
       ࠪ⮢   䨫䨨  - ⮭.
______________________________________________________________


               ⮬᪠ ࠪ⮢ :
                   ⨥   ⥫

      ᪨ 䨫  (த. . 470  .
.) ਭ ⥧  ⮬,  ⨥   ⮥, -
        - ⮬ ( "⮬" -᪨ 砥
"ᥪ", "ࠧ१" ).   ਠ
ࠪ⮢ ⮬ ,   ⮬  ,   
 䨧 .   ⮬    ᪠
᫥  ⢮,  ⥬ ᠬ ⢥࣠ ⢥ত,  
⨥ - . ⮬,  , ࠧ ⮩; 
-  ⨥ ,  ⠪, : ⢥࣠ ⢥ত-
 ଥ  ⮬,   ⨥  ⢥, , -
, ᮣᥭ  ⠬,  ⮫쪮 ⨥ . ࠪ-
୮ ⠪,     ࠧ砥  ⮬ -  ⨭-
   ⮬   ࠧ㬮 -   ⢥ -
饩, ।⠢ ᮡ   , 魮 -
ன ⠢ ⮬,   ᢮⢠  .  ⮬ 
,   ⮫쪮 ᫨. ,  , ⮦ -
 ⨢⠢ ""  "". ⮬ 
ࠧ  ଥ  稭;    ,  ᮥ-
  ( "楯" )  ᮡ  ᨫ ࠧ  -
:    ⮬ 㣫, ࠬ, ਢ, -
७,  " 窠".    ࠧ ⥫, -
㯭 襬 .
      ।  த㬠  ਠ 堭᪮
᭥ : 楫   ।⠢ ᮡ 㬬 ⥩,
  ᯮ冷筮    ⮬,   砩 ⮫
뢠 稭 ᥣ 饣.   ⮬ ⢥࣠ -
 ⮢   , ᪮  
   ᭨   , ந室-
饥  ⢥ .  ६  稭 ,  -
 "ࠧ஡"  ⨥ ଥ   ⢮  -
 "⨩"-⮬,  ࠪ ਠ᪨.


                       ᪠
                       ࠪ⮢ :
                  ⨥  ⥫᭠ 

      ࠪ⮢ ਭ樯 ଥ 뫠 । -
 (427-347   ..), ⨢⠢訬  -
᪮  .   ⠬, ⮭ ࠪ-
ਧ ⨥  筮  ,   ࠧ㬮
 㯭 ⢥ .   ⫨稥  ⮢
 ⠪ ,    , ⨥  ⮭ ।⠥  -
⢥.   ࠧ稥  ⮭  ⮬ 
ਭ樯 ࠪ: ᫨   ⨥  -
ਠ,  䨧᪨ ⮬,   ⮭ ᬠਢ    
쭮,  ⥫᭮ ࠧ - , 㯠 ⥬ ᠬ
 த砫쭨 ᪮   䨫䨨.  , 
 , 㦤 ⮭, 稢  ⮬  ⮦-
 ᥡ,    ᫥⥫쭮,-    ଥ᪮-⮭᪮
᫥  -    ( ⠪묨  ⥫  ࠭-
⢮,  ஬  ⥫  ).   ⮫쪮 ,
      ⥩ ,  ,   ਭ  ⢥-
-࠭⢥  ( ⢮  ⮭ - ࠪ-
⨪  祭   ࠧ㬥 筮,  ,
ᬥ⨥ ).  ᢥ⢥,    ,
 ⮭ 뢠  "⨥",  ⨢⮨ -
  室  ⢥ 饩 (  "⠭"):
  ⮫쪮 ⠭,  뢭   㭨⮦-
,     "".  "...㦭  ᥩ 让
 ᥣ ⠭饣: ⮣ ᯮᮡ 祫  
ᬮ 뤥ঠ ᮧ栭 ..." ⨪ ,  "ਧ-
 ⥫  ⨥     " ⮭ ⢥ত,   -
⨭ ⨥ - "  㬮⨣  ⥫  ".
 ⮭ 뢠 "魮ﬨ";  ᪮ ᫮ "魮"
( ousia ) ࠧ   "" ( einai  )  (  ⠪  ,
,        ᪮ 몠 "⢮-
", "饥", "魮" ).
      ࠧ, ਠ ᢥ⢥ , ᮣ-
᭮ ⮭,  ⠢ 魮 ⢥ , 
  . ,  ᫮ ⮭,  ,  ⮫-
  ᨫ ⮩ ⭮  .
        ⨢  ।,  ࠪਧ 
⮭      ⠭,      ⢥
:
     ⨥                       - ⠭,
     筮                      - ६,
     饥                  - 饥,
     ᬥ⭮                 - ᬥ⭮,
     ⨣ ࠧ㬮         - ਭ ⢠,
     ᥣ ᥡ ⮦⢥   - ᥣ ,
                        - .
        室⢮  祭 ⮢  䠣-
३楢.    ⮭   ⢥ ⫨稥   ⮢:
  ,  ⮬  ,  ᯥ 
,  ⢮ ᠬ  ?   믠     
⢮ ஢ 魮⥩?
     ⮡   ,  ⮭ -⠪ 頥 
 ,  ஥  ⮫ ,  祬  ।-
 - . ,  ⮭   "ଥ",
ᠬ   ⨥,  -    ⠢ ᫮ -
 ,   . ,  ⮭,  类
⢮  类 ⢥,     ꥤ-
饩 ᨫ   ᠬ ,        -
⢥:       ⮦   ,  
,   ⥬ ᠬ ⭮ .      ⮭
⮦⢫  訬 ,   ஬  ६  -
१  砥 ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⨥.    襥 
-   ஭ 类  , ᫥⥫쭮, 㯭 -
,     ᠬ  ᪠ 祣,  ஬  栭,
㪠뢠 ⮫쪮, 祬   .  ᫥⥫ -
⮭  祭  ९ ନ  "࠭業-
" ( ",    ஭" ).
       ࠪ⮢ , ⮭ ६-
 ⢨ ᫥騩  蠣   䨫䨨  -
᪮  ⨩ 諥.  ⮡ ᭨   
 ,  ,  ⮭,   ,  ,
 ⨥:   ﭭ  ⮩稢,  ਠ⭮  ,
   ⢥ .  ⮭  ᤥ 
᫥ த .   ⮭    ⭥
ࠪ⨪ ,   .  . : "᪨
  ⮫쪮 祯  窨 ७ ਠ 㡮-
,  ⮣, 䨧筮. ,  窨 ७ -
᪮ ਠ 䨫᪨     ஭-
, 㢥祭... ࠧ⨥ ( ࠧ㢠, 堭 ) -
  祪,  ஭, ࠭   ᮫, ࢠ-
  ਨ,  த, ⢫".


                   ⨪ 祭  .
                ⨥  ॠ 

     ᪮        㤮⢮
᫨⥫,  ⠢ ᭨ ॠ   த:  
⮭᪨      ।⮬,
 ஬  ⠢  ண  ,      
⮫쪮 "". ⨪ ⮭᪮ 楯樨  ।-
  祭 ⥫ (384-322     ..).  ᫥
  訡 ⮭  ⮬,    ਯᠫ  ᠬ-
⥫쭮 ⢮,  ᮡ  ⤥    ⢥
,  ண ࠪ୮ , .
      ⮬  ⥫ ࠭ ࠪ୮  ⮢
 ⮭    祣- ⮩稢,  -
, . ,  ⫨稥   ᢮ ।⢥-
,  ⠢    ⮩稢 ॡ뢠饥, -
ਠ⭮  ⢥ ,  ⮡ ᤥ  -
୮  ⥫쭮 筮    稢
த .  १ ⥫   魮
,  祬  ⮭, ⮫.  ⢥࣠ 祭  
 ᢥ⢥ 㬮⨣ ।,  ⤥  
""  饩.  ⮭ ਧ ॠ쭮 騬
  த. ⥫   魮 (⨥) -
  ( - ),  ਬ,   ⮣ 祫,
  蠤,     த,    祭,   -
 魮, ந  ࢨ.
