             - 
                 
                 
                    

















                       

                   
                

















९⥫



㤥 . 038i                               ॢ ..






                        -
                             1994



                               

    ࠪ⨪  ॡ  믮

1.  ࣠樮 ࠪ⨪ ।

2. 롮 ࣠樮-ࠢ   
   ࣠ ࠢ ।⨥

3. ᪮ ᭮ ᮧ ।
    3.1.  砫쭮 ⠫.
    3.2. 롮 筨 ନ஢ 砫쭮 ⠫.
    3.3.  ᥡ⮨
    3.4.   । ਡ뫨.
    3.5. 롮 䥪⨢ ਠ
    3.6. ᭮ ⥫ ந⢥-宧⢥
         ⥫쭮 ।

4. ࠡ⪠ ⨢  ࠡ ।
    4.1. 롮 ⨯ 筮 .
    4.2. 롮 ࠭ᯮ ।  ஢ 
    4.3.   饣 ࣠.
    4.4. ⪠  .

5. 뢮

6. ਫ


                    

     ⠭  뭮  ⭮襭   ନ஢ 䥪⨢
뭮 堭  ਢ   ࠧ   ।⨩,
ࠧ  ࠧࠬ   ࠬ ⥫쭮  ᭮  
ࠧ ଠ ᮡ⢥  ࣠樮-ࠢ  ଠ.
ᮡ   ।      ।,  
ࠪ  ᮪  筮    ⨢  騬
뭮  ᫮.     砫  ⠯    ᮧ   ⠪
।    訥  ࠧ,       ⥫쭮
墠뢠,     ࠢ,     ⤥  ⠤    
ந⢠  筮  த樨    㧪ᥣ஢  뭪
.

         ᮢ  ࠡ    ᢮ ⮤
஢ ࣠樮-᪨  ⮢   ᭮
롮 ਠ ᮧ  ।.   ⮬  ॡ
஢      ।  ࣠樮 ࠪ⨪
ந⢥ , 롮 ࣠樮-ࠢ  
   ࣠樮      ।,      ।
᪨ ⥫ ந த樨  ।  
楫.       ⮩   ᭮   室     ᪨
䥪⨢   ਠ   ࣠樨   ந⢠   ᮧ
।  ࠧࠡ   ⨢  ࠡ.

     ।⮬     饩     ᮢ     ࠡ     
࣠樮-᪮    ᭮    ᮧ    
।,  饣      ।ᬮ७     "
।⨨              ।ਭ⥫᪮       ⥫쭮"
࣠樮-ࠢ  .     ⮬  ।,   
।⥫쭮 ஢ થ⨭ ,  ᭮  ண
।   孨᪨ ࠪ⨪ , ஥ 㤥
᪠  ।⨥, ⠭  ꥬ  
  ᮮ⢥⢥    樮  ꥬ  ᪠   ⮣
 N ,  ।  뭮筠  業 .   ஬
⮣,  ।,        ਠ  ࣠樨
  ந⢠              
ਮ  ⭮  業 孨 㬥   
  ਠ⮢.

       ।⨥     ᡮ     砥
室    ⢫     ᡮન  ਠ   
騥  ஭   ⠢ 㣨 ।⨩.

         ࠭祭     ਭ樯묨 
ਭ    楫  ࠭祭  ᫠  ୠ⨢   ਠ⮢
஥ 襭   ᮪饭  室   ⮣ ⮢,
    業஢      ᭮ 
⮤ ࣠樮-᪨ ⮢  ᮧ 
।⨩.

       業  (,i,,),     室  
ᮢ  ࠡ,  ਢ    ⮬       
⮨.

     믮  ᮢ   ࠡ  砥      ᪨
㯮冷祭 ⠯.    ࢮ ⠯  ᮮ⢥⢨   室
ଠ樥      ୠ⨢  ਠ  孮᪮
  ⮢    ⢫    ᭮
࣠樮 ࠪ⨪ ஥  ᡮન .  
஬ ⠯  ⢫ 롮  ࣠樮-ࠢ 
।       ࣠樮  .   ⨩   ⠯
砥    ᭮  ᪨  ⥫  
ਠ   ࣠樨   ந⢥        ⮬
ᯥ䨪  ࠭  ࣠樮-ࠢ   ।.
⥬ ⢫  ᪮ 䥪    
ᬠਢ ਠ⮢  롮  襣     
ᨬ㬠  ᪮   䥪.      ⢥⮬  ⠯   
࠭  ਠ  ࣠樨  ந⢠   ࠧࠡ뢠
⨢  ࠡ ।.

     1.    .

       ᪮   ᮯ⠢  ਠ⮢   ࣠樨
ந⢠    ࠧ㥬  ।  室  ०
ᥣ  ।  ⠢    ᫮  ࠡ  ,   ᫥
ࠡ⭨  稭  襭 ந⢠    
ᬠਢ  ਠ⮢.         ਠ⠬
孮᪨ ᮢ, 祬 ਢ    ᠭ
  孮᪨  ᮢ    饭  ᮤন
⮫쪮     ᢥ,  ।⢥   ᯮ㥬   
.

     ᪮ ᬠਢ  ।⨥   ᡮ 
 ᯥ 筮  让 ꥬ ᪠,   
楫ᮮࠧ ମ ࣠樨 ந⢠   ᮧ
筮    ᡮન      ।⥫쭮  
뢭  .    孨᪮  㦨
 ६ ࠡ   ⢫  砫  ᫥
砭  ࠡ祩  ᬥ.     롮  ⠪   ᡮન 
 믮  ᫥饩 ᫥⥫쭮.

            ६ ਢ  
  ਠ⮢.      ਠ  㪠뢠 ᫥ 
(ਬ, Tst1 -  筮 ६  ࢮ ਠ).



  2.  -    
                    .

    ࣠樮-ࠢ ଠ । । ࠢ
,    ࣠  ࠢ  ।,   
筨  ନ஢  ⠫     ᮡ     ⥪饩
⥫쭮.

           ⠥   楫ᮮࠧ   ᮧ  樮୮
⢠  ⮣  ⨯.       ।⨥   ।
࠭   権   ।   ᢮   ࠡ⭨,   ࠧ㬭
࣠뢠      ⮢⢮,   ⠪         ଠ
। ⢥⢥ ।⥫ ᥬ ᢮ ⢮
  室  ⮫쪮    ।⨩,  ᮧ  ਤ᪨
栬. 襭 ⠪  ⢨  権  ।, ⠪
     ⮣,  ⮡     ⠢   ⠫,   ।
樮஢-ࠡ⭨   筮,   ।   
訬 室.


                  ࣠ ࠢ

              Ŀ        Ŀ
               ࠭ 樮஢ >  
                           
                        V                    
                  Ŀ
                    ४  
                  
                        V
      Ŀ
                㤮 ⨢                
      Ĵ
        ᭮  ᯮ⥫  樠  
        ࠡ稥      ࠡ稥                    
      

       樮  ⢠  ࠧ筮  ⨯  訬  ࣠
ࠢ    ᮡ࠭  樮஢,    ᮡ࠭ﬨ -
࠭  ࠢ  . ࠢ   ࠢ饣 
㪮⥫ ।,  ନ  ࠢ,
ࠥ ᮭ   ࣠ ࠡ ⨢.  뢠, 
 ᫮ ।⨥ 讥  ⭠ ᫥ ᭮
ࠡ  筮     ॢ蠥   ᪮쪨  ⪮   祫,
楫ᮮࠧ  ࠭   ᫥騬  ⠢   ᯥ樠⮢:
㪮⥫ ।, -孮,  壠-,
孨, ᥪ-ந⥫.

     㪮⥫  ।  ᯥ稢  饥   㪮⢮
⨢      ᥡ 襭  ਭ樯 孨᪨
,  易     롮஬  䥫  ,   ᯥ祭
᪮      孮᪮   㬥樨,    㯪
㤮   ⠭⭮ ᭠⪨,  樨 ਠ  
..        ⨢  ࠢ  ந⢮.  
襭    㪮⥫   室  ਢ 
㣨 ᯥ樠⮢,   믮  .

     -孮 蠥  , 易   ४樥
᪮-孮᪮  㬥樨    ᭠⪨,  
ࠡ  孨 ᭮, ⢫ 㯪 㤮
  㣨  , ਢ   孨.

     壠- ⢫ 壠 ⭮  
孨- ᪮ ஢.   ⠪ ਢ 孨
 믮  ࠡ, ଫ ⮢ᮯ஢⥫
㬥⮢  ..

     -ந⥫     ७     
९, ଫ  筮 ⠢,  ⠡ ,   ⠪
믮   孨᪨   ࠡ       㪠    㪮⥫
।.

       ⠢   ᯮ⥫  ࠡ      ਭ
᫥騩  祭  ᯥ樠쭮⥩:    ᫥-㬥⠫騪,
᫥-६⭨,  ᫥-ᠭ孨  ,     ᮢ⥫,
஬,   ⮢騪       㡮騪    ந⢥
饭.


      3.    .

3.1.  砫쭮 ⠫.

       ᮧ    ।  ॡ   ନ஢
砫 ⠫, 室  ਮ⥭  ந⢥
䮭  ࣠樨  ந⢠ த樨.   砫 ⠫
ࠧ   । ।⥫ (樮஢)  ।.

        ந⢥ ⥫쭮  ।⨥ 
⥪騥   ,    ।騥   ᥡ⮨    ᪠
த樨.    १     த  祭  窠   
ॠ樨  ᯮ    饭  ⥪ , 㯫
, ⮢   ।ࠬ,  ந 㣨  ⥦ 
ᮮ⢥⢨    騬  ⥫⢮. ⠢ ᫥
⮣  ਡ ।  㯠   ᯮ殮  
ᯮ  ࠧ ।, ⨬㫨஢  襭
᫮   㤠   ᮭ   ।,   믫   ।⥫
(樮ࠬ).

     ⭮襭  ᮢ㯭  室      ।   
筮    ।    楫ᮮࠧ  
ᮧ.

      ⮬ ᤥ 砭  ᪮  ᭮
ᮧ  ।    ᮢ  ࠡ  ॡ  ஢
⮢ ࠧ஢ 砫쭮 ⠫, ᥡ⮨  ᪠
த樨  ਡ뫨    ਠ⠬  孮᪮ 
⮢ .    ᭮  祭 १⮢  
  ந  業  ᪮  䥪   ⢫
롮 ᪨ 䥪⨢ ਠ ࣠樨 ।.

3.2. 롮 筨 ନ஢ 砫쭮 ⠫.

筨 ନ஢ 砫쭮 ⠫:

     - ᮡ⢥ ⠫  । (), ࠧ㥬   
ᨨ     ࠭  権     樮    ⢠
ࠧ筮 ⨯     ᮢ ।⥫   ⮢⢠
ࠧ筮 ⨯;

     -  ⠫ (), ਢ  ଥ ।⮢ 
  । ०.

3.3.  ᥡ⮨

     ⮨  த樨  ।⠢  ᮡ  ࠦ  
 ଥ ⥪騥   ।   ந⢮  
ॠ.           ७ᥭ   த
  諮  㤠  (⨧  ᭮ ந⢥
䮭,  ⮨  ,   ਠ    㣨   ਠ
ᮢ),  ⠪    室       㤠     ⥣਩
ࠡ  ।⨨  㣨 ⥪騥 室.

      ᥡ⮨ ந  樮 
,    ।  ᪮쪮 ⫨
 ᯮ㥬  㯭 ।.   ⭮,  ᫮
   ।     뢠   ⤥쭮   客  
饧᪨ 室,   ᮮ⢥騥  ꥤ  
    樮    " 室".  ஬
⮣,  뤥    ⢥  ᠬ⥫쭮   樮
   "室,   뢠騥   ⨧   㤮   
饭".  室    뢠 ⮫쪮  ⮩
 㤮   饭,    ᮡ⢥
।.

3.4.   । ਡ뫨.

     ਡ     騬  ᪨   ⥫,
ࠪਧ騬      १   ⥪饩    ⥫쭮
।.   ਡ뫨 㯫稢 , ந 
    ,  ⢫  ⥯   饭
  ᮢ   ।⥫,  ࠧ   १ࢭ  䮭    
ந  ᫥    䮭  ࠧ  (     ண
⢫   ய      ७      孨᪮
ॢ㦥 ந⢠),   ⠪   ந  
㣨 믫,  ⨢騥 饬  ⥫.
  楫  ண  饭  ⮢    ᮢ ࠡ 
    ᡮ,  塞         ਡ뫨,
ꥤ   "   ᡮ".

3.5. 롮 䥪⨢ ਠ

      ਮ  ᪠      () ਬ
ࠢ 5  . ᫨   ꥬ  饩   ᯮ殮
। ਡ뫨  ⨧樮 ᫥    t ( t  =
1,2, ...  ),  뢠   ࣠樨  ।,
ࠢ  ᮮ⢥⢥  _t    _t  ,   ਢ  
࣠樨  ।,  ..      t  =  0, 㬬 饩
饩    ᯮ殮  ।   ਡ뫨  s     
⨧樮  ᫥  s,  砥     ਮ  ,
। ࠦ:

             _1  +  _1          _  +  _
  s + s =   ... +  ,
                       1                      
               (1 + )               (1 + )

     - ଠ⨢ ਢ (᪮஢).

      ⮬ 砥,    ꥬ  ਡ뫨 _t   
ꥬ ⨧樮 ᫥ _t  ﭭ묨  ᥬ
 ਮ  ᪠   , .. _t =  
_t =  =  * N , 㪠 ࠦ ८ࠧ  :

                                     1                1
 s + s = (   +  * N ) * [   ... +  ],
                                          1                
                                  (1 + )         (1 + )

        祭  ࠦ  ।⠢  ᮡ   ந
童    㬬  童  ᪮  ணᨨ.   ⮣
᫥   ᮮ⢥   ८ࠧ   ࠦ     㬬
ਢ  ਡ뫨    ਢ  ⨧樮  ᫥
ਬ :

                                                      
                                              (1 + )  - 1
              s + s = (   +  * N ) *   .
                                                           
                                               * (1 + )

     ஬  ⮣,  室  ,       砭
᪠        t  =  ࢮ砫쭠 ⮨
㤮  饭   㤥 ⨧஢  . 
⮬  筠  ⮨  㤮  _     筠
⮨   饭   _   ।   ᮮ⢥⢥  
㫠:

               Ko_o = Ko * (1 - a_o * T / 100) ;

               K_o  = K  * (1 - a_  * T / 100) ,

   ।⠢  ⥫쭠 窠 ।,
砥   t =    ਢ   t = 0 १  -
樥 ᪮஢, ࠢ (1 + ) .

        ࠧ,    ࣠   ।    뢠
᪨ 䥪⨢, ᫨ ਢ 㬬 饩 饩
 ᯮ殮 । ਡ뫨, ⨧樮 ᫥  ,
筮  ⮨  㤮    饭 㤥  
稭 ᮡ⢥ ⠫  () :

                             
                     (1 + )  - 1      _ + _
(  +  * N ) *    +    >=   .
                                                  
                      * (1 + )         (1 + )

       ࠦ  稭  ਭ  ࠢ 稭
᪮  㤭  業    㯠  ६   
ଠ⨢   ᪮஢    (ਢ)           ଠ⨢
䥪⨢  ⠫  .     ⮬   ᪨
䥪  ᮧ । ।  ࠦ:

                                 
                         (1 + )  - 1      _ + _
 = (  +  * N ) *    +    - 
                                                      
                          * (1 + )         (1 + )

3.6. ᭮ ⥫ ந⢥-宧⢥
                ⥫쭮 ।

         ᭮ ⥫ ⥫쭮 ।
Ŀ
                                    - ਠ 孮-  
                           ᪮  
                                    -Ĵ
                                    ७    1        2    
Ĵ
 1. । ᫥ ࠡ-                        
    , ᥣ                   祫.    54       56    
                                                           
 2. ।筠 ࠡ⭠                         
     ࠡ饣,        .     82.8      82.5  
                                                           
 3. 砫 ⠫, ᥣ        ..  7.7*10^4 8.6*10^4
     ⮬ ᫥:                                           
 3.1. ⢥ ⠫           ..  1.1*10^4 1.2*10^4
 3.2. ।                        ..   ---       ---   
                                                           
 4. ⮨ த樨         ..    8.6      8.8   
                                                           
 5. 窠  ॠ樨 த樨 ..  3.6*10^5 3.6*10^5
                                                           
 6. ਡ  ॠ樨 த樨 ..  8.6*10^4 8.1*10^4
                                                           
 7. , ᥣ                   ..   10^5     10^5   
     ⮬ ᫥:                                           
 7.1.   ⮨      ..  6.5*10^4 6.5*10^4
 7.2. 믫.  ਡ뫨     ..  3.8*10^4 3.5*10^4
 7.3. 祭  ᥡ⮨    ..  7.6*10^3 7.8*10^3
      த                                             
                                                           
 8.   ।, ᥣ          ..    ---      ---   
     ⮬ ᫥:                                           
 8.1.  ।               ..    ---      ---   
 8.2. 業 ⥦            ..    ---      ---   
                                                           
 9.  室 ।, ᥣ ..  4.0*10^4 3.7*10^4
     ⮬ ᫥:                                           
 9.1.  ਡ                ..  3.6*10^4 3.3*10^4
 9.2. ⨧樮 ᫥    ..  3.4*10^3 4.3*10^3
                                                           
10. ࢭ 䮭                  ..  1.1*10^4 1.2*10^4
                                                           
11.  ࠧ                   ..  1.3*10^4 1.2*10^4
                                                           
12. 㥬 ⠢     %     200      200    
                                                           
13. ᪨ 䥪            ..    8244    6784   


     4.     .

     ᭮ 祩 ࠧࠡ⪨ ⨢   ந⢠
  ।  ⠪  ᪠  ,     ਮ
 , ஢    ࠧ⪠   饣
࣠, ஥ ⠭- ࠡ .

4.1. 롮 ⨯ 筮 .

     砫 ⠥ ᮧ 뢭    
      .   饥  ᫮  n0   ࠧ
ﭨ  ⭮  横    ࠢ 襬 饬
⭮ () ᫠ ࠡ   

   n0 =  ( 1, 2, c3,c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, c10 ) =120

⥫쭮 ⭮ 横  ( ਮ  ):

    0 = n0 * tau = 120 * 5.038 = 600

4.2. 롮 ࠭ᯮ ।  ஢ 

     ६饭        ࠡ祣     㣮
⢫   ஢.    ᫮ ࠡ  
>15,  롨ࠥ  ஭  嬠⭮  ᯮ ࠡ
.  ﭨ l   ﬨ  ᬥ ࠡ   
  롨ࠥ    ࠡ , ⠪  
 ᯥ稢 訩 ० ࠡ:

                        l = 0.75 .

    ﭨ  ﬨ  ᬥ     
(蠣 ) 롨ࠥ   ᥣ :

                  S = d * l = 1 * 0.75 = 0.75 .

       饣 ࣠   롨ࠥ  ⠪
ࠧ, ⮡  뫠 ᮣᮢ  ⠪⮬:

                    vp = S / tau = 0.15 /.

       0.1 <=  vp <=  5 /.,     롨ࠥ  
뢭    饣  ࣠,    뢭  
ࠢ୮  ,  ६      ᪮,  ࠢ
⭮.

        ᨬ   ᫮ ந⢠
롨ࠥ ⨯   ⮬ ⨢   孮᪨
ᮡ⥩  ⠢  ,   ந⢥
頤   ..      ᮡࠥ     
,    ᯮ㥬  ।⥫  ,    ஬
   믮    権  ᭨   饣
࣠,    ᠬ  樨  믮    樮 ࠡ
.      襭  樨     
騩 ࣠   ६   ᫥騬  ࠡ稬 ⠬  
믮 । 樨.

4.3.   饣 ࣠.

 ࠡ祩  Lp  :

            Lp = l * ( c + 1 ) = 0.75 * 45 = 33.75

।⥫쭮 祭    :

                 Ln' = 2 * Lp + L= 70

 L = 2.5  -    , 室饩 
ਢ  玲 堭 .

    ⥫쭮   祭            
室  ᮣᮢ    ᫮  ।     
   ⠪ ⮬,  ⮡    ࠧ⨫  楫
᫮ १ S * n0 =90.  ࠧ,   Ln=90.

4.4 ⪠  .

    ⨬    來  ᯮᮡ.    3 鸞
ࠧ⪨.

Ŀ
  鸞      樨     ᫮  
Ĵ
       1         1,2,3,4,5         8       
                                           
       2             6             10      
                                           
       3             7             15      


Ŀ
                                            
 樨       ࠡ祣       ࠧ       
Ĵ
     1                1                 1 5            1 
                      2                 2 6                 
                      3                 3 7                 
                      4                 4 8                 
Ĵ
     2                5                 1 5            1 
                      6                 2 6                 
                      7                 3 7                 
                      8                 4 8                 
Ĵ
     3                9                 1  3  5  7     1 
                      10                2  4  6  8          
Ĵ
     4                11                1  3  5  7     1 
                      12                2  4  6  8          
Ĵ
     5                13                1              1 
                      14                2                   
                      15                3                   
                      16                4                   
                      17                5                   
                      18                6                   
                      19                7                   
                      20                8                   
Ĵ
                      21                1              2 
                      22                2                   
                      23                3                   
                      24                4                   
     6                25                5                   
                      26                6                   
                      27                7                   
                      28                8                   
                      29                9                   
                      30                10                  
Ĵ
     7                31                1              3 
                      32                2                   
                      33                3                   
                      34                4                   
                      35                5                   
                      36                6                   
                      37                7                   
                      38                8                   
                      39                9                   
                      40                10                  
                      41                11                  
                      42                12                  
                      43                13                  
                      44                14                  
                      45                15                  


                 5.    

         ᮢ  ࠡ    ᢮ ⮤ ஢
࣠樮-᪨  ⮢      ᭮  롮
ਠ ᮧ  ।, ।  ࣠樮
ࠪ⨪ ந⢥ , ࠫ ࣠樮
-  ࠢ       ࣠樮     ।,
।  ᪨  ⥫  ந  த樨  
।    楫,    ⠪ ࠫ ᪨ 䥪⨢
ਠ ࣠樨 ந⢠ ᮧ ।.

