ᮢ ࠡ - ꥤ ଠ ( 5 ). ࠢ
ࠬ᪨ 訡 - sorry, .

                               
	3  1990  ந諮 ᮡ⨥, 㠫쭮 ண  
 뢠,  ,  뢠, ⠫   񪮣 饣,
- ଠ ⠫ . 묨 ⠬ ,ࠦ騬 ⥬  
ꥤ, , , ᫥騥: ᯮ⠭ ,,।᪠㥬
,.
	 ਮ  1990.  㦥  , 饭 ஡ 
ꥤ  ஡  ᮡ ᥭ 1989 - 1990 , 
ந室訥   (ᮡ  㤥 筮)  ⮣
 ࠧ ଠ.  ᫥⥫ ,  ᭮ , 筮 ,
ᨩ᪨,   ꥤ ଠ ।⠢﫠 ᮡ  
 . । ᭮ 䠪஢ ,    ᮥ ⠫ 
,뢠 䠪 ७  譨. 譨 䠪 -   
 ;      ,   ⮫ ᪮ய⥫쭮   
᪨ ઠ  ᮥ  ࠭묨 뫠 ,  
 ப  ᪫祭. ७ 䠪஬  ਧ  ᠬ  ,
 ⠫쭮  ।।訩   㣨 ᫥⥫,
   . 祩  ࠡ  祭 ண , .. 
७, 䠪 , ࠦ   ᮡ⨩ , ந室   稭
  1989.   ६ 1990.  ⠪ । ⮣ ६⥫쭮 
⥬ ,  ஬  ᮡ ந室.

        			 I
         稭  ।뫪 ᮡ⨩   ᥭ 1989				
	᫥  ᪮ ᮡ   稭 ,
 祭 稭  ।뫮 .     
୮ 	 ࠧ ᪮  .
	 ⪨ ⢠ ⠫    ⠫ 
ࠧ ࠭ ᥭ 1989. ।  ᮬ 稭 뤥 
㤮⢮७ ࠦ   ᪮ ⥬ ࠭   
 㪮⢠ ࠭   - 蠣   .
  ६   ࠭ 筮 ய    ।    
᪨ ᨪ 筮 室 ⠪  , ன ,
⨧  ᭮ ,   㬠 뫮 饭    
""  ᪨  ⨩ .  ਧ ⢠
⠫  㦥  1985  室    ᪮  堨
ࡠ祢 .   ਠ , 㯠訥  , ࠢ⥫⢮ 뫮
㦤  ࣠ ஦襩 業   .⢥
  室 祭  த ࠭ .
	ࠧ ।⭨ ᮡ⨩ 1989  㦨  
᪮ મ ᨤ⠬  㡫 ᢮ ਠ  
 , ਭ ઢ.
	।⢥    ᮡ ᥭ 1989  ,  
   ,   㡥 䠫䨪 ࠢ⥫⢮
 ⮣ 㭠 롮஢,    1989 : ࠢ⥫⢮ ࠭,
,   ᮡࠫ ᤠ ᢮ 樨 .    ᬠਢ
 ।஧   ।⭨ - ⥫ ᮡ⨩ , 
஧ ࢠ 騩  ࠭ 冷. ⥫⢮ ⮬ 㦨
㡫 5  1989    " 章"  ,  ன 
ࠢ뢠 ஢  㤥᪮ 樨    ⢥
 "ॢ樮 ⠭ ६᪮ 㯯 騪 " (1)
 ⥬   ⠩᪠  ⬥砫 ᢮ ப⨥, ࠢ⥫⢮
 ࠢ  ᢮ ࠢ . 祢,  ⠪ ⢨ﬨ 
㪮⢮  ⠫ "।" ᢮ த   㯫.
	ᮬ   ࠧ⨥ ᮡ⨩  - ᥭ 1989  ᫨ 
⢥  , ꥤ 筮ଠ᪮ ⥫樨. 
	1  1989  ।⠢⥫ ⢥ , ஢訥   
樠⨢   "⪠  ࠪ⨪  ਭ樯 ⬥" 㯨 
  쬮 ,  ᮤঠ  ᥡ 쥧 ᪨ 
ॡ.  뫨  ࠩ 饭 ᮢ १⮢ 㭠 
롮஢. ⭨  樠⨢ 㯯 頫  ॡ 
⥫쭮 ࠢ ,  ࠭஢  ⠩ 롮  ।⠢﫠
 ࠦ ࠭ ॠ  롨 த ।⠢⥫  
࣠ 㤠⢥ .  ⠪ 뤢 ॡ ࠧ 
ᮧ ᨬ 㯯  ᠬ  ᯥ ᢮ ꥤ
   ⥮᪨ ( - ⮫쪮 ⥮᪨) ࠭஢ 
.   砩 ⮬ ,  " " ⠫  
  ⢮७ ६, ந室  .
	" " ।⠢ ᮡ ᨫ쭥  ᫥ 㯯 
樮 ஥  ⭮襭 樠쭮  㤠⢠  ࠢ⥫-
⢠ ⢥ ⥫.   ᭮ 9 ᥭ 1989  30 ।⠢-
⥫ﬨ ࠢ , 襩  મ , ࣠樨.
	12 ᥭ  ⢥ ⥫ 㯨  ,
 ஬  ਧ뢠  , ६  ଠ ᮧ ᢮
.  ਣ訫 ,   ,    ᭮  楯
᪮ ன  .
	    ⭮ ࠦ᪮  " ᥣ".
 ந諮  ᫨ﭨ 2  権, 樠⨢ 㯯, 㯠襩
   ᮡ ࠢ 祫 , 樠⨢ 㯯 " ⪠  ࠪ⨪ 
 ਭ樯 ⬥" .  ⨬ 㯯 ਬ㫨 ⠪ ।⠢⥫ 
⥫樨 筮 ૨. 
	।⠢⥫  ⨩  㤠⢥  ,
 㦥 ન ,    ⥭     ࠭
᪮  樨. ᬠਢ ।⠢⥫  ⢥
  㯯     易  ᮡ 騪 .
, ਬ ,  ᮮ饭  ⢠ ᭮ (맢⭠ ⠧)
஥ 뫮 । ⨩ 㪮 ࠭   饬 
६ ⤥  ⠡஢    ࠭  
筮 ⮣  ⥬ ⢥ ⭮襭.  ᪥ 㪠뢠
 ਡ⥫쭠  ।⠢⥫ 樮 㯯  : 
2500 祫.
	  ॡ 襭 ࠦ᪨ ꥤ 
㫨஢  ॡ   ⢥ ஢  ஡,
   ⨫  ப᪮ 樠  ⮬
  ᭮ ।뫪  ࠦ᪮ ⢠.
	⨥ ᮡ⨩   뫮 ⮫쪮 ,  ᪮ -
᪠   ᢮  :   ⤥   㯯 
諨 ⨨   ⨢ ᪮  ࠢ饩 誨 
ࠦ  ᮢ  , ⨭  ⢨.   㪢쭮
嫥㫠 ࠭  ᥭ -  .
	 ਧ ࠢ   ࠢ⥫⢠  ࠧࠧ   .
  맢 饭 ⥫ ࠭ ࠭祭ﬨ ࠢ 祫  .
   ࠭祭  ࠪ᪨  ࠦ  
륧  , ⭮,  .  砫   뫠 ࠭
 ਥ.   諮 祭 :   ਭ㫨 १ 
 ਥ,  ⥬   .    樠쭠 ⨪ 
䨪஢  륧 150 ࠦ ,  ।  ⮪ 
㢥稫  1600 祫 ,   ᥭ ⢮ 堢 ⠢
25000 .     ,      ⠢  
 蠢 ;  頫  ᮫⢮   졮 ।⠢  
᪮ 㡥 .  ᮫⢠  ⪠뢠 ࠦ  -  
⮬ , ࠢ⥫⢮   㯠  樨 , ࠦ襩
 ⮬   ࠦ   ࠢ  祭 ࠦ⢠ .
᮫⢮  易 뫮  প  ⨢襬   
ࠦ .   1989  ᫮ 堢 ⠢ 2000 .
	᪮쪮 楢     騫  ࠢ⥫⢥
 稭 訥  ᭮ 襭  :" 樫᪮ 
⢠  ᪨ 業ࠫ ,  ᪨ 
᭮ ࠢ  ࠢ   ᠬ।.ਭ㦤  
㭨⮦     뫮 樠⨢  ⢮ ⢥⢥ . ⮬
 㪠  ஡,  ᬮ 㡦, ⮡   魮
 ⮪.   ᮧ ᢮ ࡭ , ࠦ  ⠪ 
⢠   ௨ , ﭨ .     
 ᢮묨 쬨.
	祢묨  ᭮騬 ᠬ ,   ਧ 
 ,  : ᢮  ᫨, ࠢࠢ,᢮  䠪 
ࠧ  ⤥쭮 筮 ⠪  ⭮襭  쬨,  ⠪
⢥⢥   祫" (2)

				 II
     			 40-  .
                   .
 ᢮  饭 40-⭥  ⢮ , நᥭ
6- ,   ᮢ   ࠭   ;
 ,  থ⢥  砫 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ : " , 
  뫮 ᤥ, 뫮 ᤥ த   த".  ⮣ ⮡ 
᪨   ᫮  ࠭  ,  ,  
,  ஧ ॢ  騥 ,  , ࠭稫
ਥ訬  祣  ࠦ騬 㭣 ⨯ "ᥣ ।  ⮫쪮 
।". , ਫ  宫  ண 2- 祫  㡥,
 樠 ਭ 饥,  ᫨ "⥫ ᨫ "  
। 蠭 ?????  宬 १ ன ஢   ᥣ
᫥ ࠧ"
	  ந室   ࠧ 40    㫨 ૨ 
 饥 থ 㫪:  த 室 筠 
. Hத 㯠 ⨢ ࠢ饣 , ⨢ ࠢ饩 誨.
 ᯮ짮 ᠬ ⮪ ।⢠  ࠧ ࠭⮢, 
 뫮 ᯮ:  ਡ뢠  ॡ뢠.  ࠭⮢ 
堨 ࡠ祢, ⠢訩   楢 ⢮७ ᭮,  
ன, ..  ᮢ       饭 뫮 
㬠   ⠪ 室 뫨   ⢥ ᪮ 
 ࠭. Hத ᪠஢: "ࡨ, ࡨ!"
	 11      ਧ 祭 
  ࠭.  㡫 , ஬   뫮
ࠧ拉  ஠஢ ⢨⥫쭮   ࠭.
⢥   㬥      뫮  ࠤ,
⥬   ।   ࠡ⪥ 뫮 祭   ⨩
襫  ஬ 吝. ஥ ⮣   ࠡ⠭ 
㪮⨫ ⤥ 業ࠫ쭮 ᭮ ࠫ쭮   
䠭 ࣥ६,  ⢨     ७.
	 㬥 ᢨ⥫,  " த   
㦤 ࠧ 㫨஢,   ਬ ⠪ ࠪ⨪
 ⭮襭  ।⢠ ᮢ ଠ樨,  "⮢",  
"ࠦ騩 ॠ쭮 ﭨ "    ᪮ 
.  ⠢⥫ 뫮    ᣫ  㣫,  
१ 祣  㬥 稫 ⮫쪮   ⥪,  
饣 祭  㦥  .
	17  1989   ᥤ     ᬥ饭 
᢮  ࠫ쭮 ᥪ . H    ࠭ 童 
 ᥪ   ᠬ ᭮   ७.  砭 
᪮  ७  ࠭    让 㯯 ,  
뫨 ⮢    ,   ᠫ ᪫⥫쭮 ,
।⠢  ,        饩 ᪮ 
⥣.  設⢠  ࠦ    ⠢  ᯥ譨 
,  ண  ᫥   ⥫ ⢨.
祬   ਪ 室  ,  ᫨   蠣, 
।ਭ ७, 뫨  ᤥ ᪮쪨 ﬨ (  㦥 栬)
࠭,   ⭮ 뫨  ਭ  ⥫    
ਢ⢮ : 㪢쭮  ᫥騩  ᫥ ᢮ ࠭ ७
砫  騬 ।⠢⥫ﬨ ઢ ⢮  ᨨ  
।⠢⥫ﬨ ࠡ祣    ᫮襩 ᪮ ⠭.
⥫쭮,    室 ୠ "⭨"  ᥭ 1988 
,  . 㤠⢥ ᮢ   ⨨  ,   
ਣ७  ६ 祭   室 ࠭. 
ᯮ࠭﫠 ⠪   ᪨ 祭.
	H   ,  㪮⢮ ⠫ ᯠ ,   
뫮 ᯠ.    ࠭ 樨 4  1989   ૨,
 㦨 ᨣ  砫 襭 饩 ⥬  ७
㯨  ⥫  । ⤥ ८ࠧ  .
 㬥 砫  ᥡ 頭: 
 - 㡫 ஥   륧.
 - ⬥  213 㣮  ( ⢮   ).
 - ࠧࠡ   ।⢠ ᮢ ଠ樨. 
 - 㡫   ﭨ 㦠饩 ।.
 -  ᪮ ⥬.
 - ࠧ ⠪ ࣠  樮 .
 -  ⥬ ࠢ (ᨫ ﭨ ࣠ ⭮ ᠬࠢ)
 - ப蠡 ᪮ .
 ⭮ 誮  뫨 ஢襭 ⮫ ७   ⮨,
, 㬠,  ஥ 㪮⢮, ঠ襥  ६ ࠭ 
த  㧤  ⨫, ᯥ訫 ⢫ - .
  3   﫮 ⮥ ᥤ   
१⮬ ண ⠫ ⠢  ७  ⠫ ঠ ᢮ 
樨,  㯨.
   7  8 ﭠ砫 ᢮ ࠡ । ꥧ .  
 襫  ᫥ ꥧ 樠᪮  ଠ,  뫠 
८ࠧ   ᪮ 樠.
	   , 9  㫠 ૨᪠ ⥭ - ⠫  
૨.  "୮ ꥤ" 뫮 ᨬ.  ⠫ ।祩
ꥤ ᥩ ࠭.
	   ࠩ   .  ⭮, 
ࠧ ॠ樮 ᨫ   ᯮ짮  ਧ 
  ⠢樨 ० 浪.  १ 襭 ⠪ ,
   ஧  ᪮ ﭨ 室 ࠢ⥫⢮.
,  ᢮ ।,    ,  ਭ ,
ࠧ  ᢮ 㪨. 
	   ६  ࠭ 稭 ⮢  ஢ 㣫
⮫.  蠣 뫨 ᤥ   ,   .  砫
 ନ஢ .. "⠪⭠ 㯯"  ।⠢⥫ ᥬ
᪨ 㯯  ꥤ, 祩 ன ⠫ ⮢ 
  ।⠢⥫ﬨ ᪮ 誨.  ࣠樨 㣫 ⮫
뫨 ⢮: 樠⨢ 㯯    ࠢ 祫, H , 
 ᥣ, ᪨ , 樠-᪠ ,
   "ꥤ  ᨫ"
	㣫 ⮫  ਧ ᮡ ।⠢⥫ ன,  ⮢
 ଠ      ᠤ   ⮫ ॣ஢  
 ,    묨 ﬨ  ࠭. 
஢ 㣫 ⮫  ᯮ짮   ਮ     
ᯮ짮   100%.   ࠢ⥫⢠  ⭮襭  㣫
⮫  ࠪਧ  ஢     㯠 
 ⠪   ⭨.   , ० 祬 ᤥ 
蠣  ⠫   ॣ஢. ᪠ ⠭  ࠭ 﫠 
 , ﭨ ⢥ ⠭ 䠪 樨  
襫 , ⥫쭮 ࣠ 㤠⢥ ᭮.
⢥   ࠭    ࠫ ⥬,   
뫮 㦥 .   ⠪ ⨭ ᪮ 樨 ࠢ⥫⢮
"᭨諮"    㣫 ⮫.


			
3.		  ⠭ ⢠ ଠ.
  ⠭ ⢠ ଠ  ᠭ 31  1990  
૨,   "  ".  ।⠢ ᮡ ꥬ
 祭 ᭮⥫ 㬥, ॣ㫨騩  ࠢ ᯥ ᮧ 
 ଠ᪮ 㤠⢠,  ⠪  ⮫ ⤥ ⥩  
  ⮪  ᫥ ਫ.
	ॠ㫠  ࠦ ⨢ ꥤ,  魮  
।  1-  : "  ⢫ 㯫 ଠ᪮ 
᪮ 㡫  ⨢ ᮣ᭮  23 ᭮ 
3  1990   ࠭, , । ࠭,
ᮭ, ᮭ-堫  ਭ ⠭ ﬨ ⨢ 
㡫  ଠ".  ⮩   ⠭,  23 ࠩ ૨
ࠧ "" ૨,    த (⮫楩) ଠ.
  ॡ뢠 ࠢ⥫⢠  ૠ     ᮡ
浪.
묨 ஡  ᮥ    뫨  ࠭
᫮  40  ⢮  樠 ⮢, ࠢ 
襭 ᮢ ᮡ⢥,  ਬ ᫮⮣ "  ᨨ"
 ࠦ   .
 㯫     ,  ࠧ   ந, 祭 
,    ⥫쭮 ஢  Hத  . 23
  ,   ந 3  1990 . H뢠 
室  ⮣ ।뫪,   ᠭ   ⠭
⢠ ଠ, ⨦ ⮣ ஢ ॣ஢  㫥 "2+4" ( 
஭   ,  㣮 ஭ - , , ࠭  ⠭),
 ஬ 㦤 譥᪨ ᯥ ᭮ ⠭
ꥤ.
	   稢 ࠪ᪨   ⥫쭮
( ᪮) ⢠  ॣ㫨  樨,
⨢ ࠢ, 㣮 ࠢ ..,    
뫨 饭   ࠧࠡ⪥. , ਬ,   뫨 
騭,   ࠩ 祢 ᫥⢨, ⠪   砫 1991 
設⢮       । 䠪⮬ ⢠.
  ⠭ ⢠    ன ४樨  
ॠ樨 ࣠ ⨢ ࠢ.     ⮫쪮 
⢨ 䨭ᮢ,    墠⪥ ஢ ᮭ.   
⨢  ⮨  ᭮   ஢,   
묨 ⢫   "⠢". ⮢  ஢ ,
ᮬ,  ६.

				 III
			    ꥤ.
1." 롮"   (18  1990 )
	롮 18  ⠫ 묨  ᫥ ᢮묨 롮ࠬ  
ਨ .   ਭ﫨 ⨥ 24 ⨨  ꥤ. ᮡ 
롮஢ ⠫ ⢨ % ,  蠫  , ࠢ訬
। ⢠ ᮢ,   Hத . 
	쬠,   , ண,  묨 㯨 㭥 롮஢
 ᫥⥫᪨   樠᪨ 㦡.  
ਤ  樣    1989  ।᪠뢠,   ( ᫥
 ) ᮡ 31 % ᮢ. -ଠ᪠    ୠ ""
।४   ᨫ  । 롮 - ( 
૨) ।⠢ ⠪ ᪫ :  ᮡ ᮫⭮ 設⢮ ᮢ-
43%;  㯨  ᨫ쭥  - 71%. (5)  㪢쭮  , 
㭥 롮஢, , ᯮ  -ᡥࣥ (ਣத )
㯠  ண  2/3 筮 ଠ᪨ ⥫ ண  
. ᭮ ண     뫨 ᮡ 祭 ⥫쭮 
᫮ ᮢ.
	室 롮஢   祬  "  ଠ" (
  ) ࠫ  48% ᮢ,  - 21,84%,  - 16,33%,
" ᢮ ⮢" - 5,3% ; ⠫ ⨨   -  5% 
ᮢ.
	᪮ "  ଠ" 稫     ૠ,
 諮     ⮫쪮  ࠫ,   樠-⠬,
   ஢ 設⢮, 室   樨
	ࠧ, ᫨  ᪠, 訫, १ 롮஢  ᠬ,  
ࠦ   ⮫, ""   (..  ।
ࠢ饬 ०),    ਭ, ᮭ, ᮭ-.  
"  ଠ" ⨣  १⮢.
2.   ᪮, ⭮  樠쭮 .
	13 䥢ࠫ 1990  ६-   ஢  櫥  
  ⨫    ॣ஢.  ਫ  ᮧ
ᮢ⭮ ᨨ  ⮢ ᪮  ⭮ . 
뤢㫠 ॡ  ।⠢  ।  15  ப,  
ॡ 뫮 ⪫ . ⮣ ॣ஢ 뫮 ࠧ஢ ⮢
 ஭ .    ભ ᫨誮 १ ⮭   ⭥஢
  ଠ.  ᪠,   ⠥ "ᡨ 業"  ꥤ
ଠ, ।⠢     ᫨誮 ⥬ ᪠. 
	 ଠ 㯨  ।   ⭮ 
 롮஢  Hத  ,   । 뫮 ⢥࣭.
㯠 19 䥢ࠫ  筮 ૨  ஢ ᭨,   ᭮
㭪樮஢     樠 ࠭⨨, ᮧ 
९    ᫥ 롮஢. 
	18     ᠭ 㤠⢥   ᮧ 
᪮, 樫쭮  ⭮   . 櫥  . ᪠
 ᢮ , நᥭ   ᠭ ,  ᮧ 
砥  ⥫ 蠣    .
	᪨, 樠     㯨  ᨫ 1  1990
. 祬  뢠 . 筠 ઠ  ਨ  
  DM,  ⠭ 뭥 ⢥ ⥦ ।⢮.
Deutsche Bundesbank ⠫ ⢥ 業ࠫ .   
ந  ᫥饬 ᮮ⭮襭 : ࠡ⭠ , ⨯, ,
ᨨ    1:1. ⠫ 㯫    
2:1.
	祬  뢠 ᪨.  ᮧ     
뫨  ।뫪 室  ࠧ 樠쭮 뭮筮 
.  ࠧ ⭠ ᮡ⢥,  ன  ⮫쪮  
࠭, , ; ਭ樯 ᢮ 業ࠧ, ७,
᢮ ६饭 ⮢஢, ⠫  ࠡ祩 ᨫ, ᢮ ⭮ 
।ਭ⥫⢠. ।  ⠢  ᮧ 㭪樮 
뭮筮  ⥬ , 䨭ᮢ  ⭮ ⥬.
஬ ⮣    뫮 ਫ ୮ ᥪ  ᥫ宧ᥪ
࠭ - ⭨ ய᪮ .
	祬  뢠 樫.  ७ ਭ  
⥬ 客: ᨮ,  ,  砥 ࠡ  
⭮ ,  ⠪ ࠧ   ⥬ 樠쭮 . 
 ਬ  뫠 易 ।⠢ ࠢ ⮢, ࠢ   
ࠡ祬 ᠬࠢ,  ⠪ ࠢ ᯥ ᫮   ਤ᪨
९ ⠢ ।⨩.  䨭஢ ⥬ 樫쭮 
客  ࠭஢ 뤥 ।  䥤ࠫ쭮 ,  
ࠢ   ⥫ 㬬  ⠪ 뢠 "䮭
⢮ ଠ"  ࠧ 115  DM.
	ࠧ  ᫥ 㯫   ᨫ, 㦥 1 ,  , 
ᡥॣ⥫ ,  ⠪ ⮢ ⤥ ந ஬,
᪮ ।:  ६  죨. ᥣ 뫮  15 
 㭪⮢    ।.   Deutsche Bank  筮
૨ 砫 ࠡ 㦥  ,        㦥
   祫. 
	H 㫨 ਫ -饬 ࠧ筮 ஥:  ⬥砫
  蠬᪨  ,  ⥫ ࠭ᯮ ⬥⨫ 
⥫쭮 ᮡ⨥  㦭 㤪.

				 IV
                        饣ଠ᪨ 롮.
	 27  1990   ࠭      
஭  쬠 ᪠뢠 ⨢ ᪮  롮஢.  
⥫ ப" 뢠  1992 .
	 1990 -  । ஢ 롮  ૠ ᮡ⢥
, ᪮ ப 稩 ଠ᪮ 㭤⠣ (11 ),
࠭  ﭢ 1987 , ⥪    ६.    㬥
ᮧ , ᪨  樠 ,  ⠪ ਭ  
ਨ    㦨  ।騬 䠪஬ ६⥫쭮
ꥤ, ୥ 祭   ⠢   ᭮  23 ᭮ 
 . H 2  뫨 祭  饣ଠ᪨ 롮,   
   ᮬ ꥤ.
ᮡ 롮஢ ⠫ ,  5%   ⠭ ࠧ쭮  
ਨ   襩 :  , ८ 5% 㡥  ⮩   
  ࠭, ⮬᪨   饣ଠ᪨ 㭤⠣.
 뫨 ,    १ 롮஢:

 ⥫쭠 .
/			44.3%
			35.7%
			10.6%
			4.8%
			0.3%
稥			4.3%
⨥  롮 ਭ﫨 78.5% ⥫.

筠 ⥫쭠 .
			41.8%
			24.3%
			12.9%
 90/		6.0%
			11.1%
稥			3.9%
⨥  롮 ਭ﫨 74.5% ⥫.

騩 ⮣
/			43.8%
			33.5%
			11.0%
			3.9%
			2.4%
 90/		1.2%
稥			4.2%
⨥  롮 ਭ﫨 77.8% ⥫.

				 5
 	  ଠ  ய - ᨮ 祭.
ଠ᪠ ᪠ 㡫 뫠 ᮥ  ⨢ 
㡫 ଠ  40  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᨬ ⢮.
 ᮥ  ⮫쪮 ।᪠㥬    ᫥ ⮣ 
᫮ ,     娩.  蠣, 㯥
ᮥ ⥫쭮 뢠  ஫஢  ஭ 
ࠢ⥫⢠ , ஥  뢠  ⮢   䠪, ᯮᮡ 
᪮, "⥣" .   ⠪ ꥪ⨢ 䠪
 த㬠 ⪠ ⥣  㤠 ᮥ   ⮫ 襫騩
⪨ ப, 祣,   ⬥,   ᠬ ࠢ⥫⢮ .
	ꥪ⨢  䠪஬   , ᫥  ਧ
 ந室訥   ਮ ६  ࠭ 筮 ய  
᪠訥 ᠬ ।⢥ ࠧ  ᮡ  . 稭 ਧᮢ
ଠ ⠫ ᮮ⭮襭 ᨫ  ய, ᪨, ᪨  
樠 ਧ  ࠭ 樠᪮ ᮤ㦥⢠. ଠ᪮
 ᯮ짮  ⠪ 䠪,  ᫠ 権 .
	ᮡ ᫥ 뤥 ᪨ 䠪:  뫨  뫨
 ⥫쭮  ଥ஢ ᮥ   . ⨢ 
㡫 ଠ ॢ⨫  ᪮ , ࣮ 
2- ࠭ ⨣  1985  ४भ ꥬ (15.5  檨 ப),   
ன  80-  㪫 ᮪頫   㬥襭   .
⢥騬 ࠧ  ᯮ짮 䨭ᮢ 砣 - 㯭⠡
।.
	ᮥ  ⢥訬 ࠧ   ଠ.
 㤠⢠ 㢥稫  248 ..  357 .., 
᫥ ᥫ -  63.5   80  祫. ᪮ 
ଠ ௥    ᯠᨨ (७)  筮  
ᥢ-筮 ࠢ,  ⠪   㢥祭 ᪮ ०  
⨪. ଠ  ⮫쪮 ९ ᢮   ᪮ 
  ⠫ ⥫쭮  ᪨ ૨;⥯    
ࠢ 㤥 ६易 ᥡ "  ᮫楬". H 㤨⥫쭮 
㦥 ᥩ     祭   ᫮ ﭭ 童  
᭮ H.
	ᮥ     ᫥ ஬ ਠ 먣  
⮫쪮   㢥祭 ਨ  ᥫ ,  稫  ,  
ࠧ ஬諥 . H 業   ।⨩,  
  樠쭮-⮢ ᮮ㦥, ⥩ ᮮ饭 ࠭ᯮ , ,
筮-孨᪮ ⥭樠  ᮥ塞  﫨 㬬
 1 ਫ 400  ப,    孨  㦥 ନ   
㬬  90  ப.  ⮩ 孨,  ᮮ饭 ,  
 ஢ 뭮 㦥,  ᠬ ᮢ६ ᠬ -29  
㦥 㭤ᢥ.
	 饥 ६ ࠢ⥫⢮   襭 ஡ ⥣樨 
" ", ஡ ࠢ    ࠭.   
ᮢ⭮  "" ( 檮 West - )  "" ( 檮
Ost - ⮪) 㦥 㦨 । 㤭.   ᠬ , 
 "૨᪮ ⥭"  " ⥭"  ⭮襭  栬: 
᪨, 樮  宫᪨. , ⫮ ॡ 
६   ࠩ    楢 ⮡ "ॢ"  
ॠ쭮.
	 㦥  ࠧ ન , ଠ ꥤ  
᪨ ઠ  ᭮.   楢, 㧨
ꥤ 뫨 ⮫쪮 , ,    ਪ,  ᠬ 
ᯥ ᮧ,  㤮   訡  ᮢ. 롮 1994
  뫨 ࠧ ஥ 㦥  ଠ᪮ த   
࠭ 櫥 ,   ﭨ  ᯥ⨢. 10 
1995   ଠ 﫨 롮. 設⢮ ᮢ ᮡࠫ 
/  櫥஬  ⠫  , ⥪ ଠ᪮ ⢠,
⠢訩 ⥯ 㦥 ᪮ 筮.      뢠,  
ꥤ ଠ  뫮 ந   饥 ଠ  
⥩ ࠭   ⢥.

뫪  ᭮᪨:
1. Neues Deutschland, 205 Juni 1989, S.2
2. Regierungserklarung vom 19 April 1990.
3. Erich Honebecker, Durch das Volk und fur das Volk werde Grosen vollbracht,
   in Neues Deutschland, vom 9.10.1983, S.3.
4. Interview des Verf ("Der Schwerige Weg zur Demokratie") mit Wolfang Herger.
5. "DDR - Wahlen - Modrau und SPD vorn" Stern, Hept 10, 1 Marz 1990, S.27.
6. Farschungsgruppe Wahlen: "Wahlin der DDR" Mannheim, 6.4.1990, S.7

ᯮ짮 .

1. Erwin K. "Scheuch Wie deutsch sind die Deutchen?" Gustav Liebe Verlag, 1991.
2. ⠬ .. "ꥤ ଠ,     ." ᪢ 1994.
3. Gert-Joachim Glaessner "Der schwerige Weg zur Demokratie" Westdeutscher 
   Verlag 1992.
4. Julij A. Kwizinskij. Vor dem Sturm. Einnerungen eines Diplomaten. Berlin 1993
5. ᫥   , ᪢, 1993.  ᨬ祢. 襭.   
    ஢.   .
6. Vier Tage im November. Fotorportage. Hamburg, 1989.
7. Die fereinigung Deutschlands im Jahr 1990. Eine Dokumentation. Bonn, 1991.
8. 9 Nowember. Das Jahr danach. Eine Chronik in Dokumentation und Bildern. 
   Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munchen.
9. Rolf Schneider. Fruhling im Herbst Steide verlag, Gottingen 1991.
10. 40 Jahre DDR. Fotoreportage. Hamburg, 1989.
11. Gebhard Diemer. Ebenhard Kuhnt. Kurze Chronik der deutchen Frage. 
    Olzog Verlag, Munchen, 1991.
12. 40 Jahre Bundesrepublik. Fotoreportage Hamburg, 1990.
13. Das Schlicksaljahr dert Deutchen. Hamburg, 1991.

   















































            



	

	                            