,   襥 祭  
騭 II  ࢮ ⭮ 㯯 (⠡. 2).
      騭 ன ⭮ 㯯 ( 32 ) U - -
਩  ⠪   ⮢ ⫨稩  ஢ 㬨 
騭   .    ⬥ ⥭   襭
ᮤঠ 㬨  騭 I  II , ஢ ண 

                            - 43 -

1.9#
ॢ蠫  ࠭   (⠡.  2),    
⨢  ,      -
㦥 襭 ᮤঠ   뢮⪥ ஢    ,
 ⢨ ࠤ樨 [14, 32, 45]
      ..  ,  ᫥ 祭    ࠤ⢨⥫
⪠  ந室  ⢥ 娬᪨ ᤢ,  
ࠦ  㣭⥭  ᨭ᪨ ᮢ  १
ᨫ  ⠡.    ⫨稥  ⮣  祭 祭
 ८ ᪨ ⨯  ᮢ -
騩,  ⭮,  ᨫ ᨭ⥧  [52].
       ⢥ত  ..  . -
  ᮤঠ 饣   ᪮ ஢  ⥭
 㢥祭 業樨 㬨    騭, ।⢥
  ⢨ 䫥 拉 뢮  -
⨭᪮ ,   ᢨ⥫⢮  ᨫ -
᪨  ᮢ   祭,  ࠦ  ᨫ ᨭ⥧
 ஢.
1#
                                                      2

              ஢ 㬨  ᪮

                       ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 44.417+01.84 < 50.177+02.22  < 46.767+02.74    <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

                            - 44 -

                                           த ⠡. 2

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 51.377+01.13 < 51.507+01.16  < 46.977+02.35    <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

                        3.1.3. 祢

      ⥫  ⥭ᨢ      祭
 ஢ 祢,    ⮬
ࠪ樨 筮 ,  ࠧ饩  ⠡ 
 ࠧ  祭.
        U-     ⮢ ⫨稩 
஢ 祢  ᪮ ஢  騭 ࢮ -
 㯯      (⠡. 3).   ⫨稥  ⮣ 
騭 ன ⭮ 㯯   U- 뫮 -
  ⮢୮  ⫨稥    ஢ 祢  ᪮
஢  騭 I  III      騭 II  III .  祬
஢  祢    ᪮ ஢  騭 I  II 
  1.6 ࠧ ,  祬  騭 ஫쭮  .  ,  
祭  室  ।  ,    I  II
 ஢ 祢    孥    ࠭  (⠡.
3).

                            - 45 -

     襭   ᮯ஢  襭  -
ঠ ᮤঠ   ஢ [17, 32, 39].  ᮮ-
 祭 .
     襭 ᮤঠ  祢   ஢ 祭 騭
 ᢨ⥫⢮  ᨫ ⠡ . ,
뢠 襭 ஢ 饣   ஢,  ।-
 ᨫ ⥭ᨢ   (ᮢ  ᨭ-
⥧  ᯠ)  祭 騭  I,  II .

1#
                                                      3


               ஢ 祢  ᪮

                     ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 5.217+00.41  < 3.947+00.71   < 3.927+00.66     <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 6.207+00.41  < 6.167+00.36   < 3.777+00.74     <4130<0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230<0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

                            - 46 -

2.4#
                       3.1.4. ॠ⨭


     ஢ ॠ⨭    ᢥ 㤨  ﭨ
 ,  ࠪਧ  ⥭ᨢ,  ⠪ -
 祭.
      ࢮ ⭮ 㯯 U-਩   ⮢-
 ⫨稩  ஢ ॠ⨭  ᪮  ஢  (⠡.
4).
      ன ⭮ 㯯 U-਩  ⠪    
⮢  ⫨稩  ஢ ॠ⨭  ᪮ ஢
 ⥫쭨    (⠡. 4).

1#
                                                      4


              ஢ ॠ⨭  ᪮

                     ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 0.0747+00.003< 0.0747+00.007 < 0.0677+00.005   <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

                            - 47 -

                                           த ⠡. 4

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 0.0827+00.003< 0.0797+00.003 < 0.0787+00.003   <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

     * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

             3.2. ⮪ᨪ樮 㭪 祭

                    3.2.1. 祢 ᫮

     ० 㭪 祭 業  ஢ 祢
᫮, אַ  饣 㡨.
       ०饩 㭪樥   -
⪠ த⮢ ⮣ ,   ࠧ  -
   㪫 ᫮.  ⥫ ⮩ 㭪樨 -
祭  ஢ 祢 ᫮  ஢,   த -
ࠡ⪨   ਭ  ᭮ [38, 52].
     ਩ -⭨   ⮢ ⫨稩  -
 ⭮ 㯯 騭  ᥬ ६  (⠡. 5).
        ᠬ  뫮  祭   ன ⭮ 㯯
騭 (⠡. 5).
      ன  ⭮  㯯 ⬥砥 ⥭  
஢ 祢 ᫮  ᪮ ஢  쥩  

                            - 48 -

ࢮ. 砥,  祬   ࠤ⨢ 䮭 ⭮-
, ⥬  業 祢 ᫮  ஢.

1#
                                                      5


           ஢ 祢 ᫮  ᪮

                    ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <              <               <              <        <
< 㯯  <    I     <    II     <   III    <   5*0   <
<         <              <               <              <        <
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <              <               <              <        <
<騭 <              <               <              <4120>0.05<
<         <              <               <              <        <
< < 212.687+010.75 < 196.777+020.67  < 202.047+05.82  <4130>0.05<
<         <              <               <              <        <
< 32 <              <               <              <4230>0.05<
<         <              <               <              <        <
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <              <               <              <        <
<騭 <              <               <              <4120>0.05<
<         <              <               <              <        <
< < 258.887+022.02 < 231.887+013.35  < 198.007+018.80 <4130>0.05<
<         <              <               <              <        <
< 32<              <               <              <4230>0.05<
<         <              <               <              <        <
<      <              <               <              <        <
<         <              <               <              <        <
??????????T??????????????T???????????????T??????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

                    3.2.2. אַ 㡨

     ० 㭪 祭 ⠪  業   ஢
אַ  饣 㡨  ᪮ ஢.  
㡨  ᪮ ஢  ਧ ᫠

                            - 49 -

⮩ 㭪樨.
     U-਩   ⮢ ⫨稩  ஢ אַ
㡨   ᪮ ஢  騭  ࢮ ⭮
㯯 (⠡. 6).
      ன  ⭮  㯯  U-਩ ⠪  
⮢ ⫨稩 (⠡. 6).
      楫  騭  㯯  ஢  אַ  㡨
 ⢥  .  ,  ,    ᭨
ᯠ   祭,    ᭨  業樨
 ஢.
     , ᫨   騭 ࢮ ⭮ 㯯  I  II 
஢ אַ 㡨  ,  祬  騭 III -  -
஫쭮  ,    騭 ன ⭮ 㯯,   I  II
 ஢ 㡨  , 祬  III  (⠡. 6).

1#
                                                      6


          ஢ אַ 㡨  ᪮

                    ஢,  /, M7+0m



      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 0.327+00.24  < 0.187+00.12   < 0.427+00.28     <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

                            - 50 -

                                           த ⠡. 6

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 0.767+00.33  < 0.937+00.41   < 0.697+00.44     <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
2.2#

                    3.2.3. 騩 㡨

      뫮 㦥 ⮢ ⫨稩  ஢ 饣 -
㡨  ᪮ ஢  騭   㯯 (⠡.
7).
     ஢ 饣 㡨  㯯     
,     ᮡ,    砥 אַ
㡨.   ,    騭 ࢮ  ⭮  㯯
஢  饣  㡨  I  II   ,  祬  III
஫쭮 .    騭 ன ⭮ 㯯  ஢
饣  㡨   ᪮ ஢  I  II  ,
祬  III  (⠡.  7).   ।,   襭
஢  ࠤ樨  "⥣"  ᨭ⥧  -
 .


                            - 51 -

1#
                                                      7


          ஢ 饣 㡨  ᪮

                    ஢,  /, M7+0m



      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 8.267+02.47  < 6.027+01.06   < 8.597+02.01     <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 9.127+01.27  < 9.947+02.23   < 7.247+01.26     <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
2.3#

               3.3.  㭪 祭

               3.3.1. 

      ᫥  ०  祭 -
饩 㭪樨 祭 業 ஢   -

                            - 52 -

 ஢,  ⠪  ⭮,  祭  ᭮ -
⮬ ஢  [33, 38].

      騭  ࢮ  ⭮  㯯 U-਩  
⮢ ⫨稩  ஢   I,  II,  III  .  
祭  㪫뢠  ।  .   ஢
  ࢮ  ன   ᪮쪮 , 祬  -
  (⠡. 8).
      ன ⭮ 㯯 騭 U-਩  -
稬  ⫨   ஢   I  III   ⮢-
 <0.05,   II  III   ⮢୮ <0.15.
  ⮬  ஢   ᪮ ஢  I  II 
      ࠧ ,  祬 ஢   III, -
஫쭮  .   ,   ⬥ ⢥ 襭
஢   ࠢ  ஫쭮 쥩 㯯 (⠡.
8).
       ,  ⢨ ࠤ樨  ਢ 
襭  .  ᫥ 娬᪨ -
⥫ ஢ 襭  ⠡     48-51%
஢  뢠   .     ࠦ 
襭 ஢   ᪮ ஢ [1, 17, 32].
      ࠧ    ।,    祭 襭
ᠭ .


                            - 53 -

1#
                                                      8


                ஢   ᪮

                    ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 17.717+04.09 < 15.467+03.67  < 22.007+03.55    <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 18.347+02.34 < 14.827+02.16  < 7.837+01.91     <4130<0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230<0.15<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

                         3.3.2. 

     㭪樮쭠 ⨢ 祭   ஢  
᪮ ஢. ⮬    ࠡ ᪠뢠
 業樨 ⮣   ஢ [52].
     ᯮ U-਩     㦨 稬 ⫨稩 
஢   ᪮ ஢  騭 ࢮ  ⭮
㯯.     祭 業樨   -

                            - 54 -

  ࠭  (⠡. 9).
      ன  ⭮  㯯  U-਩ ⠪  
⮢ ⫨稩  ஢   ᪮ ஢ -
 ⮩ 㯯 (⠡. 9).

1#
                                                      9


                ஢   ᪮

                     ஢,  /, M7+0m


      (I  - ஢ ࠦ >1000 , II  -

         250  1000 , III  -  250 )

I?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 㯯  <    I   <   II    <   III     <   5*0   <
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 4.027+00.25  < 3.867+00.04   <  4.377+00.11    <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32 <            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
<         <            <             <               <        <
<騭 <            <             <               <4120>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< < 4.157+00.20  < 4.127+00.22   <  4.077+00.19    <4130>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
< 32<            <             <               <4230>0.05<
<         <            <             <               <        <
<      <            <             <               <        <
<         <            <             <               <        <
??????????T????????????T?????????????T???????????????T????????+

    * ࠢ ஢    -⭨
0

      ࠧ  뫮 ᬮ७ ᪮쪮 ஭ ࠡ-
 祭: ⥭ᨢ  , ﭨ ०-
饩 㭪樨 祭   㭪 祭.

                            - 55 -

2.2#
     ᭮ 祭    饬   㬨-
,    襭 ᪮ ⨢ 祭
 祭 騭.   ᮪ ஢ 祢  ஢  
  騭    ᨫ ⠡.  ⮬,   楫
 ᪠  ᨫ   ( ᮢ ᨭ⥧,
⠪  ᮢ ᯠ)  騭 ன ⭮ 㯯, -
 ஢ ॠ⨭,  ᢥ ࠪਧ騩  ⥭ᨢ
 ,   ⢥ 㢥祭.
      뫮  稬 襭 ०饩  㭪-
樨 祭.  ,   ⥭   ஢ -
 ᫮  쥩   ࢮ  騭 ன ⭮
㯯,     ᨫ ᯠ 㪫 -
  祭,  ⮢ ⫨稩 㦥  뫮,    
砥  騬   㡨.
      騭 襩 ⭮ 㯯  ஢ ⬥砥  -
襭 ஢   I  II .     易
 騬 襭 ⥭ᨢ ᨭ⥧    祭,  ⠪
 -㭮㫨,  ஢    襭    
騭,  ᭮묨 뢠騬   -
 ஢    ஢   襭 ஢ .
     祭   ᢨ⥫      ࠡ
祭  騭 襩 ⭮ 㯯, ।⢥ -
      ஢  䫥 拉 뢮 
ਨ  ᮪ ⭮ 믠 ࠤ⨢ ᠤ-
,   ,  -,    ⮫᪨

                            - 56 -

0
ࠪ    ⨢묨.
      騭, த    ⮩ ਨ ᫥
砭 ஢  拉 뢮   -
⨭᪮ , ⮢   㭪樮쭮 ⨢-
 祭   㦥.
























                            - 57 -


                            


      ᭮  ᫥  ᤥ ᫥-
騥 뢮:
     1)   騭  32 ,  ।⢥ ஦ 
 ஢ 䫥 拉 뢮   ਨ  
᮪ ⭮ 믠 ࠤ⨢ ᠤ,  -
 ⮢୮ 襭 ஢ 饣   I   II  
(஢  吝  >1000     250  1000  ᮮ-
⢥)  ࠢ  ஫쭮 㯯 ⮣   -
. ஬ ⮣ ⬥砥 ⥭  襭 ஢ 㬨-
  쥩  ࢮ .
      騭 ⮩  ⭮ 㯯 ⬥砥 稬 -
襭  ஢  祢  ᪮ ஢  I  II 
 ࠢ  ஫.
      騭, த  ஦  ⮩ ਨ -
 砭 ஢  拉 뢮  -
⨭᪮  ,   㦨 ⮢  
஢ 饣 ,  㬨  祢  ࠢ  -
஫쭮 㯯 ⮣  .
     2)  ᫥ ⮪ᨪ樮  㭪樨  祭,  
㦨 ⮢ ⫨稩  ஢ אַ, 饣 -
㡨  祢 ᫮  騭,  ஦   ஢-
  䫥  拉  뢮    ᮪
⭮ 믠 ࠤ⨢ த⮢ 拉 뢮,
 ᨬ   ஦.

                            - 58 -

       ᠬ    ᫥ 騭  襩
⭮ 㯯,   ࣠ אַ ⢨ -
䫥 拉 뢮.
     3)   祭  饩  㭪樨  祭 
⮢୮ 㢥祭 ஢   ஢  祭  -
騭   ࢮ    2 ࠧ,    ன   1.7 ࠧ
(<0.15)  ࠢ  쥩, ஫쭮, .
     ⢥ ⫨稩  ஢    騭    -
 㯯  .




















                            - 59 -


                          

     1. ࠬ ..,  ᥭ ..   ⨢-
⥫ ⢠ - ., 1986. - 230 .
     2.  ., ᠭ . ᭮ ࠤ,   .
.: - ࠭ , 1963. - 500 .
     3.  .,  .  . ୠ ࣥ⨪: 祫 
㦠 । /  ।.  .  . ᠭ஢. - 2- .
ࠡ.  . .: ࣮⮬, 1984. - 235 .
     4. 㫤  ..  ⨢  ⢠  祫,  .:
࣮⮬, 1990. - 160 .
     5. ठ ..,  設 .., ⮭ .. -
᪨ ࠢ筨. : ࠤ, 1992. - 336 .
     6. ᪨  ᮬ᪨ 䥪 饣 -
祭.  . . , 1986. - . 18-34.
     7. थ ..,   ..,  .., ⮤ -
⨢ ⠭ ࠬ஢  ࠤ樮  ⠭,
।  ७  祭 ᥫ  ᫥ 拉୮
뢠.  ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭᪨ --
⠩", N1, 1994. - . 5-12.
     8.  ..,  ਭ ..,   ..,  ᠩ ..,
  ..   .  ﭨ ஭᪮ ७ 祭
௮஢묨 ࠤ㪫   㭪樮쭮  ﭨ
祭 ,  : H㪮 㬪. 1984. - 178 .
     9. 㡠ᮢ ..,  殢 .., ᨫ ..  ., -
  拉 ⠭  ⬮  ⨭᪮ -
   ࠤ樮 ࠪ⨪.  / ਠ 㭠-

                            - 60 -

த ᮢ頭 /-,  .ୠ, 5-10 ᥭ
1994.  ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭᪨  --
⠩", N4, 1994. - . 18-24.
     10. ᮭ ..  ᪨ ᫥⢨  饣  -
-祭 祫:  .   .  /  ।. .. ,
.: ⮬, 1960. - 340 .
     11. ⪮ .,  ஢ ., 饥 祭: 
 ᫥⢨. 樭᪠ , N78, 1.10.93. - . 3.
     12. ਭ  ..  ஢  ᯥਬ -
  ⥬ 㪫 䠣⮢.  . . ...
- ., 1986. - . 46-52.
     13. 㥢 ..,   ..,  ᬠ ..,  冷 ..,
⢥  ஢ ᥫ ⠩᪮ . -
  筮  ணࠬ  "⨭᪨  -⠩",  N4,
1994. - . 25-28.
     14.  ..,  娭 ..,  楢 .., ஢
..     ன 祢 .  .:  樭,
1967. - 152 .
     15. 쨭᪨ .., 쨭 .., 쨭᪨ ..  ., -
  堭,  ᯮᮡ騥 ࠧ ﭨ -
   ⥫ ⠩᪮ .  ⭨ 筮
ணࠬ "⨭᪨ -⠩", N3, 1994. - . 5-8.
     16. 饥 祭:  筨  ᪨ -
䥪 .    1982 . ࠫ쭮 ᠬ ( ਫ-
ﬨ). .I(II) -, . - . 120-125.
     17. ⮣ 㪨  孨.  䨧.  - .,  1991, .29,
. 248.
     18. ᥫ ..,  ॢ ..,  .., ஡ -

                            - 61 -

⢥  業  ⢨  ⨭᪮  
ᥫ ⠩᪮ . ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "-
⨭᪨ -⠩", N1, 1994. - . 28-32.
     19.  ..,   .., ਭ᪨ .., ப쥢
..,   ..,  .., ⨭ .., 業 -
樮 ⢨  ﭨ 㭭  ⥬  ⥫
⠩᪮ . ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭᪨ -
⠩", N3, 1994. - . 9-14.
     20. ᭨ .., थ .., ஢ .., 㭮-
᪨    ⥩,  ஦  ॣ ⠩᪮
,   ࠤ樮 ⢨.  ⭨ 筮
ணࠬ  "⨭᪨  -⠩",  N3,  1994.  - .
15-17.
     21. 樥  ⢠    祭  / ..
ਬ-, .. ᪨, .. ﭮ, .. ୮ .:
࣮⮬, 1991. - 20 .
     22.  .  ᪨ 䥪 ࠤ樨.  - .: ,
1986. - 184 .
     23.  .. ࠢ筨  ࠤ樮 ᭮. -
4- . ࠡ.  . - .: ࣮⮬, 1991. - 352 .
     24. ᠢ ..,  㡥 . ⠣ ⢨ -
  ࠧ  - .: ࣮⮬, 1991. - 183 .
     25. 㧨 .  祭   த ஢  ࠤ-
樨.  ᯥ  ᮢ६ ,  .115,   2,  1995. -
. 15-23.
     26. 㧨 ..  樮 娬 .:  -  ,
1962. - 335 .
     27. 㧨 ..  ⨬㫨饥 ⢨ 饣 -

                            - 62 -

祭  ᪨ . - .: , 1977. - 133 .
     28. ⨭ ..,  ஢ ..,  .., ப쥢
..,  ୮  ..,  ᯥ⨢  業  䥪⨢ 
譥 祭   믠  拉  뢮  
稭 ᠤ 楧-137. ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "-
⨭᪨ -⠩", N4, 1994. - . 35-37.
     29.  ..  :  祡.  ᮡ  . ᯥ.
㧮 - 4- .,  ࠡ.   .- .: . ., 1990. - 352
.
     30. ॢ ..,  .., ⨭ .., ᥫ ..,
㤠 .., 祭 .., 樮 ⢨ -
⨭᪮   ⠩᪨ ࠩ   ஡  ⢥
業 ⮣ ⢨.  ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "-
⨭᪨ -⠩", N1, 1994. - . 17-20.
     31. ॢ  ..,  㤠 ..,   ..,  ᮢ
.., મ楢 .., 祭 .., 㥢 .., -
   祭 ᥫ ⠩᪮   拉୮ 뢠
29  1949 .  ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭-
 -⠩", N1, 1994. - . 21-24.
     32. 㪨 ..,  䥫 ..   . ⮫᪠ -
ਧ  ⭨ 樨 ᫥⢨ ਨ  .
⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭᪨ -⠩",  N1,
1995. - . 19-24.
     33. 祢 .., 誨 ..,  .., 襭 -
-宫᪮    ᮬ᪮    ᫮
ᥫ 殢᪮   ᪮  ࠩ  ⠩᪮  .
⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭᪨ -⠩",  N4,
1994. - . 32-35.

                            - 63 -

     34. ३ .., 㤠஢ ..,  ..  . -
 믠 த⮢ 拉 뢮  䠪  -
 祫. .: ⮬, 1980. - 146 .
     35. ७ ..,  ..,  .., ᮢ ..,
 .., 类 .., 㪫  ⪠  -
᪨  ⠩᪮ . ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ
"⨭᪨ -⠩", N4, 1994. - . 33-37.
     36. ᥥ ..,   ..  ࠢ筨  ਨ 
ࠤ樮 . 4- ., ࠡ.  .. .: ࣮-
, 1990. - 252 .
     37. ᪠ ..,  ⤠ ᫥⢨ ⢨ -
 祭. - .: 樭, 1991. - 464 .
     38. 樮 娬.   ।. .. 楢. - .:
⮬, 1975. - 234 .
     39. :  , 䥪, . .  . .. -
, .: , 1988. - 79 .
     40.  .,   ⠪ 襭 ...?  ஫ 
- . 樭᪠ , N100, 18.12.92. - . 1.
     41. 楢 ..    祫, .: , 1987. -
235 .
     42.  ..,  ஢ ..,  ࠪ⮩
  ⠩᪮  ࠥ.  ⭨ 筮 ணࠬ "⨭᪨
-⠩", N4, 1994. . 8-14.
     43. 줥  .,   .   - ஧   /
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