        II.  -  
            .

      1.   ,    .

    ⭮,    120 । .
   .
   " - ᪠ 㪠,   ࣠ 
㭪樮஢ ࣠樮 ⥬  ࠧ  ஢-
:  権, 業 (ᮮ), 業 (-
⥬)  "-  ᪨  横᪨  -
, 1986 .
   " - 㪠  ᮮ⢠" - ., 1920 .
   " - 筠 ⢥ ,    
樮   " - ᪨  .-
⮭, 1937 .
   " - 祭   㭪樨 த" -  -
ਪ᪨ 祭 ., 1959 .
   " - 㪠  ,  ࠢ  ⥭
   ⢥ । ⠭" - ᮢ᪨ 
., 1972 .
     ⠪ ""?
   ᪠ 㫠,  ਢ     -
 : "  - 㪠  ⭮襭 ࣠-
  । ⠭".   ⢥ত ⨬
 ᫮.  "" - ॢ  ᪮  "-
", "" - 㪠. .. - 㪠  " ᫮-
" ⠭ ࣠.     ६ -
     ࠧ 痢  ᥫ-
騬    묨,  ⥭ﬨ  ।  -
.   ⮣   .
     ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ࠧ.
   1. 樮 .   ᫥  -
୮⥩  ᫥   権,  
⠪ ⢨  ﬨ ࠧ .
   2.  ᮮ. 砥 ୮ ࣠樨
ᮮ,    㭪樮஢,   
㣮     ࠭ଠ樨 ࣨ  楯 -
.
   3. ⭠ .  砥   ⭮-
  । ⠭ ࠧ ࣠.
   ᬮਬ        ࠧ-
 .
    த  ᯮ짮 娩.  ⥬
  쬨 ,    饭  த
㪨,  㦨騥  ⤥ ᫨ த짮:
ᥫ᪮,  ᭮, 롭 宧⢠, ୮뢠 ஬-
.  ⥯ ⥫쭮 祫 ⠫ -
,   ॣࠤ   ⤥묨  ﬨ  ஬諥
㫨. ⠫ 祢,  ⥫쭮 ࣥ⨪,
஬諥 ࠣ  ᫨ த  宧⢠.
  த  ᭨ ᮢᥬ .  㦭
  㪠,  樮쭮 ᯫ樥  -
ᮢ.
    ⮬ ६ 㪠  㦥  ⢮.  ନ
""   ।    1866  ..  ⨬
ନ  ।  "     ⭮襭
࣠  㦠饩 ।".   ࠧ 
㤠  ࠫ⮢  䮢 XIX - XX .
    ᨨ    讥 祭  ࠡ
.. (1852 )  ..殢 (1855 ).   XIX
- 砫 XX  ᫥⥫ 頫   
,   ⤥ 䠪 (ਬ:  ᪨) 
  ࠭     ࣠.     ६
ନ ।⠢  ᮮ⢠     -
 ᮢ㯭 易 ࣠.
    ࠧ    20-30  XX ,  
뫨 ନ஢ ᭮  祭 権  ᮮ-
 (.⮭), । ⥬᪨   -
 権   ⢨ (.), ஢-
      ஢થ   (..-
).  ஡ 砫     ६   ⢥
祭 ॢ饭  ⢠  ࣨ 묨 ࣠,
祬  ࠪ⮢  楫 ⥬.
    1926  ..ୠ᪨ ࠧࠡ⠫ 祭   .
㯭    ࣠      "
⢮".  ᭮ 祭  ୠ᪮,    ⢮,
࠭ନ ᮫筮 祭,   ࣠
  뢭 㣮.  ᮢ६  -
⨥      ᭮.   -
⢨ ୠ᪨ ࠧࠡ뢠 ⨥  ⮬,  -
    ﭨ    ⨦  祫᪮ 㤠
⥯ 室   ﭨ -    -  
ࠧ㬠.
   ।⠢     ࣠,  易
 ᮡ   㦠饩  । 諮 ᢮ ࠦ-
    ⠪ ⨩    "⥬"  (.-
, 1935 )  "業" (..㪠祢,  1940 ).  50
 ନ  . ᭮  ᫥-
⥫ ७   祭 ⢨ ࣠ 
 ࠧ㥬  ⥬.  䨧᪠
 樮  (..). 70-    -
  祫  樠쭠 ,  -
 ୮  ⢨  祫᪮ ⢠ 
㦠饩 ।.  襥 ࠭   -
  ⢥ ⮤ ᫥,  ᯮ-
 ᯥਬ ( ⮫쪮 ,     த)  
⥬᪨ .
    ன  XX,   裡  १ -
묨  ᫥⢨ﬨ  ⢨ 祫   (⠪
뢠 "᪨ ਧ"),१ ⠥  ࠪ-
᪮ 祭 ,室 ஢ த-
࠭⥫ ய⨩,  ந室  ""  
⢥ ,  ⠭    䨫-
䨥  樮.  ᪨ 室 ⠭ -
  襭 ந⢥, 筮-孨᪨, -
᪨  㣨 .
     砥  ᥣ?
    ᥣ譨    砥  ᫥騥  䠪
⢨ ࣠  । ⠭.
   1. ᪨ 䠪,    ࣠-
.  ᪨ 䠪ࠬ ⭮:
   ) ᪨ ᫮ - ᪠ , -
 ⨭⮢, ப, ப, ⥬ (-
뢠   ᨬ ⥬,  ன
 ⢮ ࣠),  ⭮⥫쭠  -
, ᢥ;
   ) ᪨  䠪  - ᮢ㯭 䨧᪨  娬-
᪨ ᢮ , ᯮᮡ 뢠 ᪮ -
⢨   ࣠,  뢠    
⠢;
   ) 䠪   । - 䨧᪨  娬᪨ ᢮-
⢠ .
   2. ਢ ᪨ 䠪.    -
樥. 騥   䠪 뢠 -
᪨.    ࠧ 䠪   ⮫-
 䠪.    ⠢ ਢ ᪨ 䠪-
.  ᪨ 䠪ࠬ ⭮:
   ) ᫥ 樨  - ।  ᥤ -
,   ண ࠭祭 ਨ  ᫮,
   ᥤ ﬨ ந室 ।;
   ) ᮮ⭮襭    -    祭 ⢮
ᠬ  ,  ⢮  ᠬ殢 뢠 ⮫쪮
  ,   ࠧ ⮩稢   
 ⠪   ;
   ) த⥫쭮  -  ६, ஥ ⥪
 ஦  ᬥ ࣠,  ।  த⥫-
  ᮡ  樨 ᮮ⢥ । த-
⥫쭮  ⤥ ᮡ;
   )   -  筮  ࠪਧ 樥⮬
஦  樨,    ᫮ ⮬,  ந-
 楩 樨   ६.
    ⮫᪨ 䠪ࠬ ⭮:
   ) 䠪,  易    -   
,  ᠬ  ᠬ ⫨  ࠧ  -
, 騬  ᠬந쭮,    ⭮襭 
䠪ࠬ 譥 ।;
   ) 㯯  䥪  -  ନ 砥 䮫-
᪨  ᪨ ,     -
    㯯 ;
   ) ७ -   樨,      ᫥-
 ਡ  窥,  ᮮ⢥饩 饭 ।
⠭, 㯠  ⢨ 堭 ॣ樨 ᫥
 樨 - ᬥ⭮  ⠥,   
᭨.
   3.  ᪨ 䠪.   ᬠਢ
⭮襭   㣨 ,  ⠪ ﭨ ஥ -
 뢠   㣠.  ᫥騥 ᯥ:
   )  ।  ⢨    ࣠  -
 ࣠    ⮩    ⥯  ᢮ ।
⠭ (६  䨧᪮  娬᪮ ⭮襭);
   ) ⢨  ,   :
   - ࠫ -    뢠  ﭨ    
㣠;
   - ७ -   㯠  ७  -
祭  㡥  ,  祬    ᫨ 
ॡ ࠧ  祬  ᮢ  ॡ,  ⥬
ᨫ쭥 ७;
   - ⥫쭮 ⢨ -  砨,    
     ᥡ   ᮦ⥫⢠  㣨
   稭   ⮬  ।  (-
 - ᮦ⥫⢮ ⭮   ,  㠫
-   ᮦ⥫⢠   );
   - ᯫ:  ࠧ⨧    魨⢮  - 墠뢠
砨,  ⭮襭   ⭮    
    ⭮  㣮 (魨  
⭮, ஥ 㬥颫  ꥤ ,    ࠢ
 ࠧ஢,  祬  ᠬ,  ࠧ⮬ - ࣠, -
 ⠥   宧鶴,   㯭,  祬 ,  
஬     ਪ९  ஬ 稭 祭
让 ।;
   ) ⠭ ࣠ -   ଠ쭮 ⥪ -
⥫쭮 ࠧ ࣠ ⢫  १-
 ⠭;
   ) ⭮襭     饩 -  ࠧ -
樨   ⢮ , ⠪   ⢮.
   4. .   ⠭   
 뢠 ⮯.  砥 騥 -
 ⮯ 䨧᪨  娬᪨ ᫮.  -
:
   ) ࠧ ⥬,   㯯,    ᥫ,  
⢫    㣨 ⥬,  饢 楯,
殮 ,⠢ ⥬, ⭮ 樨, -
稥  ⥬ ਧ⮢  㣮;
   )  ࣨ  ⥬- ᬠਢ  -
 ⥣ਨ: த業, 㬥,  (।業-
);
   ) த⨢ ⥬ - ⢮ ⮩  -
, ॢ饭  ࣠  娬 뢠 ࢨ-
 த⨢ 業,    த⨢ -
뢠  娬 ࣨ  ଥ ந ࣠-
᪮ ⢠,   ᮮ⢥ ਡ ࣠-
᪮ ⢠  ⥭.
   5. ᭮ ।   .  :
   ) ᪨  -   易  -
᪨ ﬨ,    䠪, 砫 -
   ᪠   祭  諮  ᪮
誠 ६;
   )  ଠ樨:
   - , ਬ: 㭤, , ⥯ -  -
⢨ ॢ᭮ ⥫쭮;
   - ,    ଠ樨,  ਬ:  ⠩, 
㬥७ , ய᪨ ;
   ) ᪨ ଠ樨:
   - ⮢  ᮮ⢠ (騥  ᫮ ਫ - -
),
   - ᪨ ᮮ⢠;
   ) ᭮ ଠ樨,    祭,   -
讥 ⢮ , :
   - 稥  (),
   - ⥪稥  (筨).

   ⠪,  ᭨,   㪠 ⭮⥫쭮 ,
    ॡ ࠭ த  ᠬ  -
. ᯥ  祭  㪨 筮 ப.   
ப 砥 祫,   । ⠭,  
த,  ﭨ  । ⠭  த.   -
襭   祫,    ꥪ  㪨, ᫮
-   ᪨ ஡.   ᪮஬ ६
 㦭 㤥 ।  ஡   -
  ᫥⢨.
